3-Dimensional dynamics of the galactic bulge Soto Vicencio, M.H.

Hele tekst

(1)3-Dimensional dynamics of the galactic bulge Soto Vicencio, M.H.. Citation Soto Vicencio, M. H. (2010, March 24). 3-Dimensional dynamics of the galactic bulge. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/15120 Version:. Corrected Publisher’s Version. License:. Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden. Downloaded from:. https://hdl.handle.net/1887/15120. Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable)..

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(79) 5B8 <CIFG :CF CIF H<F99 C6G9FJ=B; FIBG F9GD97H=J9@M ,56@9 GIAA5F=N9G H<9 .!%'+ !- C6G9FJ5H=CBG :CF H<9 G=L 9@8G DF9G9BH98 =B H<=G D5D9F !B ,56@9 H<9 BIA69FG IB89F 9J9FM RFIBS 7C@IAB 7CFF9GDCB8 HC H<9 BIA69F C: !9@8G C6G9FJ98 =B H<5H FIB @@ 85H5 K5G H5?9B =B G9FJ=79 AC89 K=H< G99=B; 7CB8=H=CBG 7CBGHF5=B98 5H 5 A5L=AIA C: S.

(80) *58=5@ .9@C7=H=9G :CF 6I@;9 9@8G (FC798IF9G 5B8 F9GI@HG. . Figure 2.4 +H9DG 8IF=B; H<9 DFC79GG HC 6I=@8 5 GH5F GD97HFIA :FCA H<9 GD97HF5@ 7I69 ,<9 HCD @9:H ;IF9 7CFF9GDCB8G HC CB9 C: CIF C6G9FJ5H=CBG K=H< +, / =B 5589TG K=B8CK H<9 K<=H9 GEI5F9 7CFF9GDCB8G HC H<9 5F95 7CJ9F98 6M CB9 C: H<9 .!%'+ !- =A5;9G HCD F=;<H !B H<9 !- 9@8 H<9 FGH EI58F5BH =G 9B7@CG98 =HG F9GD97H=J9 7CBJC@J98 =A5;9 DFC8I798 8IF=B; H<9 897CBJC@IH=CB DFC79GG HC 7<97? H<9 89H97H=CB C: GH5FG =B H<9 FGH EI58F5BH 5DD95F 5H H<9 6CHHCA F=;<H =B5@@M GCA9 9L5AD@9G C: H<9 GD97HF5 9LHF57H98 6M H<=G DFC79GG 5F9 G<CKB 5H H<9 6CHHCA @9:H. Data cube organization and Radial velocity measurements .!%'+ !- F5K 85H5 5F9 7CAD@9L HC F98I79 5B8 75@=6F5H9 =69F GD97HF5 9LHF57H=CB K5G 75FF=98 CIH IG=B; H<9 +' D=D9@=B9 :CF .!%'+ !- 85H5 (FC;F5AG +&'

(81) 5B8

(82). 5J5=@56@9 5H <HHD. KKK 9GC CF; C6G9FJ=B; ;5G;5BC.

(83) . =A9BG=CB5@ MB5A=7G C: H<9 5@57H=7 I@;9. Figure 2.5 =B8=B; 7<5FH C: CB9 C: CIF 85F?6I@;9 9@8G 7=F7@9 =B H<9 A=8 8@9 CJ9F 5 %++ =A5;9 5F?6I@;9 9@8G <5J9 699B IG98 8IF=B; H<9 G?M GI6HF57H=CB =B .!%'+ !- 9@8G. +'*0 K9F9 IG98 HC A5B5;9 H<9 .!%'+ !- F97=D9G 9H5=@G 56CIH A9H<C8G 5B8 DFC798IF9G C: H<9 F97=D9G 75B 69 :CIB8 =B .!%'+ D=D9@=B9 -G9FTG I=89 5B8 5G;5BC -G9FTG %5BI5@ ,<9 F97=D9G IG98 8IF=B; CIF DFC79GG=B; K9F9 vmifucalib 5B8 vmifuscience ,<9 B5@ DFC8I7H C: H<9 .!%'+ !- F97=D9G 5F9 H<9 GD97HF5 9LHF57H98 5B8 K5J9 @9B;H< 75@=6F5H98 =B CB9 =A5;9 H<5H =B7@I89G 5@@ H<9 GD97HF5 :CF 957< EI58F5BH =B H<9 !- 9@8 B =ADCFH5BH DFC6@9A HC 69 7CBG=89F98 =B GD97HFCG7CD=7 F98I7H=CB =G F9@5H98 HC H<9 G?M GI6HF57H=CB K<=7< <5G BCH 699B =AD@9A9BH98 6M H<9 .!%'+ D=D9@=B9 .!%'+ (=D9@=B9 -G9FTG I=89

