A grammar of Mualang : an Ibanic language of Western Kalimantan,
Indonesia
Tjia, J.
Citation
Tjia, J. (2007, April 25). A grammar of Mualang : an Ibanic language of Western Kalimantan,
Indonesia. LOT dissertation series. LOT, Utrecht. Retrieved from
https://hdl.handle.net/1887/11862
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CONTENTS
Acknowledgements Conventions Table of Contents
1 General Introduction 1
1.1 The speakers and their country 1 1.2 Daily life and culture 5
1.3 Genetic affiliation 6 1.4 Sociolinguistic situation 7
1.4.1 Dialects 7 1.4.2 Language in use 8 1.5 Previous studies 9
1.6 Aims and theoretical framework 10 1.7 Field methods and data base 11
2 Phonology 13
2.1 Phoneme inventory 13
2.1.1 Consonant inventory 13 2.1.2 Vowel inventory 17 2.2 Segmental Phonology 18
2.2.1 Consonants 18 2.2.1.1 Stops 18 2.2.1.2 Nasals 20
2.2.1.2.1 Plain Nasals 20 2.2.1.2.2 Postploded Nasals 24 2.2.1.3 Fricatives 25
2.2.1.4 Lateral 26 2.2.1.5 Approximants 26 2.2.2 Vowels 27
2.2.2.1 Vowel sequences 31 2.2.2.2 Status of diphthongs 31 2.2.2.3 Curious clusters 32 2.3 Syllable and root structure 33
2.4 Stress 36
2.5 Morphophonemics 38
2.5.1 Alternation of vowel segments in prefixes and prepositions 38 2.5.2 Vowel deletion 39
2.5.3 Glottal stop insertion 40
2.5.4 Nasal assimilation in N-prefixation 40
2.5.4.1 Nasal assimilation in partial reduplication 42 2.5.4.2 Problem of N- form 42
2.5.5 Alternate forms of prefixes and prepositions 44 2.5.5.1 Antipassive ba- 44
2.5.5.2 Passive da- 44 2.5.5.3 Middle t- 44 2.5.5.3 Causative p- 44 2.5.5.3 Preposition da 45
2.5.6 Fusion of the prepositions da and ka with a following noun 45 2.6 Orthography 45
3 The Lexicon 47
3.1 Morphological units 47 3.2 Morphological processes 48
3.2.1 Prefixation 48 3.2.2 Reduplication 48 3.2.3 Compounding 49 3.3 Word classes 49
3.3.1 Nouns 50
3.3.1.1 Semantic properties 50 3.3.1.2 Syntactic properties 50 3.3.1.3 Morphological properties 51
3.3.1.3.1 Derivational morphology:
nominalization 51 3.3.1.4 Subclasses of nouns 51
3.3.1.4.1 Proper names 52 3.3.1.4.2 Pronouns 52 3.3.1.4.3 Terms of address 54 3.3.2 Verbs 56
3.3.2.1 Semantic properties 56 3.3.2.2 Syntactic properties 56 3.3.2.3 Morphological properties 56
3.3.2.3.1 Voice marking 56
3.3.2.3.2 Derivational morphology 57 3.3.3 Adverbs 57
3.3.4 Quantifiers 57
3.3.4.1 Numerals 57
3.3.4.2 Non-numeral quantifiers 58 3.3.4.3 Quantifying auxiliaries 58 3.3.5 Demonstratives 61
3.3.6 Prepositions 62 3.3.7 Pragmatic markers 63 3.3.8 Connectives 63 3.4 Multiple membership 64 3.5 Precategoriality 64
3.6 Doublets of lexical items 64
4 Noun Phrases 65
4.1 Constituency and word order in the noun phrase 65 4.1.1 Heads of NP 65
4.1.1.1 Pronouns 66 4.1.1.2 Demonstratives 67
4.1.1.3 Quantifiers 68 4.1.1.4 Nouns 68 4.1.2 Modifiers of the NP 68
4.1.2.1 Quantifying phrases 68
4.1.2.1.1 The numeral prefix se- 74 4.1.2.1.2 Floating quantifying phrases 75 4.1.2.2 Nouns 74
4.1.2.3 Participial attributes 75 4.1.2.4 Verb phrases 76 4.1.2.5 Prepositional phrases 77 4.1.2.6 Relative clauses 78 4.1.2.7 Demonstratives 79
4.1.2.7.1 Temporal orientation 80 4.1.3 Appositive and conjoined noun phrases 81 4.2 Nominalization 82
4.2.1 Pe(N)- 82
4.2.1.1 The use of pe(N)- for comparison and exclamation 84
4.2.2 Per- 84 4.2.3 Ke- 84
4.3 Non-verbal reduplication 85 4.3.1 Noun reduplication 85 4.3.2 Derived noun reduplication 87 4.3.3 Quantifier reduplication 88 4.3.4 Pronoun reduplication 88 4.4 Nominal Compounding 89
4.4.1 Generic compounds 89 4.4.2 Specific compounds 92
5 Prepositional Phrases 95 5.1 Locative prepositions 96
5.1.1 The preposition da 96 5.1.2 The preposition ka 97 5.1.3 The preposition ari 99 5.1.4 The preposition ntara 101
5.1.5 The preposition sampay and nyantuk 101 5.2 Non-locative prepositions 102
