University of Groningen Photophysics of nanomaterials for opto-electronic applications Kahmann, Simon

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University of Groningen

Photophysics of nanomaterials for opto-electronic applications

Kahmann, Simon

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2018

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Kahmann, S. (2018). Photophysics of nanomaterials for opto-electronic applications. Rijksuniversiteit

Groningen.

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Symbols and Abbreviations

α . . . absorption coefficient β . . . couplig strength

Γ . . . origin in reciprocal lattice; also tunnelling probability

γr . . . inverse localisation radius in the Miller-Abrahams model

δi p . . . in-plande deformation mode

²0 . . . vacuum permittivity

²h . . . permittivity of a host

²r . . . relative permittivity

²p . . . permittivity of a particle

λ . . . reorganisation energy in the Marcus theory; also wavelength µ∞ . . . mobility in the limit of infinite temperature

µGD M . . . charge carrier mobility in the Gaussian disorder model

ν0 . . . maximum hopping rate

νa . . . asymmetric stretch mode

νM ar cus

i j . . . hopping frequency according to the Marcus theory

νMi l l er

i j . . . hopping frequency according to the Miller-Abrahams model

νf . . . final vibrational wavefunction

νi . . . initial vibrational wavefunction

νi j . . . hopping frequency

νs . . . symmetric stretch mode

π-bond . . . covalent bond with highest electron density in the plane above and

under-neath the participating atoms Σ . . . energetic disorder

σ-bond . . . covalent bond with highest electron density between the participating atoms σi , j . . . absorption crosss section for transition from state i to state j

τav . . . average PL lifetime

τD . . . PL lifetime of neat donor

τD A . . . PL lifetime of the donor in blend with the acceptor

τi . . . PL lifetime component i

φi . . . wavefunction of an atomic orbital

ΨMO . . . wavefunction of a molecular orbital

~a . . . graphene direct lattice vector

SYMB OL S AND AB BR

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a0 . . . lattice constant of graphene

aCC . . . distance between carbon atoms in graphene

~

C . . . translational vector for the construction of CNTs dt . . . tube diameter

e . . . elementary charge E_{bi n}X . . . exciton binding energy

Ebul k . . . bulk band gap

EC . . . Coulomb energy

Econ f . . . confinement energy

EC T . . . charge transfer state energy

EF . . . Fermi energy

EF R . . . energy of a Fano resonance

Eg . . . band gap energy

EQD_g . . . quantum dot band gap

Eg as . . . band gap in gas phase

Ei j . . . energy separation between site i and site j

Eop t . . . optical energy gap

Et r ans . . . transport energy gap

F . . . electric field F F . . . fill factor

h . . . Planck’s constant

ħ . . . reduced Planck’s constant

Ii j . . . overlap integral in Marcus theory

JSC . . . short circuit current density

~

k_∥ . . . k-vector parallel to the CNT tube axis ~

k_⊥ . . . k-vector perpendicular to the CNT tube axis

LD . . . diffusion length

m∗ . . . exciton reduced mass

me . . . free electron mass

m∗_e . . . effective electron mass

m∗

h . . . effective hole mass

Mi j . . . van Hove transition in metallic CNTs

Mn . . . number average molar mass

Mw . . . mass average molar mass

Nt . . . density of hopping sites in the Gaussian disorder model

P+ _{. . . polarisation energy of a positive charge carrier}

P− . . . polarisation energy of a negative charge carrier

q . . . Fano shape parameter

R0 . . . nuclear coordinate of an excited state

Simon Kahmann 142 P HO T OP H YS IC S OF NAN OM A TE R IALS F OR OPT O-EL ECTR ON IC

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rB . . . Bohr radius

rC . . . Coulomb radius

ri j . . . distance between site i and site j

S0 . . . ground state

S1 . . . first singlet excited state

Si j . . . van Hove transition in semiconducting CNTs

Sn . . . n-th singlet excited state

T1 . . . first triplet excited state

Tn . . . n-th triplet excited state

VOC . . . open circuit voltage

2D-PL . . . two-dimensional photoluminescence AFM . . . atomic force microscopy

AL . . . . absorption layer AO . . . atomic orbital BDT . . . 1,4-benzenedithiol BTD . . . 2,1,3-benzothidiazole CB . . . conduction band

CELIV . . . charge extraction by linear increase of voltage CNT . . . carbon nanotube

CQD . . . colloidal quantum dot CTS . . . . charge transfer state D-A . . . . donor-acceptor

D-mode . . . Raman defect mode of CNTs DFT . . . density functional

DGU . . . density gradient ultracentrifugation DOS . . . density of states

DPP . . . diketopyrrolopyrrole

DPP-TT-T . . . . . diketopyrrolopyrrole-thieno[3,2-bi]thiophene EA . . . electron affinity

