3-Dimensional dynamics of the galactic bulge Soto Vicencio, M.H.

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(1)3-Dimensional dynamics of the galactic bulge Soto Vicencio, M.H.. Citation Soto Vicencio, M. H. (2010, March 24). 3-Dimensional dynamics of the galactic bulge. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/15120 Version:. Corrected Publisher’s Version. License:. Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden. Downloaded from:. https://hdl.handle.net/1887/15120. Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable)..

(2) CHAPTER 3. Evidence of a Metal Rich Galactic Bar from the Vertex Deviation of the Velocity ellipsoid % +CHC * % *=7< # #I=>?9B D" $

(3) /9 7CA6=B9 F58=5@ J9@C7=H=9G DFCD9F ACH=CBG 5B8 @CK F9GC@IH=CB 56IB85B79G :CF 5 G5AD@9 C: 315 # 5B8 % ;=5BHG =B H<9 5589TG /=B 8CK (l, b) = (0.9◦ , −4◦ ) 5@57H=7 6I@;9 9@8 ,<9 J9@C7=HM 9@@=DGC=8 C: GH5FG K=H< [Fe/H] > −0.5 89L G<CKG 5 J9FH9L 89J=5H=CB =B H<9 D@CH C: F58=5@ J9FGIG HF5BGJ9FG9 J9@C7=HM 7CBG=GH9BH K=H< H<5H 9LD97H98 :FCA 5 DCDI@5H=CB K=H< CF6=HG GIDDCFH=B; 5 65F /9 89ACBGHF5H9 H<5H H<9 G=;B=75B79 C: H<=G J9FH9L 89J=5H=CB IG=B; BCBD5F5A9HF=7 F5B? 7CF F9@5H=CB GH5H=GH=7 =G > 99 ,<9 J9@C7=HM 9@@=DGC=8 :CF H<9 A9H5@ DCCF [FeH] < −0.5 D5FH C: H<9 DCDI@5H=CB G<CKG BC J9FH9L 89J=5H=CB 5B8 =G 7CBG=GH9BH K=H< 5B =GCHFCD=7 C6@5H9 FCH5H=B; DCDI@5H=CB /9 B8 BC 9J=89B79 :CF ?=B9A5H=7 GI6;FCIDG 6IH H<9F9 =G 5 A=@8 H9B89B7M :CF H<9 J9FH=75@ J9@C7=HM 8=GD9FG=CB σb HC 897F95G9 K=H< =B7F95G=B; A9H5@ @=7=HM.

(4) . =A9BG=CB5@ MB5A=7G C: H<9 5@57H=7 I@;9.

(5). ! &,*'-,!'&. ,<9 ;5@57H=7 6I@;9 =G H<9 B95F9GH 9L5AD@9 C: 5 6I@;9 GD<9FC=85@ DCDI@5H=CB :57HCF C:

(6) 7@CG9F H<5B %

(7) H<9 DFCL=A=HM C: H<9 6I@;9 BCH CB@M D9FA=HG 89H5=@98 A95GIF9A9BH C: GH9@@5F 56IB85B79G 5B8 F58=5@ J9@C7=H=9G 6IH 5@GC C: GH9@@5F DFCD9F ACH=CBG ,<9 FGH GI7< GHI8M IB89FH5?9B 5H H<9 GI;;9GH=CB *%* K5G H<5H C: +D59B<5I9F 9H 5@

(8) ,<9 DFCD9F ACH=CBG K9F9 A95GIF98 :FCA D@5H9G C6H5=B98 5H H<9 =B7< DF=A9 :C7IG =B

(9) 5B8

(10) H<9G9 85H5 DFC8I798 A95GIF56@9 DFCD9F ACH=CBG CB H<9 CF89F C: 0.5 mas yr−1 ,<9 +D59B<5I9F 9H 5@

(11) GHI8M K5G H<9 GCIF79 C: 5B =BDIH 75H5@C; :CF 5 GI6 G9EI9BH GHI8M C: 6I@;9 F58=5@ J9@C7=HM 5B8 @CK F9GC@IH=CB 56IB85B79G ,9FB8FID 9H 5@

