Oroclinal bending of the Serbian Carpathians: Kinematic evolution and geometry of major structures

Oroclinal bending of the Serbian Carpathians: Kinematic evolution and geometry of major structures

Nemanja Krstekanic (1,2), Liviu Matenco (1), Marinko Toljic (2), Oleg Mandić (3), Uros Stojadinovic (2), Ernst Willingshofer (1)

¹ Utrecht University, Faculty of Geosciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands

² University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mining and Geology, Department of Regional Geology, Belgrade, Serbia

³Natural History Museum Vienna, Geological-Paleontological Department, Vienna, Austria

Bucureşti

Sofia Beograd

Banja Luka

Dubrovnik Sarajevo

Bacau

Pitesti Zagreb

Cluj-Napoca L. Balaton

L. Skoder

³

Rhodope

Dacia Mega-Unit Tisza Mega-Unit Ceahlau-Severin

Sava-Izmir-Ankara suture Western Vardar Ophiolitic Unit

Eastern Vardar Ophiolitic Unit Miocene external thrust belt

Precambrian platform Paleozoic platform external foredeep

Adria-derived units

Thrust fault Strike-slip fault

Outline of Neogene basins

Kula, Forebalkan Danubian, West Balkan, Struma

Normal fault

Pre-Apulian zone Danube

A d r i a t i c s e a

D i n a r i d e s D i n a r i d e s D i n a r i d e s

S o u t h S o u t h

C a r p a t h i a n s C a r p a t h i a n s

S o u t h

C a r p a t h i a n s

E a s t E a s t C a r p a t h i a n s C a r p a t h i a n s

E a s t C a r p a t h i a n s

P a n n o n i a n P a n n o n i a n

B a s i n B a s i n

P a n n o n i a n B a s i n

S e rb ia n

C a rp ath

ia ns S e

rb ia n C a

rp ath ia ns S e

rb ia n C a

rp ath ia ns

M o e s i a n M o e s i a n p l a t f o r m p l a t f o r m M o e s i a n p l a t f o r m

T r a n s y l v a n i a n T r a n s y l v a n i a n

B a s i n B a s i n T r a n s y l v a n i a n

B a s i n A p u s e n i

A p u s e n i M o u n t a i n s M o u n t a i n s A

p u s e n i M o u n t a i n s

Fig. 2 Fig. 2 Fig. 2

B a l k a n i d e s B a l k a n i d e s B a l k a n i d e s

TF TF TF CF CF CF Danube

Morava

Europe sensu largo and foredeep Adria

Miocene thrust belt AlpineTethys

Europe derived Adria-derived

Wien B Buuddaappeesstt

B Buucchhaarreesstt

S Sooffiiaiaiaa Z

Zaaggrreebb B Beellggrraaddee M

Miillaannoo M Muunniicchh

49o 10o 14o

200km 0

51^{o18o 22o 51o}

49o 26o

30o 47o

43o

26o 30o 22o 42o 18o

14o 10o 45o

47o

45o

A Allppss

CCaa rrppaa

tthhiiaannss

D Diinnaa

rriidd

eess BBaallkkaanidesnides .

Danube

P Paannnnoonniiaann

B Baassiinn

T Trraannssyyllvvaanniiaa

B Baassiinn

Sava zone

Tisza-Dacia, Danubian, Balkan and Rhodope Helvetic, Subpenninic ALCAPA Undifferentiated

C CaarrpWestWestpaatthhiiaannss

Western Vardar ophiolites Adria-derived units Sava zone

Eastern Vardar ophiolites

Paleogene volcanics and volcaniclastics

Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene sub-volcanic intrusions Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene sediments and volcaniclastics

