Adults and Children in Postmodern Societies

ADULTS AND CHILDREN IN POSTMODERN SOCIETIES

ADULTS AND CHILDREN IN POSTMODERN SOCIETIES

A Comparative Law

and Multidisciplinary Handbook

Edited by Jehanne Sosson Geoff rey Willems Gwendoline Motte

Cambridge – Antwerp – Chicago

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Adults and Children in Postmodern Societies. A Comparative Law and Multidisciplinary Handbook

© Th e editors and contributors severally 2019

Th e editors and contributors have asserted the right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, to be identifi ed as authors of this work.

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ISBN 978-1-78068-597-7 D/2019/7849/1

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Intersentia

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CONTENTS

List of Cases . . . .ix List of Contributors . . . .xix

Introduction

Jehanne Sosson and Geoff rey Willems . . . 1

PART I. NATIONAL REPORTS ON LEGAL REGULATIONS OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ADULTS AND CHILDREN

Questionnaire . . . 7 Models . . . 13

Algeria

Nahas M. Mahieddin . . . 15

Argentina

Aida Kemelmajer and Marisa Herrera . . . 37

Australia

Lisa Young. . . 75

Belgium

Charlotte Declerck and Ulrike Cerulus . . . 111

Canada

Michelle Giroux and Vanessa Gruben . . . 149

Democratic Republic of the Congo

Paul-Robain Namegabe Rugarabura . . . 187

England and Wales

Andy Hayward . . . 219

France

Laurence Francoz Terminal . . . 249

Intersentia Contents

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Tobias Helms . . . 285

Ireland

Brian Tobin . . . 323

Italy

Stefania Stefanelli . . . 351

Japan

Lisa Oshima . . . 385

Th e Netherlands

Mark Beuker and Wilbert Kolkman . . . 417

Romania

Emese Florian . . . 451

Spain and Catalonia

Josep Ferrer-Riba . . . 481

Sweden

Jane Stoll . . . 515

Switzerland

Alexandra Jungo and Lena Rutishauser . . . 551

United States of America

Deborah L. Forman . . . 583

PART II. INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH

Historical Insights: Th e Historic Evolution of the Place of the Child in His or Her Family: From the Periphery, to the Centre, and Back?

Paul Servais . . . 625

Philosophical Insights: Th e Weight of Truth in New Families

Nathalie Frogneux . . . 641

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Contents

Psychological Insights: Parent–Child Relationships in the Light of Psychology

Isabelle Roskam . . . 657

PART III. INTERNATIONAL LAW INSIGHTS

International Human Rights Law as a Basis for Reconstructing Legal Relationships between Adults and Children

Geoff rey Willems and Laura Cohen . . . 675

Private International Law as a Basis for Reconstructing Legal Relationships between Adults and Children: Four Illustrations

Th alia Kruger and Jinske Verhellen . . . 707

PART IV. COMPARATIVE APPROACH

Parentage, Parenthood and Parental Responsibility in Traditional Families Jehanne Sosson and Geoff rey Willems . . . 725

Emergence and Development of Artifi cial Reproductive Technologies

Sylvie Cap . . . 759

Multiplication of Potential Social and Emotional Ties

Gwendoline Motte . . . 793

Th e Future of Legal Relationships between Adults and Children: Complex Issues and Hybrid Solutions

Geoff rey Willems and Jehanne Sosson . . . 825

General Conclusion: Th e Challenge of Transparent and Inclusive Parenthood/Parentality in a Pluralist and Cosmopolitan Context

Jehanne Sosson and Geoff rey Willems . . . 865

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LIST OF CASES

COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

CJEU C-497/10, Mercredi v. Chaff e , ECLI:EU:C:2010:829 . . . 712

CJEU C - 111/17, OL v. PQ , ECLI:EU:C:2017:436 . . . 712

CJEU C-523/07, A , ECLI:EU:C:2009:225 . . . 712

EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS

ECtHR (gd ch.), Evans v. United Kingdom , 10 April 2007 . . . 698

ECtHR (gd ch.), Fabris v. France , 7 February 2013 . . . 694

ECtHR (gd ch.), Paradiso and Campanelli v. Italy , 24 January 2017 . . . 366 , 700 , 716 ECtHR (gd ch.), Parrillo v. Italy , 27 August 2015 . . . 698

ECtHR (gd. ch.), Sahin v. Germany , 8 July 2003 . . . 691

ECtHR (gd ch.), S.H. and others v. Austria , 3 November 2011 . . . 698

ECtHR (gd. ch.), X. and others v. Austria , 19 February 2013 . . . 684 , 699 , 702 , 705 – 706 ECtHR (plen.), Marckx v. Belgium , 13 June 1979 . . . 684 – 685 , 693 – 694 ECtHR (plen.), W. v. the United Kingdom , 8 July 1987 . . . 701

ECtHR, Ahrens v. Germany , 22 March 2012 . . . 688

ECtHR, Amanalachioai v. Romania , 26 May 2009 . . . 695

ECtHR, Anayo v. Germany , 21 December 2010 . . . 290 , 318 , 556 , 689 ECtHR, Aune v. Norway , 28 October 2010 . . . 704