(12) +58@9F 9H 5@

(13) B 95F@M GHI8M C: H<9 56IB85B79G 5B8 ?=B9A5H=7G C: H<9G9 GH5FG IG=B; DI6@=G<98 56IB85B79G :FCA *=7<

(14) 5B8 F58=5@ J9@C7=H=9G :FCA *=7<

(15) K5G IB89FH5?9B 6M 2<5C 9H 5@

(16) ,<5H GHI8M GI::9F98 :FCA <5J=B; 5 F9@5H=J9@M GA5@@ G5AD@9 G=N9 5B8 H<9 @57? C: 5 89B=H=J9 6I@;9 =FCB 56IB85B79 G75@9 BCB9H<9@9GG H<9 ACGH A9H5@ F=7< GI6G9H C: GH5FG 9L<=6=H98 5 J9FH9L 89J=5H=CB C: H<9 J9 @C7=HM 9@@=DGC=8 =B H<9 D@CH C: F58=5@ J9FGIG HF5BGJ9FG9 J9@C7=HM %C89@=B; 6M 2<5C 9H 5@

(17) G<CK98 H<5H GI7< 5 J9FH9L 89J=5H=CB CF FCH5H=CB C: H<9 A5>CF 5L=G C: H<9 J9@C7=HM 9@@=DGC=8 =G 5 :95HIF9 9LD97H98 :FCA H<9 @CB; 5L=G CF6=HG H<5H KCI@8 GIDDCFH 5 65F GHFI7 HIF9 +I7< 5 65F <58 699B 7@5=A98 6M @=HN +D9F;9@

(18)

(19) 65G98 CB 5GMAA9HF=9G =B GIF:579 D<CHCA9HFM C: H<9 6I@;9 F9;=CB 5B8 6M =BB9M 9H 5@

(20)

(21) :FCA H<9 ?=B9A5H=7G C: AC@97I@5F ;5G ,<9 DCGG=6=@=HM C: 5 8CA=B5BH GH9@@5F 65F DCDI@5H=CB K5G GHF9B;H<9B98 6M H<9 GD97 H57I@5F F9GI@HG :FCA H<9 ' G5H9@@=H9 K9? 9H 5@

(22) @@G?M A5DG C: H<9 %=@?M /5M G<CK98 5B 5GMAA9HFM H<5H K5G 7CBG=GH9BH K=H< 5 65F K=H< A5>CF 5L=G =B H<9 FGH EI58F5BH %5BM GI6G9EI9BH GHI8=9G 7CBFA H<9 DF9G9B79 C: 5 65F GHFI7HIF9 65G98 CB 89DFC>97H=B; H<9 GD5H=5@ 8=GHF=6IH=CB C: H<9 GH9@@5F DCDI@5H=CB =BB9M 9H 5@

(23) 5B8 H<9 +7<K5FNG7<=@8 A9H<C8 <5G 699B IG98 HC 6I=@8 5 G9@: 7CBG=GH9BH F5D=8@M FCH5H=B; 65F 2<5C

(24) 5P :B9F 9H 5@ 9F9 K9 7CA6=B9 H<9 DFCD9F ACH=CBG C: +D59B<5I9F 9H 5@

(25) H<9 56IB85B79G C: ,9FB8FID 9H 5@

(26) 5B8 H<9 F58=5@ J9@C7=H=9G C: +58@9F 9H 5@

(27) HC 9LD@CF9 H<9 7CFF9@5H=CB C: 56IB85B79G 5B8 ?=B9A5H=7G =B H<9 6I@;9 GH9@@5F DCDI@5H=CB +IFJ9MG BCK =B DFC;F9GG +IA= 9H 5@ <5J9 57<=9J98 HCH5@ BIA69FG C: CF89F 5 × 106 GH5FG CK9J9F H<9 G5AD@9 C:

(28) GH5FG CB K<=7< K9 F9DCFH <9F9 =G 5H DF9G9BH H<9 @5F;9GH H<5H <5G DFCD9F ACH=CBG F58=5@ J9@C7=H=9G 5B8 GD97HFCG7CD=75@@M 9GH=A5H98 56IB85B79G !B 9LD@CF=B; 7CFF9@5H=CBG C: 56IB85B79G 5B8 ?=B9A5H=7G CIF 5=A =G HC 7CBGHF5=B AC89@G :CF H<9 CF=;=B C: H<9 6I@;9 5B8 65F /<9B H<9 7CADCG=H=CB C: 6I@;9 GH5FG %7/=@@=5A *=7<

(29) I@6F=;<H 9H 5@ =G 7CBG=89F98 =H 75B 69 5F;I98 H<5H H<9 6I@;9 :CFA98 95F@M 5B8 F5D=8@M %5HH9I77= 9H 5@

(30) 9FF9F5G 9H 5@ #I=>?9B *=7< =GC@5H98 H<9 C@8 6I@;9 DCDI@5H=CB 6M DFCD9F ACH=CB 5 G=A=@5F GHI8M <5G 699B F979BH@M 75FF=98 CIH 6M #CNCKG?= 9H 5@ 5B8 2C775@= 9H 5@ 89ACB GHF5H98 5 7CAD5F=GCB K=H< 5

(31) MF C@8 A5=B G9EI9B79 HIFBC:: DCDI@5H=CB H<9G9 GHI8 =9G B8 @=HH@9 FCCA :CF 5 89H97H56@9 HF579 MCIB; DCDI@5H=CB =B H<9 6I@;9 CK9J9F H<9F9 5F9 7CAD@=75H=B; =GGI9G =B H<9 7<9A=75@ 9JC@IH=CB %; =G :CIB8 HC 69 9@9J5H98 =B 6I@;9 GH5FG K<=@9 ' =G CB@M A=@8@M GC %7/=@@=5A *=7<

(32) I@6F=;<H 9H 5@ .

(33) J=89B79 C: 5 %9H5@ *=7< 5@57H=7 5F :FCA H<9 .9FH9L 9J=5H=CB C: H<9 .9@C7=HM 9@@=DGC=8. . $97IF9IF 9H 5@ 5B8 H<9 S9LD@CG=J9 5@D<5GS 5 += 5B8 ,= 5F9 5@GC @9GG 9B<5B798 H<5B %; HF57?=B; H<9 H<=7? 8=G? HF9B8G K=H< 39 4 =B5@@M H<9 65F DCG9G 5 DFC6@9A :CF 95F@M :CFA5H=CB 5B8 9BF=7<A9BH 5G H<9 @CB;9J=HM C: 65FG =G 5B =GGI9 !: H<9 A9H5@G =B H<9 6I@;9 K9F9 6I=@H 95F@M 5B8 F5D=8@M <CK 5B8 K<9B 8=8 H<9 65F 5DD95F 5B8 K<M <5G =H GIFJ=J98 CFF9@5H=B; 56IB85B79G 5B8 ?=B9A5H=7G ;=J9G 5BCH<9F J=9KDC=BH CB 7<9A=75@ 9JC @IH=CB J9B =: H<9 56IB85B79 8=GHF=6IH=CB 5DD95FG HC H H<9 7@CG98 6CL AC89@ 5B8 H<9 DCDI@5H=CB =G C@8 H<9 7CFF9@5H=CB C: 56IB85B79G 5B8 ?=B9A5H=7G A5M F9J95@ 8=GH=B7H ?=B9A5H=7 GI6;FCIDG 88=B; HKC DFCD9F ACH=CB J97HCFG HC H<9 F58=5@ J9@C7=HM =B 7F95G9G H<9 DCK9F C: H<=G 5B5@MG=G ,<9F9 <5J9 699B =B8=75H=CBG C: 56IB85B79 ?=B9A5H=7G 7CFF9@5H=CBG =B H<9 6I@;9 *=7<

