• No results found

Migraine and brain lesions. Data from the population-based CAMERA Study Kruit, Mark Christian

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "Migraine and brain lesions. Data from the population-based CAMERA Study Kruit, Mark Christian"

Copied!
18
0
0

Bezig met laden.... (Bekijk nu de volledige tekst)

Hele tekst

(1)

Migraine and brain lesions. Data from the population-based CAMERA Study

Kruit, Mark Christian

Citation

Kruit, M. C. (2010, January 20). Migraine and brain lesions. Data from the population-based CAMERA Study. Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden University.

Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14585

Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) License:

Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14585

Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if

(2)

ABBREVIATIONS



AICA anteriorinferiorcerebellar

artery

ANS autonomicnervoussystem

BBB bloodbrainbarrier

BMI bodymassindex

BP bloodpressure

CAMERA CerebralAbnormalitiesin

Migraine,anEpidemiological

RiskAnalysis

CI confidenceinterval

CSD corticalspreadingdepression

CSF cerebrospinalfluid

CSM carotidsinusmassage

CT computedtomography

DLB dementiawitLewybodies

DWML deepwhitematterlesion

FLAIR fluidattenuatedinversion

recovery

GEM geneticepidemiologyof

migraine

ICC intraclasscorrelation

coefficients

IHL infratentorialhyperintense

lesion

IHS internationalheadache

society

ILL infarctlikelesion

MA migrainewithaura

MO migrainewithoutaura

MRI magneticresonanceimaging

OC oralcontraceptives

OH orthostatichypotension

OI orthostaticinsufficiency

OR oddsratio

PAG periaqueductalgreymatter

PC/PCT posteriorcirculationterritory

PD protondensity

PFO patentforamenovale

PHL pontinehyperintenselesion

PICA posteriorinferiorcerebellar

arteriy

POTS posturaltachycardia

syndrome

PVWML periventricularwhitematter

lesion

rCBF regionalcerebralbloodflow

RR relativerisk

SCA superiorcerebellarartery

SN substantianigra

TIA transientischemicattack

WML whitematterhyperintense

lesions





(3)

IHSDiagnosticCriteria–ICHDII

DIAGNOSTICCRITERIA–ICHDII

TheInternationalClassificationofHeadacheDisorders,2

nd

edition

3





1.MIGRAINE



1.1 Migrainewithoutaura



1.2 Migrainewithaura

 1.2.1 Typicalaurawithmigraine

headache

 1.2.2 Typicalaurawithnonmigraine

headache

 1.2.3 Typicalaurawithoutheadache

 1.2.4 Familialhemiplegicmigraine

(FHM)

 1.2.5 Sporadichemiplegicmigraine

 1.2.6 Basilartypemigraine

1.3 Childhood periodic syndromes that are

commonlyprecursorsofmigraine

 1.3.1 Cyclicalvomiting

 1.3.2 Abdominalmigraine

 1.3.3 Benignparoxysmalvertigoof

childhood



1.4 Retinalmigraine



1.5 Complicationsofmigraine

 1.5.1 Chronicmigraine

 1.5.2 Statusmigrainosus

 1.5.3 Persistentaurawithoutinfarc

tion

 1.5.4 Migrainousinfarction

 1.5.5 Migrainetriggeredseizure



1.6 Probablemigraine

 1.6.1 Probablemigrainewithoutaura

 1.6.2 Probablemigrainewithaura

 1.6.5 Probablechronicmigraine

(4)

1.1MIGRAINEWITHOUTAURA

Previouslyusedterms:

Commonmigraine,hemicraniasimplex



Description:

Recurrent headache disorder manifesting in attacks lasting 4–72 hours. Typical characteristics of

theheadache are unilaterallocation,pulsatingquality,moderateorsevereintensity,aggravation

byroutinephysicalactivityandassociationwithnauseaand/orphotophobiaandphonophobia.



Diagnosticcriteria:

A. Atleast5attacksfulfillingcriteriaB–D

B. Headacheattackslasting4–72hours(untreatedorunsuccessfullytreated)

C. Headachehasatleasttwoofthefollowingcharacteristics:

 1. unilaterallocation

 2. pulsatingquality

 3. moderateorseverepainintensity

 4. aggravationbyorcausingavoidanceofroutinephysicalactivity

(e.g.,walkingorclimbingstairs)

D. Duringheadacheatleastoneofthefollowing:

 1.nauseaand/orvomiting

 2.photophobiaandphonophobia

E. Notattributedtoanotherdisorder

1.2MIGRAINEWITHAURA

Previouslyusedterms:

Classic or classical migraine, ophthalmic, hemiparaesthetic, hemiplegic or aphasic migraine, mi

graineaccompagnée,complicatedmigraine



Description:

Recurrent disorder manifesting in attacks of reversible focal neurological symptoms that usually

developgraduallyover5–20minutesandlastforlessthan60minutes.Headachewiththefeatures

of migraine without aura usually follows the aura symptoms. Less commonly, headache lacks

migrainousfeaturesoriscompletelyabsent.



