BRAZIL AND JAVA.
REPORT ON COFFEE-CUL TURE
IN
AMERlCA, ASlA AND AFRlCA,
to H. E. the Minister of the Colonies,
BY
O. F . VAN DELDEN LA.ÊRNE ,
AUachcd 10 UIC Dcp:\I'tmcnt of lhe Interim' at Bat,wia (Java), chargcd lJy lhe Dutch Govcl'nment with a special missioll 10 Brazil on
bchalf of lhe Coll'cc-cultm'c and CoITcc·COlllIJlCI'CC in lhe Dutch Posscssions in Jndia.
WITH PLATES, MAPS AND DIAGRAMS.
LONnON:
W. H. ALLEN & Co, 13. WATERLOO PLACE ..
Tm HAGUE, MARTlNUS NLJHOFF.
1885.
Gedrukt ter Zuid·Hollandsebe Boek· en Handelsdrukkerij.
'?9o
JI(i"&xcefee,'L"'J'
dj.e.
8TCi,''Lwk" of
tf,e.80 fo ,%e,.
Your Excellency.
Whe;l, shortly afl,er my wT-ival from Java mther more than a year ago, 1 rece-ived the Royal command laid upon me by decree of Your E.cceUency's pl'edecessor, Mr. F. G.
VAN BLOEMEN WAANDERS, clatecl 4/1· August 1883, Let. A', No. ó3, to repair to Brazil anel St1!ely the principles of coffee·planting there, in the interests of the Netherland- lndian coffee-tracle, I was fllUy aware of the g"eat res- ponsibility involveel in this important and honoumble mission.
It was therefore afl,er long hesitation, anel principaUy at the instance of my since eleceased chief, Mr. G.
'ru.
HE~NY,President of the Laca! Government Board at Batavia, under whom I servecl upwa,-els of six' years in Java, - ihat 1 ventured to take upon myself a m-ission so elif(i.cult in every way.
Have I fully anel i1i all respects come up io his ex pec- tations?
A!as! this question must for ever remain unanslOered.
On September 9th 1883, I left the port of Lisbon on
board the French Transatlantic steamer »Orenoque", and arrived on the 24" of that month at Rio de Janeiro, aftel' a very favourable passage.
I immediately placed myself in communication with Mr.
F. PALM, the Dulch Consul·Geneml there, ioho lost no time in introdueing me to all the authorities, mercalltile bodies and private parties , who eauld assist me in prose·
outing my inqui~·ies.
The fact that 1 was able to complete my task - the real nature and pu~'P0se of IOhich was not ~'ightly under·
slood in Brazil at first - in a shorter tinte than I mysslf had calculated upon, ie due in a very great ex/ent to the facilüies affarded me by the Imperial Government a8 weil as by the represenlatives of Brazilian tmde and Industry.
1 desire hen la exprs88 my cardial gratitude far the assi81ance I received from the Consul· General and the following Gentlemen,'
~enhor A. A. MOREIRA PENNA, Ex·Minister of Agrieulture, Trade, and Public Works i
Viscount de Säo Ci:.EMEll~E, Prellidellt,
Senhor J. C. RAMALHO ORTIGäo, Vice·Prellident, Baron DE ARAUJO FERRAZ,
Baron HONORIO DE ARA UJO MAl;\. and
Mr. A. DE MIRANDA JORDäo, Di1'ectars of the "Centra da Lavoum e do Comme1'Cio";
Senbol' J. MAOHADO COELHO DE CA STRO , President of the Banco do Brazil;
Dr, ORVILLE A, DERBY, P1'o(ess01' in the "State museum"
at Rio;
Mr, J, GORDOl! , Managing pm'tne,' o( the tirm Mess", Ed, Jobnston & Co,;
Sen hor A, ZERRE>lER. Managing partner o(the tirm Mess", Zerrener, Bülow & CO, and Vice,Con8'ltl (01' the Nether, lands
at
Santos,besides many ot/Iers 1Ohose Msis/ance I have acknowledged in the Report itself
On the 6/1· o( April 1884 I 1'etumed to Elt1'Ope 10ith the data I had eolleeteel (or this Report,
Althaugh the nature o( my mission seemeel to me to renele1' the early presentation r( my Report not only useful but neeessary, and I !Cas eonsequently obligeel to have a not unimportant part o( my materials Itnutilisecl, I trust that I have not sacrificeel accuracy anel completeness toa much to this necessity (or speed,
The lintiteel time at my elisposal has, hOlGever, p,'evented me {rom carrying out my ,oish to add, in tlle inte,'ests o( trade. a more complete mr·vey o( the e,'!;port o( coffee, the production and conmmption o( it tl!?'oltghout the worlel , to this nport,
For IOhat I have been able to acid since the prewntation o( the Report, clated g'h September 1884, 1 am inelebted to the kincln6ss of:
Dr, BECKER, DiJ'ektor des Kaiserlichen Statistischen Amts, Geheimer Ober-Regierung8"ath, Berlin;
; V 11 f
IDr. V ON Ix,pfA.S1'ERNEGG, Präsident deI K. K. Statislischen Oentral· Commis8ion, Vienna;
Dr. K'UMMER, Direktor des Eidg. Statistischen Bureau, Bern.
