The Effect of New Production Concepts on the Adoption of Practices
Appendix 1: Survey
Research in the use of Practices
Declaration of anonymity and proper use of the information gathered.
Q1. To judge the innovativeness of a company often a distinction is made between
product- and process development. Choose from the alternatives given below the
most suitable to characterize your company.
a. We are producing the same product with the same technology for years.
b. We continuously introduce new products in the market place
c. We continuously apply new technology in our production process
d. We continuously introduce new products in the market place and apply new
technologies in our production process
Introduction to question 2:
The degree of customization of products can be characterized using a typology for
the production system. The following typology is often used:
Engineer-to-Order: For each order a specific design is made based on the customer’s
requirements.
Make-to-Order:
Product designs are available but production is started after an
order is received.
Assembly-to-Order: The basic building blocks for the product are in stock, the final
assembly is done after an order is received.
Make-to-Stock:
Products are shipped to the customer from stock
Q2. Chose from the descriptions above the production system that your company
applies for the majority of products.
a. Engineer-to-Order
b. Make-to-Order
c. Assembly-to-Order
d. Make-to-Stock
Introduction to questions 3 and 4:
Distinction between companies can be made based on production strategy.
Complete the following statements for your company.
Q3. We want to improve ourselves primarily on……
a. Flexibility
Mark Mulder
Q4. In the past we have improved ourselves primarily on……
a. Flexibility
b. Quality
c. Cost
d. Reliability
e. Speed
Q5. Lean management practices can be separated in ten categories. Determine for
each category if your company uses practices, if your company is planning the
implementation, if the practice is considered inappropriate for your company or if
you are unfamiliar with that category.
In Use Planning Inappropriate Unknown
Quality Circles
Practices that encourage employees
to participate in problem solving and
decision-making.
Quality Management
Practices that make Quality a priority
for all members of the organization
and suppliers.
Examples: TQM, ISO, SPC, 6 Sigma
Focused Factory
Dedication of machine and/or space
in the factory for the production of a
specific product or productgroep.
Examples: Production line, Cellular
manufacturing
Preventive Maintenance
Routinely perform maintenance
Small maintenance procedures are
performed by operators.
Setup-time Reduction
Practices to shorten the setup-time
for machines and minimize the changing
of tools, to accommodate production in
smaller batches.
The Effect of New Production Concepts on the Adoption of Practices
Group Technology
Practices that use grouping or clustering
to generate efficiencies in product design
and production.
Uniform Workload
Practices to generate a uniform workload
based on order acceptance.
Examples: MPS, Leveled Scheduling
Multifunctional Employees
Practices to enable placement of
employees at different machine
and/or different functions.
Pull System
Practices of material handling based on
demand or available capacity.
Examples: Kanban, Polca, ConWIP,
Workload Control
JIT Supply/Supply Chain Management
Practices in cooperation with suppliers to
enhance quality, flexibility, and service
level by the supplier and decrease the
number of suppliers.
Q6. If there are practices that your company has applied that can not be placed in a
category, then you can write down the name below:
____________________________________________________
Q7. What is your function within the company?
____________________________________________________
Q8. Name of your company
____________________________________________________
Q9. What is the size of your company
a. less then 100 employees
Mark Mulder
Q10. If you are interested in the results of this research then you can submit your
email address below.