(34) :CIB8 H<5H H<9 ACGH A9H5@ F=7< GH5FG <5J9 5 GA5@@9F J9@C7=HM 8=GD9FG=CB +D59B<5I9F 9H 5@

(35) :CIB8 5 G=A=@5F HF9B8 =B H<9=F GA5@@ G5A D@9 2<5C 9H 5@

(36) :CIB8 9J=89B79 :CF J9FH9L 89J=5H=CB =B H<9 ACGH A9H5@ F=7< GH5FG !B 5 F58=5@ J9@C7=HM GHI8M C: 5 @5F;9 BIA69F C: 6I@;9 % ;=5BHG +<5FD@9G 9H 5@

(37) :CIB8 =B8=75H=CBG :CF 5 GA5@@9F J9@C7=HM 8=GD9FG=CB :CF 5 A9H5@ F=7< GI6;FCID C: GH5FG %=BB=H=

(38) C6H5=B98 GD97HFCG7CDM =B 5 6I@;9 9@8 5H @6 5B8 :CIB8 8=::9F =B; ?=B9A5H=7G ACF9 FCH5H=CB GIDDCFH 5B8 5 7C@89F J9@C7=HM 8=GD9FG=CB :CF GH5FG K=H< [Fe/H] > −1 !B H<=G D5D9F K9 9LD@CF9 56IB85B79 ?=B9A5H=7G 7CFF9@5H=CBG IG=B; 6CH< H<9 F58=5@ J9@C7=HM 5B8 DFCD9F ACH=CB 85H5 5B8 56IB85B79G :FCA @CK F9GC@IH=CB GD97 HFCG7CDM /9 IG9 H<9 B9K =FCB 56IB85B79 G75@9 C: I@6F=;<H 9H 5@ HC F975@=6F5H9 H<9 +58@9F 9H 5@

(39) @CK F9GC@IH=CB 56IB85B79G H<CG9 69=B; 65G98 CB H<9 5J9F5;9 C: H<9 9 5B8 :95HIF9G =B H<9 GD97HF5 /<=@9 H<9 89F=J98 56IB85B79 :CF 5BM =B8=J=8I5@ GH5F =G IB79FH5=B HC FCI;<@M +0.3 89L H<9 75@=6F5H=CB 9BGIF9G H<5H H<9 ?=B9 A5H=7 HF5BG=H=CBG K9 F9DCFH <9F9 5F9 H=98 HC H<9 69GH 7IFF9BH@M 5J5=@56@9 =FCB 56IB85B79 G75@9 ,<9 ACGH A9H5@ F=7< GH5FG =B +58@9F 9H 5@

(40) <5J9 :CFA5@ A9H5@@=7=H=9G =B 9L79GG C:

(41) 89L K9 8C BCH H5?9 H<CG9 J5@I9G G9F=CIG@M 5G H<9M 5F9 HF5BG:CFA98 :FCA CIH@=9FG !B H<=G Letter K9 89G7F=69 CIF ?=B9A5H=7 5B5@MG=G C: H<9 G5AD@9 C:

