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IN THE SECOISD f f l g
OF TOE EIGHTEENTH GEKTURY
y
*
Ahmad M u sta fa Ahu Hakima
T h e s is su b m itte d f o r th e d e g re e o f
D o c to r o f P h ilo s o p h y
■ G 0 N T B M T S. .
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AclmovlGhgemeni 1 . 4
A b s tr a c t ' ; 5
T r a n s l i t e r a t i o n ‘ 7
A b b r e v ia tio n s 3
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A. A ra b ic S o u rc e s . 12
B* L o ca l / T r a d itio n 33
C* I n d i a O f f ic e R ecords ' 33
1 . M a n u sc rip t document's 33 .
.<!„ P r i n t e d docum ents and works 40 D* The E uropean t r a v e l l e r s * a c c o u n ts 41 1* E a s t I n d ia Company*s S e r v a n ts 41 2 . T r a v e l l e r s o th e r th a n th o s e
o f f i c i a l s ' t 42
3 . E a r ly 1 9 th c e n tu r y • t r a v e l l e r s 44 K. L a te Eiiropean c o m p ila tio n s • 47 C h a p te r 1 I n t r o d u c t o r y : T.he S t a t e o f A f f a i r s i n '
th e P e r s i a n G u lf i n th e F i r s t H a lf o f
t h e E ig h te e n th C e n tu ry sq
A* The E uropean t r a d i n g com panies i n th e P e r s ia n G u lf,
B* A f f a i r s o f P e r s i a and Ottom an Meso
p o tam ia (1700-1750) 65
■ 1 , The A f f a i r s o f P e rs ia . 65 2 , The A f f a i r s o f Ottom an
M esopotam ia 72
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Charter I I Chapter I I I
Chapter IV
Chanter V
Chapter VI
G o n e lu sio n s A ppendix B i b i t o g r a ohy Maps
If- R .
Parre
C* E a s te r n and C e n tr a l A ra b ia 7n
The R ise o f K i v a it (1700-1762) 85
The Growth of Kuwait - The E s t a b l i s hm ent o f Z u b a ra . 1766 7 he_ B eginni ngs of th e
T U tb i K oval PoT.7er 1 1 7 62-1775V ~ ‘ ~ 116 -S tate o f Aff a i r s i n th e 6 U tb i S t a t e s
1775-1 7 9 0 . 162
The Wahha' 1s in B ag t o r n At*a b ia 2.16
A, The K nhhabiyya and th e Vahhahi
r e l a t i o n s w ith t h e ban 1 E h a lid . 219 B, D evelopm ent in th e i LTtb i S t a t e s
(1790- 1800) 249
G» <lTtb i-V a h h a b i r e l a t i o n s - ,
1792-1800 • . ' 265
The ^ lit h i S t a te s end t h e T rad e of. th e P e r s i a n G ulf and Eon: t e r n A rabi a
1750-1800 294
323 331 34-9 362 1 , F i e b u h r 1s Mae o f th e P e r s ia n G u l f ,1765 9
2 , K uw ait Bay 36
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.P r o f e s s o r B e rn a rd L ev /is, u n d e r whose • i n s p i r i n g g u id a n c e t h i s work h a s b e en c a r r i e d o u t . To. Dr* M, E . Y a p p ,-o f th e S .G 1 A .S ., I am in d e b te d f o r v a lu a b le s u g g e s t i o n s .
1 sh o u ld l i k e t o p u t on r e c o r d th e ' g r e a t a s s i s t a n c e I r e c e i v e d fro m t h e s t a f f s ' o f th e l i b r a r i e s o f th e - B r i t i s h Museum, th e In d ia-
O f f i c e and th e S c h o o l o f O r i e n t a l and A fric a n S tu d ie s * Mr. " P e a rso n , th e - L ib r a r ia n - o f t h e S . 0 . A ,S. was e x tre m e ly h e l p f u l i n o b t a i n i n g
m icro film c o p ie s o f t h e s e s from a b ro a d . I have a ls o to e g r e s s my th a n k s t o th e K u w a iti f r i e n d s f o r t h e i r v a lu a b le i n f o r m a tio n on
t h e i r l o c a l t r a d i t i o n . .To S h aik h ( A id A lla h b . K h a lid A1 “K h a l i f a , -
*
th e c o u s in o f th e r u l e r o f B a h r a in , I .an in d e b te d f o r s i m i l a r i n fo r m a tio n on th e l o c a l t r a d i t i o n o f th e K h a l i f a .
To th e B r i t i s h C o u n c il I owe, a d e b t, o f two y e a r s s c h o l a r s h i p w ith o u t w hich i t w ould have been d i f f i c u l t t o a c c o m p lis h t h i s w ork.
f
'• • ' ABSTRACT . .
f T h is s t u d y ' d e a l s w ith t h e * U tb i S t a t e s i n E a s te r n A ra b ia in . th e .s e c o n d /n a if of. th e e i g h t e e n t h c e n t u r y . The . r i s e o f th e £U tu b ? th e
•ancestor-s o f ' th e p r e s e n t i n f l u e n t i a l f a m ilie s - an d th e r u l e r s ' o f K uw ait an d . B a h r a in ? lia s so f q r been n e g l e c t e d . ..
1 C h a p te r One o f t h e p r e s e n t work d e s c r i b e s th e p o s i t i o n i n E a s te r il A ra b ia a n d 't h e P e r s i a n l l u l f i n th e f i r s t h a l f o f th e 18i h c e n tu r y and ’- hpw c e r t a i n f a c t orb paved th e way f o r th e r i s e o f t h e f i r s t i UtbX • ’
s e t t l e m e n t ‘o f Kuwait*
' . .C hapter Two’ t r e a t s o f th e . o r i g i n of. th e ‘ tTtub end ref3 .ects.- an a t tem p t t o ansvr'er v a r i o u s q u e s t io n s r e l a t i n g t o th e g ro w th o f K uw ait and th e r i s e o f th e A 1-Sabah a s th e f i r s t cU tb i r u l e r s in t h a t tow n, i n
1 7 5 2. • :
In* 176 6 , t h e A l - R 'h a li f a , th e c o u s in s o f A 1 -S ab ah . a c c o m m n ie d by o t h e r 6U tb i f a m i l i e s , m ig r a te d to, th e s o u th and e s ta b lis h e d . Z ubara in Q a t a r . The r a p i d g ro w th o f 't h e *U tb i t r a d e t h a t fo llo w e d i t s e s t a b l i s h
m ent and o t h e r a s p e c t s o f th e ‘ U tb i h i s t o r y a r e d is c u s s e d in C h a p te r T hree*
The co m m ercial s u c c e s s o f K uw ait and Z ubara p ro v o k ed th e j e a lo u s y
\ ‘
o f o t h e r A rab t r i b e s i n th e a ^ e a and e s p e c i a l l y t h o s e .o n t h e P e r s i a n l i t t o r a l o f t h e G ulf* As a r e s u l t o f m i l i t a r y o p e r a t i o n s betw een th e
{U t u b ‘an d t h e l a t t e r B a h ra in I s l a n d s were c o n q u ered in 1782 and by now?
th e ‘ U tub 'had become t h e s t r o n g e s t A rab m a ritim e power on th e P e r s i a n
.G ulf* T h is r i s e , i n .th e ,fi U t b i . power pun t i l -1790 i s t r e a t e d i n C h a p te r
F o u r. t , - ; '
. By th e 1780*0 th e W ahhabis h a d co n q u ered m o s t . p a r t s o f C e n tr a l 'A ra b ia and s t a r t e d " t h e i r - w a r s a g a i n s t th e Barn; K h a lid * ' r u l e r s o f a l -
H asa and t h e ’ b a r r i e r b f t h e 'c o a s t a l 4 U tb i States.-* 4 : ' W ahhabism , W ahhabi- K h a lid l s t r u g g l e , and W ahhabi r e l a t i o n s W ith th e cU tu b a r e t r e a t e d i n
C h a p te r F i v e . ...
‘ •C hapter S ix d e a l s w ith , th e c o u r ie r c ia l’ a s p e c t o f th e 6 U tb i h i s t o r y and i t shows hovr th e y su c c e e d e d i n a lm o st m o n o p o lis in g .th e t r a d e o f E a s te r n A r a b ia .
* U tb i r e l a t i o n s w ith th e E u ropean and o t h e r f o r c e s in t h e a r e a are- t r e a t e d i n v a r i o u s c h a p te r s o f th e t h e s i s .
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R.H. B r i t i s h Kuseuj?.*
E .1 „ / l Er cy c lo n a e d ia o f I al:un, f i r s t e d i t i o n .