Serbomacedonian Massif Supragetic

Getic

Ceahlau-Severin Upper Danubian Lower Danubian Moesian sedimentary cover, undifferentiated

late Eocene late Oligocene middle Miocene Pliocene-Quaternary

Thrust fault, certain Normal fault, certain

Strike-slip fault, certain/suggested

Covered fault

Tectonic units

Magmatics and associated sediments

Age of basin initial infill

Structures

Gradual transition

Svrljig5

Town River

Other

K₁ K₁

Ol ,M_{3 1} Ol ,M_{3 1} P

P N

P P

JJ JJ

JJ JJ

K₁ K₁ T

T

T T

Ol ,M_{3 1} Ol ,M_{3 1}

Ol ,M_{3 1} Ol ,M_{3 1} α

α α α

α α

α α M2,3

M2,3

Pl Pl

Pl Pl sani

cab jve Pna

sani cab jve Pna

Thrust fault, certain/suggested Normal fault, certain

Strike-slip fault, certain/suggested Normal boundary Unconformity 5

5

5

5

5

5

5 5 5

5 5

Jagodina

Kučevo

Ćuprija

Aleksinac Golubac

Boljevac Žagubica

Petrovac

Majdanpek

Krepoljin

Despotovac

5 5_Kruševac

5 Niš

5 Leskovac

5 Donji Milanovac

Bor5

Negotin5

Zaječar5

Knjaževac5 5^Sokobanja

Svrljig5

Bela Palanka5

5Babušnica 5 Pirot Paraćin

1

1 ³

0 20 40

1 1

1 1

2 2

3 3

4 4

5 5

6 6

7 7

8 8

10 10

11 11 9

9

12 12

13 13

14 14 15

15 16 16

17 17 18

18 19 19

TF TF TF TF

TF TF

CF CF

CF CF

Danube Danube

V elika Morava V elika Morava

Južna Morava Južna Morava

20 20

T i m o k z o n e T i m o k z o n e

Panagyurishte Panagyurishte

E E E E E

E E E E E

E E E E E

E E E E

E E E E

E E E E

E E E E

E E E E

E E E E

E E E E

E E E E

E E E E

E E E E

E E E E E E E

E E E E E E E

E E E E E E E

E E E E E E E

E E E E E E E

E E E E E E E

E E E E E E E

E E E E E E E

E E E E E E E

E E E E E E E

E E E E E E E

E E E E E E

E E E E E E

E E E E E E

E E E E E E

E E E E E E

E E E E E E

E E E E E E

E E E E E E

E E E E E E

E E E E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

M o r a v a

Danube

Ku čevo basin Ku

čevo basin

Morava valley c orridor Morava valley c orridor

Žagubica basin Žagubica basin

Sokobanja basin Sokobanja basin Rakova bara

Rakova bara basin basin

Krivi Vir Krivi

Vir basin basin

Bogovina Bogovinabasinbasin Senje-Resava basinSenje-Resava basin

Panjevac basin Panjevac basin

5

5

5

5

5

5