(84)

(85) /9 <5J9 HF=98 HKC 5DDFC57<9G ,<9 FGH =G 65G=75@@M H<9 G5A9 F97CAA9B898 6M H<9 .!%'+ (=D9@=B9 -G9FTG I=89 /9 HCC? H<9 GD97HF5 K=H< @CK9GH G=;B5@ D9F EI58F5BH K<=7< A95BG C: H<9 HCH5@ 5B8 5J9F5;98 H<9A H5?=B; 75F9 HC F9>97H 8958 69FG ,<9 7CA6=B98 GD97HFIA K5G 7CBG=89F98 5G G?M 5B8 GI6 HF57H98 :FCA H<9 F9GH C: H<9 69FG ,<=G K5M C: DFC7998=B; =G 9LHF9A9@M F=G?M 5B8 7CI@8 7<5B;9 H<9 F9GI@HG H<5H K9 G99? 6M GI6HF57H=B; 5 IL @9J9@ HCC <=;< CF HCC @CK :FCA H<9 F98I798 GD97HF5 ,<9 G97CB8 A9H<C8 =BJC@J9G 9LDCGIF9G C: B95F6M <=;<@M 9LH=B7H98 T85F? 6I@;9T 9@8G K<CG9 GD97HF5 5DDFCDF=5H9@M G75@98 A=A=7 H<9 G?M 7CBHF=6IH=CB HC H<9 GH9@@5F 9@8G 5G =;IF9 G<CKG CH< DFC79GG9G K9F9 9LH9BG=J9@M H9GH98 HC 7<97? H<9=F =BI9B79 CB CIF F58=5@ J9@C7 =HM F9GI@HG K9 :CIB8 BC G=;B=75BH 8=::9F9B79G :CF 6CH< DFC798IF9G HMD=75@@M 69@CK km s−1 =B H<9 B5@ J9@C7=HM A95GIF9A9BHG D9F 69F =J9B H<9 F9@=56=@=HM C: CIF 9LHF57 H=CB K9 <5J9 DF9:9FF98 HC IG9 H<9 G?M 9LHF57H=CB 6M 85F? 9@8G =B CIF 9@8G 'B79 H<9 GD97HF5 K9F9 F98I798 K9 5GG9A6@98 H<9A =BHC GD97HF5@ 85H5 7I69G !B 588=H=CB HC H<9 F9;I@5F 75@=6F5H=CBG K9 DFC8I798 :CF 957< !- 9@8 5 F9GDCBG9 A5D HC 7<97? H<9 BCFA5@ 69<5J=CF C: H<9 69FG H<FCI;< H<9 9@8 958 69FG CF @CGH HF579G 5F9 95G=@M <=;<@=;<H98 =B H<=G K5M ,<9 @5GH GH9D =G H<9 F58=5@ J9@C7=HM A95GIF9A9BH D9F 69F =B 957< !- 9@8 ,<9 A95GIF9A9BH C: F58=5@ J9@C7=H=9G K5G A589 =B 5@@ 75G9G IG=B; 5 7FCGG 7CFF9@5H=CB IG. . 5J5=@56@9 5H <HHD. KKK 9GC CF; C6G9FJ=B; 7D@ 8CKB@C58 <HA@ 5J5=@56@9 5H <HHD. KKK 9GC CF; C6G9FJ=B; ;5G;5BC J=ACGD=D9F97=D9G <HA@.

