Cover Page
The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/25981 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation.
Author: Yorulmaz, Saime Çiğdem Title: Beyond photon pairs
Issue Date: 2014-06-10
Beyond photon pairs
Saime C¸ i ˘gdem Yorulmaz
Beyond photon pairs
P
ROEFSCHRIFTter verkrijging van
de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van Rector Magnificus prof. mr. C. J. J. M. Stolker,
volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op dinsdag 10 juni 2014
klokke 13:45 uur door
Saime C¸ i ˘gdem Yorulmaz geboren te Denizli, Turkije
in 1983
Promotiecommissie:
Promotor: Prof. dr. E. R. Eliel Co-promotor: Dr. M. J. A. de Dood
Leden: Prof. dr. K. S. E. Eikema (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) Dr. S. F. Pereira (Technische Universiteit Delft) Prof. dr. J. M. van Ruitenbeek
Prof. dr. G. Nienhuis Dr. M. P. van Exter
The research reported in this thesis was conducted at the ‘Leids Instituut voor Onderzoek in de Natuurkunde’ (LION). This work is a part of the research program of the ‘Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie’ (FOM), which is financially supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO).
An electronic version of this dissertation is available at the Leiden University Repository (https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl).
Casimir PhD series, Delft-Leiden 2014-11 ISBN: 978-90-8593-186-7
Contents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Quantum states of light . . . 1
1.2 High-dimensional quantum states . . . 2
1.3 Spontaneous parametric down-conversion . . . 4
1.4 Second-harmonic generation in PPKTP . . . 5
1.4.1 Phase matching . . . 5
1.4.2 Quasi-phase matching . . . 7
1.5 Two-photon field of parametric down-conversion . . . 9
1.6 Thesis outline . . . 11
2 Characterization of pulsed parametric down-conversion in PPKTP crystals 15 2.1 Introduction . . . 16
2.2 Phase matching in pulsed down-conversion . . . 16
2.3 Experimental characterization of a pulsed SPDC source . . . . 20
2.4 Conclusion . . . 27
3 Spatially entangled four-photon states from a PPKTP crystal 31 3.1 Introduction . . . 32
3.2 Stimulated emission of spatially entangled four-photon states 33 3.2.1 Experimental investigation of four-photon quantum correlations . . . 35
3.2.2 Experiment . . . 35
3.2.3 Quantum correlations at the two-photon level and number of Schmidt modes . . . 37
3.2.4 Observation of quantum correlations of four-photon states in the spatial degrees of freedom . . . 39
v
Contents
3.3 Conclusion . . . 44
4 The role of spatial and temporal modes in pulsed parametric down- conversion 47 4.1 Introduction . . . 48
4.2 Properties of four-photon states produced by parametric down-conversion . . . 49
4.2.1 Estimating the number of modes . . . 50
4.3 Experiment . . . 54
4.4 Results and Discussion . . . 56
4.4.1 Four-photon visibility in the spatial and temporal domain 56 4.4.2 Universal expression for visibility . . . 56
4.4.3 Spatial and temporal walk-off . . . 59
4.4.4 Joint spatial distribution of four-photon states . . . 61
4.5 Conclusion . . . 64
5 Photon pairs, double pairs, and quadruples in pulsed parametric down-conversion 69 5.1 Introduction . . . 70
5.2 Quantum states generated by pulsed parametric down- conversion . . . 71
5.3 Quantum state detection schemes . . . 73
5.4 Experiment . . . 75
5.4.1 Calculation of single and coincidence rates . . . 78
5.4.2 Observation of a single-mode four-photon state . . . . 80
5.4.3 Quadruples vs. double pairs . . . 85
5.5 Conclusion . . . 88
Summary 91
Samenvatting 97
Curriculum Vitae 103
List of publications 105
Acknowledgement 107
vi