5 5 5

5 5

Jagodina

Kučevo

Ćuprija

Paraćin

Golubac

Boljevac Žagubica

Petrovac

Majdanpek

Krepoljin

Despotovac

Ku1 Ku1 Ku2 Ku2

Gk1 Gk2 Gk1 Gk2

Gk3 Gk3

De1 De1 De3De3

De9 De9

Si4 Si6 Si4

Si6

Cg2 Cg2 Cg3 Cg3

Cg7 Cg7

7540000

7540000

7560000

7560000

7580000

7580000

4840000 4840000

4860000 4860000

4880000 4880000

4900000 4900000

4920000 4920000

4940000 4940000

0 5 10 20

km

³

Ku1 D2

Ku2 D2

Gk1 D2 Gk2 D2

Gk3 D2

De1 D2

De3 D2

De9 D2 Si6 D2

Si4 D2

Cg2 D2 Cg3 D2

Cg7 D2

Orogen-perpendicular extension

E E E E E

E E E E E

E E E E E

E E E E

E E E E

E E E E

E E E E

E E E E

E E E E

E E E E

E E E E

E E E E

E E E E

E E E E E E E

E E E E E E E

E E E E E E E

E E E E E E E

E E E E E E E

E E E E E E E

E E E E E E E

E E E E E E E

E E E E E E E

E E E E E E E

E E E E E E E

E E E E E E

E E E E E E

E E E E E E

E E E E E E

E E E E E E

E E E E E E

E E E E E E

E E E E E E

E E E E E E

E E E E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

M o r a v a

Danube

Ku čevo basin Ku

čevo basin

Morava valley c orridor Morava valley c orridor

Žagubica basin Žagubica basin

Sokobanja basin Sokobanja basin Rakova bara

Rakova bara basin basin

Krivi Vir Krivi

Vir basin basin

Bogovina Bogovinabasinbasin Senje-Resava basinSenje-Resava basin

Panjevac basin Panjevac basin

5

5

5

5

5

5

5 5 5

5 5

Jagodina

Kučevo

Ćuprija

Paraćin

Golubac

Boljevac Žagubica

Petrovac

Majdanpek

Krepoljin

Despotovac

Go1 Go1

Tu1 Tu1

Ku1 Ku1 Ku2 Ku2

Gk3 Gk3 Gk4 Gk4

De1 De1 De2 De2

De3 De3

De7 De7 De8 De9 De8

De9

Si1 Si1 Si3 Si5 Si3

Si5 Si6 Si6

Si7 Si7

Cg1 Cg1 Cg2

Cg2 Cg3 Cg3

Cg7 Cg7

7540000

7540000

7560000

7560000

7580000

7580000

4840000 4840000

4860000 4860000

4880000 4880000

4900000 4900000

4920000 4920000

4940000 4940000

0 5 10 20

km

³

Si5 D3ss Si3 D3ss Si1 D3ss

Go1 D3ss (1)

Go1 D3ss (2)

Tu1 D3ss

Ku1 D3ss (1)

Cg3 D3ss (2)

Si6 D3ss

De8 D3ss (2) De8 D3ss (1)

De7 D3ss De3 D3ss (2)

Si7 D3ss (1)

Cg7 D3ss

Si7 D3ss (2)

Cg1 D3ss (1) Gk3 D3ss

Gk4 D3ss

Cg1 D3ss (2) De9 D3ss

De1 D3ss

Cg2 D3ss (1) Ku2 D3ss

De2 D3ss

Cg2 D3ss (2)

Ku1 D3ss (3)

De3 D3ss (1)

Cg3 D3ss (1) Ku1 D3ss (2)