(86) *58=5@ .9@C7=H=9G :CF 6I@;9 9@8G (FC798IF9G 5B8 F9GI@HG. . =B; H<9 !* H5G? fxcor ,CBFM 5J=G

(87) K=H< 5 H9AD@5H9 GH5B85F8 GH5F 9:CF9 H<9 7FCGG 7CFF9@5H=CB GCA9 NCB9G C: H<9 GD97HF5 K9F9 A5G?98 :CF =BGH5B79 H<9 5HACGD<9F=7 CF H<9 =BH9FGH9@@5F 56GCFDH=CB &5 @=B9G 5H 9A=GG=CB @=B9 8I9 HC '! 5H ,<9 @5HH9F @=B9G 5F9 D5FH=7I@5F@M GHFCB; =B # !!! =5BHG 5B8 75B 95G=@M 6=5G H<9 7CFF9 @5H=CB K=H< CIF H9AD@5H9 HC 75@7I@5H9 J9@C7=H=9G CF 5 DCGG=6@9 GD97HF5@ HMD9 7@5GG=75H=CB B 9L5AD@9 C: H<9 J9@C7=HM 9@8 75@7I@5H98 K=H< H<9 DFC798IF9 <9F9 89G7F=698 :CF CB9 C: CIF !- 9@8G =B 5589TG K=B8CK 5DD95FG =B =;IF9 5B8 7@95F@M G<CKG 8=GH=B7H 7C@CF98 NCB9G K<=7< 7CFF9GDCB8 HC 8=::9F9BH GH5FG 5H 8=::9F9BH J9@C7=H=9G LHF57H=B; H<=G =B:CFA5H=CB CDH=A5@@M =G H<9 GI6>97H C: H<9 B9LH G97H=CB Deconvolution G G<CKB =B =;IF9 H<9 6I@;9 9@8G 5F9 J9FM 7FCK898 5B8 H<9F9:CF9 5 F9@=56@9 H97< B=EI9 HC 7CFF97H !- GD97HF5 7I69G :CF 6@9B8=B; =G 56GC@IH9@M B979GG5FM CFHIB5H9@M CIF +, =A5;9G 5@@CK IG HC ?BCK DF97=G9@M K<9F9 H<9 GH5FG 5F9 ,<=G =B:CFA5H=CB A5?9G :95G=6@9 H<9 CDH=A5@ 9LHF57H=CB C: GH5F GD97HF5 :FCA H<9 !- 7I69G ,<9 FGH GH9D HC 75FFM CIH H<9 897CBJC@IH=CB DFC79GG =G 5 7CCF8=B5H9 HF5BG:CFA5 H=CB :FCA +, HC !- 7CCF8=B5H9G K<=7< =G D9F:CFA98 IG=B; H<9 GH5B85F8 !* H5G?G daofind 5B8 geomap +=B79 BCH 5@@ H<9 GH5FG C6G9FJ98 =B H<9 +, =A5;9 5F9 89H97H98 =B H<9 !- 9@8 5 H<F9G<C@8 A5;B=HI89 :CF H<9 +, @=GH GH5FG AIGH 69 ;=J9B !B H<9 75G9 C: H<9 9@8G +;F! 5B8 / :CF K<=7< K9 <5J9 / C6G9FJ5H=CBG H<=G @=A=H=B; A5; B=HI89 K5G G9H 5H ./lim

(88) A5; +=A=@5F@M :CF 9@8G &* & K<=7< =G 57HI5@@M @C75H98 7@CG9 HC & =9@8 =9@8 5B8 =9@8

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(90) .

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(92)

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(94) *58=5@ .9@C7=H=9G :CF 6I@;9 9@8G (FC798IF9G 5B8 F9GI@HG.

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(96) I9 HC H<9 8=::9F9B79G =B H<9 D=L9@ G75@9 5B8 F9GC@IH=CB 69HK99B H<9 +, /( 5B8 H<9 .!%'+ !- =A5;9 D=L9@ G75@9 =G S :CF (5B8

(97) S :CF / K<=@9 957< D=L9@ 69F =G S =B .!%'+!- =H =G 9LD97H98 H<5H =B A5BM 75G9G ACF9 H<5B CB9 +, GH5F K=@@ :5@@ =B CB9 G=B;@9 !- D=L9@ J9B =B H<CG9 75G9G H<9 IL9G C: HKC GH5FG =B H<9 G5A9 !- D=L9@ 75B 69 G9D5F5H98 5G @CB; 5G H<9M 75B 69 F9GC@J98 5G G=B;@9 GH5FG IG=B; H<9 !- (+ 5B8 H<9 +, DCG=H=CBG ,<9 !- (+ <5G 5 HMD=75@ / % =B CIF C6G9FJ5H=CBG C:

(98) D=L9@G ,<IG K9 <5J9 :CIB8 F95@=GH=7 HC G9H 5 A=B=AIA 6@9B8 =B; F58=IG :CF H<9 GH5FG =B H<9 +, @=GH GH5FG 7@CG9F H<5B