(42) F98 ;=5BHG. . &$1+!+. !B 5B 5L=GMAA9HF=7 DCH9BH=5@ CB9 C: H<9 5L9G C: H<9 J9@C7=HM 8=GD9FG=CB H9BGCF C: 5B 9EI=@=6F=IA DCDI@5H=CB AIGH @=9 =B H<9 A9F=8=CB5@ D@5B9 BM 89J=5H=CB :FCA H<=G G=HI 5H=CB =B8=75H9G 5 BCB5L=GMAA9HFM CF 5 H=A9 J5F=5H=CB /9 K=@@ IG9 H<9 GD579 J9@C7=H=9G C: CIF GH5FG HC A95GIF9 H<9 CF=9BH5H=CB C: H<9 5L=G C: H<9 J9@C7=HM 8=GD9FG=CB H9BGCF =B H<9 F58=5@@CB;=HI8=B5@ J9@C7=HM D@5B9 ?BCKB 5G H<9 vertex deviation lv 5B8 89H9FA=B9 K<9H<9F =H =G 7CBG=GH9BH K=H< N9FC ,<9 5B;@9 lv =G 89B98 5G tan(2lv ) =. 2σlr2 |σr2 − σl2 |.

(43) . K<9F9 σlr σr 5B8 σl 5F9 H<9 7CJ5F=5B79 5B8 GH5B85F8 89J=5H=CB C: H<9 A95GIF98 J9@C7=HM 7CADCB9BHG 5@CB; H<9 r @=B9 C: G=;<H 5B8 l ;5@57H=7 @CB;=HI89 8=F97H=CBG /9 A95GIF9 H<9 8=GD9FG=CBG K=H< 5B =H9F5H=J9 7@=DD=B; 5@;CF=H<A 6M F9D95H98@M F9>97H=B; GH5FG H<5H @=9 CIHG=89 H<9 9@@=DG9 K=H< DF=B7=D5@ 5L9G C: H=A9G H<9 7CFF9GDCB8=B; A95GIF98.

(44) . =A9BG=CB5@ MB5A=7G C: H<9 5@57H=7 I@;9. Figure 3.1 .9@C7=HM 9@@=DGC=8G :CF A9H5@ F=7< 5B8 A9H5@ DCCF DCDI@5H=CBG =B 5589TG /=B8CK B =H9F5H=J9 7@=DD=B; 5@;CF=H<A HC F9>97H GH5FG CIHG=89 H<9 J9@C7=HM 9@@=DGC=8 5H σ <5G 699B 5DD@=98 Top row, Left to right :I@@ G5AD@9 GH5FG K=H< [Fe/H] < −0.5 5B8 GH5FG K=H< [Fe/H] > −0.5 F9GD97H=J9@M :CF F58=5@ J9@C7=HM 5B8 HF5BGJ9FG5@ DFCD9F ACH=CB J9@C7=HM 9@@=DGC=8 !B 957< D5B9@ H<9 J9FH9L 89J=5H=CB lv H<9 +D95FA5B F5B? 7CFF9@5H=CB 7C9:7=9BH rS 5B8 H<9 BIA69F C: GH5FG N =G @=GH98 Bottom row G5A9 5G 69:CF9 6IH :CF F58=5@ J9@C7=HM 5B8 @5H=HI8=B5@ DFCD9F ACH=CB &CB9 C: H<9 V r − Vb 7CFF9@5H=CB 5F9 G=;B=75BH 5H H<9 @9J9@. 8=GD9FG=CB ,56@9

(45) 5B8 =;

(46) GIAA5F=N9 H<9 J9@C7=HM 9@@=DGC=8 D5F5A9H9FG :CIB8 6CH< :CF H<9 :I@@ G5AD@9 5B8 :CF A9H5@ DCCF 5B8 A9H5@ F=7< GI6G9HG CF 957< GI6G5AD@9 K9 <5J9 75@7I@5H98 H<9 +D95FA5B F5B? 7CFF9@5H=CB 7C9:7=9BH rs 5B8 =HG G=;B=75B79 (FCD9F ACH=CBG <5J9 699B HF5BG:CFA98 HC J9@C7=H=9G 5GGIA=B; 5 7CBGH5BH 8=GH5B79 C: ?D7 H<=G G<CI@8 BCH DF9G9BH 5 DFC6@9A G=B79 =: H<9 GH5FG 5F9 A9A69FG C: H<9 6I@;9 65F K9 9LD97H @=HH@9 7CFF9@5H=CB 69HK99B A9H5@@=7=HM 5B8 8=GH5B79 *5A=F9N 9H 5@ :CIB8 BC 9J=89B79 :CF J9FH=75@ 56IB85B79 ;F58=9BH :FCA HC