May this R6port such as it is, and nQtwithstanding the drawback I have pointeá out, meet with ths approval of Bis Majesty, my Royal Master, and that of BiB Govern·
ment.,- and mdy it at ths same time, although drawn up by one who call1lOt claim to be a specialist in either agri·
cuUu1'e or tmde, answer' ~n some I èlegree to the reasonable expectatilms of the representlitives of Tmde and Indu8try, in the Netherlands as weU as in Netherland-lndia.
Will Your Excellency permit me in conclueion to expres8 my gratefu(comp.liments to the Board of tne Rdyallnstitute for ~romotin[f the study of the Ixtnguage8 j Geogmphy, and Ethnology. of Nethe1'land·Indiq in general, and to the Sub·
Libra1'il:tfl of, tJlj! Royal Library at the HagtIB; Dr. T. C.
L. WI:mUliEN, Secretary to the !Wove·mentioneà Royal l1tstitute, in pcl1-ticular, frtr 'the way in tohich thiB Society kas givlfll effect to Your ExceUency' 8 wiBhes by publishing thiB R/Jport, and, true to fts nob.Ze vocation in beltalf of mi't' VQ?u~6.le colonielI lfa!i spared neitftw trouble 1101' /JX;pense to carry I out thiB object.
I
T~ HAGUE, 15 December f 1884.
VAN DELDEN L~RNE.
CON 'rE N ' l'S.
CIIAPTER I.
Silualion aml Doundal'ÎOs of BI'azil.-l'ablos, showing 1110 supoI'ficies aml the population of varjOliS couull'ies of Europe, Asia, Amel'ica, Afl'iea, anel Australia, compal'cd with the sizc and IlOpulalioll of DI'ali!. - Comp:11'a- livc 'l'ablc exhibiting the density of populalion in the principal countl'ics of EUl'ope, Asia, Ame.rica, Arl'ic3, alld Austl'alia. - Dclailed Tabl~s, showing the Slll>cdicies 'Iud populalioll of different cofl'ee-pl'oducing counh'it.'S. - Physical aspect of Un\1.il. With map. - Geology of Bmlil, With map, pag, 1,
eliA PTEn 11.
Climate of Ccul1'al DI~11.il. - Tahles, showing thc I'ainrall at val'ioliS rlOillts in the UI'azilian corfce-Jll'oducing pl'ovinces. , pas· 28.
CIIAPTEIi lil.
llistol'ical alld politica I \'icw of Brazil sillcc the Declal'atiol1 of Illdepcmlencc.
pag. ,W, CIlArTER IV.
Slavcl'y and Emancipatioll. - Thc nio lll'anco Bil!, - Sla\'el'y iu Cuba, - Con- scquences of the emancipalion of lhe slaves in the Southcl'll pl'ovillccs of the NOI'lh Atnel'ican UIlion, -lIIesal Slavel'Y in Bl'azil. - lJl'aughl Oill of Lcopoldo de Bul hoes, - Speech dclivcl'ed Ly Senator Chl'istiallo Olloni, Juno 9. 1881-. - Dl'aught Bil! of Scnilo!' Manoei Pinto de SOllza, l\Iinislel' of State, - Tabie, showillg l1umber of slaves I'egistel'ed ult. '1871- 82,- 'J'able, sltowiuS' Itumber of slavcs in lhe pl'ovÎnce of S, Paulo in 1883,- Taille, showing IlUmbel' of slavcs in the province of i\linas GCl'acs in '1883. - Tabic, showing l1umber of slavcs in thc pl'ovince of Rio de Janeiro
in 1883. ' , ' , . ' IKtg, 73,
CHAPTER V.
Immigl'alion "nd Colonisation, - Chinese immigration. - \Vagcs of Day-Iabou-
"CI'S in BI'ali\. - Unsm:ccssrul Missioll ofTong-King-Sing, Managing Dil"Cctor of Ihe China MCI'Chants' Ste~\1n Na.\Tigation Company. - lndian Tl'ibcs.
pag. 125.
CHAPTER VI.
Agl'al'ian cOllditions. pag, 153.
CIIAPTEfl VII.
Economieal conditions. - Go\'el'nmcnt lnstitutions in DI'azil, - T;lhle, showing lhe Hevenues of Urazil since 185'1/52. - Tabic, showing Ilic Expcnditlll'c of D .. azil since 1851/52, - Joïnancial Management. - Lotlcncs, pag, 158.
x CONTENTS.
CHAPl'EH VIII.