ECtHR, Boeckel and Gessner-Boeckel v. Germany , 7 May 2013 . . . 700

ECtHR, Bonnaud et Lecoq v. France , 6 February 2018 . . . 700

ECtHR, Boughanemi v. France , 24 April 1996 . . . 696

ECtHR, Bronda v. Italy , 9 June 1998 . . . 695

ECtHR, Buchs v. Switzerland , 27 May 2014 . . . 691

ECtHR, C. v. Finland , 9 May 2006 . . . 705

ECtHR, Charron and Merle-Montet v. France , 16 January 2018 . . . 699

ECtHR, Chavdarov v. Bulgaria , 21 December 2010 . . . 687

ECtHR, Chbihi Loudoudi and others v. Belgium , 12 December 2014 . . . 703 , 719 ECtHR, E.B. v. France , 22 January 2008 . . . 702

ECtHR, Emonet v. Switzerland , 13 December 2007 . . . 570 , 702 , 706 ECtHR, Eski v. Austria , 25 April 2007 . . . 705

ECtHR, Foulon and Bouvet v. France , 21 July 2016 . . . 716

ECtHR, Gas and Dubois v. France , 15 March 2012 . . . 699 – 700 , 702 ECtHR, Gaskin v. Th e United Kingdom , 7 July 1989 . . . 685 ECtHR, Godelli v. Italy , 25 September 2012 . . . 685 , 751

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ECtHR, Haas v. the Netherlands , 13 January 2004 . . . 694

ECtHR, Hallier and others v. France , 12 December 2017 . . . 700

ECtHR, Harroudj v. France , 4 October 2012 . . . 703 , 720 ECtHR, Hoff mann v. Austria , 23 June 1993 . . . 693

ECtHR, Hokkanen v. Finland , 23 September 1994 . . . 695

ECtHR, J ä ggi v. Switzerland , 13 October 2006 . . . 557

ECtHR, Jucius and Juciuvin é v. Lithuania , 25 November 2008 . . . 696

ECtHR, Kacper Nowakowski v. Poland , 10 January 2017 . . . 692 – 693 ECtHR, Kearns v. France , 10 January 2008 . . . 703

ECtHR, Keegan v. Ireland , 26 May 1994 . . . 686 , 688 , 703 ECtHR, Kopf and Liberda v. Austria , 17 January 2012 . . . 704

ECtHR, Krisztian Barnabas Toth v. Hungary , 12 February 2013 . . . 687 – 688 ECtHR, Kroon v. the Netherlands , 27 October 1994 . . . 687

ECtHR, Kuijper v. Netherlands , 3 March 2005 . . . 705

ECtHR, Kutzner v. Germany , 26 February 2002 . . . 704

ECtHR, L. v. Finland , 27 April 2000 . . . 695

ECtHR, Labassee v. France , 26 June 2014 . . . 258 , 716 ECtHR, Laborie v. France , 19 January 2017 . . . 716

ECtHR, Lyubenova v. Bulgaria , 18 October 2011 . . . 695

ECtHR, Mallah v. France , 10 November 2011 . . . 696

ECtHR, Mandet v. France , 14 January 2016 . . . 684 , 688 ECtHR, Manuello and Nevi v. Italy , 20 January 2015 . . . 361

ECtHR, Mazurek v. France , 1 February 2000 . . . 693 – 694 ECtHR, Mennesson v. France , 26 June 2014 . . . 258 , 693 , 698 , 700 , 716 ECtHR, Moretti and Benedetti v. Italy , 27 April 2010 . . . 702 , 704 ECtHR, Moser v. Austria , 21 September 2006 . . . 704

ECtHR, Mustafa et Armagan Akin v. Turkey , 6 April 2010 . . . 695

ECtHR, Nistor v. Romania 2 November 2011 . . . 426

ECtHR, Odi è vre v. France , 13 February 2003 . . . 685

ECtHR, Palau-Martinez v. France , 16 December 2003 . . . 693

ECtHR, Pla and Puncerneau v. Andorra , 13 July 2004 . . . 694

ECtHR, P.V. v. Spain , 30 November 2010 . . . 693

ECtHR, R.F. and others v. Germany , 2 August 2016 . . . 700

ECtHR, R.M.S. v. Spain , 18 June 2013 . . . 701, 704 ECtHR, Rozanski v. Poland , 18 May 2006 . . . 687

ECtHR, Salgueiro Da Silva Mouta v. Portugal , 21 December 1999 . . . 692

ECtHR, Schneider v. Germany , 15 September 2011 . . . 689

ECtHR, S ö derback v. Sweden , 28 October 1998 . . . 705

ECtHR, Sommerfeld v. Germany , 8 July 2003 . . . 679

ECtHR, Todorova v. Italy , 13 January 2009 . . . 703

ECtHR, Vasquez v. Switzerland , 26 November 2013 . . . 696

ECtHR, Vermeire v. Belgium , 29 November 1991 . . . 693

ECtHR, Vojnity v. Hungary , 12 February 2013 . . . 693

ECtHR, Wagner and J.M.W.L. v. Luxembourg , 28 June 2007 . . . 702

ECtHR, Wallova and Walla v. Czech Republic , 26 October 2006 . . . 704

ECtHR, Zaunegger v. Germany , 3 December 2009 . . . 690

ECtHR, Zhou v. Italy , 21 January 2014 . . . 704

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List of Cases

HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE

HRC, Hendriks v. Th e Netherlands , 27 July 1988 . . . 683

HRC, Monaco v. Argentina , 3 April 1995, no. 400/1990 . . . 694

HRC, N.T. v. Canada , 20 March 2007, no. 1052/2002 . . . 704

INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION OF HUMAN RIGHTS

IACHR, Cheryl Monica Joseph v. Canada , 6 October 1993 . . . 680

IACHR, Wayne Smith, Hugo Armendariz, et al. v. United States , 12 July 2010 . . . 680

INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS

IACtHR, Artavia Murillo v. Costa Rica , 28 November 2012 . . . 680 – 681 , 698 , 703 IACtHR, Atala Riff o and daughters v. Chile , 24 February 2012 . . . 66 , 680 – 681 , 684 , 692 , 699 , 703 IACtHR, Forneron and daughter v. Argentina , 27 April 2012 . . . 44 , 680 , 684 , 686 , 689 , 701 , 703 IACtHR, Gelman v. Uruguay , 24 February 2011 . . . 686

IACtHR, L.M. v. Paraguay , 27 April 2012 . . . 695

IACtHR, Trujillo-Oroza v. Bolivia , 27 February 2002 (Reparations and Costs) . . . 694

ALGERIA

Supreme Court, 3 December 1984, in al-Madjalla al-qad â ’ iyya (Judicial Review), Algiers, 1990, No. 1 . . . . . . . 20

Supreme Court, 17 December 1984, in Judicial Review 1990, No. 1 . . . 18

Supreme Court, 19 December 1988, in Judicial Review 1991, No. 3 . . . 17 – 18 Supreme Court, 16 July 1990, in al-Madjalla al-Qad â ’ iyya, 1991, No. 3 . . . 20

Supreme Court, 20 October 1998, in Judicial Review 2001, Special Issue . . . 18

Supreme Court, 5 March 2006, in Review of the Supreme Court, 2006, No. 1 . . . . 20 – 21 , 30 Supreme Court, 12 May 2011, in Review of the Supreme Court, 2011, No. 1 . . . 19

ARGENTINA

Juzgado de Familia Nro. 1, Mendoza, ‘ C. M. E. y J. R. M. s/ inscripció n nacimiento ’ , 15/12/2015 . . . 52

Juzgado de Familia Nro. 7, Lomas de Zamora, ‘ H., M. y otro/a ’ , 30/12/2015 . . . 52

Juzgado de Familia de Gualeguay, ‘ B. M. A. c/ F. C. C. R. | ordinario ’ , 19/11/2013 . . . 52

Juzgado Familia Nro. 1, Mendoza, ‘ A. V. O., A. C. G. Y J. J. F ’ , 29/07/2015 . . . 52

Juzgado Familia Nro. 9 de Bariloche, Expte. Nro. 10178-14 ’ , 29/12/2015 . . . 52

Juzgado Nacional Civ. Nro. 7, ‘ A.R.,C.c. C., M. J. s/impugnaci ó n de fi liaci ó n ’ , 15/06/2016 . . . 52

Juzgado Nacional Civil Nro. 83, ‘ N., N. O ’ , 25/06/2015 . . . 52

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Juzgado Nacional de Primera Instancia en lo Civil Nro. 86, ‘ N.N. o DGMB s/

inscripció n de nacimiento ’ , 18/06/2013 . . . 52

Juzgado Nacional de Primera Instancia en lo Civil Nro. 102, ‘ C., F. A y otro c/ R. S., M. L. ’ , 18/05/2015 . . . . . . . 52

Suprema Corte de Buenos Aires, ‘ R., V. D.V.; R., Y. N.; R.S., art. 10 ley 10.067 ’ , 26/02/2013 . . . 43

Tribunal Colegiado De Rosario Nro. 5, ‘ S G G. y OTROS S-/ FILIACION ’ , 27/05/2016 . . . 52

Tribunal Colegiado Rosario Nro. 7, 02/12/2014 . . . 52

AUSTRALIA

Bateman v. Kavan [2014] FCCA 2521 . . . 107

Duroux v. Martin (1993) FLC 92-432 . . . 78

Groth v. Banks [2013] FamCA 430 . . . 88

Parsons and Anor & Masson [2018] FamCAFC 115 . . . 88 , 107

BELGIUM

Constitutional Court 16 December 2010, no. 144/2010 . . . 114

Constitutional Court 3 February 2011, no. 20/2011 . . . 116

Constitutional Court 6 April 2011, no. 54/2011 . . . 120

Constitutional Court 31 May 2011, no. 96/2011 . . . 117

Constitutional Court 3 May 2012, no. 61/2012 . . . 115 , 118 Constitutional Court 9 August 2012, no. 103/2012 . . . 114 – 115 Constitutional Court 7 March 2013, no. 29/2013 . . . 119

Constitutional Court 7 March 2013, no. 30/2013 . . . 115 , 118 Constitutional Court 28 March 2013, no. 46/2013 . . . 117

