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Policy Modelling for Sustainable Waste Management
Inghels, D.A.M.
2016
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Inghels, D. A. M. (2016). Policy Modelling for Sustainable Waste Management. Vrije Universiteit.
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1
CONTENT
CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION ... 10
1.SUSTAINABILITY AND ENVIRONMENTALLY CONSCIOUS MANUFACTURING ... 10
1.1. Sustainability as an answer to the multiple crises of modern society ... 10
1.2. Environmentally conscious manufacturing and product recovery ... 12
2.POLICY MODELLING FOR SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT ... 14
2.1. National and industrial sustainable waste-management objectives ... 14
2.2. Aim and structure of the thesis ... 15
CHAPTER 2: AN ANALYSIS OF HOUSEHOLD WASTE MANAGEMENT POLICY
USING SYSTEM DYNAMICS MODELLING ... 18
1.INTRODUCTION ... 19
2.HOUSEHOLD WASTE POLICY IN FLANDERS ... 22
3.CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF INTEGRATED HOUSEHOLD WASTE MANAGEMENT ... 24
4.HISTORICAL DATA ANALYSIS AND MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION ... 25
4.1. Conceptual model for household waste collection ... 25
4.2. Conceptual model for selectively collected household waste ... 28
4.3. Conceptual model for prevention ... 29
4.4. Conceptual model for non-selectively collected household waste ... 30
4.5. Conceptual model for household waste management methods ... 30
4.6. Disposal of selectively collected household waste ... 31
4.7. Disposal of non-selectively collected household waste ... 32
4.8. Conceptual model for waste-to-energy ... 32
5.SIMULATION MODEL ... 34
5.1. Forward and reverse material supply chain ... 34
5.2. Waste disposal methods and waste-to-energy ... 37
6.SIMULATION RESULTS ... 37
6.1. Validation of the model ... 37
6.2. Evaluation of Flanders’ waste management policy ... 39
6.3. Energy- To-Waste ... 42
7.CONCLUSIONS ... 43
CHAPTER 3: INFLUENCE OF COMPOSITION, AMOUNT AND LIFE SPAN OF
PASSENGER CARS ON END-OF-LIFE VEHICLES WASTE IN BELGIUM: A
SYSTEM DYNAMICS APPROACH. ... 50
1.INTRODUCTION ... 51
2.REUSE AND RECOVERY SYSTEM FOR ELV WASTE OF PASSENGER CARS ... 52
2.1. Closed loop passenger car supply chain ... 52
2.2. Influence of profitability on origin of materials used in cars ... 54
2.3. Regulatory requirements influencing the passenger cars material composition ... 55
2.4. Meeting the ELV 2015 Directive targets ... 57
3.LITERATURE REVIEW ... 59
4.METHODOLOGY ... 61
5.SYSTEM DESCRIPTION ... 61
5.1. National car stock Belgian passenger cars ... 62
5.2. Weight and material composition of passenger cars ... 69
5.3. Reuse, recycling and recovery of ELVs ... 73
6.SYSTEM DYNAMICS MODEL VALIDATION ... 76
7.SCENARIO ANALYSIS ... 77
8.CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH ... 84
2
1.INTRODUCTION ... 88
2.LITERATURE REVIEW ... 90
2.1. Green waste recovery ... 90
2.2. LCA approach, potential and limitations ... 92
2.3. Multiple-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) ... 94
3.AMOOP FORMULATION FOR THE GREEN WASTE VALORISATION PROBLEM ... 96
3.1. First objective: maximizing composting yield ... 97
3.2. Second objective function: maximizing waste to energy ... 99
3.3. Constraints ... 100
4.SOLVING THE GREEN WASTE VALORISATION PROBLEM ... 100
4.1. The NSGA-II GA algorithm used for solving the GWVP MOOP ... 101
4.2. The ε-constraint method ... 104
4.3. Comparison of the NSGA-II and ε-constraint methods for the GWVP ... 106
4.4. Determining a final single solution ... 106
5.CONCLUSIONS ... 108
CHAPTER 5: A MODEL FOR IMPROVING SUSTAINABLE GREEN WASTE
RECOVERY ... 113
1.INTRODUCTION ... 114
2.LITERATURE REVIEW ... 116
3.PROBLEM STATEMENT AND ANALYSIS ... 119
4.MODEL DEVELOPMENT ... 124
4.1. Sustainability Assessment ... 124
4.2. Mathematical formulation ... 125
5.COMPUTATIONAL RESULTS ... 127
5.1. Profit objective function ... 127
5.2. Environmental objective function ... 127
5.3. Social Impact objective function ... 128
5.4. Constraints ... 130
5.5. Scenario analysis ... 133
6.CONCLUSIONS ON RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DIRECTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH ... 137
CHAPTER 6: A SERVICE NETWORK DESIGN MODEL FOR MULTIMODAL
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE TRANSPORT ... 139
1.INTRODUCTION ... 140
2.LITERATURE REVIEW ... 142
2.1. MSW modelling ... 142
2.2. Modelling approaches to modal shift ... 144
3.RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ... 148
4.PROBLEM DESCRIPTION AND MODELLING ... 149
4.1. Notations ... 150
4.2. Time-space network ... 151
4.3. Services and vehicle fleets ... 152
4.4. The Municipal Solid Waste Service Network Design Problem Model ... 152
5.A CASE STUDY ... 155
6.CONCLUSIONS ... 162
CHAPTER 7: GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND FINDINGS ... 164
1.GENERAL CONCLUSIONS ... 164
2.DISCUSSION ON THE FINDINGS IN THE CONTEXT OF CURRENT AVAILABLE LITERATURE ... 168
