University of Groningen
Biomass or batteries
Miedema, Jan Hessels
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Publication date:
2019
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Miedema, J. H. (2019). Biomass or batteries: The role of three technological innovations in the energy
transition. University of Groningen.
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Forerunner of the electric car developed by professor Sibrandus Stratingh from the University of Groningen (ca 1835).
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Appendix A Calculation of the modal energy intensity and load limitations
The modal energy intensities are assumed to be linear to the mass load. Based on the data from Giuntoli et al. (2015) the energy consumption for transport by truck and Supramax bulk carrier are calculated to be, respectively;
f(x)Truck = -2.1 . 10-2x + 1.1 (0 ≤ x ≤ 26) (A-1)
f(x)Supramax = -2.8 . 10-6x + 0.2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 54x103) (A-2)
Where x represents the (limited) mass load (in t) and f(x) the modal energy intensity (in MJ/tkm). Table A-1 gives the maximum mass loads for low, average and high bulk densities of coal, wood chips, torrefied wood chips, pellets and TOP. When the mass load is smaller than the net payload (26t for trucks and 54000t for the bulk carrier), the load is volume limited. The difference of 1t load between coal and pellets and TOP is due to specific truck requirements for pellet transport. This paper applies a value of 1t for these requirements in line with Giuntoli et al. (2015). The transport of wood chips with a low bulk density is volume limited, just as the low and average bulk densities of torrefied wood chips. For overseas transport by Supramax, there is a volume limitation for chipped wood, torrefied wood chips and pellets for low to high bulk densities. The average bulk densities in table 3-3 were applied to calculate the maximum mass loads for a 40t truck and the Supramax bulk carrier. These mass loads (table A-1) represent x in equations A-1 and A-2. With equations A-1 and A-2, the modal energy intensity was determined for both transport modes. The modal energy intensities are presented in figure A-1; error bars are included when relevant, that is, when volume limitations are present (see also table A-1). The modal energy density for trucks with woodchips is applied for this research, since further pretreatment is executed at the harbour, before overseas transport.
Table A-1: The maximum load (t) of truck and Supramax bulk carrier for coal and biomass for low, average and high bulk densities.
Maximum load (t)
Coal Chipping Torrefaction Pelleting TOP
Truck Supramax Low Average High Low Average High 26 26 26 54000 54000 54000 18 26 26 14400 23400 32400 21 24 26 16560 19080 21600 25 25 25 36000 41400 46800 25 25 25 54000 54000 54000
APPENDICES
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Figure A-1: Calculated modal energy intensity for truck and bulk carrier.
Transporting of coal, wood chips, torrefied wood chips, pellets or TOP. The labels in this figure refer to the specific modal energy intensity for truck or Supramax and not to the error bars.
0.55 0.55 0.59 0.57 0.57 0.05 0.13 0.14 0.08 0.05 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Coal Chipping Torrefaction Pelleting TOP
M od al en er gy in ten sit y (M J/ tk m ) Truck Supramax
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Figure B-1: Detailed overview of the supply chain energy consumption without conversion.
Appendix B Overview of the energy consumption and GHG emissions in the supply chain scenarios 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 Coa l Chi ppi ng Tor ref act io n Pe llet in g TOP Chi ppi ng Tor ref act io n Pe llet in g TOP Chi ppi ng Tor ref act io n Pe llet in g TOP
10% biomass 25% biomass 60% biomass
Supl py cha in ene rg y i nput (M J .MJ e -1) Grinding Coal Grinding Biomass Supramax Coal Supramax Biomass Truck Coal Truck Biomass Fossil input Chipping Pretreatment Fossil input Pretreatment Energy losses Mining Coal Production Biomass 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Coa l Chi ppi ng Tor ref act io n Pe llet in g TOP Chi ppi ng Tor ref act io n Pe llet in g TOP Chi ppi ng Tor ref act io n Pe llet in g TOP
10% biomass 25% biomass 60% biomass
GH G e m issi ons ( g C O2 eq . .MJ e -1) Grinding Coal Grinding Biomass Supramax Coal Supramax Biomass Truck Coal Truck Biomass Chipping emissions Pretreatment Biomass Mining Coal Production Biomass