(47) D7 *=7< 'F=;@=5 <5J9 89F=J98 56IB85B79G :FCA 97<9@@9 GD97HF5 C: % ;=5BHG =B 5589TG /=B8CK ◦ 5B8 5 9@8 5H −1◦ 5B8 B8 BC 8=::9F9B79 =B 9=H<9F 56IB85B79 CF 7CADCG=H=CB ,<9F9:CF9 BC A9H5@@=7=HM ;F58=9BH =G 9LD97H98 !B 588=H=CB H<9 58CDH98 J5@I9 C: R0 8C9G BCH 5::97H H<9 +D95FA5B F5B?CF89F 7CFF9@5H=CB 7C9:7=9BH rS K<=7< 5@GC K9 IG9 5G 5 J9FH9L 89J=5H=CB =B8=75HCF ,<9 ACGH G=;B=75BH J9FH9L 89J=5H=CB =G G99B =B =;

(48) :CF H<9 A9H5@ F=7< G5AD@9 [Fe/H] > −0.5 K<9F95G A9H5@ DCCF GH5FG G<CK BC G=;B=75BH 89J=5H=CB ,<=G F9GI@H =G 7CBG=GH9BH K=H< H<9 F9GI@HG :FCA 2<5C 9H 5@

(49) 65G98 CB ∼ 20% C: H<9 DF9G9BH G5AD@9 5B8 DFCJ9G H<9 F9@=56=@=HM C: H<9=F F9GI@HG 2<5C 9H 5@ 5@GC G5K 5 J9FH9L 89J=5H=CB =B H<9 A9H5@DCCF G5AD@9 C: CDDCG=H9 G=;B HC H<9 A9H5@F=7< G9H K=H< H<9 588=H=CB C: H<9.

(50) J=89B79 C: 5 %9H5@ *=7< 5@57H=7 5F :FCA H<9 .9FH9L 9J=5H=CB C: H<9 .9@C7=HM 9@@=DGC=8. . Figure 3.2 ,<9 ?=B9A5H=7G 5G 5 :IB7H=CB C: A9H5@@=7=HM Top row: Left .9FH9L 5B;@9 lv JG [Fe/H] IG=B; 9EI5@ BIA69F C: GH5FG D9F A9H5@@=7=HM 6=B D@CHH98 6=BG 5F9 GH5H=G75@@M =B89D9B89BH Center H<9 7CFF9GDCB8=B; G=;B=75B79 C: H<9 J9FH9L 89J=5H=CB IG=B; 5 BCBD5F5A9HF=7 +D95FA5B F5B? 7CFF9@5H=CB ,<9 7CA6=B98 G=;B=75B79 :CF 5@@ GH5FG K=H< [Fe/H] > −0.5 =G ;F95H9F H<5B Right <=GHC;F5A G<CK=B; H<9 BIA69F C: GH5FG =B 89L [Fe/H] 6=BG Bottom row J9@C7=HM 8=GD9FG=CBG =B r l 5B8 b :CF H<9 G5A9 A9H5@@=7=HM 6=BG. B9K GH5FG =B H<=G GHI8M H<9 G=;B=75B79 C: H<=G 89J=5H=CB <5G 8FCDD98 ,<=G 8=::9F9B79 69HK99B A9H5@ F=7< 5B8 A9H5@ DCCF GH5FG =G 5 GHFCB; GH9@@5F8MB5A=75@ 89ACBGHF5H=CB C: H<9 9L=GH9B79 C: 5 GH9@@5F 65F =B H<9 ;5@57H=7 79BH9F =BB9M 9H 5@