Strike-slip

E E E E E

E E E E E

E E E E E

E E E E

E E E E

E E E E

E E E E

E E E E

E E E E

E E E E

E E E E

E E E E

E E E E

E E E E E E E

E E E E E E E

E E E E E E E

E E E E E E E

E E E E E E E

E E E E E E E

E E E E E E E

E E E E E E E

E E E E E E E

E E E E E E E

E E E E E E E

E E E E E E

E E E E E E

E E E E E E

E E E E E E

E E E E E E

E E E E E E

E E E E E E

E E E E E E

E E E E E E

E E E E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

M o r a v a

Danube

Ku čevo basin Ku

čevo basin

Morava valley c orridor Morava valley corridor

Žagubica basin Žagubica basin

Sokobanja basin Sokobanja basin Rakova bara

Rakova bara basin basin

Krivi Vir Krivi

Vir basin basin

Bogovina Bogovinabasinbasin Senje-Resava basinSenje-Resava basin

Panjevac basin Panjevac basin

5

5

5

5

5

5

5 5 5

5 5

Jagodina

Kučevo

Ćuprija

Paraćin

Golubac

Boljevac Žagubica

Petrovac

Majdanpek

Krepoljin

Despotovac

Go1 Go1

Ku1 Ku1

De3 De3 De4De4

De5 De5

De8 De9 De8

De9 De11 De11

Si3 Si3 Si4

Si4 Si5 Si5

Si7 Si7

Cg1 Cg1 Cg2

Cg2 Cg3 Cg3 Cg5 Cg5

7540000

7540000

7560000

7560000

7580000

7580000

4840000 4840000

4860000 4860000

4880000 4880000

4900000 4900000

4920000 4920000

4940000 4940000

0 5 10 20

km

³

Orogen-parallel extension

Go1 D3pae

De4 D3pae

De5 D3pae

De8 D3pae

De9 D3pae

De11 D3pae

Cg1 D3pae Cg3 D3pae

Cg5 D3pae

Cg2 D3pae

Si7 D3pae Si5 D3pae Si4 D3pae

Si3 D3pae Ku1 D3pae

De3 D3pae

E E E E E

E E E E E

E E E E E

E E E E

E E E E

E E E E

E E E E

E E E E

E E E E

E E E E

E E E E

E E E E

E E E E

E E E E E E E

E E E E E E E

E E E E E E E

E E E E E E E

E E E E E E E

E E E E E E E

E E E E E E E

E E E E E E E

E E E E E E E

E E E E E E E

E E E E E E E

E E E E E E

E E E E E E

E E E E E E

E E E E E E

E E E E E E

E E E E E E

E E E E E E

E E E E E E

E E E E E E

E E E E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

E E E

M o r a v a

Danube

Ku čevo basin Ku

čevo basin

Morava valley c orridor Morava valley corridor

Žagubica basin Žagubica basin

Sokobanja basin Sokobanja basin Rakova bara

Rakova bara basin basin

Krivi Vir Krivi

Vir basin basin

Bogovina Bogovinabasinbasin

Senje-Resava basinSenje-Resava basin Panjevac basin Panjevac basin

5

5

5

5

5

5

5 5 5

5 5

Jagodina

Kučevo

Ćuprija

Paraćin

Golubac

Boljevac Žagubica

Petrovac

Majdanpek

Krepoljin

Despotovac

Ku1 Ku1

Gk1 Gk2 Gk1 Gk2

Gk3 Gk3 Gk4 Gk4

De1 De1 De2 De2

De3 De3 De5 De5 De6De6

De8 De9 De8

De9

De10 De10 De11 De12De11

De12 De13De13De14De14

Si1 Si1 Si2 Si2 Si3 Si3

Si7 Si7

Cg1 Cg1 Cg4 Cg4 Cg6 Cg6 Cg7 Cg7 Cg8 Cg8

7540000

7540000

7560000

7560000

7580000

7580000

4840000 4840000

4860000 4860000

4880000 4880000

4900000 4900000

4920000 4920000

4940000 4940000

0 5 10 20

km

late Miocene shortening

³

Ku1 D4

Gk1 D4 Gk3 D4

Gk2 D4 Gk4 D4

De1 D4 (1)

De1 D4 (2)

De3 D4 De2 D4

De5 D4

De6 D4

De8 D4

De9 D4 (2) De9 D4 (1)

De10 D4

De11 D4 De12 D4

De14 D4 De13 D4 Si1 D4

Si2 D4

Si7 D4 Si3 D4

Cg1 D4 Cg4 D4

Cg6 D4 Cg7 D4 Cg8 D4

Stable Europe Europe-derved units

(Dacia, Danubian, Balkan)

Paleogene-Miocene oroclinal bending

A’

A

A A’

LG UG SG

MVC MVC N

Thrust fault Strike-slip fault

Stable Europe

Europe-derved units (Tisza, Dacia, Danubian, Balkan), Miocene thrust belt

late Miocene thrusting Strike-slip fault

Normal fault with fault surface

N

Rigid indenter (Moesia)

Rigid indenter (Moesia)

Carpathians slab pull

Morava valley corridor

and Serbomacedonian Massif Approximative position of the present day Serbian Carpathians

Late Early

Cretaceous thrust

Boundary of Neogene sediments of Morava river coridor

Dinarides extension

LG (K )

₁4,5^4,5

LG (K )

₁

UG (P)

UG (P)