Railways. - Some data l'cgarding thc w~lI'king of lhc chicf nailway. Dom Pc~ro 11, since 1858.- Rcceipts of Ihe Santos-Jundiahy fiailway sincc 1867. - .Rail wa y'S in lhe provillces of Rio de Janeiro, :'IJina.'J G('raei and S. Paulo, wÎlh sl~temcnt (Jf date of oreniug, l~ilola, kilometers open, allfl in course of constructioll. - Data rcgal'(jin~ hcight abovc the level of lho sea of lhe principjll Stations, distance from startlllg point, aud costs ortl'tll').Spot1.ing
Coffee . . pag. 174.
CHAPTER lX.
Trade and Banking.
ft. General View. - State Rcvenue5 del'lved f.'om Expol'L :\lvllmporl ofsoods, gold I :tnd silvcl' dudrlg Ihe last 25 ycal's. - Principal E'(ports alHI Jmports. - Shar'c taken by lhc maritimc pl'ovillces in lhe Gene"al Import and ExpOI't TI'ade. - Steam Navigalion Lincs betwccn Eut'ope and Bra7.i1, wilh statement of starting placc anel placc of destination, f"res fit'~t, sccond, and third clas!. - Tabie, showing the mlue of v:l.l'ious European coins in Mih'eis, according la the course of Rio de Janeit-o on London. - Jnlerprovincial Trade per coast navij:l'ation, - Tabic, showing lhe numbcr or~hips passitlg in :md out of the port of Rio de Janeil'O. - Tabie, showing-lhe value of goods expol'ted f.'om and impOl·tcd into Rio during thc last ten yaars, with lltc dUliès levicd upon them. - TabIe, showing E:trort Irom Rio de Janoiro during Ihe last (ivc years. - Tabie, showing Import inlo Rio dc Jalleil'O dming the last live years. - View of Export rrom Rio de Janeiro la the V31ious countl'ies of Amorica and Eurof>C, durin; tllc )"lit live-yE"ars.
- View of Import into Rio de Janciro from lhe variolIs countdcs of Amcrica anti Europc, during the last livc ycal'S. - Import and Expol1: Dulies in Dra1.il. - TabIc, <ohowing the vallle of goods elported from and imporled info Santns, and thc duties leviet! upon thcm, dunng Ihe Jast len yoal's.
b. Weights, Measul't>$, And Coins. - Diagram, showing thc Ouctuations of thc Bio de JaneÎl'O Monev Mal'kct. since 1851.
c. Colfee Trade. - Crmsignmcnt Agreements. - T-Jbles, showing numbcl' of pltlntalions in each district of fhe provinces of Rio de Janriro, Minas Geraes, Espirito Santo, and Siio Pallio, which are mortgag~d 10 Ihe Banco do Brazil, Banco de Cl'edito Real de S. Palllo, and Ihc UancoPredial.- Pos- sibility of maiutaining GolTee Planting in BraziI. - Credit l3anks. - Judici:ll 8ale of Planhtions. - ConveyUllce of Cotree 10 IUo. -Commissarios anrt Ensaccadores. Colollring of Coffee. - Coffee Brokers. - Conditions of ~al0
belween the CommissarÎos and Ensaccadorcs, and bl't\veen these :l.nd the F.~porters. - Trame in Guias, or reccipts for CoO'oo-Duties. - Fl'cighl to the various parls of Europe. - Calculation of expcnses on a bag of CoO'ee, befare it is expOl'ted from the po,'t of Rio. - Cast of transpol'ting
GotTee from Santos. pag. 188.
CHAPTER X.
Gorree Planting. - General View. Divisioo ioto Zones. - Co(fee gl'ounds , - Chal'aclenslic trees Ol' pad rOes on good 3nd bad soils. - Climate. - Altituele of the Coffee grounel!; in the Rio Zone - Altitude of thc Coffee gl'Ounds in lhe Santos ZonE". - Bai! and FI'ost. - Lands, Fazelldas, Clearing, Divi- sion inlo Gardens. Garden Paths, Terraces. Brazilian Coffee Di'3Case. - Planting, Nursel'y-bcds, Widlh bel ween plants, Trees yip.lding shade, Dressing. Manuring, Discases and encmies or the CotTee Shrllb, - Hal'vcst.
manner ol picking, hired and rree pickers, Colonists, Transport ta lhe fazendas, average CI'Ops. Preparation , Drying, Dryillg-tiulds, llachinery.- Java, Dourbon, Liberia, Maragogipe, Amarclla, and Goyaz Colfce. - Amount of Coffee pl'oduced in Central Brazil. - Statemenlof crop gathered from
CONTENTS. XI
44 plantatiolLs. - Product of Coffee Planting in the Rio Zone. calculalcd r,'om 3\ ]IJatltalions. - Tabie, showing how man}' kiJogl'ams of cach SOJ't
of Colfee have heen tl'anspol'led and sold (mm l1iuc fazenuas dUI'ing ten yC:l''S' - TabIe, showing financial ,'ûsults obtained f,'om !lino fazendas dudng ten ycal's. - TabIc. showing annual cxpenditul'c of nino fazendas. Product of Co/ree planting in the Srliltos Zone: obtaincd n'om thil'teen plautatiollS.- 'l'n.Lle, showin~ the net! procccJs of lhe coflcc-plantati011S wOl'ked br thc colonists of Sete-Quellas. - View of pl'oeceds of coffce-growing in the Bio Zone. - Elucidation of data dmwn frotil lhil'tcen fazendas. - Cost of pl'epal'Ïng 1û,OOC) :lITobas of coa'ce. - Eal'nings of colunists. - Costs of 4000 arl'obas raised by coloni"l-laboul'. - View of and l'cply to questions pl'(lpounued in EpistIe from the Managel' of the lnland Admillistl'ation, 16the May 1882, No, 3054. - View of Expol'ts from Jamaica bctwecn 1772
and 1867. pag. 253.