Constitutional Court 9 July 2013, no. 96/2013 . . . 119

Constitutional Court 9 July 2013, no. 105/2013 . . . 116

Constitutional Court 17 October 2013, no. 139/2013 . . . 120

Constitutional Court 7 November 2013, no. 147/2013 . . . 116

Constitutional Court 5 December 2013, no. 165/2013 . . . 120

Constitutional Court 29 January 2014, no. 16/2014 . . . 117

Constitutional Court 20 March 2014, no. 46/2014 . . . 117

Constitutional Court 17 July 2014, no. 118/2014 . . . 120

Constitutional Court 19 September 2014, no. 127/2014 . . . 119

Constitutional Court 25 September 2014, no. 139/2014 . . . 119

Constitutional Court 9 October 2014, no. 145/2014 . . . 117

Constitutional Court 12 March 2015, no. 35/2015 . . . 119

Constitutional Court 19 March 2015, no. 38/2015 . . . 119

Constitutional Court 2 July 2015, nos. 101 and 102/2015 . . . 114

Constitutional Court 24 September 2015, no. 126/2015 . . . 119

Constitutional Court 26 November 2015, no. 168/2015 . . . 119

Constitutional Court 3 February 2016, no. 18/2016 . . . 116 – 117 Constitutional Court 25 May 2016, no. 77/2016 . . . 119

Constitutional Court 2 June 2016, no. 87/2016 . . . 117

Constitutional Court 14 December 2016, no. 161/2016 . . . 119

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List of Cases

Constitutional Court 16 February 2017, no. 25/2017 . . . 133

Constitutional Court 13 July 2017, no. 95/2017 . . . 133

Constitutional Court 19 October 2017, no. 123/2017 . . . 116

Constitutional Court 23 November 2017, no. 131/2017 . . . 134

Constitutional Court 18 January 2018, no. 3/2018 . . . 117

Constitutional Court 1 February 2018, no. 11/2018 . . . 134

Constitutional Court 4 October 2018, no. 119/2018 . . . 135

Cour de Cassation 27 June 1969, Pas . 1969, I, 998 . . . 126

Cour de Cassation 7 May 2007, Tijdschrift voor Familierecht 2007 . . . 120 , 214 Cour de Cassation 3 June 2010, Rechtskundig Weekblad 2010 – 11, 1648 . . . 123

Cour de Cassation 7 April 2017, no. C.15.0379.N . . . 116 , 119 Cour de Cassation 3 May 2018, Rechtskundig Weekblad 2018–19, 20 . . . 120

Court of Appeal Antwerp 14 January 2008, Rechtskundig Weekblad 2007 – 8, 1774 . . . 127

Court of Appeal Ghent 30 April 2012, Revue g é n é rale de droit civil belge 2012, 372 . . . . 127

CANADA

A.A. v. B.B. , 2007 ONCA 2, 83 (OR) 3d 561 . . . 170

Adoption – 09367 , [2009] JQ No. 18623 (CQ) . . . 164

Adoption – 1445 , 2014 QCCA 1162 . . . 160 , 164 Adoption – 1590 , 2015 QCCQ 10185 . . . 164

Adoption – 15410 , 2015 QCCQ 15938 . . . 164

Adoption – 161 , 2016 QCCA 6 . . . 160 , 164 Adoption – 16198 , 2016 QCCQ 8950 twins . . . 164

Adoption – 1631 , 2016 QCCQ 6872 . . . 164

Adoption – 1632 , 2016 QCCQ 6873 (twins) . . . 164

Adoption – 16199 , 2016 QCCQ 8951 . . . 164

AP v. RJB. , 2017 ONCJ 714 . . . 159

British Columbia (Attorney General) v. Pratten, 2012 BCCA 480, 25 RFL (7th) 58 . . . 167

C(G) v. VF(T) , [1987] 2 SCR 244 . . . 155

Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Kandola , 2014 FCA 85 . . . 157

Chartier v. Chartier [1999] 1 SCR 24 . . . 175 , 835 Chapman v. Chapman , 2001 CanLII 24015 (ON CA) . . . 159 , 174 Droit de la famille – 737 , [1990] RJQ 85 (CA) . . . 153

Droit de la famille – 2310 , [1997] RJQ 859 (CS) . . . 157

Droit de la famille – 072895 , 2007 QCCA 1640, [2007] JQ No. 13351 . . . 175 , 177 Droit de la famille – 151172 , 2015 QCCS 2308 . . . 164

Droit de la famille – 18968, 2018 QCCS 1990 . . . 180

In the Matter of an Application for a Declaratory Order of Parentage pursuant to section 7 of the Children’s Law Act, R.S.N.L. 1990, Chapter C-13, [2018] N.J. No. 100, 7 R.F.L. (8th) 346 . . . 180

Monkman v. Beaulieu , 2003 MBCA 17, 223 DLR (4th) 509 . . . 177

Nouveau Brunswick (Ministre de la Sant é & des Services Communautaires) v. L (M) , [1998] 2 SCR 534 . . . 175

Pratten v. British Columbia (Attorney General) , 2010 BCSC 1444, 325 DLR (4th) 79 . . . . 167

Pratten v. British Columbia (Attorney General) , 35191 (30 May 2013); [2013] SCCA No 36 . . . . 167 Re Tagornak [1984] 1 CNLR 185 (NWTSC) . . . 172 , 174

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DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO

Tribunal de paix de Bukavu, Jugements R.C.644/II, 5 July 2017 and R.C.620/III,

11 April 2018 . . . . . . . 195

Tribunal de paix de Bukavu, Jugement R.C.694/I, 20 September 2017 . . . 189

Tribunal de paix de Bukavu, Jugements R.C.1366/I, 23 February 2018 and R.C.1315/I of 6 December 2017 . . . 203

ENGLAND AND WALES

AB v. CD and the Z Fertility Clinic [2013] EWHC 1418 . . . 241

Adams v. Adams [1984] FLR 768 . . . 225

C v. C (Custody of Child) [1991] FCR 254 . . . 240

Dawson v. Wearmouth [1997] 2 FLR 629 . . . 240

J v. G (Parental Orders) [2013] EWHC 1432 . . . 232

R v. E and F (Female Parents: Known Father) [2010] EWHC 417 . . . 233

Re B (A Minor) (Natural Parent) [2001] UKHL 70 . . . 235

Re B (Parentage) [1996] 2 FLR 15 . . . 227

Re C (Indirect Contact) [2012] EWCA Civ 128 . . . 236

Re D (Adoption: Parent ’ s Consent) [1977] AC 602 . . . 235

Re D (An Infant) [1977] AC 602 . . . 240

Re D (Paternity) [2006] EWHC 3545 . . . 222

Re G (Children) (Same Sex Partner) [2006] UKHL 43 . . . 223

Re G (Surrogacy: Foreign Domicile) [2007] EWHC 2814 . . . 228

Re H (A Minor) (Blood Tests: Parental Rights) [1997] Fam 89 . . . 222

Re H and A (Paternity: Blood Tests) [2002] EWCA Civ 383 . . . 222

Re Moynihan [2000] 1 FLR 11 . . . 240

Re P (A Child) [2014] EWCA Civ 1174 . . . 235

Re P (Placement Orders: Parental Consent) [2008] EWCA Civ 535 . . . 236

Re R (Surname: Using Both Parents ’ ) [2001] 2 FLR 1358 . . . 240

Re S (Adoption Order or Special Guardianship Order) [2007] EWCA Civ 54 . . . 234

Re Valentine ’ s Settlement [1965] 1 Ch 831 . . . 229

Re X and Y (Foreign Surrogacy) [2008] EWHC 3030 (Fam) . . . 229

Slingsby v. Attorney-General (1916) 33 TLR 120 . . . 220

SM (Algeria) v. Entry Clearance Offi cer , UK Visa Section [2018] UKSC 9 . . . 721

T v. T (Shared and Joint Residence Orders) [2011] Fam Law 240 . . . 233

Z and B v. C (Parental Order: Domicile) [2011] EWHC 3181 . . . 229

FRANCE

CA Bordeaux 23 November 1988, jurisdata n ° 1988-049503 . . . 261

CA Paris 16 June 2011 RG 10/22338 . . . 274

CA Poitiers, 19 October 1999, jurisdata n ° 1999-146595 . . . 261

CA Rennes, 6 January 2005, jurisdata n ° 2005-264861 . . . 261

Cass. Ass. Plen. 31 May 1991, Bull. Civ. 1991 n ° 4 . . . 258

Cass. Ass. Plen. 3 July 2015 n ° 15 - 50.002 . . . 258

Cass. Civ. 1, 28 March 2000 n ° 98-12806 . . . 253

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List of Cases

Cass. Civ. 1, 16 April 2008 n ° 07-11273 . . . 264

Cass. Civ. 1, 6 April 2011, n ° 09-66.486, n ° 10-19.053 and n ° 09-17.730 . . . 258

Cass. Civ. 1, 19 January 2012, n ° 11-40089 QPC, Gaz. Pal . 22 June 2012 . . . 257

Cass. Civ. 1, 13 September 2013 cases n ° 12-30.138 and n ° 12.18-315 . . . 258

Cass. Civ. 1, 5 July 2017, cases n ° 15-28597, n ° 16-16901, n ° 16-16455 and n ° 16-16495 . . . 259 , 273 Conseil Constitutionel, 17 May 2013, n ° 2013-669 DC . . . 272

Cour de r é examen, 16 February 2018, n ° 17RDH001 and 17RDH002 . . . 716

TGI Paris 14 October 2011 RG 11/35997 . . . 274

TGI Paris 21 September 2012, AJ Fam . 2012, 550, obs. Siff rein-Blanc . . . 274

TGI Paris 22 February 2013, AJ Fam . 2013 232, obs. Gallmeister . . . 274

GERMANY

AG Passau 15.7.1987, FamRZ 1987, 1309, 1310 . . . 290

BGH 15.5.2013, FamRZ 2013, 1209 . . . 297 , 301 BGH 10.12.2014, FamRZ 2015 . . . 298

BGH 18.2.2015, FamRZ 2015, 828 . . . 301

BGH 23.9.2015, NJW 2015, 3434, 3436 . . . 296

BGH 28.1.2015, FamRZ 2015, 642 . . . 300

BGH 1.2.2017, FamRZ 2017, 532 . . . 291

BVerfG 18.1.1988, NJW 1988, 3010 . . . 299

BVerfGE 31.1.1989, FamRZ 1989, 255 . . . 299

BVerfG 26.4.1994, FamRZ 1994, 881 . . . 299

BVerfG 6.5.1997, FamRZ 1997, 869 . . . 290 , 299 BVerfG 19.2.2013, BVerfGE 133, 59 . . . 303