F .R .P .P .O , F a c to r y R e c o rd s, P e r s i a and th e P e r s ia n G u lf, J . I . ■ I . Fourna 1 o f I nc? ia n n i s to r y ,
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SURVEY OF THE SOURCES
M a t e r i a l s f o r w r i t in g th e h i s t o r y o f th e £U th i S t a t e s i n E a s t
e r n A ra b ia i n th e second h a l f o f th e e ig h t e e n t h c e n tu r y w ere t r a c e d i n b o th A ra b ic and E u ro p ean so u rc e s * T h e 'U tu b , whose r i s e i s f o r th e f i r s t tim e b e in g h i s t o r i c a l l y t r e a t e d , have so f a r rem a in e d w ith o u t any s e r i o u s s tu d y . V ery l i t t l e was s a i d a b o u t t h e i r h i s t o r y d u rin g t h a t p e r i o d , p r i n c i p a l l y b e c a u se th o s e who d e a l t w ith i t were e i t h e r A rabs who d id n o t c o n s u l t E uropean s o u rc e s o r E u ro p ea n s who d id n o t
c o n s u l t th e r e l e v a n t A ra b ic s o u r c e s . In th e p r e s e n t work th o s e s o u rc e s w ere combined and an a tte m p t was made t o l e t them j o i n i n p r e s e n t i n g
t h a t h i s t o r y .
Some o f t h e s e s o u r c e s w ere u se d by w r i t e r s who d e a l t w ith A ra b ia and th e P e r s i a n G u lf i n a s much a s th e y needed them f o r t h e i r n a r a - t i v e s , b u t i t can be claim ed t h a t th e y have n e v e r been u se d i n w r i t in g th e h i s t o r y o f th e £U tub, which i s b e in g w r i t t e n f o r t h e f i r s t tim e and w ith some d e t a i l . In f a c t , many o f th e A ra b ic m a n u s c r ip ts , a s f a r a s I know, have n e v e r been u s e d b e f o r e .
T h e re fo re i t h a s become n e c e s s a r y i n th e o p e n in g o f t h i s work to r e v a l u a t e th e m ost im p o r ta n t s o u r c e s i n p o in t o f t h e l i g h t th e y throw on t h e h i s t o r y o f th e ‘ Utiib in p a r t i c u l a r , and E a s te r n A ra b ia i n g en e r a l .
I t has seemed b e s t t o d iv id e our' s o u rc e s o f i n f o r m a tio n i n t o th e fo llo w in g g r o u p s ;
A. A ra b ic s o u r c e s . B. L o c a l t r a d i t i o n s . G. I n d i a O f f ic e R e c o rd s.
D. E uropean t r a v e l l e r s .
E . L a te E uropean C o m p ilatio n s*
A* A ra b ic S o u rc e s .
Most o f th e A ra b ic co n tem p o rary o r se m i-c o n te m p o ra ry s o u rc e s a r e s t i l l i n m a n u s c r ip t. The v e ry few t h a t w ere p u b lis h e d a p p e a re d e i t h e r in a b rid g e d form s o r th e y a re a s r a r e a s t h e m a n u s c r ip ts . I t i s n e c e s s a r y to s t a t e t h a t th o s e so u rc e s d id n o t d e a l s p e c i f i c a l l y w ith E a s te r n A ra b ia o r th e 6U tub, b u t e v e n ts r e l a t i n g t o them a r e g iv e n t h e r e .
The A rab w r i t e r s o f th e e ig h t e e n t h and e a r l y n i n e t e e n t h c e n tu r i e s whose w orks th ro w l i g h t on E a s te r n A ra b ia come m o s tly from L ajd and 6I r a q . Those who w ro te i n N ajd were c h r o n i c li n g th e Wahhabi I s land, c r e v o l u t i o n . ■‘■he w r i t e r s in £I r a q , on th e o t h e r h a n d , w ere i n f lu e n c e d by th e O ttom an r u l e o f th e co u n try *
Husayn b , Ghannam i s th e f i r s t Wahhabi c h r o n i c l e r . H is work
- ■ - 1
Rawdat a l- A f k a r v al-A fh am i s made up o f two v o lu m e s. I n th e f i r s t
^For th e t i t l e in f u l l se e th e b ib lio g r a p h y . T h is book e x i s t s a s a m a n u s c rip t and p r i n t e d , Tuo m a n u s c rip t c o p ie s a r e in th e B r i t i s h
Museum, Nos* Add. 2 3 , 3AA-5 and 1 0 ,7 0 0 ,1 0 ,3 0 0 * E l-B a + riK in h i s T u rk is h
volume th e a u th o r e x p la in s th e s i t u a t i o n i n N ajd and n e ig h b o u r
in g c o u n t r i e s and how p e o p le a t t h a t tim e , i . e . th e e i g h t e e n t h cen
t u r y , "w ere n o t M uslims a t a l l " . The a u th o r g i v e s C h a p te r I I to th e g e n e o lo g y o f Muhammad b . s Ah:! al-W ahhab and how he a c h ie v e d s u c c e s s
4
and th e e f f e c t he had on h i s c o n ie m b o rsry s h a i k h s . The re m a in in g t h r e e c h a p te r s a r e g iv e n to th e Wahhabi creed a s s e e n from v a r io u s d i s p a tc h e s o f S h aik h Muhammad t o a number of p e o p le , W ahhabis and o th e rw is e *
T h is volume i s o f ex trem e im p o rta n c e In e x p la in i n g th e Wahhabi d o c t r i n e b e c a u se Ib n Ghannam was one of th e d i s c i p l e s o f S h aik h Muh
ammad, and he p r e s e n t s i n t h i s volume m ost o f th e Wahhabi c re e d a s g iv e n by I t s , f o u n d e r . The W ahhabi c re e d and th e t e a c h i n g s o f S h a ik h Muhammad w ere o f g r e a t co n seq u en ce i n ^ a s t e r n A ra b ia and o t h e r p a r t s
o f th e p e n in s u la *
( c o n t* )
and E g y p tia n R ule in A ra b ia (iS lO -lB /fL ) ( t h e s i s , London U n i v e r s i ty 194-7) u se d a m a n u s c rip t cooy owned by "Fawzan a l - S a b i q , l a t e Su‘u d i M i n i s t e r t o Egypt*' ( s e e p . xv o f h i s t h e s i s ) . Rawdat a l- A f k a r was p u b lis h e d I n l i t h o g r a p h p r i n t a t Bombay, 1919. The work o f Ib n Ghannam and o t h e r B r i t i s h Museum m a n u s c r ip ts w ere e i t h e r bought from
t h e i r ow ners o r g iv e n t o th e Museum. Most o f th o s e m a n u s c r ip ts w ere b o u g h t by th e B r i t i s h r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s in th e P e r s i a n G u lf , many o f whom w*:;re a c q u a in te d w ith th e O r i e n t a l la n g u a g e s .
The se co n d volume e n t i t l e d K ita h al-G h a zw at a l-B a y an i.y y a e t c . *
«
I s t h e e a r l i e s t c h r o n i c le o f Wahhabism. The a u th o r made i t c l e a r fro m th e b e g in n in g o f t h i s p a r t t h a t he in te n d e d t o c h r o n i c le th e
sp re a d o f th e new d o c t r i n e o f w hich he was a f o l l o w e r . He s t a r t s w ith t h e y e a r 1 1 5 9 /1 7 4 6 , when Muhammad b . *Abd al-W ahhab was o b lig e d
to le a v e a l- * Uyayna town i n Ha jd and se ek r e f u g e a t a l fi Dir* i y y a , th e s tr o n g h o ld o f A l“Su£u d , an i n c i d e n t w hicn c o lo u re d th e h i s t o r y o f th e f o llo w in g f i f t y y e a r s b e ca u se he was d r iv e n o u t by S u l ay man b . Muh- ammad Al-Hamid o f th e B ani K h a lid , ^ The W ahhabis had to wage w arA Hlllit l| I
a g a i n s t th e B ani K h a lid , th e p r o t e c t o r s of th e £U tu b and o t h e r s m a ll- e r t r i b e s i n E a s te r n A r a b ia ,
3
u n t i l t h e i r h u m i l i a t i o n I n 1795* As Wahhabism c o lo u r s th e h i s t o r y of th e e r a u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n , Ib n Ghannam becomes i n v a l u a b l e f o r th e t r a c i n g o f Wahhabi e x p a n sio n t o w ards th e e a s t o f K a jd . H is im p o rta n c e com es, a s w e l l , from th e f a c t^*See b i b li o g r a p h y f o r th e f u l l t i t l e ,
~For th e B ani K h alid t r i b e , t h e i r t e r r i t o r i e s and r u l e i n E a s te r n A r a b ia , s e e C h a p te r I I , pp. 7o-u2 . B or t h e i r s t r u g g l e w ith th e
W ah h ab is, se e C h a p te r V, p p . 2B/.-24.9* '•
^By p r o t e c t o r s , I am r e f e r r i n g t o th e Ar a b custom o f him aya o r d a k h i l . The eU tub s e t t l e d a t K u w ait, t h e i r . f i r s t s e t t l e m e n t i n E a s te r n A r a b ia , by t h e p e rm is s io n o f t h e S h aik h o f th e Bani K h a lid and th e y s ta y e d
u n d e r h i s p r o t e c t i o n t i l l h i s a u t h o r i t y was w eakened and t h i s gave them th e o p p o r tu n ity t o p r a c t i s e a s t a t e o fin d e p e n d e n c e i n th e 1 7 5 0 's .
t h a t he was b o th c o n te m p o ra ry to th e e v e n ts he d e s c r i b e s , and he knew th e p e o p le and p l a c e s he w r i t e s a b o u t.