(51)

(52) 2<5C 9H 5@

(53) 5B8 GI;;9GHG H<5H AI7< C: H<9 8=G? H5?9G D5FH =B =H =; G<CKG H<9 J9@C7=HM 8=GD9FG=CB 7CADCB9BHG 5B8 J9FH9L 89J=5H=CB 5G 5 :IB7 H=CB C: H<9 A9H5@@=7=HM FFCF 65FG <5J9 699B 9GH=A5H98 =B 9J9FM 75G9 IG=B; H<9 CCHGHF5D %CBH9 5F@C A9H<C8 !BH9FDF9H=B; H<9 J9FH9L 89J=5H=CB =B H9FAG C: 5B CF=9BH5H=CB C: H<9 65F =G 7CAD@=75H98 6M H<9 89H5=@G C: H<9 GH9@@5F CF6=H 8=GHF=6IH=CB 5B8 F9EI=F9G 5 :I@@ GH9@@5F8MB5A=75@ AC89@ ,<9 =;IF9 7@95F@M G<CKG 5 F5H<9F G<5FD HF5BG=H=CB B95F [Fe/H] = −0.5 ACF9 A9H5@ DCCF GH5FG G<CK @=HH@9 CF BC 89J=5H=CB K<9F95G H<9 ACF9 A9H5@F=7< GH5FGT J9@C7=HM 9@ @=DGC=8 =G A=G5@=;B98 6M 56CIH −30◦ K=H< 5 F5B? 7CFF9@5H=CB 69HK99B F58=5@ 5B8 @CB ;=HI8=B5@ J9@C7=HM 7CADCB9BHG :CF H<9G9 GH5FG H<5H =G G=;B=75BH 5H H<9 @9J9@ :IFH<9F =B8=75H=CB C: H<=G 7<5B;9 =B ?=B9A5H=7 DFCD9FH=9G =G H<9 8=GD9FG=CB =B H<9 7CA D@9H9@M =B89D9B89BH J9FH=75@ J9@C7=HM 7CADCB9BH σb K<=7< G<CKG 5 7@95F 6F95? 5H [Fe/H] = −0.5 K=H< H<9 ACF9 A9H5@DCCF GH5FGT b J9@C7=HM 8=GD9FG=CB 69=B; <=;<9F /9 <5J9 5@GC 9L5A=B98 H<9 7CFF9@5H=CBG 69HK99B H<9 b J9@C7=HM 5B8 H<9 CH<9F 7CA DCB9BHG 6IH :CIB8 BC G=;B=75BH 89J=5H=CB C: H<9 J9@C7=HM 9@@=DGC=8G CIH C: H<9 D@5B9 ,<9 ;=5BH GH5FG H<IG 7CBG=GH C: 5 A9H5@F=7< DCDI@5H=CB K=H< 5 G=;B=75BH J9FH9L 89.

(54) . =A9BG=CB5@ MB5A=7G C: H<9 5@57H=7 I@;9. Table 3.1 .9@C7=HM 9@@=DGC=8 D5F5A9H9FG . 39 4 @@ < > . σr ?A G97

(55) ±

(56) ±

(57) ±. σl ?A G97

(58)

(59) ±

(60) ±

(61)

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(63) ± ±

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(72) ± ± . &rej. P rob rS.