LG Bremen 10.3.1998, FamRZ 1998, 1039 . . . 290

LG M ü nster 21.2.1990, FamRZ 1990, 1031, 1032 . . . 290

OLG Bamberg 20.12.2012, FamRZ 2013, 710, 711 . . . 290, 318 OLG Hamm 22.3.1991, FamRZ 1991, 1229 . . . 290

OLG Karlsruhe 1.6.2015, FamRZ 2015, 1624, 1625 . . . 290 , 318 OLG Oldenburg 30.6.2014, FamRZ 2015, 67 . . . 301

OLG Rostock 30.10.2004, FamRZ 2005 . . . 305

OLG Schleswig 30.1.2004, FamRZ 2004, 1057, 1058 . . . 305

IRELAND

McD v. L [2009] IESC 81 . . . 332 , 334 , 347 MR and Another v. An tArd Chl á raitheoir [2014] IESC 60 . . . 328 – 329 , 347

ITALY

Cass. 15.8.2016, n. 22838 . . . . . . . 355 Cass. 22.5.2016, n. 12962 . . . 372 , 377 Cass. 30.9.2016, n. 19599 . . . 365 , 377

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Cass. pen. 10.3.2016 . . . 363

Cass., S.U., 25.1.2017 . . . 354

Cass., sez. I, 21.7.2016 . . . 355

Corte cost. 10.6.2014 . . . . . . 361

Corte cost. 28.3.1999 . . . . . . 376

Corte cost. n. 162/2014 . . . . . . . 369

Corte d ’ Appello di Trento, 23.2.2017 . . . . 377

Trib. Genova, 12.03.2009 . . . . . . . 374

Trib. Roma 8.8.2014 . . . . . . 365

Trib. Roma 22.4.2015 . . . . . . 365

Trib. Roma 10.5.2016 . . . . . . 365

JAPAN

Osaka District Court, 18 December 1998, Katei Saiban Geppo 51-9-71 . . . 397

Supreme Court, 29 March 1974, Katei Saiban Geppo 26-8-47 . . . 386

Supreme Court, 27 April 1962, Minshu 16-7-1247 . . . 386 – 387 Supreme Court, 23 March 2007, Minshu 61-2-619 . . . 397

Supreme Court, 4 September 2013, Minshu 67-6-1320 . . . 406

Supreme Court, 14 January 2014, Minshu 68-1-1 . . . 390

Supreme Court, 17 July 2014, Minshu 68-6-547 . . . 389 , 391 Supreme Tribunal, 23 January 1940, Minshu 19 – 54 . . . 388

Tokyo High Court, 9 December 1977, Katei Saiban Geppo 30-8-42 . . . 394

Tokyo High Court, 16 September 1998, Katei Saiban Geppo 51-3-165 . . . 397

THE NETHERLANDS

Gerechtshof Arnhem-Leeuwarden 30 March 2017, ECLI:NL:GHARL:2017:2726 . . . 423

Gerechtshof (Court of Appeal) Arnhem 13 September 2012, ECLI:NL:GHARN:2012:BX7942 . . . 432

HR (Hoge Raad (Dutch Supreme Court)) 31 October 1958, NJ ( Nederlandse Jurisprudentie (Dutch Law Reports)) 1958, 577 . . . 434

HR 7 February 1975, ECLI:NL:HR:1975:AB7386, NJ 1975/245 . . . 437

HR 15 April 1994, NJ 1994/608 . . . 422 , 431 HR 22 December 1995, ECLI:NL:HR:1995:ZC1935, NJ 1996/419 . . . 440

HR 13 July 2001, ECLI:NL:HR:2001:ZC3639 . . . 438

HR 18 March 2016, ECLI:NL:HR:2016:452, NJ 2016/210 . . . 431

Rb. (Rechtbank (District Court)) ’ s-Hertogenbosch 10 June 2008, ECLI:NL:RBSHE:2008:BN6040 . . . 437