CHAPTEll XI.
Expol t of Coffec, Pl'oouction alld Consumplioll, Prospeets of cotree-h~u'vest in 111 ~tzll. - ExpOi t of Cofree from Brazil since '1852153, according to Govel'll- ment lt.cpol'ts. - ExpOI't of Cotfee II'Om fiio de Janeil'o since '1853, dl'awn hom variolIs sourees. - ElI:pol't of Coffce f!'om Hio de Janeil'O 10 No!'th- America, EUfope, and othcl' countl'Îes, since 1873. - Table t showillf: shal'e taken by the val'Îous Coffee-producing provinces in the export of toffee rl'om Bin de Janeil'o sitlce 1873. - Export of CoJlee from Rio de J:mcÎI'o since 1852/53, drilwn from various SOUI'Ce5, - Expolot of Coffen Cl'om Rio de ,Iancil'o lo Nol'lh Amel'ica. Eumpe alld olhel' countl'Îes s.ince H~73/74,
Stalement Detailed exports from Rio de Janeil'o dw'ing the past Uu'ee finau- cial yeal's. - Tables, showillB' Uw quantity of Cofree al'l'ivillg rHonthly at Bio, during- the last seven finallcial aud calendar ycal's. - Tabie, showing ûelails of CXpOl'ts from Uio durillg lhc lil'51 six mOlllhs of 1882-1884.- Export of Coliec from Sanlos since '1852/53, drawn from val'ioussoUJ'ces.
Export of C,)lfec from Santos 10 NOl'th ."mel'Îea, Europe and OU1CI' countl'ies sincc 1873/74 and 1874. - ExpOI't of Golfee fl'om Bahia since 1852/53. - D<,lailcd Statement of Expol'ls from Bahia dUl'ing lhe last twelve finaneial yeal'S. - Export of Cofloo f!'Om Cóa.l'a since 1852/.>3, dr<.lwn from v:u'ious soul'ces. - Export of com.!c from Ul'azil dlu'ing lhc last thil'ty-two YC:1I'5.
- EXlJol,t of CuJrce from:
AM ERICA. ~Iexio.:o. - Columbia. - Venezuela. - CentraI AlIlel'ica. - Haïti and
St. Domil1go. - Jamaica, - Cuba .. - Portorico. - \Vest-llldies, - SUl'iname, ASlA. Ilonolulu. - Philippine Isla11l1s. - AI'abia (.'\den),-Ceylon.-Udlish India, Coffee produl.'cd on Govcl'Ilmcnt plantations in Nethcl'land India; Cl'OpS I'aisoo in Java, Sumall'a, and Celebes from 1853 to 1884.-CoOee l'aiscd by private pal'lie:> in Nethel'land India: Cl'OpS of lands cultivaled by the owner, Icnnut. Ol' llercdita1')' leasc-llOlder in Java, alld han'est ofSumal..a, Celebes, and Dali, from 1853 to 1883,-Expol't of Coffee from Javai YieJd of Govel'l1menl and pl'ivate plantations from 1825 to '1854.-ExporI0rCorl'ee fl'om Java Ly Government and pl:ivate partics from 185310 188:3. - Export fl'OI11 Java by pl'Îvate IJaI'lies fl'om 1875 10 1882. - ExpOi,t or Coffee fl'OlI1 SUlnatl'a. 'Macassal' , tlnd Celebes) r .. om 1853 to 1883. - Cofl'ee pl'oJuced in Nethel'land India: Yicld of Government anel private plantations from 1853 10 '1884. - Coffee exported from Netherland lndia by Govt'l'nment ill1ll pl'i\'ate pal'lies, fl'om 1853 10188.1.. - Quantily of Co/fee sold in the Nethel'- lands by the Netherland Commel'Cial Compan}',
GoJiec pl'oduced in America fl'Om 1853 lo 1~4,
• » Asia 1853 » 1884.
:e lt ~ A(rica » 1853.0 1884.
Cofl'ce pl'oduced th!'Oughoul the wodd fl'om 1853 101884. - Examples of manncl' of cst.imating Pl'odll,ction l!lI'oughout the wodd, - Import, eXpol't, alld consumptloll of Cofl'ec IJl: Ulllted States ofNol'lh AmcI'iC<l.- D<!nmal-k.