I n h i s c h r o n i c li n g o f e v e n t s , he p o r t r a y s th e s p i r i t o f a t r u e W ahhabi. T h e r e f o r e , He i s n o t s p a r in g In d e s c r i b i n g t h e o p p o n en ts
a s " i n f i d e l s , tr e a c h e r o u s enem ies o f God", e t c . Y et h i s c h r o n ic le i s i n v a l u a b l e f o r n o t o n ly b e in g th e f i r s t c h r o n i c le o f Wahhabism b u t a l s o b e ca u se he g iv e s a lm o s t i n a l l e v e n ts th e r e s u l t s o f s k ir m is h e s o r b a t t l e s w h e th e r th e y tu r n e d in fa v o u r o f t h e W ahhabis o r n o t . I n f a c t , h i s d e s c r i p t i o n o f th o s e e n c o u n te r s i s more d e t a i l e d and i n
f o r m a tiv e th a n th e second W ahhabi c h r o n i c l e r , Ib n B is h r . Modern w r i t e r s h o ld h i s work In g r e a t esteem * ^ K ita b a l-G h a z w a t ends a b r u p t l y by th e e v e n ts o f 1 2 1 2 /1 7 9 7 ^ , th o u g h Ib n Ghannam l iv e d t h i r t e e n y e a r s a f t e r
1 —
P h ilb y , S a* u d i A r a b ia , London, 1955, p . 5 .
^ I bn Ghannam * s work was u se d e x te n s i v e l y by R e n ts when c o m p ilin g h i s t h e s i s on Muhaminad b . sAbd al-W ahhab and th e B e g in n in g s of t h e F i r s t U n i t a r i a n Empire in A r a b ia . B* W in d er, i n A H i s t o r y o f th e Sa*udi
S t a t e fro m 1233/1318 - 1 3 0 o /lB 9 I » u s e s th e Ib n Ghannam n o t I n f r e q u e n t l y . ' They b o th u se d th e Bombay p r i n t e d copy. A l-R a y h a n | in h i s TaMlkh Na.jd
a l-H s d lth Wa M u lh a q a tu h , u s e s th e Bombay copy.
1 d
t h a t date.-*’
*Uthman b . *Abd A lla h b . B is h r (d . 1 2 3 8 /1 8 7 1 ), in h i s work cUnvan a l - Majd f i T atd k h N a jd , c h r o n i c le s th e Wahhabi movement from i t s e a r l i e s t p h a s e , l i k e Ib n Ghannam, t i l l 1 2 6 8 /1 3 5 1 . H is work ex
i s t s a s a m a n u s c r ip t in th e B r i t i s h Museum (Or 771$) w ith th e d a te 1270/1853 a t i t s en d . T h is means t h a t i t i s one o f th e e a r l i e s t c o p ie s e x i s t i n g , ^ I bn Bus h r in te n d e d to co m p ile th e h i s t o r y o f Najd u n d e r t h e W ahhabi-SueudT r u l e ( I , pp. 1 - 4 / . H is H i s t o r y i s a y e a r by y e a r a c c o u n t o f th e c u r r e n t a f f a i r s o f th e S u * u d i r u l e r s . T h e ir triu m p h s a s w e l l a s t h e i r d e f e a t s a r e r e c o r d e d . Those r u l e r s a r e alw ay s h i g h ly esteem ed by him and t h e i r s u c c e s s i s m en tio n ed in de*~
t a i l w h ile t h e i r d e f e a t s o r w ith d ra w a ls a r e n o t . He n u o te d o t h e r h i s t o r i a n s (p p . 4 - 5 ) , b u t he d o es n o t m en tio n th e H i s t o r y o f Ib n Ghan
nam, th o u g h he q u o ted h i s p o e tr y more th a n once ( I , p . 9 5 )* ^ Y et my
"hi bn B ister i n * Unwan al-M a.jd , V o l. I , p. 1 4 9 , g iv e s th e d e a th o f I bn Ghannam i n th e e v e n ts o f 1225/1810*
^T here may ‘be o t h e r m a n u s c r ip ts o f t h e same work i n th e p o s s e s s io n o f Sucv d i s , The work was p u b lis h e d in Baghdad i n 1 3 2 8/1911 in one v o l ume, and in Makka i n two v o lu m es, ^he r e f e r e n c e s a r e h e re made to
th e Makka e d i t i o n . Ilen tz and H in d e r u s e th e Makka e d i t i o n , w h ile B a tr i k
u s e s th e Baghdad e d i t i o n . , *
-^Ibn Ghannam comooced lo n g poems to commemorate th e Wahhabi v i c t o r i e s o v e r t h e i r o p p o n e n ts . On pp. 9 8 -9 9 , V o l. I ’i , he e x p r e s s e s h i s r e j o i c in g oh th e r e d u c tio n o f a l- R i y a d , and on p p . 2 1 4 -1 7 , V o l. I I , he ex
p r e s s e s th e r e l i e f th e Wahhabi.s f e l t on th e d e a th o t T h a v a y n i.
c lo s e e x a m in a tio n o f b o th t e x t s r e v e a le d t h a t -i-bn B is h r m o d elled 1 v s work on Ib n Ghannam1 s G hazw at. The e v en t s a r e th e same and
■the w o rd in g i s s i m i l a r , bui th e main d i f f e r e n c e l i e s i n th e ~?'a c t t h a t Ib n B i s ^ r ’ s d o es n o t d i g r e s s when c h r o n i c l i n g e v e n ts t o r e l i g io u s q u e s t i o n s , l i k e Ib n Ghannam1 s , 1 As f o r th e a r e a u n d er con
s i d e r a t i o n , th e s t r u g g l e w ith th e B ani K h a lid , r u l e r s o f a l- H a s a , i s f a i r l y w e ll d e s c r i b e d . The w r i t e r , in w hat he c a l l s 11 e a r l i e r e v e n t o r a n te c e d e n t 11, S a b io a . i n h i s H is to r y g iv e s much a b o u t th e B ani K h a lid *s r u l e . I n f a c t , th e y a r e th e o n ly d a te d e v e n ts from w hich a c h ro n o lo g y f o r th e Bani K h a lid r u l e r s was d raw n.
A t t h e b e g in n in g o f th e n i n e t e e n t h c e n tu r y , when p i r a c y became a p r e s s i n g d a n g e r t o th e a r e a , Ib n ^ i s h r becomes in v a lu a b le a s an a u t h o r i t y on th e s u b j e c t , where h e , a s u s u a l , e x p r e s s e s th e Wahhabi a t t i t u d e to w a rd s p i r a c y , t h e Qawasira p i r a t e s b e in g a d h e r e n ts o f Wah
habism ( I , p . 1 4 6) #
As k W a h h a b ia u th o riiy and co n tem p o rary t o o , he i s I n v a lu a b le f o r r e c o r d in g e v e n ts of th e Wahhabi o c c u p a tio n o f B a h ra in and th e e v e r - e x i s t i n g Wahhabi t h r e a t to ‘ Uman and M asq at, w here th e A l-B u - S ae i d i s , t h e r u l e r s , had t o f a c e b o th Wahhabism and p ir a c y i n th e P e r s i a n G u lf ( I , 1 4 2 -1 4 6 ).
-kSee f o r example th e e v e n ts o f th e y e a r s 1167/1753 and 1 2 1 0 /1 7 9 5 .
The im p o rta n c e o f b o th Ib n Ghannam and ^bn B is h r i n th e h i s t o r y o f th e 4U tb i S t a t e s l i e s in th e f a c t t h a t th e y r e c o r d th e W ahhabi-Kfea l i d i r e l a t i o n s . xhe Bani K h a lid w ere f o r som etim e th e
p r o t e c t o r s o f th e 4U tub and t h e i r b a r r i e r a g a i n s t t h e W ah h ab is. They a l s o r e c o r d th e W ahhabi r a i d s on th e 4U tb i S t a t e s i n th e 1 7 9 0 's and
_ q
th e 4U tb i c o u n te r a t t a c k s . They g a in im p o rta n c e a l s o frosr* th e f a c t t h a t th e y w ere W ahhabi b e l i e v e r s and t h a t th e y w ere co n te m p o ra ry t o th e e v e n ts r e c o r d e d t y them .