Si5 Contact zone Contact zone

NW

NW SE SE

LG (K )14,5

LG (K )14,5

LG (Ol,M)3 1

LG (Ol,M)3 1

LG (J )33

LG (J )33

Q Q Banatites

Banatites UG (P)

UG (P)

WNW

WNW ESE ESE

K14,5

K14,5

Ol,M3 1

Ol,M3 1

J33

J33

Q Banatites Q Banatites P P

P P

K14,5

K14,5

N

LG (K )

₁4,5^4,5

LG (K )

₁

UG (P) UG (P)

De13

NNE

NNE SSW SSW

a

b

c

³

0 1 2 4 6 8 10

km

Danube T isovita T isovita T isovita

D e l i J o v a n D e l i J o v a n D e l i J o v a n

Donji Donji Milanovac Milanovac

basin basin Donji Milanovac

basin

Orşova Orşova basin basin Orşova

basin

Bahna Bahna basin basin Bahna

basin Ogradena

Ogradena Ogradena

G o r n j a n e G o r n j a n e G o r n j a n e

Plavna Plavna Plavna Miroč Miroč Miroč

Timok Timok basin basin Timok

basin

Dubova Dubova Dubova

NE NE NE SW

SW SW

C4

SSW SSW SSW NNE

NNE NNE

C10

SW SW SW NE

NE NE

C11 C13

C15

WNW WNW WNW ESE

ESE ESE

WNW WNW WNW ESE

ESE ESE

C30

SW SW SW NE

NE NE

Normal fault drag

SE SE SE NW

NW NW

C28

NE NE NE SW

SW SW

NE NE NE SW

SW SW

C7

ENE ENE ENE WSW

WSW WSW

E E E W

W W

C5

C16

C21

Ultramafics of the Danubian basement Danubian basement

Danubian sedimentary cover Ceahlau-Severin

Pre-Alpine granitic intrusion Getic basement

Getic sedimentary cover Timok eruptive area Neogene to Quaternary sediments

Strike-slip faut

certain/suggested or covered Normal fault

Thrust fault

Fig. 3 - Tectonic map of the studied area with stereoplots of observed structures and interpreted outcrop photos (modified after Kräutner and Krstić (2003); Maţenco (2017) and geological maps of SFRY and Romania)

Fig. 1 - Regional tectonic map of the area connecting the Dinarides and South Carpathians showing the main tectonic units (modified after Schmid et al., 2008).

Fig. 2 - Tectonic map of the Serbian Carpathians and adjacent areas of the South Carpathians and Balkanides showing the regional fault kinematics (Krstekanić et al., submitted)

Figs. 4, 6

Fig. 3

Problem statement

The highly curved geometry of the Southern and Serbian Carpathians segments of the Carpathians-Balkanides orogenic system formed during Paleogene-Miocene oroclinal bending of the Cretaceous Dacia nappe-stack. This oroclinal bending was associated with large-offset Cerna and Timok dextral strike-slip faults and significant strain partitioning, which caused the formation of brittle structures of different orientation and kinematics. We have studied the fault pattern and kinematics in the bend area of the Serbian Carpathians and along southern segment of Cerna fault in order to understand the balance between the strike-slip, thrusting, orogen-parallel and perpendicular extension during oroclinal bending.

The Cerna fault

In the studied area, Cerna fault can be separated in three segments with different strike, NE-SW oriented segment along the Danube gorge, N- S along the Poreč valley and NNW-SSE along the western flanks of Deli Jovan Mountains. In the Danube gorge, Cerna fault displays multiple, closely spaced, sub-parallel faults with the main strand outcropping in the Dubova area where meters thick cataclastic fault gouge and meters scale slickensides on subvertical fault planes demonstrate dextral shearing. On the Serbian side of the gorge, minor branches of Cerna fault with less offset could be observed. Along the Poreč valley, the fault is oriented N-S and its effects become less obvious because of subsequent covering by Quaternary sediments. In this area, part of the Cerna offset is taken by normal fault(s) controlling Donji Milanovac basin. Furthermore, some of the Cerna fault offset is taken by older normal faults reactivated in dextral strike-slip regime. Although the age of the Cerna fault is reported to be Oligocene (Berza and Draganescu, 1988), we infer significant Miocene activity along segments in the studied area due to the formation of Donji Milanovac and Orşova basins as releasing bends in areas where Cerna fault changes its orientation.

