Tarim Central Europe
Harz
ignimbrite-rhyolite
Ivrea-Verbano gabbro-norite
North German Basin-South Alpine Zone
Mao et al.
Pirajno et al.
Siberia
Bachu E Tianshan
subcontinental lithospheric mantle
Konopelko et al.
A-type granite syenite
gabbro-norite rhyolite
Zhang C-L. et al.
A-type granite syenite
Cornwall
Saar-Nahe B.
?
Vladimirov et al.
W Siberian Basin
Siberian Craton
Belkin Island Kuznetsk Basin
W Tianshan
Brocken continental crust
P P
P
Taimyr
Flood-basalts separated from crystalline basement by hiatus.
Triassic volcanics are separated by unconformity from
Middle Carboniferous-Early Permian coal-bearing formations of the Tungusskaya Series.
WEST ALTAID DOMAIN SIBERIAN CRATON
Figure 3 INFERRED SOURCE DOMAINS OF THE THREE CONTINENTAL, LARGE IGNEOUS PROVINCES
P - peneplain
below garnet-spinel transition
Figure 4 TECTONIC SETTING
The Early Permian Central European LIP trailed the Variscan Orogeny in Europe, The Early Permian Tarim LIP trailed the South Tianshan Orogeny in Central Asia,
The Permo-Triassic Siberian LIP trailed the Western Altaid Orogeny in Western Siberia.
TEMPORAL RELATION OF LIPS WITH OROGENY
The metal tags are dictated by economic interest.
They obscure the arsenic, antimony, tungsten, bismuth, tellurium and mercury in the gold
deposits, which occur also in the tungsten-tin deposits as well as in the nickel-copper deposits.
The economic tags also obscure the occurrence of nickel and copper in gold deposits.
All of these elements are found in most deposits, albeit in different proportions.
METAL ASSEMBLAGES ORE DEPOSITS
The most prominent contemporary ores include gold- and tin-tungsten deposits in the theatres of Europe and Central Asia, historically seen in relation with the orogens.
Nickel-copper(-PGE) deposits as in Western Siberia, are considered an aspect of processes in mantle (metals) and crust (sulfur).
THE THREE LIPS AND THE ORE DEPOSITS DEVELOPED AFTER PENETRATIVE DEFORMATION AND METAMORPHISM IN THE BASEMENT HAD ENDED,
DURING CONTINUING STRIKE-SLIP DEFORMATION AND BASIN FORMATION, IN A BRITTLE LITHOSPHERE, DURING AND AFTER EROSION AND UPLIFT OF THE OROGENIC DOMAIN.
•
IN VIEW OF ITS RECURRENCE, THE OROGEN-LIP SEQUENCE IS PROBABLY NOT FORTUITOUS.
“WHAT DOES THIS MEAN FOR METALLOGENY AND WHAT IS THE CONNECTING ELEMENT?”
•
Hugo de Boorder, Institute of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands; Centre for Russian and Central EurAsian Mineral Studies, London, UK email: H.deBoorder@uu.nl
-
Gibraltar Fault Zone
Bay of Biscaye Fault Zone South
Atlas Fault Zone
Tornquist - T
eysseyre Fault Zone
Oslo Rift
Saar-Nahe Basin
French Massif Central Cantabria Alps
Pyrenees
Northeast German Basin
Iberia
Baltic Shield
Northwest Africa
Volcanic districts
Trend lines of previous Palaeozoic belt
Continent-scale dextral fracture zones
A
Altay
Middle T
ianshan Shear
B
Tarim Basin
Junggar Basin
Turfan Basin
Irtysh Shear Zone
North Tianshan Shear Zone
Narat Fault Nikolaev Line
Alay-Tarim Karakum
North China Craton
Mu J Z
K B
Mu - Muruntau, Daugyztau Amantaitau
K - Kumtor J - Jilau Z - Zarmitan
B - Berezovskoe
Ma - Makmal
Ma
Fig. X
Urals-Tianshan Fault System
Pai Khoi-Gobi Fault System
C
60
D THE LIPS COMPRISE OF (ULTRA)MAFIC AND FELSIC VOLCANICS AND INTRUSIVES DERIVED
FROM THE SUBCONTINENTAL LITHOSPHERIC MANTLE AND THE ASTHENOSPHERE.
FELSIC PRODUCTS ORIGINATED FROM FRACTIONATION AND ANATEXIS IN THE LOWER CRUST.
MINOR AND TRACE ELEMENTS, TOGETHER WITH ISOTOPES AND HYDROXYL-BEARING MINERALS SUGGEST EARLIER SUBDUCTION-ASSOCIATED METASOMATISM.
•
Figure 4A - Principal Early Permian occurrences of the Central European LIP and first-order strike-slip fault zones between North Africa and the Baltic Shield (after Doblas et al., 1998).
Figure 4C - Principal Late Palaeozoic strike-slip framework in Central and Western Asia with world-class gold deposits (afterYakubchuk, 2004).
Figure 4B - Principal strike-slip fault zones north of the Tarim LIP (after Charvet et al, 2011).
Figure 4D - Magnetic anomaly map of Western Siberia with interpreted strike-slip zones and pull-apart structures in the basement of the West Siberian Basin (after Allen et al., 2006).