Diagnosticcriteria:

A. Atleast2attacksfulfillingcriterionB

B. MigraineaurafulfillingcriteriaBandCforoneofthesubforms1.2.1–1.2.6

C. Notattributedtoanotherdisorder



(5)

IHSDiagnosticCriteria–ICHDII

1.2.1TYPICALAURAWITHMIGRAINEHEADACHE

Description:

Typical aura consisting of visual and/or sensory and/or speech symptoms. Gradual development,

durationnolongerthanonehour,amixofpositiveandnegativefeaturesandcompletereversibil

ity characterise the aura which is associated with a headache fulfilling criteria for 1.1 Migraine

withoutaura.



Diagnosticcriteria:

A. Atleast2attacksfulfillingcriteriaB–D

B. Auraconsistingofatleastoneofthefollowing,butnomotorweakness:

 1. fullyreversiblevisualsymptomsincludingpositivefeatures(e.g.,flickeringlights,spotsor

lines)and/ornegativefeatures(i.e.,lossofvision)

 2. fullyreversiblesensorysymptomsincludingpositivefeatures(i.e.,pinsandneedles)

and/ornegativefeatures(i.e.,numbness)

 3. fullyreversibledysphasicspeechdisturbance

C. Atleasttwoofthefollowing:

 1. homonymousvisualsymptoms1and/orunilateralsensorysymptoms

 2. atleastoneaurasymptomdevelopsgraduallyover5minutesand/ordifferentaura

symptomsoccurinsuccessionover5minutes

 3. eachsymptomlasts5and60minutes

D. HeadachefulfillingcriteriaB–Dfor1.1Migrainewithoutaurabeginsduringtheauraorfollows

aurawithin60minutes

E. Notattributedtoanotherdisorder



(6)

REFERENCES

 1.migraine.Dictionary.comOnlineEtymology

Dictionary.DouglasHarper,Historian.

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/

migraine(accessed:April29.2008).

 2.HeadacheClassificationCommitteeofthe

InternationalHeadacheSociety.Classification

anddiagnosticcriteriaforheadachedisorders,

cranialneuralgiasandfacialpain.Cephalalgia

1988;8Suppl7:196.

 3.HeadacheClassificationSubcommitteeofthe

InternationalHeadacheSociety.The

InternationalClassificationofHeadache

Disorders:2ndedition.Cephalalgia2004;24

Suppl1:9160.

 4.GoadsbyPJ,LiptonRB,FerrariMD.Migraine

currentunderstandingandtreatment.

N.Engl.J.Med.2002;346(4):25770.

 5.FerrariMD.Migraine.Lancet

1998;351(9108):104351.

 6.RussellMB,OlesenJ.Anosographicanalysisof

themigraineaurainageneralpopulation.

Brain1996;119(Pt2):35561.

 7.LaunerLJ,TerwindtGM,FerrariMD.The

prevalenceandcharacteristicsofmigraineina

populationbasedcohort:theGEMstudy.

Neurology1999;53(3):53742.

 8.RasmussenBK.Epidemiologyofheadache.

Cephalalgia2001;21(7):7747.

 9.LiptonRB,ScherAI,KolodnerK,LibermanJ,

SteinerTJ,StewartWF.MigraineintheUnited

States:epidemiologyandpatternsofhealth

careuse.Neurology2002;58(6):88594.

 10.StewartWF,LiptonRB,CelentanoDD,Reed

ML.Prevalenceofmigraineheadacheinthe

UnitedStates.Relationtoage,income,race,

andothersociodemographicfactors.Jama

1992;267(1):649.

 11.LiptonRB,BigalME,DiamondM,FreitagF,

ReedML,StewartWF.Migraineprevalence,

diseaseburden,andtheneedforpreventive

therapy.Neurology2007;68(5):3439.

 12.LeonardiM,SteinerTJ,ScherAT,LiptonRB.

Theglobalburdenofmigraine:measuring

disabilityinheadachedisorderswithWHO's

ClassificationofFunctioning,Disabilityand

Health(ICF).J.HeadachePain2005;6(6):429

40.

 13.HuXH,MarksonLE,LiptonRB,StewartWF,

BergerML.BurdenofmigraineintheUnited

States:disabilityandeconomiccosts.

Arch.Intern.Med.1999;159(8):8138.

 14.BergJ,StovnerLJ.Costofmigraineandother

headachesinEurope.Eur.J.Neurol.2005;12

Suppl1:5962.

 15.GoadsbyPJ.Migrainepathophysiology.