5.2.1 The preposition ngaw 102 5.2.2 The preposition aba’ 104 5.2.3 The preposition ulih 106 5.2.4 The preposition upa 107 5.2.5 The preposition nuna’ 108 5.2.6 The preposition ngusung 109 5.3 Complex prepositional phrases 110
6 Predicate Nominals and Related Constructions 113 6.1 Predicate nominals 113
6.1.1 Equative clauses 114
6.1.2 Comparative clauses 115
6.1.2.1 Comparative clauses of equivalence 116 6.1.2.1.1 Comparative equative clauses of
equivalence 116
6.1.2.1.2 Comparative attributive clauses of equivalence 117
6.1.2.1.3 “Dynamic” comparative active clauses of equivalence 117
6.1.2.1.4 “Absolute” comparative attributive clauses of equivalence 118 6.1.2.2 Comparative clauses of higher degree 119 6.1.2.3 Superlative clauses 120
6.1.3 Exclamatory clauses 121 6.2 Predicate locatives 122
6.3 Existentials 123 6.4 Possessive clauses 128
7 Simple Verbal Clauses and Argument Structure 135 7.1 Classification of verbs 136
7.1.2 Intransitive verb roots 137 7.1.3 Transitive verb roots 138
7.1.3.1 Valence increasing prefixes and derived transitive verb stems 138
7.2 Voice constructions 142
7.2.1 Semantic roles and grammatical relations 143 7.2.2 Zero marking: Simple stative intransitive clauses 143
7.2.2.1 Zero marking and the middle voice 145 7.2.2.2 Zero marking in other construction-types 146 7.2.3 The nasal prefix N-: active voice 147
7.2.3.1 Transitivity and unspecified objects 148 7.2.3.2 The use of active N- in comparative clauses of
equivalence 150
7.2.4 The da- prefix: prototypical passive voice 151 7.2.5 Zero marking: inverse voice 153
7.2.6 The use of active, passive and inverse clauses: a preliminary note 156
7.2.7 The ba- prefix: The antipassive voice 160 7.2.7.1 Ba- with transitive base 161 7.2.7.2 Ba- with nouns or noun phrases 164 7.2.7.3 Ba- with other types of wordclasses 166 7.2.7.4 Ba- with precategorial forms 167 7.2.7.5 Ba- with compounds 167
7.2.8 The prefix te-: Unvolitional-resultative middle voice 167 7.2.9 The prefix ke-: inchoative state 170
7.2.10 Kena’: adversative passive 171
7.2.11 Analytic reflexive clauses with diri’ 171 7.2.12 Reciprocal clauses 173
7.3 Advancements of peripheral elements as arguments 174
8 Other Verb-phrase Operations 181 8.1 Verbalization 181
8.2 Verbal compounding 181 8.2.1 Generic compounds 181 8.2.2 Specific compounds 182
8.2.3 Use of verbal compounds with and without voice prefixes 183 8.3 Verbal reduplication 187
8.3.1 Morphological reduplication 187 8.3.2 Syntactic reduplication 191
8.4 Tense, aspect, mode and other adverbial modifications 193 8.4.1 Tense 193
8.4.2 Aspect 194 8.4.3 Mode 197
8.4.4 Other adverbial modifications 200 8.4.4.1 Manner 200
8.4.4.2 Instrumental 203
8.4.4.3 Location and direction 203 8.4.4.4 Other adverbs 205
9 Pragmatically Marked Structures 207
9.1 Identifiability, referentiality and anaphoric reference 207 9.1.1 Identifiability 207
9.1.2 Referentiality 210 9.1.3 Anaphoric reference 212 9.2 Focus articulation 216
9.2.1 Contrastive stress 216 9.2.2 Fronting 217
9.2.3 Cleft constructions 220 9.2.4 Aday-focus 222 9.3 Marked-topic articulation 223
9.3.1 Left-dislocation with tu’ or a pause 223 9.3.1.1 tu’-topicalization: 223 9.3.1.2 pause-topicalization: 224 9.3.2 Right-dislocation 226
9.3.3 Aday-existential-presentative 227 9.3.4 Nti’-preposing 227
9.4 Illocutionary markers 228 9.4.1 Ah 229
9.4.2 Bada’ 230 9.4.3 Bah 230 9.4.4 Dih 230
9.4.5 Dulaw and law 231 9.4.6 Gena 232 9.4.7 Ja’ 232 9.4.8 Jara’ 232 9.4.9 Kah 233 9.4.10 Kini 233
9.4.11 Lah 233 9.4.12 Lay 234 9.4.13 Mah 234 9.4.14 Tih 235
9.4.15 Udah-postposing 236 9.4.16 Wih 237
9.4.17 Double markers 238 9.5 Negation 239
9.5.1 Naday: clausal negation 239
9.5.2 Ukay ‘no, not’: contrastive negation 241 9.5.3. Nisi’: existential negation 242
9.5.4 Nitaw’: ‘not know’, ‘can’t’, ‘may not’, habitual inability 244 9.5.5 Bedaw ‘not yet’ 244
9.5.6 Nang: imperative negation 245 9.5.7 Ngay: ‘not want’ 245
