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Species as units of generalization in biological science: a philosophical analysis

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Reydon, T. (2005, June 1). Species as units of generalization in biological science: a

philosophical analysis. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/2700

Version:

Corrected Publisher’s Version

License:

Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the

Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden

Downloaded from:

https://hdl.handle.net/1887/2700

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Species as Units of Generalization

in B iolog ical Science:

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Appendix 2003 Philosophy of Science Association (reproduced with permission).

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Species as Units of Generalization

in B iolog ical Science:

A P h ilosoph ical A naly sis

Proefschrift

ter

verkrijging

van

de

graad

van

Doctor

aan

de

Universiteit

Leiden,

op

gezag

van

de

Rector

M agnificus,

Dr.

D.

D.

Breimer,

hoogleraar

in

de

faculteit

der

W iskunde

en

Natuurwetenschappen

en

die

der

Geneeskunde,

volgens

besluit

van

het

College

voor

Promoties

te

verdedigen

op

woensdag

1

juni

2005

klokke

14:15

uur

door

Thomas Anthonius Christian Reydon

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5

“The species problem has to do with biology, but it is fundamentally a philosophical problem (… ) [W]e often fail to solve our problems because we cannot even identify them. Under such circumstances, conceptual investigations do more than just help. They are the only way out.”

Michael T. Ghiselin (1974). A radical solution to the species problem. Systematic Zoology 23: 536-544 (pp. 541 & 543).

“Professor Van Iersel las de eerste versie van mijn proefschrift en had daar 134 opmerkingen bij. Vele middagen discussieerde ik met hem over die, elk voor zich, zeer zinnige opmerkingen. Daarna verwerkte ik ze en leverde de, naar ik hoopte, sterk verbeterde tweede versie in van mijn proefschrift. Hij las die en had daar 204 opmerkingen bij. Het zijn er zeventig meer dan bij de eerste versie, dacht ik hoogst verbaasd. (… ) [I]k verwerkte ze en leverde de derde versie van mijn proefschrift in. Hij had 254 opmerkingen. Wel verdraaid, dacht ik, het worden er steeds meer.”

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Contents

1. General introduction 9

2. A first exploration:

Why does the species problem still persist? 19

3. On the nature of the species problem and

the four meanings of ‘species’ 35

4. Generalizations and kinds in natural science:

Why kind-generalizations and universality mismatch 69

5. Generalizations and kinds in natural science:

The case of species 99

A. Appendix:

Species are individuals – or are they? 129

Nederlandstalige samenvatting (Summary in Dutch) 139

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