(99) !- D=L9@G75@9 <5J9 699B 7CBG=89F98 5G CB9 8IF=B; H<9 897CBJC@IH=CB K<9F9 IL9G <5J9 699B 58898 =B H<CG9 75G9G +=A=@5F@M :5@G9 89H97H=CBG 8I9 HC 6@998=B; 5B8 G5HIF5H=CB =B H<9 +, @=GH 5F9 8=G75FH98 6M 7CAD5F=B; K=H< H<9 DCG=H=CBG C: GH5FG =B H<9 !- 9@8 7FCGG=B; 6CH< @=GHG K9 =89BH=:M H<9 +, GH5F DCG=H=CB K<=7< =G 7@CG9F HC H<9 DCG=H=CB 89H97H98 =B H<9 !9@8 8=G75F8=B; H<9 F9GH C: H<9 89H97H=CBG =B H<9 +, @=GH =BG=89 5B 5JC=85B79 F58=IG ,MD=75@@M 5B 5JC=85B79 F58=IG C: ×/ % C: H<9 !- (+ <5G 699B IG98 &9J9F H<9@9GG =B GD=H9 C: H<9 HKC DFC798IF9G >IGH 89G7F=698 :5@G9 '!& 89H97H=CBG =B H<9 +, @=GH <5J9 9J9BHI5@@M 5DD95F98 8IF=B; H<9 897CBJC@IH=CB ,<9G9 :5@G9 GH5FG =B H<9 +, @=GH K9F9 D5FH=7I@5F@M 7CAACB =B @CB; 9LDCGIF9G K<9F9 G5HIF5H=CB 5B8 6@998=B; =B 6F=;<H GH5FG @9:H G5HIF5H=CB A5BM D=L9@G 5K5M C: H<9 79BHF5@ DCG=H=CB C: H<9 GH5F !B CF89F HC GC@J9 H<=G K9 <5J9 89J=G98 5 G=AD@9 @C75@ DFC798IF9 K<=7< =H9F5H=J9@M 7CA D5F9G H<9 7CBJC@J98 =A5;9 ;9B9F5H98 6M H<9 +, DCG=H=CB A5;B=HI89G 5B8 H<9 !(+ K=H< H<9 F95@ !- 9@8 =A5;9 GH5FG =B H<9 +, @=GH K=H< IL9G × background C: 5 F5H=C =A5;9 F95@ !- =A5;9 8=J=898 6M 5 G=AI@5H98 !- 7CBJC@J98 =A5;9 5F9 F9 >97H98 5B8 A5F?98 5G :5@G9 GH5FG HC ;9B9F5H9 5 B9K 7CBJC@J98 =A5;9 5B8 5 B9K @CCD ,<=G =H9F5H=J9 DFC79GG F5D=8@M 7CBJ9F;9G 5B8 9::97H=J9@M 7@95BG C: :5@G9 GH5FG 8I9 HC G5H IF5H98 D=L9@G H<9 +, @=GH C: GH5FG =B5@@M CB79 H<9 897CBJC@IH=CB =G D9F:CFA98 5 B5@ G9@97H=CB =G 75FF=98 CIH 5G K9 A9BH=CB98 69:CF9 ,<=G @5GH G9@97H=CB =G =BH9B898 HC 5JC=8 GH5FG K<=7< 5F9 6@9B898 A=L=B; 8=::9F9BH DCDI@5H=CBG K<=7< 8I9 HC CIF F58=5@ J9@C7=HM A95GIF9A9BH H97<B=EI9 KCI@8 89@=J9F 5B 5J9F5;9 J9@C7=HM 5G 5 F9GI@H 9B79 K9 A95GIF9 5G A5BM J9@C7=H=9G 5G DCGG=6@9 =B G=B;@9 GH5FG 'B@M GH5FG =B K<=7< H<9 79B HF5@ DCG=H=CBG <58 5H @95GH C: H<9 HCH5@ IL C: H<9 D=L9@ K9F9 B5@@M G9@97H98 B 9L5AD@9 C: H<=G DFC79GG 5B8 =HG F9GI@HG =G =@@IGHF5H98 =B =;IF9 @=A=H5H=CB C: CIF H97<B=EI9 =G F9@5H98 HC H<9 (+ 7CBGHFI7H=CB ,<9 !- 9@8 =G GA5@@ 5G K9 <5J9 5@F958M A9BH=CB98 K<=7< 7CA6=B98 K=H< H<9 5F95 7CJ9F98 :CF 957< 69F S 5@@CKG CB@M 5 :9K 89H97H=CBG =B 957< !- 9LDCGIF9 ∼ HMD=75@@M =B BCFA5@ 7CB8=H=CBG K=H< H<9 :CIF EI58F5BHG KCF?=B; ,<=G GA5@@ BIA69F C: 89H97H=CBG C:H9B DFC8I79G 5 <95J=@M IB89FG5AD@98 (+ K<=7< =G 7F=H=75@ =B H<9 897CBJC@IH=CB K<9F9 H<=G (+ =G IG98 5G 5 AC89@ HC 9GH=A5H9 H<9 IL C: 9J9FM GH5F IF=B; H<9 89J9@CDA9BH C: CIF DFC798IF9 957< (+ K5G 75F9:I@@M C6H5=B98 ,<9 F9GI@H C: IG=B; 5 KFCB; (+ DFC8I79G 5 IL CJ9F9GH=A5H=CB C: GCA9 GH5FG ,<9 F9GI@H C: H<=G CJ9F9GH=A5H=CB =G B9;5H=J9 IL9G =B GH5FG =B H<9 B9=;<6CF<CC8 C: GCA9 6F=;<H GH5FG.