B ut I f Ib n Ghannam and Ib n B is h r w ere c o n te m p o ra rie s who r e p r e s e n t th e Wahhabi i n t e r e s t s , t h e r e wer*e o th e r con te m p o r a r ie s who h e ld j u s t t h e o p p o s ite D o in t of- v iew . T hese weT'e 4I r a q i h i s t o r i a n s who r e p r e s e n t th e Ottom an o u tlo o k .
In t h i s g ro u p o f H i s t o r i e s f a l l s t h e work o f Y a sin ^ b , IWiayr A lla h a l - K h a i l b a l ~ 4 U m ari, A l-D u rr al-H ak n u n f i MaJ a t h i r a j- ^ a c jiy a min a l- Q u r u n . Al~-4 Umari was b o rn i n 1158/1745 in a l - M u s i l . So he was q u i t e o ld when th e W ahhabis s t a r t e d r a i d i n g 4I r a q a t th e b e g in
n in g o f th e 1 9 th .c e n tu r y . He co m p iled more th a n one h i s t o r i c a l
^See C h a p te r V b elo w , p p , 2 6 5 -2 9 4 .
^Y asin b e lo n g s t o a d i s t i n g u i s h e d 4UlamaJ f a m ily . H is f a t h e r , g ra n d f a t h e r and h i s json w ere 4Ulama* and a u t h o r s . See t h e i r works in Bro ck elm an n , S upp.. 1 1 , 7 8 1 -7 8 2 .
w o rk .^ A I-D u rr al-M aknun s t a r t s w ith th e f i r s t y e a r o f th e H i j r a and ends a t 1 2 2 6 /1 8 1 1 . i he lo n g e r a co v ered t y th e work made t h e
c h r o n i c li n g of e v e n ts v e ry b r i e f . Though th e m a t e r i a l c o n c e rn in g th e a r e a u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s n o t a b u n d a n t, when compared to t h a t o f Ib n Ghanriaia o r Ib n B jjjh r, y e t i t i s o f s p e c i a l im p o rta n c e b ecau se i t r e f l e c t s tn e Ottoman o u tlo o k on th e W ahhabis. " And, a t th e same tim e , I t e x p r e s s e s t h e f e e l i n g o f th e S h i4a s on e v e r y " e v e n t o f Wah
h a b i b a r b a r is m " , a s he o f t e n c a l l s i t , d is p la y e d d u rin g t h e i r sudden and f r e q u e n t r a i d s . The Wahhabis a r e c a l l e d " t r e a c h e r o u s and damned f e llo w s " and Su4u d , t h e i r l e a d e r , was no more th a n a " v i l l a i n " ( f , 3 8 7 ) . U n f o r tu n a te ly he does n o t g iv e any d e t a i l e d a c c o u n t o f th e O ttom an r e a c t i o n t o th o s e a t t a c k s .
"Hiis work G hana*ib a l- A t h a r was p u b lis h e d i n a l- M u s i l by MahmudI—f II T1— x 0 $ Siddxq a l - J a l i l i i n 1369/1940. See 4 Abbas a l -A zzaw i Ta4riIdiL a l - 4 I r a q bayn I h t i l a l a y n , B a g d a d , 1954.? V o l. 6 , p . 208. T h ere a r e two m a n u s c rip t c o p ie s' o f A l-D u rr al-M aknun i n th e B r i t i s h Museum, Add. 2 3 , 312-3. B o r o t h e r works by th e same a u th o r s e e B rockelm ann Supp. I I , p p . 7 8 1 -7 8 2 . T hese m a n u s c rip ts a r e k e p t i n B e r l i n , C a iro P a r i s and a l - M u s i l . A n o th er m a n u s c rip t cony I s i n P a r i s , 4949?
B rockelm ann, Supp. I 1 , 7 8 1 ,
oThe same Ottoman o u tlo o k i s r e p r e s e n te d In th e c o n te m p o ra ry S y ria n w ork, K ita b al-M igh& h a l - S a r i wa Muzhat a l - Q a r i * , l y Ib ra h im K h l i l a l- D a y r a n i , B a y r u t, 1272 A .H /1855.
20,
Y et t h i s can be t r a c e d i n th e w ork/ o f f Uthman b . Sanad a l -
. A «», 1 £ ~ _ —»____________________________ r \
B a s r i 5 * M a tali* a l- S u ud B j t a y y i b Alchbar a l- W a li Dawud w hich was com piled on th e demand o f Dawud P a sh a , th e W all o f Baghdad, i n 1 2 1 1 / 1825, The work does n o t a c tu a lly * g iv e th e h i s t o r y o f Dawud Pasha a lo n e , f o r i t p o r t r a y s th e h i s t o r y o f Ottom an 4 I r a q and i t s r e 3 .a tio n s w ith th e n e ig h b o u rin g c o u n tr i e s from 1 1 8 8 /1 7 7 1 , th e b i r t h o f Dawud p a s h a , to 1 2 1 2 /1 8 2 6 , th e d e a th o f th e a u th o r .^ The r e i g n s o f p r e
c e d in g Pasha* o f Baghdad a r e d e s c r ib e d and im p o r ta n t e v e n ts a r e r e c o rd e d . Thus t h i s c o n te m p o ra ry w ork becomes i n v a l u a b l e f o r th e s i e g e and o c c u p a tio n o f B a sra by th e P e r s i a n s (1 7 7 5 -1 7 7 9 ), th e In fo rm a tio n i t g iv e s on th e M u n ta fiq and o t h e r Arab t r i b e s o f eI r a q and t h e i r r e l a t i o n s w ith E a s te r n A r a b ia , th e e x p e d itio n s o f TJjuwayni o f th e M unta
f i q a g a i n s t t h e W ahhabis in 1786 and 1797 and t h e e x p e d i ti o n o f *A li
"^Shaikh 4 Uthman b . Sanad i s a N a jd i of th e ‘ Anaza t r i b e . Hi'* I v He was b o rn i n N ajd in 118 0 /1 7 6 6 and l a t e r m ig ra te d to B asra* He d ie d a t Baghdad i n
1 2 1 2 /1 8 2 6 , He was M a lik i Sunni * See th e a r t i c l e " A l-S h a ik h cUthman b . Sanad a l - B a s r I ,f i n L u g k at a l - cA ra b * I I I , 1 9 1 3 , p p . 1 3 0 -1 8 6 , by kazim a l - D u j a y li .
2 _
On th e B e r lin MS. th e t i t l e o f th e work i s g iv e n a s T a’ r i k h Baghdad a l ~ Musamma M a t a l i 4 al^ S u * u d f l Akiibar Dawud. The t i t l e I g iv e in th e t e x t
i s ta k e n from th e a u t h o r , f* 11*
^See H a t a l i / ,, f . 1 3 .
^'B rockelm ann, Supp. I I , 7 9 1 , g iv e s h i s d e a th i n 1 2 5 0 /1 8 3 1 , a f t e r Amin H asan a l-H u lw a n i* s M u k h tasar ^ a t a l i 4 .
P a s h a } t h e Kaya o f B aghdad, a g a i n s t them i n 1798/9* The work r e v e a l s th e a u t h o r 1s a n ti-W a h h a b i f e e l i n g s i n more th a n one p l a c e . An exam ple o f t h i s can be seen i n h i s lo n g poem commemorating T huw ayni, th e c h i e f o f th e M u n tafiq * who was a s s a s s i n a t e d by th e W ahhabis i n 1797 ( f f • 79“
80 ) . ^ T h is work i s a l s o im p o r ta n t f o r i t i s th e e a r l i e s t so u rc e t o g iv e th e l e t t e r s exchanged betw een ‘ A lif b s h a and S u‘ ud on th e f i r s t ’ s
— P
w ith d ra w a l from al*»Hasa i n 179'9. ~ E v en ts i n t h i s work a r e a rra n g e d c h r o n o l o g i c a l ly and i t c o n ta in s th e b io g r a p h ie s of many co n tem p o rary l i t ' e r a r y • f ig u r e s an d c h i e f s o f A rab t r i b e s . The book was w r i t t e n i n com
p l i a n c e w ith th e d e s i r e o f Dawud P asha and th e a ix th o r l e f t B a§ra f o r Baghdad f o r t h a t p u rp o se i n 124-1/1825 ( f . 1 3 ) .
... ... — ■ r r o n w mi i n — * * ' ■ ■ ih ii.h ii . n > ■ wpii i i ■■ ■ * n f i w i r f r i. w i ir-i.ni ■ " ■m .i I i ■i»w* n 1 H i i # h i » h m ;■ i
^He i s p r a i s i n g Thuwayni f o r c o n t r a d i c t i n g Ib n Ghannam 1s poem w hich p r a i s e s t h e a s s a s s i n a t o r , th e Wahhabi s la v e f u tfa y y i s .
