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Lipotoxicity in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Mechanisms and Prevention in Experimental

Models

Geng, Yana

DOI:

10.33612/diss.130260314

IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from

it. Please check the document version below.

Document Version

Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record

Publication date:

2020

Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database

Citation for published version (APA):

Geng, Y. (2020). Lipotoxicity in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Mechanisms and Prevention in

Experimental Models. University of Groningen. https://doi.org/10.33612/diss.130260314

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Appendix

Nederlandse samenvatting/Dutch summary

Acknowledgements

List of publications

About the author

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NEDERLANDSE SAMENVATTING

Non-alcoholische levervetting (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: NAFLD) is een aandoening waarbij de lever excessieve hoeveelheden lipiden opslaat. Deze excessieve opslag van lipiden, steatose, vindt bij NAFLD vooral plaats in hepatocyten, the parenchymale levercellen. De oorzaak is een verstoord metabolisme van lipiden, vooral als gevolg van excessieve inname van vetten en/of koolhydraten (voeding) en wordt vooral gezien bij mensen met obesitas. De verstoring van het lipidenmetabolisme dat optreedt bij NAFLD leidt tot een ophoping van lipiden in de lever en een verstoorde balans tussen niet-toxische en niet-toxische lipiden. Deze onbalans resulteert in lipotoxiciteit en betekent een ongunstige prognose voor NAFLD patiënten op lange termijn. Lipotoxiciteit, een belangrijk kenmerk van NAFLD en een belangrijke oorzaak van de overgang van goedaardige steatose naar non-alcoholische steatohepatitis (NASH), het (chronische) inflammatoire stadium van NAFLD. In Hoofdstuk 2 van dit proefschrift worden het verstoorde

lipidenmetabolisme en de moleculaire mechanismen van lipotoxiciteit in detail gepresenteerd en besproken. Er wordt nu onderkend dat sommige lipidesoorten en lipide metabolieten toxischer zijn voor levercellen dan andere, b.v. sommige vrije vetzuren (FFA's), lysofosfatidylcholine (LPC), ceramide en eicosanoidemetabolieten. Deze veroorzaken subcellulaire schade, waaronder mitochondriële disfunctie, ER-stress, oxidatieve stress en een afwijkende activering van intracellulaire signaalroutes. Uiteindelijk leidt deze cellulaire beschadiging tot celdood en tenslotte tot ontsteking en fibrogenese, wat bijdraagt aan de overgang van steatose naar NASH.

In Hoofdstuk 3 en 4 hebben we ons gericht op mitochondriën en ER, twee

belangrijke organellen die gevoelig zijn voor lipotoxiciteit. Onderzocht werd of respectievelijk metformine en hesperetin in staat zijn de hepatocyten te beschermen tegen celdood geïnduceerd door toxische vetzuren. In Hoofdstuk 3 toonden we aan dat gedeeltelijke

blokkering van mitochondriaal complex Ι door metformine of een lage dosis rotenon, beschermde tegen toxische vetzuur (palmitaat)-geïnduceerde celdood in hepatocyten. Dit beschermende effect hangt samen met het herstel van mitochondriële functie, zoals blijkt uit de re-polarisatie van de mitochondriële membraanpotentiaal en herstel van mitochondriële oxidatieve fosforylering. Verder hebben we aangetoond dat de herstelde mitochondriële functie geassocieerd was met verminderde oxidatieve stress en verhoogde SOD2-expressie. In Hoofdstuk 4 toonden we aan dat het verminderen van ER-stress ook zou

kunnen beschermen tegen palmitaat-geïnduceerde celdood in hepatocyten. Hesperetin, een flavonoïde-derivaat, activeerde de sXBP1 / GRP78-signaalroute, een van de drie takken van de UPR- signaalroute en verhoogde vervolgens de expressie van het ER-chaperone-eiwit GRP78 dat de activering van de apoptotische UPR-tak eIF2α/CHOP blokkeerde. Ook hebben we waargenomen dat (te) hoge concentraties van hesperetine celdood in de lever zouden kunnen veroorzaken door de apoptotische UPR-signaalroutes te activeren.