Headache2005;45Suppl1:S14S24.

 16.ColsonNJ,LeaRA,QuinlanS,GriffithsLR.The

roleofvascularandhormonalgenesin

migrainesusceptibility.Mol.Genet.Metab

2006;88(2):10713.

 17.PietrobonD,StriessnigJ.Neurobiologyof

migraine.Nat.Rev.Neurosci.2003;4(5):38698.

 18.WeillerC,MayA,LimmrothV,JuptnerM,

KaubeH,SchayckRVetal.Brainstem

activationinspontaneoushumanmigraine

attacks.NatMed1995;1(7):65860.

 19.MoskowitzMA,BolayH,DalkaraT.

Decipheringmigrainemechanisms:cluesfrom

familialhemiplegicmigrainegenotypes.

Ann.Neurol.2004;55(2):27680.

 20.AuroraSK,WelchKM.Migraine:imagingthe

aura.Curr.Opin.Neurol.2000;13(3):2736.

 21.CaoY,WelchKM,AuroraS,VikingstadEM.

FunctionalMRIBOLDofvisuallytriggered

headacheinpatientswithmigraine.Archives

ofNeurology1999;56(5):54854.

 22.WelchKM,CaoY,AuroraS,WigginsG,

VikingstadEM.MRIoftheoccipitalcortex,red

nucleus,andsubstantianigraduringvisual

auraofmigraine.Neurology1998;51(5):1465

9.

 23.SmithJM,BradleyDP,JamesMF,HuangCL.

Physiologicalstudiesofcorticalspreading

depression.Biol.Rev.Camb.Philos.Soc.

2006;81(4):45781.

 24.TakanoT,TianGF,PengW,LouN,LovattD,

HansenAJetal.Corticalspreadingdepression

causesandcoincideswithtissuehypoxia.

Nat.Neurosci.2007;10(6):75462.

 25.GursoyOzdemirY,QiuJ,MatsuokaN,BolayH,

BermpohlD,JinHetal.Corticalspreading

depressionactivatesandupregulatesMMP9.

J.Clin.Invest2004;113(10):144755.

(7)

References

 26.CutrerFM,O'DonnellA,SanchezdR.

Functionalneuroimaging:enhanced

understandingofmigrainepathophysiology.

Neurology2000;55(9Suppl2):S36S45.

 27.SmithM,CrosD,SheenV.Hyperperfusion

withvasogenicleakagebyfMRIinmigraine

withprolongedaura.Neurology

2002;58(8):130810.

 28.ResnickS,ReyesIglesiasY,CarrerasR,

VillalobosE.Migrainewithauraassociated

withreversibleMRIabnormalities.Neurology

2006;66(6):9467.

 29.LiangY,ScottTF.Migrainousinfarctionwith

appearanceoflaminarnecrosisonMRI.

Clin.Neurol.Neurosurg.2007;109(7):5926.

 30.LindnerA,ReinersK,ToykaKV.Meningeal

hyperperfusionvisualizedbyMRIinapatient

withvisualhallucinationsandmigraine.

Headache1996;36(1):537.

 31.CrawfordJS,KonkolRJ.Familialhemiplegic

migrainewithcrossedcerebellardiaschisisand

unilateralmeningealenhancement.Headache

1997;37(9):5903.

 32.ArnoldG,ReuterU,KinzeS,WolfT,Einhaupl

KM.Migrainewithaurashowsgadolinium

enhancementwhichisreversedfollowing

prophylactictreatment.Cephalalgia

1998;18(9):6446.

 33.BarbourPJ,CastaldoJE,ShoemakerEI.

Hemiplegicmigraineduringpregnancy:

unusualmagneticresonanceappearancewith

SPECTscancorrelation.Headache

2001;41(3):3106.

 34.DreierJP,JurkatRottK,PetzoldGC,Tomkins

O,KlingebielR,KoppUAetal.Openingofthe

bloodbrainbarrierprecedingcorticaledema

inasevereattackofFHMtypeII.Neurology

2005;64(12):21457.

 35.IizukaT,SakaiF,SuzukiK,IgarashiH,SuzukiN.

Implicationofaugmentedvasogenicleakagein

themechanismofpersistentaurainsporadic

hemiplegicmigraine.Cephalalgia

2006;26(3):3325.

 36.vandenMaagdenbergAM,HaanJ,Terwindt

GM,FerrariMD.Migraine:genemutationsand

functionalconsequences.Curr.Opin.Neurol.

2007;20(3):299305.

 37.AuroraSK,WilkinsonF.Thebrainis

hyperexcitableinmigraine.Cephalalgia

2007;27(12):144253.

 38.EbnerTJ,ChenG.Spreadingacidificationand

depressioninthecerebellarcortex.

Neuroscientist.2003;9(1):3745.