(100) . =A9BG=CB5@ MB5A=7G C: H<9 5@57H=7 I@;9. Figure 2.7 L5AD@9 C: DFC798IF9 HC RF9HS 5 !- (+ ,<9 IB89FG5AD@=B; C: H<9 !- (+ =G L98 6M 5 B9K HH=B; DFC798IF9 K<=7< ;=J9G ACF9 K9=;<H HC 79BHF5@ D=L9@G =B CF89F HC 5JC=8 657?;FCIB8 BC=G9 5B8 7CBH5A=B5H=CB 6M B9=;<6CF GH5FG ,<9 B9K (+ =G IG98 8IF=B; H<9 89 7CBJC@IH=CB DFC79GG. K<=7< K<9B DFC>97H98 HC 5@@ H<9 K5J9@9B;H<G =B H<9 GD97HF5@ 7I69 7CFF9GDCB8G 9L57H@M HC H<9 GD97HFIA C: H<9 B9=;<6CF 6F=;<H GH5F =BJ9FH98 5G =H =G G<CKB =B =;IF9 G=A =@5F F9GI@H =G C6H5=B98 K<9B A5BM +, DCG=H=CBG 5F9 @C75H98 =B H<9 DFCL=A=HM C: 5 J9FM 6F=;<H GH5F K<=7< =G 5 HMD=75@ :5=@IF9 C: D<CHCA9HF=7 89H97H=CB =B 6F=;<H G5HIF5H98 GH5FG !B 5@@ H<9G9 75G9G =H =G BCH DCGG=6@9 HC C6H5=B 5 F9@=56@9 F58=5@ J9@C7=HM A95GIF9A9BH :CF H<9G9 =BJ9FH98 GD97HF5 $=A=H98 GC@IH=CBG =AD@9A9BH98 =B CIF 7C89 5B8 5@F958M 89G7F=698 F9@5H9 5B8 7CAD5F9 H<9 GH5FG 89H97H98 =B H<9 +, 5B8 .!%'+ !- 9@8 =B CF89F HC GC@J9 H<9 7FCK8=B; ,<9 IB89FG5AD@=B; C: H<9 !- (+ CB H<9 CH<9F <5B8 F9EI=F9G 588=H=CB5@ =B:CFA5H=CB !B CF89F HC =ADFCJ9 H<=G IB89FG5AD@98 !- (+ K9 D9F:CFA98 5 5IGG=5B RrefittingS C: H<9 !- (+ ;9B9F5H98 6M !* H5G?G K<9F9 G9J 9F5@ (+ AC89@G K9F9 H9GH98 ,<9 (+ H ;=J9G ACF9 K9=;<H HC 79BHF5@ D=L9@G K<9F9 8=::9F9B79G =B 657?;FCIB8 IL 69HK99B CF=;=B5@ 5B8 F9HH98 (+ K9F9 HMD=75@@M C: H<9 CF89F C: 5B8 8=8 BCH G<CK G=;B=75BH 7CBG9EI9B79G =B H<9 B5@ J9@C7=HM F9GI@HG B 9L5AD@9 C: H<9 @5HH9F DFC798IF9 =G G<CKB =B =;IF9 5B8 5 GIAA5FM C: 5@@ F58=5@ J9@C7=HM A95GIF9A9BHG :CF CIF H<9 G=L 9@8G =G =B8=75H98 =B H56@9 An alternative deconvolution +=B79 897CBJC@IH=CB 5B8 7FCGG7CFF9@5H=CB 5F9 6CH< @=B95F CD9F5HCFG H<9M 75B 69 75FF=98 CIH =B 5BM CF89F ,<IG 5B 9EI=J5@9BH DFC798IF9 HC 897CBJC@J9 H<9 7FCGG7CFF9@5H=CB :IB7H=CB C6H5=B98 :FCA H<9 J9@C7=HM A95GIF9A9BHG C: 5@@ 69FG =B H<9 EI58F5BH <5G 699B =AD@9A9BH98 ,<9 DFC798IF9 G9D5F5H9G H<9 7CBHF=6IH=CBG C: H<9 IL C: 957< GH5F =B 957< D=L9@ =B H<9 85H5 7I69 =B H<9 G5A9 K5M H<5H GD97HF5 :CF 5@@ H<9 GH5FG 5F9 897CBJC@J98 :FCA H<9 GD97HF5 85H5 7I69 CBG=GH9B7M 69HK99B H<9 J9@C7=HM F9GI@HG IG=B; 6CH< A9H<C8G <5G 699B DFCJ9B =;IF9 G<CKG H<9 :FCA H<9 G5A9 GH5F =B 6CH< 75G9G H<9 A5L=AIA =B H<9 897CBJC@J98 =G :CIB8 5H H<9 G5A9 D=L9@ DCG=H=CB K<9F9 957< D=L9@ 7CFF9GDCB8G HC

(101) ?A G97 ,<IG H<9 897CBJC@IH=CB B998G HC 69 FIB CB >IGH 5 :9K D=L9@G 5FCIB8 H<9 J9@C7=HM N9FC 7<5BB9@ H <=;< GD97HF5@ F9GC@IH=CB.