In CONTENTS.
- Sweden. Norway I and Russin. - The Nelherland!l. - Data regarding the import of CofTee ioto Ihc Nethel'lands, by Mess", G. DllUring antI &m, Rotter- dam, thc «uantity delivercd and amount of stock. - Table showing Coffec importetl in bags confaining 60 kilograms, by the Netherlaml Commercial Company anti on pl'Ïvate account, rl'om val'iolls pol'h, according to Mcs~n.
G. Duuring and Son, Rotterdam. - England. - Belgium. - Francc. _ Por- tugal. - Haly. - Germany. - Auslria-Hungary. _ Swilzerland. - Import, Expol,t, and consumplion of coffee from 1853 tQ 1883 in:
Atnet"ica.
a. AUantic Ports. - Baltimore. - Boston and Charleslown. - Charleston. _ New YOI'k. - Richmond. - Philadelphia. - Savannah.
b. Gulf Ports. - Galveston. - Mobile. - Ncw O,'leans.
c. Pacil1c and Lake POI'tg. - San Franeisco.
Europe.
a. Baltie Ports. - Copcnhagen.
b. North Sea PorLCJ. - Dremen. - HambUl'g. - Amsterdam. - Rotterdam. _ Antwerp.
c. Atlantic Ports. - J1dvre. - Bordeaux - Lisbon.
ct, MeditCl'ranean Pnrls. - Marseille. - VCllice. - 'friest. - Constantinople.- Afl'Ïcan alld Asialic POl'ts. - Cape or Good Hope. - Na.tal. - St. ITelena..
- Malll'itius. - Singapore. - Consumption tlwoughout the wol'ld h'om 1873 10 1882. . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . pag. 382.
CHArTER XII.
Coffee Planting in Nethcl'land India. - Table I showing results obtained from co(fee planting fl'om 183.'.t to 1883. Base<! on high authority. - Tabic, show~
ing cost and sclling prices of the Government Java Cotree, per picol;
wilh Diagram, showing the quantities of Java Cotree delivered 10 Govern~
ment between 1833 and 1GG4.-ColTec plantations in Ja\'aonlandsnmted Ol' held by emphyteutic lease. - ColTec planlations on lands ren lcd in Soerakarla and Djocdjokarta. - CofTee plantations in Sumatra and Celebes on lands held by emphyteutic lease. - Rccapilulation. - ColTec plantations on private eslates in Java. - Cotree produced on twenty-two plantations in the Rcsidencies of Samarang and Passoeroeán from 1853 to 1864, - Cotr. .. 'C produced on the principal plantations in Java (Government domains) from 1k53 to 1864. - CofTce produced 011 the pl'incipal plantations in Solo and Djocdjo rrom 1873 10 1882. . . . . . . . • . . . . png. 5'15.
ADDENDA.
1. nills of Salc. - 11. Coffce planting in Venezuela; with Diagram, showing Ihe rises and rails in fhe price of coffoo at Carácas from 1873 to 1~.
m, Le caré au Mc~ique. -IV. Répartition des I-Iypothèques de la llanqlle du Brésil, 1884.- V. 'faûles of \Veights and l\feasures.-1. Arl'oOOs in kilograms. - 2. AI'rob.1s in bags.-3. POllnds in kilc>gl'ams. -4. Pounds in bags. - 5. Centners in kilogl'ams. - O. Cenlners in b.'lgs. - 7. ZoU ..
Centners in bags. - 8. Kilograms in picois. - 9. Picols in bags. -10. Pico's (picol of thc Philippine·islands) in bags. - 11. Poeds in bags. :... VI. Analyses of soils. - VII. Gcological map of Ccnlml llrazil. - VIII. Map orthe ColTec area in Central Urazil, and the Railways open there . . . page 573.
CHAP'rER 1.
SITUATION , LlMITS I SURFACE, PHYSICAL ASPECT AND GEOLOGIOAL CONDlTION OF THE EMPIRE OF BRAZIL.
Brazil Up to the first half of the sixteenth century known only by the name of tbe "Terra da Santa Cruz ", owes its present appellation to the red wood of tbe "Caesalpinia echi·
nata ", whieb already in tbe fust century af ter the discovery of America, formed tbe most important artiele of export from the country and was used in Europe instend of the dye called in Spain nnd Italy, " Brezile" or "Bresil". 1)
'1'he empire is situated between 5' 10' N.Lat. and 35' 45' S.Lat. and with the exception of the islands of Fernando de Noronha and Trindade, between S' 19' 26" KL. and 30' 58' 26" W.L. of Rio de Janeiro, or 34' 40' and 73' 15' W.L.
of Greenwicb.