The Effect of New Production Concepts on the Adoption of Practices
Appendix 2: ANOVA Output
Sum of
Squares df Square Mean F Sig. Between Groups Within Groups Total 38,750 298,042 326,792 3 49 52 9,583 6,082 1.576 ,207
Table 9: ANOVA Mean number of Practices in Use per Production System
Sum of
Squares df Square Mean F Sig. 8,180 4 2,045 ,311 ,869 321,969 49 6,571
Between Groups Within Groups
Total 330,148 53
Table 10: ANOVA Mean Number of Practice in use per Strategy
Sum of
Squares df Square Mean F Sig. 39,894 3 13,298 2,291 ,090 290,254 50 5,805
Between Groups Within Groups
Total 330,148 53
Table 11: ANOVA Mean Number of Practices per Degree of Innovativeness
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 18,008 2 9,004 1,553 ,222 284,050 49 5,797 Between Groups Within Groups Total 302,058 51
Table 12: ANOVA Mean Number of Practices Per Size
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 88,914 4 22,228 4,485 ,004 237,879 48 4,956 Between Groups Within Groups Total 326,792 52
Mark Mulder
Appendix 3a: T-Tests for the Production Systems
Group Statistics Production System N Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean ETO 11 5,64 1,748 ,527 MTO 17 3,94 2,135 ,518 ATO 16 4,75 3,022 ,756 MTS 9 5,78 2,682 ,894
Production System N Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Rest 36 5,28 2,581 ,430 MTO 17 3,94 2,135 ,518
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
95% Confidence Interval of the
Difference Groups compared F Sig. t Df
Sig. (2-tailed)
Mean Difference
Std. Error
Difference Lower Upper Equal variances assumed ,290 ,595 2,196 26 ,037 1,70 ,772 ,108 3,282 MTO - ETO Equal variances not assumed 2,294 24,411 ,031 1,70 ,739 ,172 3,219 Equal variances assumed 1,153 ,294 -1,911 24 ,068 -1,84 ,961 -3,821 ,147 MTO - MTS Equal variances not assumed -1,778 13,508 ,098 -1,84 1,033 -4,060 ,387 Equal variances assumed 3,866 ,060 ,874 25 ,390 ,89 1,014 -1,202 2,975 ETO - ATO Equal variances not assumed ,962 24,461 ,345 ,89 ,921 -1,013 2,786 Equal variances assumed 2,650 ,114 -,892 31 ,379 -,81 ,906 -2,658 1,040 MTO - ATO Equal variances not assumed -,883 26,849 ,385 -,81 ,916 -2,689 1,071 Equal variances assumed ,173 ,682 -,848 23 ,405 -1,03 1,212 -3,535 1,479 MTS - ATO Equal variances not assumed -,878 18,479 ,391 -1,03 1,171 -3,482 1,427 Equal variances assumed 2,804 ,111 -,142 18 ,888 -,14 ,994 -2,231 1,948 ETO - MTS Equal variances
not assumed -,136 13,245 ,894 -,14 1,038 -2,379 2,096
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
95% Confidence Interval of the
Difference Groups compared F Sig. t Df Sig. (2-tailed)
Mean Difference
Std. Error
Difference Lower Upper MTO - Rest Equal variances assumed 1,547 ,219 1,854 51 ,070 1,34 ,721 -,111 2,784
Equal variances
The Effect of New Production Concepts on the Adoption of Practices
Appendix 3b: T-Tests for Size
GroupStatistics Size N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean <100 16 4,13 1,746 ,437 100-500 20 4,85 2,720 ,608 >500 16 5,63 2,553 ,638 Group Statistics Size N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean <100 16 4,13 1,746 ,437 >100 36 5,19 2,638 ,440
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
95% Confidence Interval of the
Difference Groups compared F Sig. t Df
Sig. (2-tailed)
Mean Difference
Std. Error
Difference Lower Upper <100 - >500 Equal variances assumed 3,211 ,083 -1,940 30 ,062 -1,50 ,773 -3,079 ,079
Equal variances not assumed -1,940 26,518 ,063 -1,50 ,773 -3,088 ,088 <100 – 100-500 Equal variances assumed 6,194 ,018 -,923 34 ,362 -,72 ,785 -2,321 ,871 Equal variances not assumed -,968 32,647 ,340 -,72 ,749 -2,249 ,799 100-500 - >500 Equal variances assumed ,275 ,603 -,873 34 ,389 -,78 ,888 -2,580 1,030 Equal variances not assumed -,879 33,078 ,386 -,78 ,882 -2,568 1,018
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
95% Confidence Interval of the