(102) *58=5@ .9@C7=H=9G :CF 6I@;9 9@8G (FC798IF9G 5B8 F9GI@HG. . Figure 2.8 FCGG7CFF9@5H=CB :IB7H=CB :CF CB9 C: H<9 GH5FG =B 5589TG /=B8CK 9@8 Top '6 H5=B98 :FCA H<9 J9@C7=HM A95GIF9A9BH C: H<9 897CBJC@J98 GD97HFIA Bottom '6H5=B98 8=F97H@M :FCA H<9 897CBJC@IH=CB C: H<9 85H5 7I69. H<9 897CBJC@IH=CB 7CI@8 69 5B =BH9F9GH=B; K5M HC 896@9B8 85H5 7I69G GD97HF5@@M +5HIF5H=CB BCH CB@M 5::97H98 CIF 897CBJC@HIH=CB DFC798IF9 6M 588=B; :5@G9 GH5FG =B H<9 +, '!& 5@GC =H 5::97H98 H<9 9GH=A5H=CB C: H<9 5ACIBH C: 6@9B8=B; 5B8 H<9F9:CF9 H<9 B5@ G9@97H=CB C: GH5FG =B H<9 !- GD97HF5@ 7I69 ,<9 DFC6@9A C: G5HIF5H=CB 5::97H=B; H<9 J5@I9G C: H<9 A5;B=HI89G K5G GD97=5@@M G=;B=75BH =B &* & 5B8 H<9 H<F99 C::5L=G 9@8G K<=7< 7CIBH K=H< FGH 9DC7< +, C6G9FJ5H=CBG CF=;=B5@@M =BH9B898 :CF H<9 GHI8M C: :5=BH GH5FG 5B8 H<9F9:CF9 K=H< @CB; 9LDCGIF9 H=A9G ,<9 @5HH9F DFC6@9A K5G D5FH=5@@M GC@J98 K=H< H<9 75@7I@5H=CB C: m814 5D9FHIF9 D<CHCA9HFM A5;B=HI89G :FCA G<CFH 9LDCGIF9G G97 C: H<9 + G97CB8 9DC7< =A5;9G ,<=G K5G DCGG=6@9 CB@M :CF H<9 H<F99 C::5L=G 9@8G =9@8 =9@8 5B8 =9@8

(103) CBG=GH9B7M C: H<9 J9@C7=HM F9GI@HG <5G 699B 7<97?98 IG=B; 6CH< A5;B=HI89G G<CK=B; BC 8=::9F9B79G 5B8 H<9F9:CF9 5@@CK=B; IG HC 5JC=8 A5BM A=G=89BH=75H=CB 5:H9F H<9 897CBJC@IH=CB =B H<9G9 9@8G. 2.3.3. Zeropoint Velocity Corrections. 'IF 85H5 7CA6=B9 H<F99 C6G9FJ=B; FIBG 5G ,56@9 G<CKG !B CF89F HC 7<97? H<9 F9 @=56=@=HM 5B8 D9F:CFA5B79 C: CIF H97<B=EI9 K9 F9D95H98 =B 957< C6G9FJ=B; FIB CB9 C: CIF 9@8G =B +5;=HH5F=IG! Sgr1-pc <5G 5 F95GCB56@9 7FCK8=B; K=H< 5 @57? C: J9FM 6F=;<H GH5FG 5B8 F9DF9G9BHG 5 HMD=75@ 9L5AD@9 C: H<9 D9F:CFA5B79 C: .!%'+ !- 8IF=B; CIF 6I@;9 C6G9FJ5H=CBG 57< M95FTG C6G9FJ5H=CBG K9F9 5B5@MN98 K=H< H<9 G5A9 +, A5GH9F @=GH 5B8 F9 8I798 =B89D9B89BH@M =;IF9 G<CKG 5 7CAD5F=GCB C: H<9 F58=5@ J9@C7=H=9G C6H5=B98 GA5@@ 6IH G=;B=75BH C::G9H =G 9J=89BH 69HK99B H<9 C6G9FJ=B; G95GCBG J9B H<CI;< H<9 CF=;=B C: H<9G9 89J=5H=CBG <5G BCH 699B =89BH=98 7CAD@9H9@M K9 <5J9 7CFF97H98.