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Nederlandse samenvatting

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Palmitaat en stearaat zijn de twee meest gebruikte vetzuren om lipotoxiciteit te veroorzaken inj in vitro experimenten. Het gebruik van de combinatie van verzadigde en onverzadigde vetzuren (bijvoorbeeld palmitaat en oleaat) is echter een betere in vitro benadering van de steatotische omgeving bij NAFLD. De combinatie van palmitaat en oleaat veroorzaakt een meer uitgesproken ophoping van intracellulaire lipiden, maar veel minder cellulaire schade dan palmitaat of stearaat afzonderlijk. In Hoofdstuk 6 gebruikten

we een palmitaat- en oleaat-geïnduceerde in vitro steatose model voor hepatocyten en ontdekten dat hypoxie een belangrijke risicofactor is die de toxische effecten van vetzuren versterkt. In steatotische hepatocyten zorgde de hypoxische toestand voor significante toename van celdood via pyroptose en een verhoogde vorming van extracellulaire vesikels (EV's) uit hepatocyten. Belangrijk is dat deze van hepatocyten afgeleide EV’s het inflammatoire fenotype van Kupffer cellen (KC's) induceerde, blijkend uit o.a. een verhoogde expressie van cytokines en chemokines.

Zoals eerder vermeld, vertoont oleaat, in tegenstelling tot palmitaat, geen lipotoxische effecten en beschermt het tegen palmitaat-geïnduceerde lipotoxiciteit. Dit fenomeen is echter celtype-specifiek. In Hoofdstuk 5 ontdekten we namelijk dat oleaat

necrotische celdood veroorzaakte in sinusoïdale lever endotheelcellen (LSEC's). Door de effecten van oleaat met of zonder palmitaat op vasculaire endotheelcellen van menselijke navelstreng (HUVEC's) en LSEC's te vergelijken, toonden we aan dat oleaat geen toxiciteit vertoonde voor HUVEC's, maar wel necrotische celdood in LSEC's veroorzaakte. De toxische effecten zijn gerelateerd aan verminderde mitochondriële activiteit en de daarmee samenhangende afname van cellulair ATP. De effecten van palmitaat en de combinatie van oleaat en palmitaat zijn echter wel consistent in zowel HUVEC's als LSEC's: palmitaat veroorzaakte apoptotische celdood in beide celtypen, terwijl de combinatie van de twee vetzuren niet-toxisch was. Een belangrijke observatie was dat de niet-toxische omstandigheden altijd gepaard gaan met verhoogde triglyceride (TG) synthese en vorming van intracellulaire lipidedruppels. Momenteel wordt onderzocht of de verhoogde TG-synthese en de vorming van lipidedruppels ten grondslag liggen aan het beschermende mechanisme tegen oleaat of palmitaat.

Ten slotte hebben we in Hoofdstuk 7 de communicatie bestudeerd tussen

hepatische stellaatcellen (HSC's) en KC's. In de progressie van NAFLD is het inflammatoire fenotype van Kupffercellen (de lever-specifieke macrofagen) een belangrijk kenmerk van NASH. Verschillende studies hebben aangetoond dat zowel vetzuren als lipopolysacchariden (LPS of endotoxine) een belangrijke rol spelen bij het opwekken van een ontstekingsreactie in macrofagen. In Hoofdstuk 7 lieten we zien dat, behalve vetzuren

en LPS, ook EV’s afgeleid van hepatische stellaatcellen, een ontstekingsreactie induceren in KC's. Bovendien zijn de inflammatoire effecten van deze EV's afhankelijk van de Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) op KC's.

Concluderend, kunnen wij vaststellen dat de verschillende leverceltypen een verschillende gevoeligheid vertonen voor lipotoxiciteit. Daarnaast kunnen we vaststellen dat lipotoxische vetzuren vooral mitochondriële stress en ER stress induceren in hepatocyten.

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Lipotoxiciteit kan worden bestreden door o.a. andere vetzuren, maar ook metformine en hesperetine. Steatotische hepatocyten vormen een bron van inflammatoire en pro-fibrotische extracellulaire vesikels. Dit onderzoek kan mogelijk leiden tot nieuwe inzichten in de behandeling van NAFLD/NASH.

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Acknowledgements

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

It is a long but fruitful journey. I am happy I came and importantly met all the lovely people there. My sincerest words of gratitude for all the people I met and your support and being around.

My dear supervisor Prof. dr. Han Moshage, I think I am lucky in the sense that I

always have super nice supervisors. No words can express how thankful I am for your every help, support, trust and input in my research. I still remember the time when I mentioned LSECs in our meeting, you immediately suggested to isolate these cells in our lab. Now, this suggestion turns out to be one interesting chapter in this thesis and I really enjoyed every step and effort we put in there. Han, it is my great honor to work with and to learn from you. Thank you for being a humorous and very easy-going supervisor. Your caring for other people’s feelings sometimes made me wonder if you were really a dutch :P. Again, my most genuine and earnest thanks to you, with all my best wishes.