 39.BolayH,ReuterU,DunnAK,HuangZ,BoasDA,

MoskowitzMA.Intrinsicbrainactivitytriggers

trigeminalmeningealafferentsinamigraine

model.Nat.Med.2002;8(2):13642.

 40.GoadsbyPJ.Migraine,aura,andcortical

spreadingdepression:whyarewestilltalking

aboutit?Ann.Neurol.2001;49(1):46.

 41.DalkaraT,ZervasNT,MoskowitzMA.From

spreadingdepressiontothetrigeminovascular

system.Neurol.Sci.2006;27Suppl2:S86S90.

 42.WoodsRP,IacoboniM,MazziottaJC.Brief

report:bilateralspreadingcerebral

hypoperfusionduringspontaneousmigraine

headache.NEnglJMed1994;331(25):1689

92.

 43.CaoY,AuroraSK,NageshV,PatelSC,Welch

KM.FunctionalMRIBOLDofbrainstem

structuresduringvisuallytriggeredmigraine.

Neurology2002;59(1):728.

 44.SanchezDelRioM,ReuterU,MoskowitzMA.

Newinsightsintomigrainepathophysiology.

Curr.Opin.Neurol.2006;19(3):2948.

 45.HenrichJB,SandercockPA,WarlowCP,Jones

LN.StrokeandmigraineintheOxfordshire

CommunityStrokeProject.Journalof

Neurology1986;233(5):25762.

 46.BogousslavskyJ,RegliF,VanMelleG,PayotM,

UskeA.Migrainestroke.Neurology

1988;38(2):2237.

 47.RothrockJF,WalickeP,SwensonMR,Lyden

PD,LoganWR.Migrainousstroke.

Arch.Neurol.1988;45(1):637.

 48.SacquegnaT,AndreoliA,BaldratiA,LamieriC,

GuttmannS,deCarolisPetal.Ischemicstroke

inyoungadults:therelevanceofmigrainous

infarction.Cephalalgia1989;9(4):2558.

 49.RothrockJ,NorthJ,MaddenK,LydenP,Fleck

P,DittrichH.Migraineandmigrainousstroke:

riskfactorsandprognosis.Neurology

1993;43(12):24736.

 50.SochurkovaD,MoreauT,LemesleM,Menassa

M,GiroudM,DumasR.Migrainehistoryand

migraineinducedstrokeintheDijonstroke

registry.Neuroepidemiology1999;18(2):8591.

 51.DonaghyM,ChangCL,PoulterN.Duration,

frequency,recency,andtypeofmigraineand

theriskofischaemicstrokeinwomenof

childbearingage.J.Neurol.Neurosurg.

Psychiatry2002;73(6):74750.

 52.SchwaagS,NabaviDG,FreseA,HusstedtIW,

EversS.Theassociationbetweenmigraineand

juvenilestroke:acasecontrolstudy.

Headache2003;43(2):905.

(8)

 53.LidegaardO.Oralcontraceptives,pregnancy

andtheriskofcerebralthromboembolism:the

influenceofdiabetes,hypertension,migraine

andpreviousthromboticdisease.Br.J

Obstet.Gynaecol.1995;102(2):1539.

 54.CollaborativeGroupfortheStudyofStrokein

YoungWomen.Oralcontraceptivesandstroke

inyoungwomen.Associatedriskfactors.Jama

1975;231(7):71822.

 55.HenrichJB,HorwitzRI.Acontrolledstudyof

ischemicstrokeriskinmigrainepatients.J

Clin.Epidemiol1989;42(8):77380.

 56.MariniC,CaroleiA,RobertsRS,PrencipeM,

GandolfoC,InzitariDetal.Focalcerebral

ischemiainyoungadults:acollaborativecase

controlstudy.TheNationalResearchCouncil

StudyGroup.Neuroepidemiology

1993;12(2):7081.

 57.TzourioC,IglesiasS,HubertJB,VisyJM,

AlperovitchA,TehindrazanariveloAetal.

Migraineandriskofischaemicstroke:acase

controlstudy.Bmj1993;307(6899):28992.

 58.TzourioC,TehindrazanariveloA,IglesiasS,

AlperovitchA,ChedruF,d'AnglejanChatillonJ

etal.Casecontrolstudyofmigraineandrisk

ofischaemicstrokeinyoungwomen.Bmj

1995;310(6983):8303.

 59.CaroleiA,MariniC,DeMatteisG.Historyof

migraineandriskofcerebralischaemiain

youngadults.TheItalianNationalResearch

CouncilStudyGrouponStrokeintheYoung.

Lancet1996;347(9014):15036.

 60.BuringJE,HebertP,RomeroJ,KittrossA,Cook

N,MansonJetal.Migraineandsubsequent

riskofstrokeinthePhysicians'HealthStudy.