(104) . =A9BG=CB5@ MB5A=7G C: H<9 5@57H=7 I@;9. Figure 2.9 .9@C7=HM N9FCDC=BH 89H9FA=B5H=CB :CF G97CB8 5B8 H<=F8 FIB !- 9@8G !- 9@8 Sgr1-pc J9@C7=HM F9GI@HG <5J9 699B 7CAD5F98 69HK99B H<9 FGH 5B8 G97CB8 C6G9FJ=B; FIB left 5B8 FGH 5B8 H<=F8 right ,<9 H =B 957< 75G9 =G =H9F5H=J9 F9>97H=B; GH5FG 69MCB8 ?A G −1 C: 5 G@CD9

(105) @=B95F H ,<CG9 GH5FG G9@97H98 =B H<9 B5@ =H9F5H=CB 5F9 9B7@CG98 6M 5 7=F7@9. H<9A =B 957< 75G9 ,<IG 5 N9FCDC=BH C::G9H <5G 699B 58898 HC H<9 C6G9FJ5H=CBG C: H<9 G97CB8 5B8 H<=F8 C6G9FJ=B; FIBG C: 5B8 ?A G−1 F9GD97H=J9@M 'B9 DCG G=6@9 9LD@5B5H=CB HC H<=G DFC6@9A 7CI@8 69 F9@5H98 HC CIF GH5B85F8 GH5F

(106) K<=7< 7CFF9GDCB8G HC 5 GH5F =B 5 8CI6@9 GMGH9A 5B8 H<9F9:CF9 GIG79DH=6@9 HC J9@C7 =HM 7<5B;9G CJ9F D9F=C8G 7CAD5F56@9 HC H<9 H=A9 9@5DG98 69HK99B CIF C6G9FJ=B; FIBG CBG9EI9BH@M GH5B85F8 GH5F C6G9FJ5H=CBG <5J9 699B 7FCGG 7CFF9@5H98 7CAD5F=B; H<9=F A95GIF98 J9@C7=H=9G K=H< F9GD97H HC H<9 FGH FIB ,<9 @5HH9F H9GH 89@=J9F98 G=A=@5F 8=::9F 9B79G HC H<CG9 :CIB8 HH=B; H<9 N9FCDC=BH C: A95GIF9A9BHG =B Sgr1-pc !H <5G 699B 5@GC 7<97?98 H<5H H<=G N9FCDC=BH =G BCH 5B 5FH=:57H D5FH=7I@5F@M F9@5H98 HC CB9 C: H<9 C6G9F J5H=CBG =B Sgr1-pc B 588=H=CB5@ 9@8 =B +5;=HH5F=IG! Sgr1-WF2d K<=7< K5G D5FH=5@@M F9D95H98 =B H<9 H<=F8 FIB 7CB7CF8G K=H< H<9 C::G9H FGH :CIB8 =B Sgr1-pc. 2.4.1. &$1+!+ Velocity results in fields close to the galactic minor axis and offaxis fields. ,56@9 5B8 =;IF9

(107) G<CK CIF J9@C7=HM F9GI@HG /9 CB@M G9@97H98 ∼ 3200 F58=5@ J9@C7=H=9G :CF H<9G9 D@CHG K<=7< 7CFF9GDCB8 HC GH5FG K=H< J9@C7=HM 9FFCFG ≤ 50 km s−1 5IGG=5B HG <5J9 699B 75@7I@5H98 :CF 957< J9@C7=HM 8=GHF=6IH=CB K<9F9 !$

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(109) F58=5@ J9@C7=H=9G 5F9 ACF9 CF @9GG 9EI5@@M 8=G HF=6IH98 69HK99B H<9 C::5L=G 9@8G !$ !$ 5B8 !$

(110) +5;=HH5F=IG!.

(111) *58=5@ .9@C7=H=9G :CF 6I@;9 9@8G (FC798IF9G 5B8 F9GI@HG. . Table 2.3 *58=5@ .9@C7=HM =GHF=6IH=CB 5B8 5IGG=5B H D5F5A9H9FG. =9@8 5589TG /=B8CK +;F! & !$ !$ !$

(112) a !$

(113) b a b. &stars. 9BHF9 ?A G−1

(114).