Rb. Den Haag 5 October 2011, ECLI:NL:RBSGR:2011:BT8475 . . . 437

Rb. Haarlem 24 August 2009, ECLI:NL:RBHAA:2009:BL5493 . . . 441

Rb. Haarlem 3 May 2012, ECLI:NL:RBHAA:2012:BW5040 . . . 437

Rb. Haarlem 19 December 2012, ECLI:NL:RBHAA:2012:BZ6541 . . . 430

Rb. Zutphen 9 May 2012, ECLI:NL:RBZUT:2012:BW5204 . . . 437

Rb. Zwolle-Lelystad 4 March 2011, ECLI:NL:RBZLY:2011:BP6936 . . . 432

Rb. Zwolle 23 May 2012, ECLI:NL:RBZLY:2012:BW6427 . . . 423

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List of Cases

ROMANIA

Court of Appeal of Timi ş oara, Civil Section and Ruling 1196 dated

26 September 2013 . . . . . 461

SPAIN AND CATALONIA

STS 21.09.1999 (RJ 1999/6944) . . . 483

STS 04.07.2011 (RJ 2011/5965) . . . 487

STS 06.02.2014 (RJ 2014/833) . . . . 497

STS 15.07.2016 (RJ 2016/3196) . . . 487

STSJC 09.04.2015 (RJ 2015/2581) . . . 491

STSJC 14.05.2015 (JUR 2015/183233) . . . 491

STSJC 25.05.2015 (RJ 2015/ 3338) . . . 491

STSJC 07.04.2016 (RJ 2016/3645) . . . 491

STSJC 27.06.2016 (JUR 2016/174487) . . . 491

STSJC 03.11.2016 (RJ 2016/6428) . . . 491

Supreme Court order 02.02.2015 (RJ 29015/141) . . . 497

SWEDEN

NJA 2006 s. 505 . . . 528

SWITZERLAND

BGE 122 II 289 cons. 1c . . . . . . . 555

BGE 128 III 9 . . . 572

BGE 132 III 1 cons. 3.2 . . . . . . . 556

BGE 134 III 241 . . . . . 556 – 557 BGE 136 III 593 cons. 6.1.1 . . . . . . 556

BGE 141 III 312 . . . . . 564 – 565 BGE 141 III 328 . . . 565

BGE 142 III 612 . . . 559

VGer Z ü rich (VB.2015.00644), 16.12.2015, cons. 3 . . . 553

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Allison v. Medlock , 983 So.2d 789, 791 (Fla. Ct. App. 2008) . . . 586

Alverson v. Alverson , 28 So.3d 784 (Ala. Civ. App. 2009) . . . 590

Bassett v. Saunders , 835 So.2d 1198 (Fla. D. Ct. App. 2002) . . . 619

Commerce Bank v. Augsberger , 680 N.E.2d 822 (Ill. Ct. App. 1997) . . . 606

Dawn M. v. Michael M. , 2017 BL 73858, N.Y. Sup. Ct. (2017) . . . 613

Intersentia List of Cases

xviii

D.M.T. v. T.M.H. , 129 So.3d 320 (Fla. 2013) . . . 611

E.H. v. M.H. , 512 N.W.2d 148 (S.D. 1994) . . . 604

Elisa B. v. Superior Court , 117 P.3d 660 (Cal. 2005) . . . 611

Fish v. Fish , 939 A.2d 1040, 1054 – 59 (Conn. 2008) . . . 591

Frazier v. Goudschaal , 295 P.3d 542, 552 (Kan. 2013) . . . 619

Garska v. McCoy , 278 S.E.2d 357, 362 (W. Va. 1981) . . . 618

In re Bonfi eld , 97 Ohio St.3d 387 (2002) . . . 619

In re H.S.H.-K. , 533 N.W.2d 419, 435 – 36 (Wis. 1995) . . . 611

In re K.M.H. , 169 P.3d 1025, 1029, 1045 (Kan. 2007) . . . 595

In re M.R. , 212 Cal. Rptr.3d 807 (Cal. App. 2017) . . . 613

In re Sebastian M. , 64 A.D.3d 401 (N.Y. 2009) . . . 611

In re T.J.S. , 16 A.3d 386 (N.J. Super. Ct. 2011) . . . 595

Jacob v. Shultz-Jacob , 923 A.2d 473, 479 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2007) . . . 613

J.F. v. D.B. , 879 N.E.2d 740 (Ohio 2007) . . . 595

Jhordan C. v. Mary K. , 224 Cal. Rptr. 530 (Cal. App. 1986) . . . 600

Johnson v. Calvert , 851 P.2d 776, 784 (Cal. 1993) . . . 599

Johnson v. Superior Court , 95 Cal. Rptr. 2d 864 (Cal. App. 2000) . . . 599

K.M. v. E.G. , 117 P.3d 673 (Cal. 2005) . . . 611

L.F. v. Breit , 736 S.E.2d 711, 722 (Va. 2013) . . . 595

LaChapelle v. Mitten , 607 N.W.2d 151, 157 (Minn. Ct. App. 2000) . . . 613

Leckie v. Voorhies , 875 P.2d 521 (Or. Ct. App. 1994) . . . 600

Lehr v. Robertson , 463 U.S. 248 (1983) . . . 602

Matter of L. , No. A-11966/15 (N.Y. Fam. Ct. Oct. 6, 2016) . . . 612

Meyer v. Nebraska , 262 U.S. 390, 399 (1923) . . . 587

M.H.B. v. H.T.B. , 498 A.2d 775 (N.J. 1985) . . . 604

Michael H. v. Gerald D. , 491 U.S. 110, 129 – 32 (1989) . . . 586

Mintz v. Zoernig , 198 P.3d 861 (N.M. Ct. App. 2008) . . . 600

Moon v. Michigan Reproductive & IVF Center , 294 Mich. App. 582 (Mich. Ct. App. 2011) . . . . 593

N.A.H. v. S.L.S. , 9 P.3d 354 (Colo. 2000) . . . 588

Neel v. Sewell , 834 F.Supp.2d 648 (E.D. Mich. 2011) . . . 606

North Coast Women ’ s Care Medical Group, Inc. v. Superior Court , 189 P.3d 959 (2008) . . . . . 593

Obergefell v. Hodges , 135 S. Ct. 2584, 2607 – 08 (2015) . . . 609 , 682 Pavan v. Smith , 137 S.Ct. 2075 (2017) . . . 610 , 682 Pikula v. Pikula , 374 N.W.2d 705, 712 (Minn. 1985) . . . 618