Also, My sincerest gratitude to Prof. dr. Klaas Nico Faber. You have my hearty

respect for your enthusiasm for research and your critical thinking. Honestly, everywhen I gave presentations, I was always looking forward to your questions. You are also a funny person and the best at giving gifts. I wonder how you came up with those ideas of Christmas gifts. What a genius! And I am super happy that you got your professorship now. I wish you more success in your research and career. Also great thanks to Dr. Hans Blokzijl. It was

pleasant to write a review together with you and many many thanks for your help and support, especially during the last year of my Ph.D. study.

Also, heartfelt thanks for the help of other professors/doctors: Prof. dr. Marco Arrese, Prof. dr. Jan Kamps, Prof. dr. Dirk-Jan Reijngoud, Prof. dr. Amalia Dolga and Dr. Vincent de Meijer. It is my pleasure to collaborate with you and I deeply appreciate your

advice on those projects.

I want to thank the members of the reading committee: Prof. dr. José Fernández-Checa, Prof. dr. Martina Schmidt and Prof. dr. Bart van de Sluis. Many thanks for your

time and effort to evaluate my thesis.

Importantly, Dear MDLers: Manon: big thanks for every help you gave me. As long

as you are in the lab, I know whom I could turn for help. Tjasso: I am always happy to see

you. I hope you will enjoy more interesting travels. Janette: special thanks for your help with

designing primers and probes. I was quite relying on you for this. Dianne: it is always sweet

to see you in the lab and thanks for your caring during the corona pandemic. Sofie: I wish I

could chat with you-the truly local, so I may know more fun places in Groningen. Fabio: it is

quite a surprise and fun that we actually born on the same day. Thank you for bringing a lot of fun to our lab work. The chat, food and Tequila!! Ali: thank you for always willing to help

and to share your knowledge. It is invaluable. Turu: you are the funniest Asian I ever met.

My best wishes for your future career. Alejandra: it was quite pleasant to collaborate with

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wanna know how to write your name in Chinese: 阿尔弗雷多. Herson: you made me realize

Mexicans are real gentle and have truly good manners. Xueting: my best wishes for your

life in Italy. Hope could see you again ♥. Zongmei: you have my best wishes for your career

goals ;). Mengfan and Sandra: thanks a lot for those HSCs that I got from you. Johanna:

thank you that you are always willing to help. Best wishes to you and your family. Archie:

congratulations for you became a married man. I am so happy for you and hope would see you again. Natalia: I still remember that time I went out with you guys at night in San

Francisco, that was the most interesting part during that conference. Raphael: whenever I

came to you for help or asking questions, you always gave detailed answers. Thanks a lot for that. Also tons of thanks to Yingying, Yang, Defu, Emilia, Guido, Floris, Shiva. Thanks

for your help in many ways and I have learned a lot from you, which I cherish a lot. The students once in our lab, Ulrike and Dorien: it was nice to work with you and hope more

success with your studies.

I also would like to express my appreciation to people from Pediatrics: Niels and Aycha: thanks for your help in Y2-lab. Dicky: thank you for borrowing me experimental stuff

and congratulate for your growing family. Ivo: it supersized me when I realized that you are

actually younger than me, but you are already a post-doc. Amazing! Tim: it was super

pleasant to discuss my project with you. Sorry I disturbed your lunch at that time. Yu Lei, Sandra, Ruomei, Jiufang, Fan, Xiaodong, Angela: I am happy to meet you guys and

thank you for being around.

Importantly, special thanks for the great help of people from other labs. Henk Moorlag: my sincerest appreciation for your help with HUVECs. The cells you cultured were

always perfect and your help saved me a lot of time. Thank you so much! Douwe Samplonius: Thank you for letting me use your microscope and for giving me cells. It is

super pleasant to share the culture rooms with you guys. Asmaa Oun: thank you for your

help with FACS and I have learned a lot.

Last but not least, I want to express my cordial appreciation for the tremendous help and companion of my dear friends. I feel sad that many of you already or soon will leave, but I believe we will meet again. Shanshan: so happy to be your housemate. I miss

our little home drinks. Yizhou: the other housemate. Soon you will have another “roomie”, I

believe he will be better than us. :P Yuan He: cannot wait to be back in China, so we can

continue trying out new restaurants. Keni: you have beauty, wit, diligence and humor in one.