ALL THREE LIPS INVOLVED CONTINENT-SCALE TRANS-LITHOSPHERIC STRIKE-SLIP DEFORMATION WITH ACCESS
TO METASOMATISED DOMAINS IN THE SUB-CONTINENTAL LITHOSPHERE AND THE UPPER ASTHENOSPHERE
•
FULL REFERENCES ON REQUEST email H.deBoorder@uu.nl
Figure 5 - Lithosphere-scale strike-slip deformation, pull-aparts, rifting, upwelling asthenosphere, decompression melting, variable volumes of (ultra)mafic melts, anatexis of lower crust, diverse ore deposits (after Leyreloup, 1992; De Boorder, 2012; De Boorder, submitted).
The ore deposits formed when the orogenic domains had been largely eroded to a peneplain (temporal distribution).
The subcontinental lithosphere of these domains had been metasomatised during earlier subduction (source).
By the time of ore formation, the orogenic domains constituted the suture zones between Laurussia, Gondwana and Siberia, while translithospheric strike-slip fault zones dissected the sutures in intra-continental deformation (tectonic setting).
Melting of metasomatised domains in the subcontinental mantle can, at that stage, only have been caused by decompression in extensional sectors of the strike-slip zones (geodynamic setting).
•
THE CONNECTING ELEMENT BETWEEN ORE DEPOSITS, LARGE IGNEOUS PROVINCES AND OROGENS WAS IN INTRA-
CONTINENTAL, TRANS-LITHOSPHERIC STRIKE-SLIP DEFORMATION WHICH LOCALLY LED TO DECOMPRESSION MELTING.
WITHOUT DECOMPRESSION MELTING OF A METASOMATISED MANTLE THERE WOULD NEITHER BE LIPS NOR ORES.
•
0
120 pull-apart
basins
100 km
H O2
1200°C 650°C
Moho
x ·
granitoids
(ultra-)mafics
Asthenosphere CO2
brines + CO2
120 0
km
HPG suture
302±3
285-277
302-297±3
252-250
Noril’sk
290±4.1-286±3.3 307-274
250-245?
285-270
Verkhoyansk margin
c. 250?
c. 275 c. 300-295
252.3±2.4
Vorkuta
Bel’kin Island Oslo Graben
North German Basin Harzburg
Southern Alps
Donbass
287-289±3 249.7±0.7
243-242
Chelyabinsk
288- 284
Kuzbass
250-248
k
Taimyr
299 2.7±
<249
220 m
245 287.5±1.7
285±3
N Iberia
NW Africa FMC
Tarim Basin
Kolyuchinskaya Bay
252±4
Central European and Tarim LIP events Early Permian gold event
Siberian LIP event location of dated rock complex
Sonidzuoqi Saar-Nahe Basin
Cornwall 296-293
293-274
Char belt
Urals
Figure 2 TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF LIPS RELATIVE TO END OF OROGENY
Figure 2B - Stratigraphy of the West Siberian Basin, modified after Vyssotski et al. (2006).
Figure 2C - Position of the flood-basalts In the Anabar-Olenyok anticlinorium on the Siberian Craton, modified after Czamanske et al. (1998).
Figure 1 LATE PALAEOZOIC LARGE IGNEOUS PROVINCES AND CONTEMPORARY ORE DEPOSITS IN EURASIA
(modifiedafter Nikishin et al., 2002)
LATE PALAEOZOIC LARGE IGNEOUS PROVINCES, OROGENY AND METALS - precious and base metals from the sub-continental mantle
Three Late Palaeozoic, continental, large igneous provinces (LIPS) were each formed on termination of orogeny:
“Were the contemporary ore deposits associated with the preceding orogeny
or with the LIP-forming processes in the sub-continental mantle?”
Key words: large igneous province, orogeny, trans-lithospheric, strike-slip, gold, pge, base metals
c
Figure 2A - Stratigraphic elements in the South Alpine Zone compared with
miscellaneous elements in the Variscan Domain (left) and the South Tianshan Domain (right).
VARISCIDES SOUTH TIANSHAN
ONWC - ore deposits northwestern China (Qin et al., 2011) M - Muruntau Au (Morelli et al., 2007) ETS - Eastern Tianshan (ultra)mafics (Qin et al., 2011)
TRM - Tarim mafics (Qin et al., 2011) C - Cornwall Sn-Cu (Chen et al., 1993) P - Panasqueira Sn-W (Snee et al., 1988)
B - Bournac U-Pb zir granulite (Rossi et al., 2006) SNB - Saar-Nahe Basin calc-alkaline volcanics, Hg (Von Seckendorff et al., 2004; Krupp, 1989)
NEGB - Northeast German Basin, rhyolite, ignimbrite (Benek et al., 1996; Breitkreuz & Kennedy, 1999) HRZ - Harz gabbro-norite
(Baumann et al., 1991)
IVR - Ivrea (ultra)mafics (Rossi et al., 2006)
Ma
B
Ivrea Collio-type pull-apart basins with rhyolite and ignimbrite
Bolsano Complex
uplift/erosion
cooling of metamorphic basement 240
250 260 270 280
290 300 310 320 330
CarboniferousPermianTriassic
ONWC SNB IVR
HRZ NEGB
TRM ETS
C P
+M
South Alpine Zone (modified after Schaltegger and Brack,2007)
b b
b b b
b - basement
100
400 m
P1 C2-3 P2
P1
P2
SW NE
Pz1-2
Pz1-2
Siberian LIP
flood-basalt
250 Ma Triassic U. Permian Palaeozoic
Jurassic
Bazhenov
sandstone/shale shale/sandstone
hiatus
basement hydro-carbon source rock
Felsic melts
Mafic and ultramafic melts