Arch.Neurol.1995;52(2):12934.

 61.MerikangasKR,FentonBT,ChengSH,Stolar

MJ,RischN.Associationbetweenmigraineand

strokeinalargescaleepidemiologicalstudyof

theUnitedStates.ArchivesofNeurology

1997;54(4):3628.

 62.ChangCL,DonaghyM,PoulterN.Migraineand

strokeinyoungwomen:casecontrolstudy.

TheWorldHealthOrganisationCollaborative

StudyofCardiovascularDiseaseandSteroid

HormoneContraception.Bmj

1999;318(7175):138.

 63.HaapaniemiH,HillbomM,JuvelaS.Lifestyle

associatedriskfactorsforacutebrain

infarctionamongpersonsofworkingage.

Stroke1997;28(1):2630.

 64.NightingaleAL,FarmerRD.Ischemicstrokein

youngwomen:anestedcasecontrolstudy

usingtheUKGeneralPracticeResearch

Database.Stroke2004;35(7):15748.

 65.EtminanM,TakkoucheB,IsornaFC,SamiiA.

Riskofischaemicstrokeinpeoplewith

migraine:systematicreviewandmetaanalysis

ofobservationalstudies.Bmj

2005;330(7482):63.

 66.RovarisM,BozzaliM,RoccaMA,ColomboB,

FilippiM.AnMRstudyoftissuedamageinthe

cervicalcordofpatientswithmigraine.

J.Neurol.Sci.2001;183(1):436.

 67.IgarashiH,SakaiF,KanS,OkadaJ,TazakiY.

Magneticresonanceimagingofthebrainin

patientswithmigraine.Cephalalgia

1991;11(2):6974.

 68.RobbinsL,FriedmanH.MRIinmigraineurs.

Headache1992;32(10):5078.

 69.PaveseN,CanapicchiR,NutiA,BibbianiF,

LucettiC,CollavoliPetal.WhitematterMRI

hyperintensitiesinahundredandtwentynine

consecutivemigrainepatients.Cephalalgia

1994;14(5):3425.

 70.DeBenedittisG,LorenzettiA,SinaC,

BernasconiV.Magneticresonanceimagingin

migraineandtensiontypeheadache.

Headache1995;35(5):2648.

 71.KruitMC,vanBuchemMA,HofmanPA,

BakkersJT,TerwindtGM,FerrariMDetal.

Migraineasariskfactorforsubclinicalbrain

lesions.Jama2004;291(4):42734.

 72.WelchKM,NageshV,AuroraSK,GelmanN.

Periaqueductalgraymatterdysfunctionin

migraine:causeortheburdenofillness?

Headache2001;41(7):62937.

 73.WelchKM.Relationshipofstrokeand

migraine.Neurology1994;44(suppl7)(10):S33

6.

 74.TietjenGE.Therelationshipofmigraineand

stroke.Neuroepidemiology2000;19(1):139.

 75.TzourioC,KittnerSJ,BousserMG,Alperovitch

A.Migraineandstrokeinyoungwomen.

Cephalalgia2000;20(3):1909.

 76.BousserMG.Estrogens,migraine,andstroke.

Stroke2004;35(11Suppl1):26526.

 77.BroderickJP,SwansonJW.Migrainerelated

strokes.Clinicalprofileandprognosisin20

patients.ArchivesofNeurology

1987;44(8):86871.

 78.vandenBoomR,LesnikObersteinSA,Ferrari

MD,HaanJ,vanBuchemMA.Cerebral

autosomaldominantarteriopathywith

subcorticalinfarctsandleukoencephalopathy:

MRimagingfindingsatdifferentages3rd6th

decades.Radiology2003;229(3):68390.

(9)

References

 79.TietjenGE,AlQasmiMM,AthanasK,Dafer

RM,KhuderSA.IncreasedvonWillebrand

factorinmigraine.Neurology2001;57(2):334

6.

 80.SztajzelR,GenoudD,RothS,MermillodB,

FlochRohrJ.Patentforamenovale,apossible

causeofsymptomaticmigraine:astudyof74

patientswithacuteischemicstroke.

Cerebrovasc.Dis.2002;13(2):1026.

 81.HeckmannJG,LangCJ,DietrichW,Neidhardt

B,NeundorferB.Symptomaticmigrainelinked

tostrokeduetoparadoxicalembolismand

elevatedthrombosisrisk.Cephalalgia

2002;22(2):1546.

 82.KlopstockT,MayA,SeibelP,PapagiannuliE,

DienerHC,ReichmannH.MitochondrialDNA

inmigrainewithaura.Neurology

1996;46(6):17358.

 83.ShuaibA.Strokefromotheretiologies

masqueradingasmigrainestroke.Stroke

1991;22(8):106874.