"-The work was a b rid g e d by Amin b . Hasan a l-H u lw a n i and p r i n t e d i n Bom-, bay i n 1304./1886 u n d e r th e t i t l e Mukjkta g a r Ta* r i k h a l- S h a ik h ‘Uthman b . Sanad al~ B a s r i al-Musamma Mat a ll* a l« S u c ud B i ta y y ib Akhbar a l - W ali Dawud. The copy I am u s in g i n my work i s t h e B e r l i n m a n u s c rip t wlibh i s i n i t s e l f in c o m p le te b e c a u se i t ends w ith t h e e v e n ts o f 1 2 3 1 /
1815. A l-D u j.a y li, i n L u g h at a l-A ra b * I I I * p* 184-* m en tio n s t o o t h e r m a n u s c rip t c o p ie s in th e M u rja n iy y a L ib r a r y and In th e L ib r a r y o f th e C a rm e lite f a t h e r s i n Baghda d . A l - ‘ Aszawi* in h i s c u sto m a ry way o f q u o tin g in v e rb a tim o t h e r works i n w r i t i n g h i s c h r o n o lo g ic a l h i s t o r y o f ‘ I ra q * r e f e r s to a n o th e r copy owned by him* se e Ta?r l k h a l - ‘ l r a q ? V o l. 6* p ; 63*
Of s p e c i a l im p o rta n c e t o th e h i s t o r i a n o f E a s te r n A ra b ia i n t h e e ig h t e e n t h c e n tu r y i s Ib n Sanad*s S a b a 'ik a l - ‘ A sja d f i Akhbar Ahmad N a jl R isq a l- A s ca d , w hich i s a monograph d e a lin g \>rith th e b io g rap h y o f Ahmad h . R Iz q , a r i c h 4 U tb i m erch an t who, a c c o rd in g to I i n Sanad* s S a b a * Ik . e s t a b l i s h e d Z ubara t o g e t h e r w ith K h a l if a b* Muhammad, th e f o u n d e r o f th e A I - K h a lif a r u l i n g f a m ily o f B a h r a in . T h is w ork was p u b lis h e d i n Bombay i n 1 3 1 5 /1 8 9 7 . 1 I n t i l l s work Ib n Sanad g iv e s v e ry s h o r t B io g ra p h ie s o f f o r t y two men who had c o n n e c tio n s w ith ib n R iz q . They r e p r e s e n t a c r o s s s e c t i o n of th e men o f B asra and th e 4 U tb i towns*
A b r i e f n o te i s made o f S h a ikh ‘ Abd A lla h A l-§ a b a h , th e second r u l e r o f K u w ait, and K h a lif a b . Muhammad, th e f i r s t ‘ U tb i r u l e r o f Z u b ara . The s t y l e o f w r i t i n g i s f u l l o f sa.j* , ( rhyming) and th e a u t h o r ’ s p o e tr y .
S t i l l t h i s i s th e e a r l i e s t p la c e w here m en tio n i s made o f th e 4 Utub a s t h e f o u n d e r s o f Z u b a ra . I t i s th e o n ly A ra b ic so u rc e to g i v e 1 u s i n f o r m a tio n , though w ith o u t s t a t i s t i c s , on t h e 4U tb i t r a d e and t h e a t t i
tu d e o f K h a lif a b . Muhammad to w a rd s r e l i e v i n g th e m e rc h a n ts from p a y in g
o _
an y d u t i e s ( p .2 0 ) . Ib n S anad, when sp e a k in g o f t h e ‘ Ularna* and m er-
1A m a n u s c rip t copy of t h e same i s k e p t in th e B r i t i s h Museum, No'. Or 7565.
^S a b a M k . p . 1 9 .
% e m ig h t be com paring t h e p o s i t i o n o f th e M e rc h a n ts a t Z ubara w ith th o s e o f th e n e ig h b o u r in g p o r t s of a l - Q a t i f and a l - ‘ U q a ir w here th e d u t i e s w ere c o l l e c t e d on im p o r ts .
c h a n ts* seems t o h av e known m ost o f them v e ry vrei.l. He* h i m s e l f , was a s t u d e n t o f Ib n F a y ru z , one o f th o s e whose b io g r a p h ie s he g i v e s . A lth o u g h Ib n S an ad d o es n o t g iv e th e re a s o n f o r w r i t i n g t h i s book,
i t can be g a th e r e d fro m t h e b io g r a p h ie s o f Ib n R i s q ’ s f i v e so n s a t th e end o f i t t h a t Ib n Sanad w ro te i t on th e e l d e s t s o n ’ s dem and,' T h is s o n , Muhammad by name, was a r i c h 4U tb i m erc h an t who m ig ra te d w ith h i s f a t h e r f r o ' Z u b ara t o B asra a f t e r t h e s u r r e n d e r o f Z ubara
t o t h e W ahhabis i n 1793. The book was w r i t t e n a f t e r t h e d e a th o f Ahmad b . R iz q ,^ Ahmad h . R izq c o n tin u e d t o be a p ro m in e n t f i g u r e in
__ „ . p
‘ I r a q a f t e r h i s e m ig r a tio n f r nn Z u b ara , * T h is work i s known to p e o p le i n t e r e s t e d i n h i s t o r y i n Kuw ait and B a h ra in . I t i s r e f e r r e d to i n a l- Q i n a 4i and a l- R a s h id when th e y t r i e d to f i x an a p p ro x im a te d a te
_ 3
f o r th e r i s e o f A l-§ a b a h and A ! - K h a lif a , Sha ik h cAbd A lla h b , K h a lid
“He d ie d i n 1 2 2 4 /1 8 0 9 . See Saba* ilc , p , 10 3 .
^C oranez i n h i s H i s t o i r e d e s W ahabis. ( P a r i s 1 8 1 0 ), p p . 57-59 and p . 190, n o te n o , 2 3 , sp e a k s o f th e w e a lth o f Alimad b , R izq and how i n 1804 he in te r v e n e d betw een th e M u ta sa llam o f Ba s r a and th e S u lta n o f M asqat i n a f i n a n c i a l d i s p u t e , ~'
3Two K u w aiti h i s t o r i a n s , see below p a . 9 1 -Q3«
A l- K h a li f a , r e f l e c t i n g t h e ten d e n c y among th e A l - K h a ll f a , d o es n o t a g re e to th e p o i n t w hich I bn Sanaa makes when he s t a t e s t h a t th e f a t h e r o f Ahmad b . R isq w a s, t o g e t h e r w ith K h a lif a b . Muhammad, th e f o u n d e r s o f Z u b ara . S h aik h *Abd A lla h t o l d me t h a t I bn Sanad was th e Imam o f th e A l- K h a lif a mosque a t Z ubara d u r in g th e r e i g n o f Ahmad b* Kha l i f a . A lth o u g h I c o u ld n o t t r a c e any in f o r m a tio n a b o u t *Uthman b . Sanad*s l i f e , y e t h i s w ide know ledge o f th e im p o r ta n t p e o p le i n a l- H a s a and th e * U tb i S t a t e s i s c l e a r fro m t h e f o r t y two b io g r a p h ie s i n S a h a * I k a l-* A s;ia d and o f th e comments he makes i n h i s exact, c h ro n o lo g y i n iMa t a l i * a 1 -S u i u d . These two works o f I bn S an ad , how ever, g a in im p o rta n c e from th e f a c t t h a t th e y a r e w r i t t e n by a p e rs o n who m s con
te m p o ra ry t o tlVe e v e n ts a b o u t w hich he w r i t e s and w e ll a c q u a in te d w ith th e s U tub th e m s e lv e s .
Much v a lu a b le in f o r m a tio n on E a s te r n A ra b ia i n t h e p e r io d u n d e r o u r c o n s i d e r a t i o n was t r a c e d i n th e work o f a n o th e r h i s t o r i a n whose i d e n t i t y h as rem ain ed unknown in th e c a ta lo g u e o f m a n u s c r ip ts i n th e B r i t i s h Museum .s in c e i8 6 0 , when h i s m a n u s c rip t found i t s way to th e
' 1 _ _ _ - ?
Museum. T h is i s ham* - a l^ S h lh a b f i S i r a t Muhammad b . *Add al-W ahhab. ~
^>!y e f f o r t s t o d i s c o v e r t h e i d e n t i t y o f th e a u th o r have n o t , so fa r ., p ro v ed s u c c e s s f u l . I c o n ta c te d to t h a t end some p e o p l e ‘i n t e r e s t e d i n h i s t o r y i n K u w ait, B a h ra in and Su*udi A ra b ia , b u t none- o f them c o u ld g iv e an y in f o r m a tio n , b e ca u se t h e book Is n o t known t o th em . * The B r i t i s h Museum m a n u s c rip t may, t h e r e f o r e , be th e o n ly known copy.
^Bound w ith th e same d n m u s c rip t i s a n o th e r m a n u s c r ip t o f K ita b al-T aw hid by Muhammad b , 4 AM al-W ahhab*
As. no p ro p e r i n t r o d u c t i o n and u se o f t h i s book has so f a r been q ia d e ,it becomes n e c e s s a r y t o g iv e a b r i e f a n a l y s i s o f i t s c o n te n ts .