You look really sharp on the badminton court. Hao Guo: I think I might look brainless when I

was on a trip with you guys, cause everything was taken care of. Haigen: how did you

manage to finish our Ph.D. in three and a half years? Were we really from the same institute? Bin Liu: “Don’t forget to be awesome”, and you are. Furthermore, I would like to

thank many other friends: Yu Tian, Lin Zhou, Wenxuan, Wenjia, Xinhui, Zhangping, Lianghui, Yuanke, Jinfeng, Jielin, Baojie, Yang Zhang, Liwen, Rui Wu, Xiurong, Changsen, Fubiao, Siwei, Congzhuo. You enriched my life and I enjoyed every moment

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Acknowledgements

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Moreover, my lovely and sweet friends from the Zernike campus, thank you so much for being there. Yichen: your place was like my second home in Groningen. Kisses. Si Chen: love your adorable personality. Kisses as well. Xiaoying: really enjoy hanging out

with you. See you in China. Huala, Yehan, Yingfen, Yuzhen, Xiaoping, Heng Zhang, Xiaodong, Haoqi and Weiteng: many thanks for you being around. I wish the most

successful and happiest lives for you.

At last, I want to give my deepest gratitude and earnest appreciation to my mother and father. No words could express how much I love you and how much I want to thank you. Your enormous support and caring build my strength. May you be healthy and happy every single day.

Yana Groningen

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LIST OF PUBLICATIONS Start with the most recent publication

Extracellular vesicles derived from fat-laden hepatocytes undergoing chemical hypoxia promote a pro-fibrotic phenotype in hepatic stellate cells

Hernandez, A., D. Reyes, Y. Geng, J. P. Arab, D. Cabrera, R. Sepulveda, N. Solis, M. Buist-Homan,

M. Arrese and H. Moshage, Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis, 2020. 1866(10): p. 165857. Chemical hypoxia induces pro-inflammatory signals in fat-laden hepatocytes and contributes to cellular crosstalk with Kupffer cells through extracellular vesicles

Hernandez, A., Y. Geng, R. Sepulveda, N. Solis, J. Torres, J. P. Arab, F. Barrera, D. Cabrera, H.

Moshage and M. Arrese, Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis, 2020. 1866(6): p. 165753. Protective effect of metformin against palmitate-induced hepatic cell death


Geng, Y., A. Hernandez Villanueva, A. Oun, M. Buist-Homan, H. Blokzijl, K. N. Faber, A. Dolga

and H. Moshage.; Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis, 2020. 1866(3): p. 165621. 


Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of berberine in the treatment of diabetes mellitus

Li, Z., Y. N. Geng, J. D. Jiang and W. J. Kong; Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2014: 289264 Gastrodin ameliorates oleic acid induced fat accumulation through activation of AMPK pathway in HL7702 cell (in Chinese)

Geng Yana, Yu Bin, Kong Weijia; China Pharmacological Bulletin, 2015 Jan: 31(1) 


Experimental study of gastrodia powder in improving hepatic steatosis in rats intragastrically administered with fat emulsion (in Chinese)

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List of publications

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Hesperetin protects against palmitate-induced cellular toxicity via induction of GRP78 in

hepatocytes (submitted)

Yana Geng, Zongmei Wu, Manon Buist-Homan, Hans Blokzijl and Han Moshage

Lipotoxicity in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: mechanisms and clinical implications

(submitted)

Yana Geng, Klaas Nico Faber, Vincent E de Meijer, Hans Blokzijl and Han Moshage

Differential toxicity of oleate and palmitate on liver sinusoidal endothelial and vascular endothelial cells in vitro (in preparation)

Yana Geng, Manon Buist-Homan, Jan A.A.M. Kamps, Hans Blokzijl and Han Moshage

Conditioned medium of hepatic stellate cells induces an inflammatory phenotype in Kupffer cells via the release of extracellular vesicles (in preparation)

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ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Yana Geng was born on 27th of February 1990 in Xi’an, China. After high school, she went to China Pharmaceutical University in Nanjing studied Biopharmaceutical Science. After a 4 years study, in 2012, she obtained her Bachelor degree and continued a Master study at Peking Union Medical College in Beijing in the group of Prof. dr. Jiandong Jiang and under the supervision of Prof. dr. Weijia Kong. In the Master program, she worked on examining the lipid-lowing effects of several herbal medicines using both in vitro and in vivo models. In 2015, she moved to the Netherlands perusing a doctoral degree in Dept. Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, under the supervision of Prof. dr. Han Moshage. Her doctoral research focused on the Lipotoxicity in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, of which the results are described in this thesis. Currently, she is a post-doc researcher in the Dept. Biopharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, the Netherlands.

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