• But .. How to get there?

(1)

Vermelding onderdeel organisatie

Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management PO Box 5015, 2600 GA Delft-NL

g.p.j.dijkema@tudelft.nl

spm9539 – October 18^th, 2013 1

Fostering Seaport Regions

Policy Arena’s, Port Innovation and Infrastructure Networks Dr.ir. Gerard P.J. Dijkema

Associate Professor Energy & Industry Group

Project Leader,

Next Generation Infrastructures Foundation

(2)

An image of 2030: Maasvlakte II

• largest Port expansion in the EU

• € 3.5 billion investment

• A large Port system

• But .. How to get there?

Port of Rotterdam, 2005

(3)

Structure and content

• Teaser

• Technology, Policy and Management

• Seaport Regions and Infrastructures

• Understanding and Shaping Seaport Regions

• Takeaways

• Discussion

(4)

For sale

Seaport /Infrastructure threats

(5)

Why do Seaports Really Matter?

• Seaports benefit the economy – gateways to:

– global markets (EU)

– global resources (Industry at Large)

– global fossil energy sources (Society at Large)

• Seaports benefit the region

– by attracting (foreign) investments

– because of related infrastructure development

– by providing jobs to create, operate, maintain; services

• Seaports impact the natural environment

– by the very use of land

– by seaport-related activities

(6)

Seaport region – traditional view

• Hub (in a transport network)

– Connecting ‘a hinterland’ with ‘the world’

– In a geographically favourable location

– Focus is on transport, shipping, distribution – Enabler of (global) supply-chains

• Common interests and public funding

– Public infrastructure, (semi-) public Port Authority

– Operation financed from charging fees (shipping, land-use)

(7)

Seaport region – traditional view (2)

• Characteristics

– Seaport prosperity / growth is a function of

• Global economic development

• Hinterland proximity / prosperity / activity

• Quality and capacity of connecting infrastructure

– Typical life-cycle

• Initiation, Expansion, Maintain, Rejuvenate, Modernize…

• Internal infrastructure congestion, lack-of-space

(8)

Seaport region – traditional view (2)

• Characteristics

– Seaport prosperity / growth is a function of

• Global economic development

• Hinterland proximity / prosperity / activity

• Quality and capacity of connecting infrastructure

– Typical life-cycle

• Initiation, Expansion, Maintain, Rejuvenate, Modernize…

• Internal infrastructure congestion, lack-of-space

• Dilemmas

– Local (environmental) impact vs. external prosperity – Competition between Ports versus Port-fees

– Investment / Expansion requires (scarce) public funding – No direct control over external infrastructure

– Reactive or pro-active Port Authority?

(9)

Actors that shape Port regions

European Union Creating a “level-playing-field”;

Directives; Trans-European Network National Government &

Parliament Socio-Economic climate; Industrial Policy, Education, General and

Specific Policies; Infrastructure Regional/Local Authorities

(Regional Development Authorities)

“Make it happen”; foster social

networks; marketing; infrastructure Private companies, investors In: capital, knowledge, labour,

services; Out: products, services,

employment

(10)

Relevant policy area’s - Traditional

• Transport - (short)sea, river, rail, road

• Environmental Policy

• “Investment climate”

• Industry location

• Energy Infrastructure

• So … get on with it??

(11)

Seaport Region Development requires understanding of …

• Infrastructure and Industry Systems

– Content and Structure – Technology & Innovation

• The System Environment

– The economy, markets – The natural environment – Regulatory regimes

• Relevant Actors

– Interests, Influences, Instruments – Connected decision arena’s

(12)

Seaport Region Development requires understanding of …

… of Technology, Policy and Management 

• Infrastructure and Industry Systems

– Content and Structure – Technology & Innovation

• The System Environment

– The economy, markets – The natural environment – Regulatory regimes

• Relevant Actors

– Interests, Influences, Instruments – Connected decision arena’s

(13)

Seaports: System View

Physical Network Actor Network

Socio-Technical Network

Physical Network Actor Network

In and around a Seaport, everything is connected

(14)

Seaports: System View

Physical Network Actor Network

Socio-Technical Network

Physical Network Actor Network

Economic Environment Ecologic Environment

In and around a Seaport, everything is connected

(15)

Why Traditional Seaports Suffer…

• Rationalisation and specialisation of transport

• Early 20

^th

Century

– Shift from sail to steampowered ships

– Shift from manpower to engine power: cranes – Expansion/growth due to transport growth

• As of the seventies: containerisation

– Labour-intensive “stukgoed” disappeared

– Dramatic increase in scale-of operation: terminals, ships

• As of the eighties/nineties

– Pervasive impact of ICT: fully automated container-terminals

… lack of recognition of connectedness, change?

(16)

Why Traditional Seaports Suffer…

• Today, minimum scale of operations required..

– … for Global container shipping and Terminals – … for Feeder lines

– … for Short-sea shipping

– … for Oil and Chemical Tankers, Refineries & Plants.

– … for fats and vegetable oils & agro-industry – … even for Orange Juice

• Value is added in the region

• … by capital-intensive facilities

• … by relatively few people!

(17)

Seaport regions – cluster view

• Many a seaport is attractive to a variety of industries

– E.g. pre-WWII: agro-related activities

– Post WWII: refining and petrochemical industry

– 21^st century: preferred location for power plants; biobased clusters?