\
Lamc a l- S h ih a b d e a l s w ith th e h i s t o r y o f th e W ahhabis from th e s t a r t of t h e i r movement u n t i l th e y e a r 1 2 3 3/131?} I t i s d iv id e d i n to f i v e c h a p te r s and a c o n c lu s io n .
C h a p te r I d e a ls w ith th e >’i s e o f Muhammad b . *Abd al-W ahhab and g iv e s h i s b io g ra p h y .
C h a p te r l l e x p la in s how Muhammad b . Sulud a c c e p te d th e new doc
t r i n e .
C h a p te r I I I d e a l s w ith th e g e n eo lo g y o f Muhammad b . Su£u d . The f o u r t h c h a p te r g iv e s a d e t a i l e d a c c o u n t o f th e r u l e o f th e W ahhabis b e g in n in g w ith Muhammad b . Su* ud and e n d in g by cAbe] A lla h b.
S ucu d , ann th e s p re a d of t h e i r i n f lu e n c e i n £Uman, Q a ta r , ‘ I r a q , S y r i a , e t c .
In C h a p te r f i v e th e a u th o r e x p la in s how t h e W ahhabis won p a r t s o f th e I J ija z , Yaman, Tiham a, and r i v e s some a c c o u n t o f th e A rab t r i b e s l i v i n g t h e r e .
The c o n c lu s io n i l l u s t r a t e s some o f th e t e a c h in g s o f Muhammad b,
£Abd al-W ahhab and how o th e r M uslim s r e f u t e d them .
^ I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g to n o te t h a t t h i s m a n u s c rip t was w r i t t e n , a c c o rd in g t o w hat i s g iv e n by i t s c o p y is t Hasan b . Jam al h . Ahmad a l- R u b k i, in th e same y e a r o f i t s c o m p ila tio n by i t s unknown a u t h o r , i n 1 2 3 3 /1 3 1 7 . See f . 2 8 0 .
I n a l l t h i s th e w r i t e r does n o t a p p e a r t o be a mere c h r o n i c l e r o f e v e n ts l i k e Ibn Ghannam and Ib n B is h r , He g iv e s th e h i s t o r i c a l f a c t s , and d i s c u s s e s c a u se s and r e v o lts a lm o s t th ro u g h o u t h i s w ork.
He t r i e s t o f in d o u t th e t r u t h a b o u t w hat h e w r i t e s by c o n ta c tin g s h a ik h s from Z u b a ir end-K uw ait ( f f . 2 0 - 2 1 ) , He i s n o t p r e ju d ic e d a g a i n s t th e W ah h ab is. On th e o t h e " han d , he h im s e lf was n o t a Wah
h a b i , and y e t he r e s p e c t s th e te a c h in g s o f Muhammad b, sAbd al-W ahhab.
When th e W ahhabis commit a crim e he n e v e r lo o k s f o r an e x c u se b u t co n -
1
demns i t .
He i s th e o n ly A rab h i s t o r i a n t o g iv e a f a i r l y d e t a i l e d a c c o u n t o f th e Ban! K h alid and m en tio n s t h e i r good c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ( f f , 2 2 2 - 2 2 6 ) , I n LamV a lo n e one can f in d a s a t i s f a c t o r y g e n e o lo g ic a l a c c o u n t o f th e B an! K h a lid i n s p i t e of th e f a c t t h a t even t h i s a c c o u n t la c k s th e d a t e s . H is a n a l y s i s o f t h e i r f a l l i s a l s o r e m a r k a b le , A ccord
in g to him , th e B ard K h a lid co u ld have r e s i s t e d t h e Wahhabi a t t a c k s , had i t n o t been f o r t h e f a c t t h a t t h e i r c h i e f s began t h e i r i n t e r n a l s t r u g g l e f o r th e S h a ik h s h ip in f lu e n c e d by th e Wahhabi i n s t i g a t i o n and c o n s p i r a c i e s ( f f , 7 9 - B l) .
^An exam ple o f t h i s a c c o rd in g t o Lam‘ i s th e a t t i t u d e o f th e W ahhabis to w a rd s cA li b . Ahmad, a K h a lid i c h i e f , who was k i l l e d In c o ld b lo o d a f t e r he had been o f f e r e d s a f e c o n d u ct by Sucud ( f f . 8 6 -8 7 ),
^The B an i K h a lid s h a ik h s can be t r a c e d i n I bn B i s h r ! s 6 Unwan a l-M a.jd ,sasfcrr. -Mwtsag&w ' ' 1 * 1,11 1 1 J"*- ,m C 1 '
V o l. I , b u t h e r e th e y a r e d i s o r d e r l y , th ro w n i n t o th e v a r io u s p a g e s . I bn B is h r i s u s e f u l I n d a t i n g t h e v a r io u s r u l e s ' o f th o s e s h a i k h s .
On t a c k l i n g th e e x p e d itio n s s e n t t o a l- H a s a , w h e th e r Wahhabi o r O ttom an, he t r i e s to be q u i te a c c u r a t e in e s t i m a t i n g t h e d i s ta n c e s b etw een to w n s, by g iv in g d i f f e r e n t e s t im a t i o n s and s e l e c t i n g th e m ost a p p r o p r i a te one.
Nor does he f o r g e t t o g iv e s t a t i s t i c s in h i s H i s t o r y ; th e In come of th e W ahhabi s t a t e s in 1 2 3 2 /1 8 1 6 , from th e d i f f e r e n t p a r t s
*
o f A r a b ia , was e s tim a te d a t 2 ,2 1 0 ,0 0 0 r i v a l s ( f f * 2 3 6 -2 3 ? ); th e p o p u la tio n o f th e s t a t e numbered a b o u t two m i l l i o n s and t h r e e hun
d re d th o u sa n d s ( f f . 2 3 7 -2 3 3 ).
As f o r th e Wahhabi a t t i t u d e to w ard s p i r a c y , he s t a t e s th e f a c t t h a t S h a ik h 4A li b* Muhammad b . 4 Abc'i al-W ahhab, an im p o r ta n t Wahhabi r e l i g i o u s f i g u r e , u se d t o h o ld i t a s supreme r e l i g i o u s d u ty ( f f . 2 4 7- 2/f3 ) , He p o i n ts o u t t h a t th e Wahhabis u sed t h e Qawasim a s t h e i r t o o l i n many p i r a t i c a l i n s t a n c e s ( f f . 9 6 -1 0 9 ). H is a c c o u n t o f 4A ll P a s h a ’ s e x p e d itio n a g a i n s t th e W ahhabis in a l- H a s a i n 1213/1798 i s u n r i v a l l e d by any o t h e r A rab a c c o u n t 1 f o r he o f f e r s r e a s o n s f o r th e f a i l u r e o f th e e x p e d itio n n o t t o be found anyw here e l s e ( f f . 1 7 3 -1 8 ? ). Nor d id he f o r g e t t o t e l l u s t h a t he had been an e y e w itn e s s o f th e e x p e d itio n somewhere n e a r B a sra .
^ Ib n Sanad in h i s M a t a l i 4 g iv e s a n a c c o u n t o f t h i s e x p e d i t i o n , b u t h i s a c c o u n t i s n o t so d e t a i l e d a s Lam4 1s and I t l a c k s th e re a s o n in g on th e f a i l u r e o f th e e x p e d itio n g iv en by Lam4 , I bn B ig h r r e c o r d s t h e e x p e d itio n from th e W ahhabi p o i n t o f v iew , b u t t h e r e a g a in th e
r e a s o n in g i s l a c k i n g . A c co rd in g to I bn B ish r th e W ahhabis were v i c t o r i o u s b e ca u se th e y w ere s t r o n g e r and b e t t e r f i g h t e r s .
H is h o n e s ty a s a h i s t o r i a n made him r e v i s e h i s a c c o u n t o f some i n c i d e n t s l a t e r in th e y e a r 1 2 3 3 /1 -'1 7 , a y e a r a f t e r he Had f i n i s h e d w r i t i n g h i s w ork. As f o r th e to p o g ra p h y o f a l- H a s a , he gives a d e s
c r i p t i o n w hich i s f a r b e t t e r th a n o th e r c o n te m p o ra ry a c c o u n ts (f f * 2 1 5 -2 2 1 ).