 84.OlesenJ,FribergL,OlsenTS,AndersenAR,

LassenNA,HansenPEetal.Ischaemiainduced

(symptomatic)migraineattacksmaybemore

frequentthanmigraineinducedischaemic

insults.Brain1993;116(Pt1):187202.

 85.TzourioC,BenslamiaL,GuillonB,AidiS,

BertrandM,BerthetKetal.Migraineandthe

riskofcervicalarterydissection:acasecontrol

study.Neurology2002;59(3):4357.

 86.MilhaudD,BogousslavskyJ,VanMelleG,Liot

P.Ischemicstrokeandactivemigraine.

Neurology2001;57(10):180511.

 87.HoekstravanDalenRA,CillessenJP,Kappelle

LJ,vanGijnJ.Cerebralinfarctsassociatedwith

migraine:clinicalfeatures,riskfactorsand

followup.J.Neurol.1996;243(7):5115.

 88.WHOCollaborativeStudyofCardiovascular

DiseaseandSteroidHormoneContraception.

Ischaemicstrokeandcombinedoral

contraceptives:resultsofaninternational,

multicentre,casecontrolstudy.WHO

CollaborativeStudyofCardiovascularDisease

andSteroidHormoneContraception.Lancet

1996;348(9026):498505.

 89.KaseCS,WolfPA,ChodoshEH,ZackerHB,

KellyHayesM,KannelWBetal.Prevalenceof

silentstrokeinpatientspresentingwithinitial

stroke:theFraminghamStudy.Stroke

1989;20(7):8502.

 90.VermeerSE,PrinsND,denHeijerT,HofmanA,

KoudstaalPJ,BretelerMM.Silentbrain

infarctsandtheriskofdementiaandcognitive

decline.N.Engl.J.Med.2003;348(13):121522.

 91.BernickC,KullerL,DulbergC,LongstrethWT,

Jr.,ManolioT,BeauchampNetal.SilentMRI

infarctsandtheriskoffuturestroke:the

cardiovascularhealthstudy.Neurology

2001;57(7):12229.

 92.VermeerSE,HollanderM,vanDijkEJ,Hofman

A,KoudstaalPJ,BretelerMM.Silentbrain

infarctsandwhitematterlesionsincrease

strokeriskinthegeneralpopulation:the

RotterdamScanStudy.Stroke

2003;34(5):11269.

 93.HowardG,WagenknechtLE,CaiJ,CooperL,

KrautMA,TooleJF.Cigarettesmokingand

otherriskfactorsforsilentcerebralinfarction

inthegeneralpopulation.Stroke

1998;29(5):9137.

 94.BryanRN,CaiJ,BurkeG,HutchinsonRG,Liao

D,TooleJFetal.Prevalenceandanatomic

characteristicsofinfarctlikelesionsonMR

imagesofmiddleagedadults:the

atherosclerosisriskincommunitiesstudy.

AJNRAmJNeuroradiol1999;20(7):127380.

 95.LiaoD,CooperL,CaiJ,TooleJ,BryanN,Burke

Getal.Theprevalenceandseverityofwhite

matterlesions,theirrelationshipwithage,

ethnicity,gender,andcardiovasculardisease

riskfactors:theARICStudy.

Neuroepidemiology1997;16(3):14962.

 96.BretelerMM,vanSwietenJC,BotsML,

GrobbeeDE,ClausJJ,vandetal.Cerebral

whitematterlesions,vascularriskfactors,and

cognitivefunctioninapopulationbasedstudy:

theRotterdamStudy.Neurology

1994;44(7):124652.

 97.LongstrethWT,Jr.,ManolioTA,ArnoldA,

BurkeGL,BryanN,JungreisCAetal.Clinical

correlatesofwhitematterfindingsoncranial

magneticresonanceimagingof3301elderly

people.TheCardiovascularHealthStudy.

Stroke1996;27(8):127482.

 98.KullerLH,LongstrethWT,Jr.,ArnoldAM,

BernickC,BryanRN,BeauchampNJ,Jr.White

matterhyperintensityoncranialmagnetic

resonanceimaging:apredictorofstroke.

Stroke2004;35(8):18215.

 99.PantoniL,GarciaJH,GutierrezJA.Cerebral

whitematterishighlyvulnerabletoischemia.

Stroke1996;27(9):16416.

100.WenderR,BrownAM,FernR,SwansonRA,

FarrellK,RansomBR.Astrocyticglycogen

influencesaxonfunctionandsurvivalduring

glucosedeprivationincentralwhitematter.

J.Neurosci.2000;20(18):680410.

(10)

101.FujitaS,KawaguchiT.Associationofplatelet

hyperaggregabilitywithleukoaraiosis.Acta

Neurol.Scand.2002;105(6):4459.