The extreme points of the empire are:
a. in the North, tbe sou rees of the Cotingo, a branch of the 'l'acutu, in the Serfa Roruima, 5' 10' N.L. and 17' 35' W.L. of Rio de Janeiro;
b. in the South, the mouth of the rivar Chuy 33' 45' S.L.
nnd 10' 21' 27" W.L.;
c. to the Eust, Pedra Point near the town of OJinda, 8' 19' 26" KL.;
d. in the West, the sourees of the Javary, 6' 59' 29" S.L.
and 30' 58' 26" W.L, It is bounded:
to tbe S.E., East and North East by tbe Atlantic;
to the North by French, Duteh and English Guyana and Venezuela;
1) Dr. J. C. 'Vappäus J lIandbuch der Geographie ulld Statistik. Brasilien.
1
2 SITUATION , LIMITS I SURFACE.
to the N.W., W. en S.W. by Columbia, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay and tbe Argent.ine Republic ;
to the Soutb by tbe Oriental Republic of Uraguay.
According to existing treaties tbe boundaries have been ftxed, or provisionally taken as, between Brazil and
Frencb Guyana: According to art. 107 of tbe Treaty of Vienna and according to tbe Paris Convention of 28 Aug. 1817 , tbe Oyapock river between 4' and 5' N.L. and the Sena Tumucumaque have been fixed upon as limits.
lt seems that France bas objected to tbis and would prefer for boundary, a lateral branch of the Aragunry river wbicb, rising in tbe above mentioned sena, tbrows itself under the name of Rio Mamaie or Carapaporis (about I' 45' N.L.) into the cbannel of that name, wbicb separates tbe island of Maraca from tbe contillent. If tbese boundaries were fixed upon tbe Frencb possessions would be considerablyextended.- In 1841 tbe district of Amapa bordering on tbose confines was declared neutral and the documents relating tbereto were ratified in 1862.
Dutch Guyana. Tbough here the limits have not been officially defined, on tbe map tbe serra Tumucumaque has been accepted as such.
Englisb G"uyana. By the treaties of 28 January and 29 Aug. 1842 tbe dist,rict of Pirara bas been declared neutral ; the frontiers , however, bave not been strictly deflned.
Brazil takes for its boundary tbe senas or Essary, Acaraby and Tumucumaque; England, bowever considers tbe serra Pacaraima and the Surumu and 'racutu rivers as tbe limits of her possessions.
Venezuela. In art. 2 of tbe Treaty of 5 May 1859 it is deterrnined that tbe boundary between tbe two states shall run from the sourees of the Memaebi river, over the moun- tain·ridge forming the waterparting betweell tbe affluents that rail into the Venezuelian rivers Aquio and Tomo and those tbat flow into tbe Brazilian rivers Guainia, Xié and Issana or Iquiare, - am'oss tbe Rio Negro opposite tbe isle of St.·José near Serro Cucuhy, and thence in a straight line
SITUA.TlON, LI:M:ITS, SURFACE. 3 across the Maturacá eanal and tbe se!Tas Cup i , Imery, Quahi, Urueusiro, 'L'apirapee6 and Parima, northward to the serras Pacaraima and Essary. These mountains form the w«terpar- ting between the Brazilian and Venezuelan rivers.
'L' h e U n i te d Sta t es 0 f Col u m b i a. As the pro posals made by Brazil on the 25 June 1853 were not aecepted, the limits have not as yet been aceurately defilled, at least not definitively between the two states.
Aecording t.o the map of the Empire published by the Bra- zilian Government in 1883, the boundaries are defined by a line. running from the confluence ofthe Apaporis nnd Taruhyras rivers, along the latter up to the sena Arara·Coara, whel'e it rises and thence flllther on ol'er the highest summits of th is range, as far as the point where tbe Venezuelan line of de- marcation begins.
But aecording to the map published under tbe Ullspices of the Columbian Government, they take as tbeir limits the line running from the point where the Javary empties itself into the Amazone, as far as the mouth of the Avati-Paraná, and furtber on "long the JapUl'á river up to lake (lagoa) Camapi, tbenee running in a straight line due North to tbe confluence, in the vicinity of Loretto, of the Rio Negro and the Rio Ca- baburi, and further on along th is river up to the Cupi range, wbich forms the waterparting between the Amazone and Ori- noeo basins.
Columbia by th us adopting this line of demarcation lays claim to a very considerabie part of Brazil.
Per u. With a view to the principle "uti possidetis", it is determined according to art. 7 of the treaty of 23 Oct.
1851 that the houndary shall run from tbe village of 'l'abatin- ga in a straight line Northward as far as the Rio Ya]lurá, op·
posite the mouth of the Apaporis river and Southward up to tbe said vUlage along the Rio Javary to its sourees.