• Infrastructure, service companies appear on the scene

– Warehousing, distributors, utilities, ICT, (waste)water etc.

– Industrial maintenance, tank-cleaning, catering, etc. etc.

– Knowledge providers: engineers and consultants, professional authorities (inspection agencies etc. etc.)

(18)

Seaport regions – cluster view

• Many a seaport is attractive to a variety of industries

• Infrastructure, service companies appear on the scene

• 21

^st

Century: Foster this Agglomeration Effect!!

Shift activities, shift competition to the network level!

(19)

Seaport Regional Development Key Questions

• How to successfully create / rejuvenate economic development in a region?

• How to let public infrastructure investments

foster industrial development

(20)

Understanding and Shaping

Regional Industry-Infrastructure Networks

• Case : Eemsdelta Cluster

• Regional Development Agency:

Groningen Seaports

• Staff: Rob Stikkelman, Gerard Dijkema

• Ph.D students: Igor Nikolic, Koen van Dam

• M.Sc. Students: Sjoerd Blokker, Robert Praet

www.metalpark.nl

(21)

Eemsdelta - Delfzijl

➲ Present: Chemical Industry Network

● 8 chemical companies

● Extensive infrastructure

➲ Future: Sustainable Energy & Bio-Based Industry Network

www.groningenseaports.com

How to Shape Network

Evolution ?

(22)

Company Perspective…

"Anything can be made anywhere on the face of the

earth and sold everywhere else on the face of the earth."

Lester Thurow, quoted in the New York Times

… but some products and services are made and sold via connected infrastructure

systems (electricity, water, waste)

To the

Eemsdelta?

(23)

Company site-selection process

• Criteria

• Decision-making

– The company – Its Financiers

Long List Short List Design and

Build Strategische

Beslissing

Site Selection Proces

(24)

Focus: regional industrial cluster

How to (Help) Shape the System?

• industry: scales & decisions  complex dynamics

Strategy

<Investment>

Information

<Operations Management>

Technology

<Design & Experience>

(25)

Foster Network Evolution!

(26)

Why Traditional Seaports Suffer…

• Today, minimum scale of operations required..

– … for Global container shipping and Terminals – … for Feeder lines

– … for Short-sea shipping

– … for Oil and Chemical Tankers, Refineries & Plants.

– … for fats and vegetable oils & agro-industry – … even for Orange Juice

• Value is added in the region

• … by capital-intensive facilities

• … by relatively few people!

(27)

Seaport regions – cluster view

• Many a seaport is attractive to a variety of industries

• Infrastructure, service companies appear on the scene

(28)

Seaport regions – cluster view

• Many a seaport is attractive to a variety of industries

• Infrastructure, service companies appear on the scene

• 21

^st

Century: Foster this Agglomeration Effect!!

Shift activities, shift competition to the network level!

(29)

Relevant policy area’s – 21 ^st Century

• Energy and Infrastructure

– Transport ((short)sea, river, rail, road …

– Energy: electricity, natural gas, (waste) heat, hydrogen, … – Flood protection, (waste) water

– ICT – broadband internet

• Economic activity and our natural environment

– Sustainable development – Climate policy

– Regional development and land-use planning

(30)

EnergyValley

• From an energy complex to an energy cluster?

• Who, How, What?

Picture source:

http://www.mkbondernemersavond.nl/sites/default/fil es/Energy%20Valley_0.ppt

(31)

EnergyValley

• Concentration of energy …

… companies, project, research, education

• “Regional cluster” (Pieken in de Delta, Regeerakkoord, Topsector Energy

• Strategic location in Europa

– W.r.t. gas and electricity networks, North Sea – W.r.t. the North of Germany

• EnergyValley as “cluster facilitator”

After Owen Huisman, http://www.mkbondernemersavond.nl/sites/default/files/Energy%20Valley_0.ppt

(32)

(33)

Decision-making: assess the future and risks  Trends & Scenario’s

• Explore the Region’s environment

• Identify relevant trends

• Analyse their potential impact

• Design strategies and policies

(34)

Relevant policy area’s – 21 ^st Century

• “Economic landscaping”

– EU: market liberalisation, re-regulation, privatisation;

– WTO / GATT / China: global production patterns and trade flows

• Lisbon Agenda

– Knowledge and education

– Science, Technology and Innovation (Lisbon Agenda)

• Etcetera …

(35)

Issues that will be around

• Seaports, clusters or mainports?

• Transport hub or much more?

• Greenfield situations: how to make them tick

• Brownfield situations: how to maintain prosperity; transition?

• Benefits to the economy or the region?

• Connected policy arena’s and spheres

(36)

Takeaways “Seaports” …

• … go way beyond “transport”

• … a myriad of policy arena’s is relevant

• … use a systems or cluster view! (or eat the spaghetti)

• … recognize trends and the life-cycle of seaport (parts)

• … seaports: a competitive market

• … balance the region, the economy and the environment

• … must foster sustainable development

Technology, Policy and Management in Action!

(37)

Seaport policy and management,

challenging, inspiring and a lot of fun!!

Thank you for your attention!

Questions?

Dr.ir. Gerard P.J. Dijkema

Faculteit Techniek, Bestuur en Management

g.p.j.dijkema@tudelft.nl