102.KaplanRD,SolomonGD,DiamondS,Freitag

FG.TheroleofMRIintheevaluationofa

migrainepopulation:preliminarydata.

Headache1987;27(6):3158.

103.SogesLJ,CacayorinED,PetroGR,

RamachandranTS.Migraine:evaluationby

MR.AJNRAmJNeuroradiol.1988;9(3):4259.

104.FerbertA,BusseD,ThronA.Microinfarctionin

classicmigraine?Astudywithmagnetic

resonanceimagingfindings.Stroke

1991;22(8):10104.

105.ZieglerDK,BatnitzkyS,BarterR,McMillanJH.

Magneticresonanceimageabnormalityin

migrainewithaura.Cephalalgia

1991;11(3):14750.

106.FazekasF,KochM,SchmidtR,OffenbacherH,

PayerF,FreidlWetal.Theprevalenceof

cerebraldamagevarieswithmigrainetype:a

MRIstudy.Headache1992;32(6):28791.

107.OsbornRE,AlderDC,MitchellCS.MRimaging

ofthebraininpatientswithmigraine

headaches.AJNRAmJNeuroradiol.

1991;12(3):5214.

108.CooneyBS,GrossmanRI,FarberRE,GoinJE,

GalettaSL.Frequencyofmagneticresonance

imagingabnormalitiesinpatientswith

migraine.Headache1996;36(10):61621.

109.GozkeE,OreO,DortcanN,UnalZ,Cetinkaya

M.Cranialmagneticresonanceimaging

findingsinpatientswithmigraine.Headache

2004;44(2):1669.

110.SwartzRH,KernRZ.Migraineisassociated

withmagneticresonanceimagingwhite

matterabnormalities:ametaanalysis.

Arch.Neurol.2004;61(9):13668.

111.DennisM,WarlowC.Migraineaurawithout

headache:transientischaemicattackornot?J

NeurolNeurosurgPsychiatry1992;55(6):437

40.

112.SaccoRL.Riskfactors,outcomes,andstroke

subtypesforischemicstroke.Neurology

1997;49(5Suppl4):S39S44.

113.PriceTR,PsatyB,O'LearyD,BurkeG,GardinJ.

Assessmentofcerebrovasculardiseaseinthe

CardiovascularHealthStudy.Ann.Epidemiol

1993;3(5):5047.

114.BokuraH,KobayashiS,YamaguchiS.

Distinguishingsilentlacunarinfarctionfrom

enlargedVirchowRobinspaces:amagnetic

resonanceimagingandpathologicalstudy.

JournalofNeurology1998;245(2):11622.

115.TatuL,MoulinT,BogousslavskyJ,DuvernoyH.

Arterialterritoriesofhumanbrain:brainstem

andcerebellum.Neurology1996;47(5):1125

35.

116.TatuL,MoulinT,BogousslavskyJ,DuvernoyH.

Arterialterritoriesofthehumanbrain:

cerebralhemispheres.Neurology

1998;50(6):1699708.

117.ScheltensP,BarkhofF,LeysD,PruvoJP,Nauta

JJ,VermerschPetal.Asemiquantativerating

scalefortheassessmentofsignal

hyperintensitiesonmagneticresonance

imaging.JNeurolSci.1993;114(1):712.

118.deLeeuwFE,deGrootJC,AchtenE,Oudkerk

M,RamosLM,HeijboerRetal.Prevalenceof

cerebralwhitematterlesionsinelderly

people:apopulationbasedmagnetic

resonanceimagingstudy.TheRotterdamScan

Study.JNeurol.Neurosurg.Psychiatry

2001;70(1):914.

119.BoerJM,FeskensEJ,SchoutenEG,Havekes

LM,SeidellJC,KromhoutD.Lipidprofiles

reflectinghighandlowriskforcoronaryheart

disease:contributionofapolipoproteinE

polymorphismandlifestyle.Atherosclerosis

1998;136(2):395402.

120.AlexanderJA,SheppardS,DavisPC,Salverda

P.Adultcerebrovasculardisease:roleof

modifiedrapidfluidattenuatedinversion

recoverysequences.AJNRAmJNeuroradiol

1996;17(8):150713.

121.DucrosA,DenierC,JoutelA,CecillonM,

LescoatC,VahediKetal.Theclinicalspectrum

offamilialhemiplegicmigraineassociatedwith

mutationsinaneuronalcalciumchannel.

N.Engl.JMed.2001;345(1):1724.

122.OphoffRA,TerwindtGM,VergouweMN,van

EijkR,OefnerPJ,Hoffmanetal.Familial

hemiplegicmigraineandepisodicataxiatype2

arecausedbymutationsintheCa2+channel

geneCACNL1A4.Cell1996;87(3):54352.