9.5.8 N’a’ ‘(or) not’ 245 9.5.9 Ntah: ignorance 246 9.5.10 Nikala’ ‘never’ 246
9.5.11 Nusah ‘needn’t’: negative obligation 247 9.5.12 Nupa ‘not as, not like’ 247
9.6 Non-declarative speech acts 247 9.6.1 Interrogatives 247
9.6.1.1 Yes/no questions 248 9.6.1.2 Question-word questions 250 9.6.1.3 Rhetorical questions 254 9.6.1.4 Indirect questions 254 9.6.2 Imperatives 255
9.6.2.1 Secondary grammatical means to express imperatives 257
9.6.2.2 Prohibitives 260 9.7 Exclamations 260
9.7.1 Ah: expressing surprise by the sudden presence of something 261
9.7.2 Akay: expressing (unpleasant) surprise or surprise mixed with disagreement or dislike 261
9.7.3 Ay: expressing a feeling of surprise 261 9.7.4 Ci’: expressing indignant disagreement 261
9.7.5 Ha: expressing surprise by something unexpected 261
9.7.6 Ih: used to attract the addressee’s attention to what is going to be said 262
9.7.7 Uh: expressing one’s sudden realization of some state of affairs 262
9.7.8 Uy: used when calling somebody to get his/her attention 262 9.7.9 Way: expressing commiseration 262
9.7.10 Wih: expressing pleasant surprise 262 10 Clause Combinations 263
10.1 Verbal compounds 264
10.2 Serial verbs 264
10.2.1 Morphosyntax of SVCs 264 10.2.2 Semantics of SVCs 267
10.2.2.1 Sequential serialization 268 10.2.2.2 Simultaneous serialization 268 10.2.2.3 Cause-effect serialization 269 10.2.2.4 State-cause serialization 269 10.2.2.5 Directional serialization 270 10.2.2.6 Adverbial serialization 270
10.2.2.6.1 Manner serialization 270 10.2.2.6.2 Aspectual serialization 271 10.2.3 Cases of grammaticalization via SVCs 272
10.3 Complement clauses 273
10.3.1 Finite and Non-finite complements 273 10.3.1.1 Finite complements 273 10.3.1.2 Non-finite complements 276 10.3.2 Distribution of complements within clauses 279
10.3.3 Differences between constructions with non-finite complements and serial verb constructions 282
10.4 Adverbial Clauses 282
10.4.1 Temporal adverbial clauses 283 10.4.2 Locative adverbial clauses 287 10.4.3 Manner adverbial clauses 287 10.4.4 Purposive adverbial clauses 287 10.4.5 Simultaneous adverbial clauses 288 10.4.6 Conditional adverbial clauses 288 10.4.7 Concessive 289
10.4.8 Reason 290 10.4.9 Resultative 291 10.4.10 Absolutive 292 10.5 Relative clauses 293
10.5.1 Relative clauses with the marker tay 293 10.5.2 Relativization of place 297
10.5.3 “Participial” relative clauses 298 10.5.4 Headless relative clauses 298 10.6 Coordinate clauses 299
10.6.1 Coordination with conjoining particles 299 10.6.1.1 Conjunction: aba’ ‘and’ 299
10.6.1.2 Disjunction: ataw ‘or’; ntah ... ntah ‘either ... or’
300
10.6.1.3 Contrast: ulih ‘but’, sedang ‘whereas, while’ 301 10.6.1.4 Temporal succession: baru’ ‘(only) then’ 302 10.6.1.5 Conclusive: jadi ‘so, thus’, puku’ ‘in short’ 302 10.6.1.6 Inclusive: bayik ‘whether ... or ...’ 303
10.6.2 Juxtaposition 304
10.6.2.1 Conjunction 304 10.6.2.2 Succession 305
10.6.2.3 Comparison-contrast 305
10.6.2.4 Paraphrase 306
Appendix 1: Texts 307
Text 1: Mulah nsia ‘Creating man’ 307
Text 2: Apay Aluy meli pemati ‘Aluy’s father buys death’ 372 Text 3: Mulah lulun ‘How to prepare lulun’ 378
Text 4: Pantun 381 Text 5: Sempang 383 Text 6: Petataw ‘riddles’ 384
Appendix 2: Mualang-English Wordlist 387 Appendix 3: English-Mualang Finderlist 409 References 427
Samenvatting 433 Summary 435 Ringkasan 437 Curriculum Vitae 439
Maps, Tables and Figures
Map 1: West Kalimantan Province and Indonesia (inset) 3 Map 2: Main Mualang-speaking Area 4
Table 2.1: Consonant phonemes 14 Table 2.2: Vowel phonemes 17 Table 3.1 Pronouns 52
Table 9.1: Focus articulation devices in Mualang 223 Table 9.2: Marked topic articulation devices in Mualang 228 Table 9.3: Illocutionary markers and the speaker’s attitudes 238
Figure 3.2: Demonstratives in relation to relative distance from the point of reference 61