Rubano v. DiCenzo , 759 A.2d 959 (R.I. 2000) . . . 611

Sessions v. Morales-Santana , 137 S. Ct. 1678 (2017) . . . 589

Smith v. Guest , 16 A.3d 920 (Del. 2011) . . . 614

Smith v. Organization of Foster Families for Equality and Reform , 431 U.S. 816, 855 – 56 (1977) . . . 606

State v. Canady , 554 S.W. 2d 121 (W. Va. 2001) . . . 586

St. Mary v. Damon , 309 P.3d 1027, 1031 – 3 (Nev. 2013) . . . 611

Troxel v. Granville , 530 U.S. 57, 75 (2000) . . . 590 , 615 V.L. v. E.L. , 136 S. Ct. 1017 (2016) . . . 612

Vicki N. v. Josephine N. , 649 A.2d 709 (Penn. Super Ct. 1994) . . . 607

Intersentia

xix

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Mark Beuker

Researcher, Faculty of Law, Department of Legal Science, University of Groningen, the Netherlands

Sylvie Cap

Lecturer and Research and Teaching Assistant, Faculty of Law, Family Law Centre, Universit é catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Belgium

Ulrike Cerulus

Voluntary Scientifi c Collaborator Family and Succession Law, Faculty of Law, Hasselt University, Belgium

Laura Cohen

Research and Teaching Assistant, Faculty of Law, Family Law Centre, Universit é catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Belgium

Charlotte Declerck

Professor of Family and Succession Law, Faculty of Law, Hasselt University, Belgium

Josep Ferrer-Riba

Professor of Civil Law, Faculty of Law, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Catalonia, Spain

Emese Florian

Professor, Faculty of Law, Department of Private Law, University ‘ Babe ş -Bolyai ’ Cluj-Napoca, Romania

Deborah L. Forman

Professor of Law Emeritus and J. Allan Cook and Mary Schalling Cook Children ’ s Law Scholar, Whittier Law School, California, United States of America Laurence Francoz Terminal

Senior Lecturer, Law Faculty, Jean Moulin-Lyon 3 University, France; Member of the International, European and Comparative Law Research Team; Deputy Director of Edouard Lambert Comparative Law Institute

Nathalie Frogneux

Professor, Faculty of Philosophy, Arts and Letters, Institut sup é rieur de philosophie,

Universit é catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Belgium

Intersentia List of Contributors

xx

Michelle Giroux

Professor, Faculty of Law, Civil Law Section; Member of the Center for Health Law, Policy and Ethics; Member of the Interdisciplinary Research Laboratory on the rights of the child, University of Ottawa, Canada

Vanessa Gruben

Professor, Faculty of Law, Common Law Section; Member of the Center for Health Law, Policy and Ethics, University of Ottawa, Canada

Andy Hayward

Assistant Professor, Durham Law School, Durham University, United Kingdom Tobias Helms

Professor, Faculty of Law, Philipps University Marburg, Germany Marisa Herrera

Researcher, CONICET (National Council of Scientifi c and Technical Research), Argentina

Alexandra Jungo

Full Professor, Faculty of Law, Chair of Civil Law, University of Fribourg, Switzerland

Aida Kemelmajer

Former Judge at the Supreme Court Mendoza, Argentina; Former Professor of Civil Law, Faculty of Law, National University of Cuyo, Argentina

Wilbert Kolkman

Full Professor, Faculty of Law, Department of Legal Science, University of Groningen, the Netherlands

Th

alia Kruger

Associate Professor, Research Group Personal Rights and Property Rights, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Honorary Research Associate, University of Cape Town, South Africa

Nahas M. Mahieddin

Professor, Facult é de Droit et des Sciences Politiques, Universit é d ’ Oran 2, Algeria

Gwendoline Motte

Research and Teaching Assistant, Faculty of Law, Family Law Centre, Universit é catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Belgium

Paul-Robain Namegabe Rugarabura

Professor, Faculty of Law, Catholic University of Bukavu, Democratic Republic

of the Congo

Intersentia

xxi

List of Contributors

Lisa Oshima

Associate Professor, Faculty of Law, Niigata University, Japan Isabelle Roskam

Full Professor, Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Universit é catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Belgium

Lena Rutishauser

Research and Teaching Assistant, Faculty of Law, Chair of Civil Law, University of Fribourg, Switzerland

Paul Servais

Emeritus Professor of Modern and Early Modern History; Former Chairperson of the Department of History and the Institute of Family and Sexuality Sciences at the Universit é catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Belgium

Jehanne Sosson

Professor, Faculty of Law, Family Law Centre, Universit é catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Belgium

Stefania Stefanelli

Associate Professor, Faculty of Law, University of Perugia, Italy; Member of the International Society of Family Law

Jane Stoll

Senior Lecturer in Private Law, Department of Law, Karlstad Business School, Karlstad University, Sweden

Brian Tobin

Lecturer Above the Bar in Law, School of Law, National University of Ireland, Galway, Republic of Ireland

Jinske Verhellen

Professor, Faculty of Law, Institute for Private International Law, Ghent University, Belgium

Geoff rey Willems

Professor, Faculty of Law, Family Law Centre, Universit é catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Belgium

Lisa Young

Professor and Associate Dean of Research, Murdoch School of Law,

Murdoch University, Australia