Difference Groups compared F Sig. t Df
Sig. (2-tailed)
Mean Difference
Std. Error
Difference Lower Upper <100 - >100 Equal variances assumed 5,634 ,022 1,479 50 ,145 1,07 ,723 -,382 2,521
Equal variances
Mark Mulder
Appendix 3c: T-Tests for Innovativeness
Group Statistics Degree of Innovativeness N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean No Innovation 18 4,39 2,279 ,537 Product Innovation 10 3,80 2,251 ,712 Process Innovation 7 4,29 1,799 ,680 Both 19 5,95 2,758 ,633 Degree of Innovativeness N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Other 35 4,20 2,139 ,362 Both 19 5,95 2,758 ,633
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
95% Confidence Interval of the
Difference Groups compared F Sig. t Df
Sig. (2-tailed)
Mean Difference
Std. Error
Difference Lower Upper Product - Both Equal variances assumed ,404 ,530 -2,114 27 ,044 -2,15 1,016 -4,232 -,063 Equal variances not assumed -2,255 21,982 ,034 -2,15 ,952 -4,123 -,172 No - Both Equal variances assumed ,390 ,536 -1,868 35 ,070 -1,56 ,834 -3,252 ,135
Equal variances not assumed -1,878 34,383 ,069 -1,56 ,830 -3,245 ,128 Process - Both Equal variances assumed 1,173 ,290 -1,472 24 ,154 -1,66 1,129 -3,991 ,668 Equal variances not assumed -1,789 16,710 ,092 -1,66 ,929 -3,624 ,301 No - Product Equal variances assumed ,026 ,874 ,658 26 ,516 ,59 ,895 -1,251 2,429
Equal variances not assumed ,660 18,920 ,517 ,59 ,892 -1,278 2,456 Product - Process Equal variances assumed ,385 ,544 -,473 15 ,643 -,49 1,026 -2,673 1,701 Equal variances not assumed -,493 14,636 ,629 -,49 ,985 -2,589 1,617 No - Process Equal variances assumed ,658 ,426 ,107 23 ,916 ,10 ,964 -1,891 2,097
Equal variances
not assumed ,119 13,908 ,907 ,10 ,867 -1,757 1,963
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
95% Confidence Interval of the
Difference Groups compared F Sig. t Df Sig. (2-tailed)
Mean Difference
Std. Error
Difference Lower Upper Other - Both Equal variances assumed 1,102 ,299 2,585 52 ,013 1,75 ,676 ,391 3,104
Equal variances
The Effect of New Production Concepts on the Adoption of Practices
Appendix 3d: T-Tests for the former strategy
Group Statistics Former Strategy N Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Flexibility 7 2,71 1,496 ,565 Quality 15 4,13 2,615 ,675 Cost 20 6,35 2,110 ,472 Reliability 8 4,75 1,909 ,675 Speed 3 3,67 3,055 1,764
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
95% Confidence Interval of the
Difference Groups compared F Sig. t Df
Sig. (2-tailed)
Mean Difference
Std. Error
Difference Lower Upper Flexibility - Cost Equal variances assumed 1,007 ,325 -4,182 25 ,000 -3,64 ,869 -5,426 -1,845 Equal variances not assumed -4,937 14,968 ,000 -3,64 ,736 -5,206 -2,066 Quality - Cost Equal variances assumed ,219 ,643 -2,777 33 ,009 -2,22 ,798 -3,841 -,592 Equal variances not assumed -2,691 26,372 ,012 -2,22 ,824 -3,909 -,525 Flexibility - Reliability Equal variances assumed ,726 ,410 -2,273 13 ,041 -2,04 ,896 -3,971 -,101 Equal variances not assumed -2,312 12,875 ,038 -2,04 ,880 -3,940 -,132 Cost - Speed Equal variances assumed ,504 ,486 1,955 21 ,064 2,68 1,373 -,171 5,538
Equal variances
not assumed 1,470 2,295 ,264 2,68 1,826 -4,280 9,646 Cost -
Reliability Equal variances assumed ,060 ,808 1,859 26 ,074 1,60 ,861 -,169 3,369 Equal variances not assumed 1,943 14,258 ,072 1,60 ,823 -,163 3,363 Flexibility - Quality Equal variances assumed 1,133 ,300 -1,327 20 ,199 -1,42 1,069 -3,650 ,812 Equal variances not assumed -1,611 18,868 ,124 -1,42 ,881 -3,263 ,425 Reliability -
Speed Equal variances assumed ,870 ,375 ,722 9 ,488 1,08 1,500 -2,309 4,476 Equal variances not assumed ,574 2,612 ,612 1,08 1,889 -5,464 7,631 Flexibility - Speed Equal variances assumed 2,425 ,158 -,689 8 ,510 -,95 1,382 -4,140 2,235 Equal variances not assumed -,514 2,424 ,650 -,95 1,852 -7,725 5,820 Quality -