(115)

(116)

(117)

(118)

(119)

(120)

(121)

(122)

(123)

(124)

(125) . σ ?A G−1

(126)

(127)

(128) . #IFH

(129)

(130) . =GHF=6IH=CB C: 9@8 GH5FG =GHF=6IH=CB :FCA & GH5FG =B !$

(131) . 5B8 5589TG /=B8CK <5J9 <=;< J9@C7=HM 8=GD9FG=CBG K<=7< 5;F99 K9@@ K=H< DF9J=CIG 89H9FA=B5H=CBG =B / +CHC 9H 5@ %7/=@@=5A *=7<

(132) +58@9F 9H 5@

(133) 5B8 H<9 ;5@57H=7 FCH5H=CB 5B8 J9@C7=HM 8=GD9FG=CB 7IFJ9G 65G98 CB #;=5BHG 5B8 %;=5BHG %=BB=H=

(134) 5B8 *=7< 9H 5@ F9GD97H=J9@M 5H G9J9F5@ @CB;=HI89G =;IF9

(135)

(136) CK9J9F H<9F9 5F9 7@95F 8=::9F9B79G 69HK99B H<9G9 HKC 8=GHF=6IH=CBG / 7@95F@M 8C9G BCH F9G9A6@9 5 5IGG=5B 5G 577IF5H9@M 5G +5;=HH5F=IG! ,<IG =B GD=H9 C: =HG 7@CG9B9GG 6CH< 9@8G G99A HC F9DF9G9BH G@=;<H@M 8=::9F9BH ?=B9A5H=7 DCDI@5H=CBG =BG=89 H<9 ;5@57 H=7 6I@;9 'B H<9 CH<9F <5B8 &* & G<CKG 5 GA5@@ 8=GD9FG=CB 7CAD5F98 K=H< H<9 CH<9F HKC A=BCF5L=G 9@8G 5B8 =H =G IB89F H<9 7IFJ9 C: J9@C7=HM 8=GD9FG=CB C: H<9 ;5@5LM CBJ9FG9@M &* & 5;F99G K=H< H<9 6I@;9 FCH5H=CB 7IFJ9 !B 588=H=CB H<9 H<F99 A=BCF 5L=G 9@8G G<CK 5 7@95F 8=GD9FG=CB ;F58=9BH =B ;5@57H=7 @5H= HI89 CBG=GH9BH@M ?=B9A5H=7 8=::9F9B79G 69HK99B H<9G9 9@8G K9F9 5@GC G99B =B DFCD9F ACH=CBG # !B CIF C::5L=G 9@8G K9 :CIB8 H<5H =9@8 5B8 =9@8 G99A HC G<CK 5 F95GCB56@9 5;F99A9BH K=H< H<9 6I@;9 FCH5H=CB 7IFJ9 CBJ9FG9@M !$

(137) 8C9G BCH G<CK 5 ;CC8 5;F99A9BH ,<=G 5DD5F9BH 8=G5;F99A9BH =B H<9 @5HH9F 9@8 A=;<H 69 75IG98 6M GHFCB; 7CBH5A=B5H=CB 6M BCB6I@;9 GH5FG A5=B@M 7@IGH9F CF 6M DCCF GH5H=GH=7G ,<9F9:CF9 =B CF89F HC 5JC=8 GCA9 C: H<9 DCGG=6@9 7CBH5A=B5H=CB 6M 7@IGH9F GH5FG =B =9@8

(138) K9 <5J9 IG98 :CF H<9 ;5@57H=7 FCH5H=CB 7IFJ9 H<9 F9GD97H=J9 5IGG=5B H J5@I9 ,<=G 5IGG=5B H J5@I9 :CF H<9 8=GD9FG=CB 5;F99G K9@@ K=H< H<9 ;5@57H=7 FCH5H=CB 7IFJ9 'H<9F 5IH<CFG <5J9 DF9J=CIG@M 9LD@CF98 7CBH5A=B5H=CB F5H9G =B =9@8

(139) %=BB=H= 9H 5@

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(269) *9:9F9B79G. . *=7< * %

(270) D" *=7< * % *9=HN9@ . CK5F8 2<5C. D" $ . %7/=@@=5A *=7< * %

(271) D"+

(272) +58@9F % *=7< * % ,9FB8FID %

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(277) +D59B<5I9F "CB9G /=H<:CF8

(278) "

(279) +7<K5FNG7<=@8 %

(280) D" +7<K5FNG7<=@8 %

(281) D" +CHC % *=7< * % #I=>?9B # D" $

(282) ,9FB8FID % *=7< * % +58@9F %

(283) "

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(286) ,CBFM " 5J=G %

(287) "

(288) 2965@@CG. +CHC % #I=>?9B # *=7< * % =B DF9D5F5H=CB. 2<5C. + +D9F;9@ & *=7< * %

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(292) %&*+

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