EDT . . . 1,2-ethanedithiol EQD . . . epitaxial quantum dot

ES-VRH . . . Efros-Shklovskii variable range hopping FET . . . . filed effect transistor

FFT . . . . fast Fourier transformation

FRET . . . . fluorescence resonance energy transfer FT . . . . Fourier transformation

FTIR . . . Fourier transform infrared FWHM . . . . full width at half maximum

SYMB OL S AND AB BR

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GDM . . . . Gaussian disorder model GSB . . . . ground state bleach H . . . HOMO orbital

H-i . . . i-th orbital below the HOMO level HMDT . . . . Bis(trimethylsilyl)amine

HiPCO . . . . high pressure carbon monoxide fabricated CNTs HOMO . . . . highest occupied molecular orbital

HRTEM . . . high resolution transmission electron microscopy

HRSTEM . . . . high resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy ILS . . . instrument response function

IP . . . . ionisation potential IR . . . . infrared

IRAV . . . infrared active vibration ISC . . . . intersystem crossing ITO . . . . indium tin oxide

KPFM . . . Kelvin probe force microscopy LUMO . . . lowest unoccupied molecular orbital L . . . LUMO orbital

L+i . . . i-th orbital above the LUMO level

MDMO-PPV . . . . poly[2-methoxy-5-(3’,7’-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] MeCN . . . acetonitrile

MEG . . . multiple exciton generation

MEH-PPV . . . . . poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylvene] MeOH . . . methanol

MIR . . . . mid infrared MO . . . . molecular orbital MoOx . . . molybdenum oxide

MPA . . . 1,3-mercaptopropionic acid MWCNT . . . . multi walled carbon nanotube

N2200 . . . poly[N,N’-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-naphthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide)-2,6-diyl]-alt-5,5’-(2,2’-bithiophene)

NC . . . nanocrystal NIR . . . . near infrared

NNH . . . nearest neighbour hopping NP . . . nanoparticle

OA . . . oleic acid OAm . . . oleylamine

OLED . . . organic light emitting diode OPV . . . organic photovoltaics

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P3HT . . . . poly-(3-hexylthiophene)

PA . . . . poly-acetylene; also photoabsorption PC . . . poly-carbozole

PCBM . . . phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester

PCE . . . . power conversion efficiency

PCDTBT . . . . poly[N-9’-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4’,7’-di-2-thienyl-2,1,3-ben-zothiadiazole)] poly[[9-(1-octylnonyl)-9H-carbazole-2,7-diyl]-2,5-thiophene-diyl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-4,7-diyl-2,5-thiophene-diyl]

PCPDTBT . . . . . poly[2,6-(4,4-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta [2,1-b;3,4-b’]dithiophene)-alt-4,7(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)]

PIA . . . . photoinduced absorption PF . . . . polyfuran PF12 . . . . poly(9,9-didodecylfluorene-2,7-diyl PFO . . . poly(9,9-octyllfluorene-2,7-diyl PL . . . . photoluminescence PP . . . poly-phenylene PPV . . . . poly-phenylenevinylene PSBTBT . . . poly[(4,4’-bis(2-ethylhexyl)dithieno[3,2-b:2’,3’-d]silole)-2,6-diyl-alt-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)-4,7-diyl] PT . . . polythiophene PTB7 . . . . poly(4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b’]dithiophene-2,6-diyl]-3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b]thiophenediyl) PTB7-th . . . . poly[4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-b;4,5-b’]dithiophene- 2,6-diyl-alt-(4-(2-ethylhexyl)-3-fluorothieno[3,4-b]thiophene-)-2-carboxy-late-2-6-diyl)] QD . . . quantum dot

QDSC . . . quantum dot solar cell QW . . . . quantum well

QWR . . . quantum wire QY . . . quantum yield

RBM . . . radial breathing mode of CNTs SAD . . . . selected area diffraction SC . . . semiconductor

Si-PCPDTBT . . . . poly[(4,4’-bis(2-ethylhexyl)dithieno[3,2-b:2’,3’-d]silole)-2,6-diyl-alt-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)-4,7-diyl]

SSH . . . . Su-Schriffer-Heeger

STS . . . . scanning tunnelling microscopy SWCNT . . . single walled cabon nanotube

SYMB OL S AND AB BR

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TA . . . . transient absorption

TBAI . . . tetrabutylammonium iodide TRPL . . . . time resolved photolomunescence UDFT . . . unrestricted DFT

UDFT-BS . . . unrestricted broken symmetry DFT UV . . . ultraviolet

VB . . . valence band VHS . . . van Hove singularity VRH . . . variable range hopping