Bol i v i a. In art. 2 of the treaty of 27 March 1867 the boundary is adopted defined by the line running from the Rio Paraguay, 20· 10' S.L. up to the Bahia Negro and thenco in a straight line across the middle of lakes Oaceres, Man- diore, Gahyba and Uberaba to tbe Corixa Grande, in sueh a
4 SITUATION I L1.M1TS, SURFAOE.
manner tbat Brazil sball possess the uplands of Pedras de Amolar nnd da Insua; from tbe Corixa Grande in a straigbt line Westward, over mounts Boà Vista and Quatro Irmäos to the sourees of tbe Rio Verde, and following tbis river to its con·
fluence with t he Guaporé; and thence across tbe middle of this river and the Rio Mamoré to the river Beni; and af ter·
ward in a straight liDe as far as t.be sourees of the Javary, where tbe Peruvian frontier begins.
Par a g u a y. Aeeording to art 1 of the treaty of 9 Jan.
1872 the line of demarcation has been drawn througb tbe middle of tbe Paraná river from tbe mouth of tbe 19uassti up to the cataract "Sete Quedas" and thenee neross the highest summits of the serras de Maracajti and tbe Amambahy to the ebief souree of tbe Rio Apa; following th is riv er to its mouth on the Eastern bank of tbe Rio Paraguay.
The Argentine Republic. Aceording to Alt. lof tbe treaty of tbe 14 December 1857, it is determined that tbe demarcation line sball run: aJong tbe Uraguay river up to tbe mouth of its afOuent Quarahim nDd tbence to the Pepiry·
Guassti; further along this river to its sourees ; th en across tlle bighest tops to tbe head of Santo Antonio river and along this river tiJl it debouches into tbe Iguassti or Rio Grande de Coritiba nnd tllen along this river to its eonfluenee with the Rio Paraná.
1t was further determined in the snid treaty, that both powers had common claims to the two first named ri vers and to the Iguassti from the mouth of the river 8anto Antonio up to the Paraná.
This treaty has however not been rati1led as yet, as tlle Ar·
gentine Republic, by demanding as the boundary line the rivers Chapec6 nndl Cbopim, lays claim to the greater part of the province of Rio Grande do SuL
Uraguay. 'l'he contInes witb tbis Republic have been settled by tbe treaties of 12 October 1851 and 15 May 1852.
- Art. 1 of the former treaty states tbat the boundary line shall run from the mouth of tbe Chuy river across St. Miquel mount, as far as lake Mirim and along its Western sbore up to the Jaguaräo in conformity with "uti possidetis"; while
SITUATION, LIMITS I SURFACE, 5 art. 3, § 2 , of the second Treaty determines tbat the frontier sball run from the last·mentioned point, along the right bank of the Jaguaräo to its head or chief souree in the valJey of Acegûa, and thenee straight over the Rio Negro, opposite the mouth of the St.·Luiz; along tbis river up to Mouot Sant' Anna and further on pamlJel to the Quarahim or Invernada, till tbese rivers empty themselves into the Uraguay.
From wbat we have stated it will be seen tbat most of tbe limits bave not as yet been definitely fixed or de·
termined.
On account of tbe unsettled state of the frontier question, it is difficult to state the exact area of the Empire. - Ac·
cording to tbe map lately publisbed bij tbe Brazilian Govern·
ment in 1883, its extent is about 8,337,218 square kilometers.- In order to form a clear idea of tbe vastness of the Empire, I subjoin the area of tbe several provinees of Brazil, com·
pared with that of the different states of Europe, America, Asia, Africa and Australia.
Superficies
Population, EIJROPE. Square Kilometers,
Austria-Hungary , , 625.168 37,869,954
The German Empire. 51O,M8 45.234.061
France 528,572 37,321,186
Spain
. .
506.<\43 16,333,293Sweden 450,574- 4,565,668
Norway 325,423 1,9'13,506
Great-Britain 314,951 35,246,562
Italy 288,540 28,452,639
European TUI'kcy, 201,310 5,305,500
Humenia . 129,947 5,376,000
Portuital . 89,625 4,550,699
Gl'cece . 61,688 1,979,423
Duigaria . 63.972 1,998,983
Bosllia and UCl'zcgovina 61,065 1,326A·5Q
Servia .
.
48,582 1,706,211Switzcrland 41,2'13 2,816,102
Dcnma,'k, 38,302 1 909 039
l'he Netherlands
öaooo
4:060:580Dp.lgium 20:455 5,536,654
4,375,378 243,586,504
Russia, 4,924,2'11 8'1,:>U8,!ï6\J
finland 373,604 2,028,02'1
Other minor statcs and isJands . 57,383 530,320
Total 9,730,576 327,743,4H
SITUATION 1 LIMITS, SURFACE.
ASI.4.
Supertlries Square Kilometers.
Sibeda , . Outer China, China Proper Brilish India fiussian Asia Jndependent Arabia AsiaLic TUl'key , Duteh India, . Pcrsia . Siam Afghanistan Caucasia . . Birm:th Annam Japan Thc Philipines Beloochistan . English Birmah Corea . . , . Himalaya States Camboja • . • Independent Malacea, Frcneh Cochin-China Other countries
Tata}
12,460,524 7,53'1,074 4,024,690 8,1025,097 .3,017,760 2,507,390 1,8B9,000 1,698,757 1,648,195 726,850 721,664 472,666 457,000 440,500 882,447 296,182 2ï6,515 229,85\
286,784 234,000 83.861 81,500 59,456 1,570,587 44,580,850
AI.lII'ERJrCA.
