University of Groningen Spirituality and health: their associations and measurement problems Malinakova, Klára

University of Groningen

Spirituality and health: their associations and measurement problems

Malinakova, Klára

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Publication date: 2019

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Malinakova, K. (2019). Spirituality and health: their associations and measurement problems. University of Groningen.

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Spirituality and health: their associations and measurement problems

Klára Maliňáková 12 June 2019

1. Especially in a secular environment, using negatively worded religious items might decrease the reliability of the spirituality scales.

-this thesis- 2. Both adolescents‘ religious environment and spirituality can play a role

in their leisure time choices.

-this thesis- 3. An internalised religiosity is a more protective factor in adolescent

health-risk behaviour than an externalised religiosity.

-this thesis- 4. Different approaches to assessing religiosity, i.e. different categorisation of respondents, can lead to differing associations with health and thus offer an explanation for the heterogeneous findings regarding those associations.

-this thesis- 5. A more implicit approach in measuring religiosity and spirituality offers a more reliable measurement of participants’ real attitudes and can thus be expected to be associated more strongly with physiological variables and health.

6. Spirituality, measured by indicators of good mental health, is found to be correlated with good mental health. Such associations are meaningless and tautological. Either spirituality should be defined and measured in traditional terms as a unique, uncontaminated construct, or it should be eliminated from use in academic research.”

Harold Koenig, 2008 7. “It is argued that researchers’ reliance on 'objective' mental health scales

has led to many mistaken conclusions. Specifically, standard mental health scales appear unable to distinguish between genuine mental health and the facade or illusion of mental health created by psychological defences.”

Jonathan Shedler, 1993 8. “The unexamined life is not worth living.”

Plato, 4th _{century BC}

9. “The beauty of the world consists of many different kinds of beauty. So it is with the spiritual life; trying to follow the path that is right for another would lead to ruination of everything, including oneself.”

Nicolas Barre, 17th _century

10. “God sends His rain to everybody, but religious people sometimes hide from it in the church.”