SW SW SW NE

NE NE

Normal fault drag

SE SE SE NW

NW NW

C28

SW

SW NE NE

E W

Ku1 D2 Ku1 D2

ENE

ENE WSW WSW

R

Si6 D2

P

Si6 D2

De9 D3ss De9 D3ss

N

N S S

N

N SS

De3 D3ss (1) De3 D3ss (1) De3 D3pae

De3 D3pae

ENE

ENE WSW WSW

De4 D3pae

De4 D3pae

1

1 2

3 3

SW

SW NE NE

Cg5 D1

Cg5 D1 Cg5 D3pae

NNE

NNE SSW SSW

a b c

d e f

Fig. 4 - Kinematic data for extensional and strike-slip structures in the bend area (Krstekanić et al., submitted)

Fig. 5 - Interpreted field photos of structures activated by a,b) orogen-perpendicular extension (green (half-)arrow), c,d) strike-slip (dark green arrows) and d-f) orogen-parallel extension (light green (half-) arrows) and their relationship with Cretaceous thrusting (red (half-) arrows) (Krstekanić et al., submitted).

Fig. 7 - Interpreted field photos of s t r u c t u r e s r e l a t e d t 0 l a t e Miocene Upper Getic thrusting.

a ) H i g h - a n g l e U p p e r G e t i c (UG)/Lower Getic (LG) contact;

b) Low-angle UG/LG contact;

c ) S u b v e r t c a l l a t e r a l r a m p (Krstekanić et al, submitted).

Fig. 6 - Kinematic data for late Miocene thrusting (Krstekanić et al., submitted).

The bend area of the Serbian Carpathians

Although not apparent in the large-scale structure of the bend area of the Serbian Carpathians, our kinematic analysis of brittle faults in the Permian-Mesozoic sedimentary cover of Dacia Mega-unit and the Miocene infill of intramontane basins has demonstrated that the superposition of Dinarides extension with the oroclinal bending in the Carpathians resulted in overlapping periods of orogen-perpendicular extension and dextral strike-slip coupled with orogen-parallel extension, driven by the 100km cumulated offset of the adjacent Cerna and Timok faults. Extension was associated with the formation of Miocene basins, which provided critical timing constraints for our kinematic study. The last deformation episode observed is a late Miocene E-ward thrusting of the Upper Getic unit that was driven by a transfer of deformation around the Moesian Platform during the last stages of Carpathians collision.

References

Balázs, A., Matenco, L., Magyar, I., Horváth, F., Cloetingh, S. 2016: The link between tectonics and sedimentation in back-arc basins: new genetic constraints from the analysis of the Pannonian Basin,Tectonics 35, 1526–1559.

Berza, T., Drăgănescu, A. 1988. The Cerna-Jiu fault system (South Carpathians, Romania), a major Tertiary transcurrent lineament. DS Inst. Geol. Geofiz. 72–73, 43–57.

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Fig. 8 - Unscaled 3D sketch of oroclinal bending mechanics (Krstekanić et al., submitted).

Fig. 9 - Unscaled map-view sketch of the late Miocene reactivation of Upper Getic thrust by the indentation of Moesia (Krstekanić et al., submitted).

Acknowledgements

This study is part of a collaboration between

Utrecht University, the Netherlands and

Faculty of Mining and Geology, University of

Belgrade, Serbia during the PhD of Nemanja

Krstekanić and is funded by the Netherlands

Research Centre for Integrated Solid Earth

Science (ISES) and the Ministry of Education,

Science and Technological Development of

the Republic of Serbia, Projects No. OI176015

and OI176019.