But th e work h a s a d e f e c t so much a s th e a u th o r r e l a t e s many e v e n ts w ith o u t g iv in g th e d a t e s , and t h e s e had t o be c a l c u l a t e d try r e f e r e n c e to o t h e r worlcs* However, i t i s a r i c h s o u rc e o f in fo rm a -
\
t i o n and i t can b o a s t o f a m o d era te and u n b ia s e d a t t i t u d e to w ard s r e c o r d in g th e h i s t o r y o f th e s t r u g g l i n g f o r c e s i n t h e a r e a , a f a c t w hich i s l a c k i n g i n m ost o t h e r c o n te m p o ra ry Arab w o r k s .'1'
A n o th er work w h ic h com pares w ith Lam* a l- S h ih a b i n i t s m oder-
- - - — - 2
a t io n i s 6Unwan a l- H a jd f i Bayn Ahwa'l Baghdad was B agra wa Na j d by Ibrahim m b . F a s i h a l- H a y d a r i a l- B a g b d a d i* Ib n F a sih i, b e fo re w r i t i n g h i s H i s t o r y , t r a v e l l e d , a s he s t a t e d ‘i n h i s i n t r o d u c t i o n , to S y r i a , E g y p t and T urkey i n o r d e r t o become a c q u a in te d w ith th e c o u n tr i e s he may sp e a k a b o u t i n h i s w ork. H is g r a n d f a t h e r As*ad a l - l j a y d a r i was
^From th e d a te 12 3 3 /1 3 1 7 g iv e n a t th e end of th e book by th e c o p y i s t , t h i s copy o f th e B r i t i s h Museum may go a s ‘idle e a r l i e s t i f o th e r cop
i e s s h o u ld come i n t o e x i s t e n c e .
^ B r i t i s h Museum MS. Or 7567.
’^ le 9 a n a f 1 M u fti o f Baghdad, So Ib n F a ^ ih i s a S u n n i Moslem.
H is w ork was w r i t t e n a t B a sra in 1286/1S69 when he was w orking a s a governm ent o f f i c i a l . I n h i s i n t r o d u c t i o n t o h i s work he shows how hr d iv id e d i t I n to t h r e e c h a p te r s and a c o n c lu s io n , The f i r s t c h a p te r d e a l s w ith th e h i s t o r y o f Baghdad, th e second w ith B agra and th e t h i r d w ith Najd*
The c h a p te r on Ba'^ra i n t e r e s t s us in t h i s p l a c e and t h i s i n t e r e s t a r i s e s from th e f a c t t h a t th e a u th o r shows t h e r e t h e c o n n e c tio n i t had w ith o t h e r tow ns on th e A ra b ia n c o a s t o f th e G u lf . Thus he g iv e s th e names o f some m e r c a n tile f a m i l i e s , members o f e a c h o f w hich l i v e i n t h r e e o r more o f th o s e tow ns ( f f , 9 1-9 2)*.,”
S t i l l th e c h a p te r on Najd sh o u ld n o t p a ss w ith o u t th e f o llo w in g comments* I bn F a s i h h e re g iv e s th e t e x t s o f some l e t t e r s ad d r e s s e d by Wahhabi r u l e r s t o t h e i r s u b j e c t s . T hese l e t t e r s , a s w e ll a s e x t r a c t s from h i s main w o rk , w ere q u o ted by a l a t e ‘ I r a q i h i s t o r i a n , Mahmud Shuler i a l - A l u s i i n h i s Ta* r i k h H a jd * Som etim es I bn F a s i^
c r i t i c i s e s th e W ahhabis ( f . U 3 ) . A l- A lu s i, co p y in g h i s work i n v e rb a tim and w ith o u t acknow ledgem ent, i n h i s i V r i k h N a jd , a ro u s e d th e a n g e r o f S h aik h Sulaym an b . Sahman a l - N a j d i , who th o u g h t t h a t a l - A l u s i
’An exam ple o f t h a t i s a l- Q in a6 a t o r A l-R ad r f a m ily , whose members w ere in K u w ait, B a$ra and B a h ra in .
c o n t r a d i c t e d h im s e lf b e c a u se he s t a r t e d try p r a i s i n g th e W ahhabis a t th e v e ry b e g in n in g o f h i s work* The f a c t i s t h a t to w a rd s t h e end of T a >r i k h Ha.id, a l - A l u s i was a c t u a l l y q u o tin g I b n F a § ih l i t e r a l l y .
w h a tev e r S h a ik h Sulayman o r o th e r Wahhabi w r i t e r s m ig h t t h i n k o f w hat Ib n F a s i h s t a t e d , th e l a t t e r was t r y i n g a l l th e tim e to keep h i s i m p a r t i a l i t y , and h i s work re m a in s a n a u t h e n t i c a c c o u n t o f Najd and th e A ra b ia n l i t t o r a l o f th e G u lf d u r in g th e e a r l y y e a r s o f th e 1 9t h c e n t u r y ,
A n o th e r s h o r t , b u t i n v a l u a b l e , m a n u s c rip t w h ich th ro w s l i g h t on th e a r e a and e r a u n d e r c o n s i d e r a ti o n i s S h a ik h Muhammad a l-B a ss a m ’ s K i t i b a l- D u r a r a l- M a f a k h ir f i Akfebar a l - sA rab a l-A w a k h ir. ( B r i t i s h
, , . , ---, . Tr — T „ — .*-'n--- '
Museum-Add, 7353)*- T n is work h a s been com piled by t h e a u th o r a t th e
— 2
r e q u e s t o f M r, R ic h , th e p o l i t i c a l R e s id e n t a t B aghdad,
A l-B assam was a s o l d i e r i n th e W ahhabi army w hich fo u g h t a g a i n s t f u s u n P a s h a , th e son o f Muhammad * A li P a sh a , th e W ali o f E gypt ( f .1 4 ) . The m ain v a lu e o f t h i s work r e s t s in th e f a c t t h a t i t g iv e s a d e t a i l e d
1 —
The work o f Von F a s i h i s s t i l l i n m a n u s c rip t k e p t i n th e B r i t i s h Museum.
O r. 7567., O th e r c o p ie s , B e r l. O l t . 1806 and 2985; See B rockelm ann, Su e s. I I , 7 9 1 .
^Mr. G* J s H ic h , b o rn 1787, d ie d a t S h ir a z 1821, He was th e R e s id e n t
* I
o f t h e E a s t I n d i a Company a t Baghdad from lo O d -1 8 2 1 . H is c o l l e c t i o n o f MSS, m edals an d a n t i q u i t i e s i s p la c e d i n th e B r i t i s h Museum. \H is MSB. a r e in t h e I n d i a O f f ic e L ib r a r y ' .
s tu d y of t h e A rab t r i b e s i n h a b i t i n g A ra b ia , ‘ I r a q and S y r ia to w ard s th e end o f th e e i g h t e e n t h c e n tu r y and. th e 'b e g in n in g o f th e n i n e t e e n t h . The a u th o r g iv e s th e number o f f i g h t e r s in e v e ry tribe*"*” H is a c c o u n t
o f th e Q avasim , whose t e r r i t o r i e s came to be known a s T r u c i a l ‘ Uman, ( f f , 3 8 -3 9 ) t a l l i e s w ith w hat o t h e r c o n te m p o ra rie s have w r i t t e n . H is c h a p te r on a1 -H asa ( f f , 3^ -4 0) i s im p o r ta n t f o r th e g e o g r a p h ic a l s tu d y and i m p l i c a t i o n s ofnam es o f tow ns and p la c e s a t a tim e when t h e r e w ere no a d e q u a te maps f o r t h a t a r e a ,2
‘ Uman’ s r e l a t i o n s w ith t h e ‘U tub and E a s te r n A ra b ia u n d er th e A l- B u -3 a€ id d y n a sty ^ I s g iv e n i n - t h e works o f a n a t i v e from cUman, Hamid
b , Muhammad, b , R a a iq , whose work A l-P a th a l - H ubin a l-M u b a rh in S i r a t a l- S a d a a l-B U sa c l d i y y i n became known to th e W e ste rn s c h o l a r s th ro u g h
1 ■
.These'’num bers a r e g iv e n oir v a r i o u s r a g e s , The c a v a lr y a s w e ll a s i n f a n t r y i s c a l c u l a t e d . The t o t a l amount * t o l,Q 7 q ,4 8 8 ,
^A l-B assam w ro te h i s work i n 1813, a s Mr, R ich p u ts i t on th e l a s t page o f th e w ork.
% T iis i s th e d y n a s ty t h a t su c c e e d e d A l-Y a‘ a r i b a d y n a s ty i n th e Xmamate o f ‘ liman, i n 1 1 5 4 /1 7 4 1 . The f i r s t Buc s a ‘ i d i Imam was Ahmad, b . S a‘ i d
( 1 1 3 4 / 1 7 4 1 - 1 1 8 8 /1 7 7 5 ),
B a d g er1s t r a n s l a t i o n i n 1871. 1 T w o o th e r m a n u s c rip t w o rk s , o f Ibn R a s iq , w ere c o n s u lte d and th e d a ta r e l a t i n g to *Umanfs r e l a t i o n s w ith th e G u lf a re th e same a s th o s e g iv e n i n A l- F a th a l-M u b in .