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(78) =B DF9D ,<9G9 9@8G K9F9 C6G9FJ98 :CF F58=5@ J9@C7=H=9G IG=B; H<9 =BH9;F5@ 9@8 GD97 HFC;F5D< CB .!%'+ 5H .$, ,<9 7CA6=B5H=CB C: F58=5@ J9@C7=H=9G 5B8 l DFCD9F ACH=CBG M=9@8G 5B C6G9FJ56@9 J9FH9L 89J=5H=CB =B H<9 9@8G =B G5AD@9G BCH G9;F9;5H98 6M A9H5@ @=7=HM. . !+-++!'&. 'IF C6G9FJ5H=CBG GIDDCFH H<9 DF9G9B79 C: 5 GHF=?=B; HF5BG=H=CB =B H<9 ?=B9A5H=7G C: H<9 6I@;9 :FCA 5B 5DD5F9BH@M =GCHFCD=7 C6@5H9 GD<9FC=8 HC 5 65F 5H [Fe/H] = −0.5 /9 <5J9 IG98 5 BCBD5F5A9HF=7 F5B? 7CFF9@5H=CB GH5H=GH=7 HC 89H9FA=B9 H<5H H<9 G=;B=75B79 C: H<9 J9FH9L 89J=5H=CB :CF H<9 A9H5@F=7< GH5FG =G > 99 ,<9F9 =G 5 7CFF9GDCB8=B; 6IH G<5@@CK9F HF9B8 HCK5F8 @CK9F J9FH=75@ J9@C7=HM 8=GD9FG=CB (σb ) 5H <=;<9F 56IB85B79 !H =G 8=:7I@H HC =A5;=B9 <CK 5 GMGH9A K=H< GI7< 5 ?=B9A5H=7 HF5BG=H=CB 7CI@8 69 7CBG=8 9F98 HC <5J9 9JC@J98 =B 5 CB9NCB9 7<9A=75@ 9JC@IH=CB G79B5F=C C 56IB85B79 HF9B8G C: 5BM CH<9F 9@9A9BHG G<CK 5 HF5BG=H=CB 5H [Fe/H] = −0.5 L5A=B=B; H<9 HF9B8G ;=J9B =B I@6F=;<H 9H 5@ 5B8 $97IF9IF 9H 5@ K9 B8 BC 6F95? =B H<9 HF9B8G C: %; ' 5 += ,= &5 5B8 3@ 94 K=H< 39 4 H<5H KCI@8 7CFF9GDCB8 HC −0.5 89L I@6F=;<H 9H 5@ 7CBG=89F H<9 HF9B8 C: H<9 9LD@CG=J9 5@D<5 9@9A9BHG Ca + Si + Ti = αexp K=H< 39 4 ,<9M B8 H<5H 9J9B HC H<9 @CK9F @=A=H C: 6I@;9 39 4 5H [Fe/H] < −0.5 H<9 6I@;9 HF9B8 C: [αexp /Fe] @=9G 56CJ9 H<9 @C7IG C: <5@C 5B8 H<=7? 8=G? GH5FG 9B79 H<9 GH5FG K=H< [Fe/H] < −0.5 75BBCH 69 7CBG=89F98 G=AD@M HC 69@CB; HC H<9 <5@C CF H<=7? 8=G? +=A=@5F@M J=FHI5@@M 5@@ GH5FG K=H< [Fe/H] > −0.5 <5J9 GHFCB;@M 9B<5B798 %; 5 GHFCB; =B8=75H=CB H<5H H<9 7<9A=GHFM F997HG 5 <=GHCFM C: F5D=8 9BF=7<A9BH H<5H 9LH9B8G H<FCI;< H<9 6CIB85FM C: H<=G ?=B9A5H=7 HF5BG=H=CB !B CF89F HC :CFA H<9 65F J=5 5 GH9@@5F8MB5A=75@ =BGH56=@=HM K<=7< H<9B H<=7?9BG =BHC 5 6I@;9 *5<5 9H 5@

(79)

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(103) I@6F=;<H " ( %7/=@@=5A *=7< * % D"

(104)

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(106) I<FA5BB #

(107)

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(109) F5HHCB * 5FF9HH5 %5HH9I77= +B989B

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(113) %5>9KG?= +

(114) D"+ %5HH9I77= *CA5BC %C@5FC (

(115)

(116) %7/=@@=5A *=7< * %

(117) D"+

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(121)

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