Unilcd States Brazil (*) Canada
Argentine Republic Mexico. , , : . Venezuela (t, page 7) Bolivia. , . , . , Pcru
Colnmbia, Ecuador Chili
Central-America Guyana
\Vcst-Indian Islands Paraguay, U,'aguay Newfoundland Panama Olher coulltries
Total
9.83'\,850 8,837,21R 8,301,503 2,835,969 1,045,471' 1,137,615 1,297,2.75 1,\10,941 748,850 6U,295 537,187 465.485 461,977 244,478 238.290~
186,920 110.670 81,823 447,831 38,473,138
t*) The population may be estimated at:
9,930,478 freemen 500,000 Indians and 1,000,000 slaves.
'11,430,478
Population.
8,911,200 21,180,000 850,000 000 248,838,564 5,036,000 3,700,000 16,1i:J2,900 28,867,000 7,653,600 5,750,000 4,000,000 5,546,554- 4,000,000 21,000,000 36,357,212 6,300,000 350,000 3,707,646 8,500,000 3,300,000 890,000 300,000 1,597,013 8,678,811 795,50'\ ,000
50,442,066 11,108,291 4,324,810 2,400,000 9,577,279 2,075,245 2,325,000 3,U50,000 2,774.,000 1,146,038 2,420,500 2,667,000
3~7,600
4,617,4,';0 29.3,844 438,245 '\61,374 226,000 20,663 100,415,400
SITUATION I LIMITS1 SURFACE.
Saham zone.
.>\cquatodal zone . . . .
E~ypt (Ncthcr- and Uppcr-) . . West·Soodan anel Uppcr·Gninca . Ccntral·Soodan. . . . Galla- and Somali-lands Tt'ipoli and Fezzan
Porluguesc Possessions on Ihe
\Vestcoast and
East~oast
Mal'okko Algel'
Matcbelc-Iands , . Muata Samwo's zone Kasongo's zone.
l\lal'utse-Mambunda zone Tunis
Dritish Possessions Madagascar Transval . , . Ol'anjc-Vrijslaai Zul u-lands . . Swaise-Iands Abyssinië Qlhel' countrics
Togelher
AII8T.~A"'IA,
Australian continent.
New-Guinca . New-Scelund rt'lelanesia Tasmania Sandwich-Islands Polyncsia.
Micronesia
Auslralia . Europe f\sia America Afdca .
>olal' lands.
Togcther
.
Superficies Square Kilometers,
6,180,426
3,~n'1,880
'1,900,800 'I 9n3016 t>14:98t 'I 897 038 1:033;:149 809,400 -
901,lSO 812,332 G67005 31-4;083 34-1.,947 :W2,491 '268,J77 lH;,3,8 577,218 501,9G4 28..=),363 '107,4-39 40,036 '14035 333;279 3,384,167 29,823,2S3
7,627,832 807,056 272,080 145,855 67,891 17,008 9,79'1 3/,130
8,952,855 9,730,576 44,580,850 38.473,138 29,823,253 4,478,200 136,038,872
Population.
2,500,000 47,000,.100 16,417,474 43000000 iJl;XOO;OOO 15,500,000
'1,010,000 11,000,000 -
1,000,000 fi,152,'179 2.8G7,li26 1,200,000 1,000,000 4,,000,000 000,000 2,'100,000 '1,728.492
3,500~OOO
815,000 133,518 'ISO,ooo 40,000 3,000,1100 10,408,071 205,823,260
2,103,200 500,000
53~,578
617,400 115,705 57,085 12'1,fiOO 01,600
.\.,232,000 327,743,400 795,59'1,000 100,415,400 205,82J,260 8'2,500 1,433,887,500
(t) According to thc IAnnual Slatistics» of the United States of Venezuela 1884, t.he area or lhat state amounts to 1,639,398 square kilomeiers with ~
populatloll or 2,121,988 souIs. - Seo page 10.
EIJHOPE.
Belgium Netherland England Haly
German empil'c Frauce Switzerland Austria-Hungary Denmark Portugal
Spain Greece
Turkey
Russia
Sweden
Norway
Siberia
A.SIA..
Java and Maduro (a)
Strait.~ SetUements Japan
China. proper
Dritish India
Annam Ceylon Koréa
French Cochin-china
PhiHppine-islands Soenda-islands
British Birma Kaukasia
Cambodja
Asiatic Turkey Birma Siam
Persia
POPULATION AFTER DE
A.MEHICA..
Central America United States Mexico ChiU Columbia Panama Peru Uraguay Ecuador Bolivia BraziJ Venezuéla Paraguay Argentine Republic