T hese two w orks have rem a in e d m u s e d by th e w r i t e r s on th e P er
s i a n G u lf , E a s te r n A ra b ia and 4liman; i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o r e p o r t h e re t h a t th e one k e p t i r th e U n i v e r s i ty L ib r a r y a t Cam bridge (Add. 2893) c a l l e d A l - S i r a a l - J a l i y y a al-ktusaram at Sa6d a l - S u tf ucl al~Bu~Sa* i d i y y a , i s th e s h o r t summary on which A l- P a th a1-Mubin was- b a s e d . T h is book h as . 'a t i t s end. the- d a te 1 2? l / l85^ .-while a t - P a t h al-M tib ln - i s d ated -
1273/1856* To A l^Eath; .i s .'added- a l s o t h e ' h i s t o r y o f A l l -8vw$a‘ Lcli* s t a r t*
from AljmqcV h* S a i/id ^ a f td fo rm in g 100 f o l i o s , t h e ,f>i r - t part- b e in g 156 f o l i o s . A l-G im u l - J a l i y y n i s in t h i r t y f o l i o s .
■ ■ TT M T T---7- -T * — — — — T - t f i l ■■ . ■ - - ■ ■■ *
^The t i t l e g iv e n to th e work by B adger i s H is to r y o f th e Imams and Se v r i d s o f ‘ Oman; i t i s an a c c u r a t e t i t l e b e c a u se t h e work d e a l s w ith t h e h i s t o r y o f ‘ Uman u n d e r th e lba<Ji ( K h a r i j i ) r u l e ( f o r I b a - d iy y a s e e I b i d , p p . 385-398) b e g in n in g w ith J u la n d a b . Mas‘ud 1 3 5 / 751 a s t h e f i r s t Imam and en d in g by Thuwayni b* S a * id (1 2 7 3 /1 8 5 6 ).
I t i s w o rth y to n o t i c e i n t h i s p la c e t h a t th e C h r i s t i a n name o f th e a u th o r i s n o t S a l l l , a s B adger g iv e s i t , b u t Hamid b . Muhammad, The word S a i l I u se d by th e a u th o r ( f . 155) means th e son o f ( s e e Ib n
— h „
D urayd, K ita b a l - I s i a o a q , C a iro , 1958, pp. 3 5 9-6 0) . N e v e r th e le s s , th e a u th o r g iv e s h i s C h r i s t i a n name and h i s f a m ily name i n f u l l i n more th a n one p la c e ( f o r e x am p le , se e f . 124.)*
The o th e r worx i s S a h i f a t a l-Q a h ta n iy y a .1
The im p o rta n c e o f th o s e w orks l i e s in th e f a c t t h a t th e y con™, v e y th e 6Umani p o in t of view in th e a f f a i r s r e l a t i n g t o th e G u lf and E a s te r n A ra b ia . They a l s o a r e w r i t t e n a t a tim e n o t f a r from th e
e v e n ts u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n .
T h ere a r e o t h e r A ra b ic s o u r c e s t h a t d e a l w ith t h e h i s t o r y o f E a s te r n A ra b ia and r e f e r e n c e to th o s e w i l l be made where th e y a r e u se d in o u r t e x t ,. But b e fo r e c o n s id e r in g th e l o c a l t r a d i t i o n s , i t i s n e c e s s a r y to s t a t e h e re t h a t t h e v/orks s u rv e y e d above w e re , e x c e p t i n th e c a s e o f I bn Ghannara1 s , I bn B is h r1 s and A l-F a th * s t r a n s l a t i o n , n o t u se d b e f o r e , a s f a r a s I know ,by may a u th o r i n d e a l in g w ith th e h i s t o r y o f th e 4U tub, w h e th e r in K uw ait o r in B a h r a in , Even th e t h r e e t h a t w ere u s e d w ere n o t u s e d i n t h a t c o n te x t,
B. Lo c a l T r a d i t i o n , ■
B ecause t h e r i s e of th e 4U tiib i s t r e a t e d i n t h i s work f o r t h e f i r s t tim e and b e c a u s e i t does n o t go back more th a n 250 y e a r s , i t be
came n e c e s s a r y , i f p o s s i b l e , t o make u s e o f th e l o c a l t r a d i t i o n k e p t
^T h is work was p r e s e n te d to ' Rhodes House, O xford U n i v e r s i t y , by th e S u lta n o f Z a n z ib a r i n November 1929. At th e end o f t h i s work th e a u t h o r , Ib n R a z iq , p u ts h i s s i g n a t u r e and t e l l s t h a t t h e s c r i o t i s w r i t t e n i n h i s h a n d w r itin g . The d a te o f w r i t in g i s a ls o g iv e n . I t
i s 1 2 6 9 /1 8 5 2 .
1 ‘
try th e i n h a b i t a n t s o f b o th th e Shaikhdoms o f Kuwait and B a h ra in , To i n v e s t i g a t e th e s e t r a d i t i o n s a number o f q u e s t io n s i n l e t t e r s and in c o n v e r s a tio n s was p u t t o th o se p e o p le whom 1 th o u g h t a b le t o h e lp . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h i s , u se was made o f w h a te v e r books w ere w r i t t e n on th e h i s t o r y o f th e *11 t u b .
As r e g a r d s my e n q u i r i e s i n K uw ait, th e s e w ere th e r e s u l t o f f i v e y e a r s s t a y in t h a t c o u n tr y (1 9 5 3 -5 8 ) d u r in g w hich p e rio d I
was a b le to l e a r n much a b o u t th e p r e s e n t f a m i l i e s , many o f whom w ere t h e r e from th e v e r y b e g in n in g . U n f o r tu n a te ly , members o f th o se v e ry few f a m i l i e s who have any docum ents o f any k in d w ould n o t a llo w any a c c e s s t o them .
F o r t u n a t e l y l o c a l t r a d i t i o n i n K uw ait was p u t down i n two books i n 1926 and 1951. The a u th o r s a r e two S h aik h s o r *Ulama* who d id t h e i r b e s t t o w r i t e down th e h i s t o r y o f Kuwait from a t r a d i t i o n a l p o in t o f v iew .
The f i r s t o f t h e s e two i s sAbd a l- A s i z a l- R a s h id and h i s work i s T a Jr i k h a l- K u w a it. ^ I n volume one o f h is h i s t o r y a1- h a s h id p o r t r a y s th e s o c i a l l i f e o f th e p e o p le o f K uw ait i n th e e a r l y y e a r s o f th e tw e n t
i e t h c e n tu r y , As s o c i a l l i f e i n K uw ait d id n o t u n d e rg o any im p o r ta n t changes u n t i l a f t e r th e e x p l o i t a t i o n o f o i l in 194-6, t h e p i c t u r e s t h e
1 —
( T h is book was p u b lis h e d In Baghdad In two volum es i n 19 2 6 .
work draw s a r e a lm o s t th e same a s th o s e o f "Kuwaitis i n th e eight™
e e n th c e n t u r y . An exam ple o f t h i s w i l l be se e n i n h i s d e s c r i p t i o n o f p e a r l f i s h e r y among th e K u w a itis . H ere th e same p o r t r a i t can be se e n i n any e ig h t e e n t h c e n tu r y w ork o f th e E uropean t r a v e l l e r s .
I n volume tw o , w h ic h d e a ls w ith th e h i s t o r y o f K u w ait, th e a u th o r g iv e s a l l t h a t t h e l o c a l t r a d i t i o n c o u ld sa y a b o u t th e r i s e o f Kuw ait and t h e A1-3 a h a h a s i t s r u l e r s . ^ The p u b l is h in g o f t h a t h i s t o r y i n 1926 had i t s e f f e c t s on th e A rab i n t e l l i g e n t s i a . F a th e r A n a s tra s e M arie a l- K a r m a li was d is a p p o in te d when th e f i r s t volume . . ..
made I t s a p p e a ra n c e and bad no d e t a i l e d p o l i t i c a l s td d y o f th e S h a ik h s and th e Shaikhdom* The second volum e, how ever, he s a i d , s a t i s f i e d more a d e q u a te ly h i s t h i r s t f o r h i s t o r i c a l in f o r m a ti o n , He ended h i s
comments by a s k in g th e a u th o r t o w r i t e th e h i s t o r y o f th e o t h e r A rab p o r t s on th e G u lf . 2 E x is ti n g c o p ie s o f t h i s book a r e v e ry r a r e be
c au se i t s c i r c u l a t i o n was p r o h i b i t e d by th e Sha ik h o f Kuw ait f o r th e a u th o r gave some f a c t s r e l a t i n g to th e m urder o f S h a ik h s Muhammad and
lF o r h i s h y p o th e s is on th e r i s e o f K uw ait and t h e A1-S a b ah s e e Chap
t e r I I below .
'nSee h i s a r t i c l e i n L u g h at a l - cA rab , IV , 1914$ p . 8 9 . S ee a l s o o t h e r comments made by Y usuf As*ad Dajghir in A l-A d ib l i t e r a r y m agazine V II, J u ly 1 9 5 8 , p p . 1 9 -2 0 .