123.CaplanLR.Migraineandposteriorcirculation

stroke.In:CaplanLR,editor.Posterior

circulationdisease:clinicalfindings,diagnosis

andmanagement.Cambridge,MA:Blackwell

Science;1996.p.5556.

124.BogousslavskyJ,RegliF,MaederP,MeuliR,

NaderJ.Theetiologyofposteriorcirculation

infarcts:aprospectivestudyusingmagnetic

resonanceimagingandmagneticresonance

angiography.Neurology1993;43(8):152833.

125.PessinMS,LathiES,CohenMB,KwanES,

HedgesTR,III,CaplanLR.Clinicalfeaturesand

mechanismofoccipitalinfarction.Ann.Neurol.

1987;21(3):2909.

(11)

References

126.CaplanLR.Migraineandvertebrobasilar

ischemia.Neurology1991;41(1):5561.

127.BednarczykEM,RemlerB,WeikartC,Nelson

AD,ReedRC.Globalcerebralbloodflow,blood

volume,andoxygenmetabolisminpatients

withmigraineheadache.Neurology

1998;50(6):173640.

128.SanchezdelRioM,BakkerD,WuO,AgostiR,

MitsikostasDD,OstergaardLetal.Perfusion

weightedimagingduringmigraine:

spontaneousvisualauraandheadache.

Cephalalgia1999;19(8):7017.

129.CrassardI,ConardJ,BousserMG.Migraine

andhaemostasis.Cephalalgia2001;21(6):630

6.

130.TzourioC,ElAmraniM,PoirierO,NicaudV,

BousserMG,AlperovitchA.Association

betweenmigraineandendothelintypeA

receptor(ETA231A/G)genepolymorphism.

Neurology2001;56(10):12737.

131.DreierJP,KleebergJ,PetzoldG,PrillerJ,

WindmullerO,OrzechowskiHDetal.

Endothelin1potentlyinducesLeao'scortical

spreadingdepressioninvivointherat:a

modelforanendothelialtriggerofmigrainous

aura?Brain2002;125(Pt1):10212.

132.GoadsbyPJ.Pathophysiologyofmigraine:a

diseaseofthebrain.In:GoadsbyPJ,Silberstein

SD,editors.Headache.Boston:Butterworth

Heinemann;1997.p.525.

133.EggersAE.Newneuraltheoryofmigraine.

Med.Hypotheses2001;56(3):3603.

134.SpenceJD,WongDG,MelendezLJ,NicholPM,

BrownJD.Increasedprevalenceofmitralvalve

prolapseinpatientswithmigraine.CanMed

AssocJ1984;131(12):145760.

135.AnzolaGP,MagoniM,GuindaniM,RozziniL,

DallaVG.Potentialsourceofcerebral

embolisminmigrainewithaura:atranscranial

Dopplerstudy.Neurology1999;52(8):16225.

136.WilmshurstP,NightingaleS.Relationship

betweenmigraineandcardiacandpulmonary

righttoleftshunts.Clin.Sci.(Colch.)

2001;100(2):21520.

137.GoldbergMP,RansomBR.Newlightonwhite

matter.Stroke2003;34(2):3302.

138.GalloV,GhianiCA.Glutamatereceptorsinglia:

newcells,newinputsandnewfunctions.

TrendsPharmacol.Sci.2000;21(7):2528.

139.FeatherstoneHJ.Clinicalfeaturesofstrokein

migraine:areview.Headache1986;26(3):128

33.

140.ShuaibA,LeeMA.Cerebralinfarctionin

patientswithmigraineaccompaniments.

Headache1988;28(9):599601.

141.SongCJ,KimJH,KierEL,BronenRA.MR

imagingandhistologicfeaturesofsubinsular

brightspotsonT2weightedMRimages:

VirchowRobinspacesoftheextremecapsule

andinsularcortex.Radiology2000;214(3):671

7.

142.AmarencoP.Thespectrumofcerebellar

infarctions.Neurology1991;41(7):9739.

143.AmarencoP,KaseCS,RosengartA,PessinMS,

BousserMG,CaplanLR.Verysmall(border

zone)cerebellarinfarcts.Distribution,causes,

mechanismsandclinicalfeatures.Brain

1993;116(Pt1):16186.

144.BarthA,BogousslavskyJ,RegliF.Theclinical

andtopographicspectrumofcerebellar

infarcts:aclinicalmagneticresonanceimaging

correlationstudy.Ann.Neurol.1993;33(5):451

6.

145.CanapleS,BogousslavskyJ.Multiplelargeand

smallcerebellarinfarcts.

J.Neurol.Neurosurg.Psychiatry1999;66(6):739

45.

146.AmarencoP,HauwJJ,GautierJC.Arterial

pathologyincerebellarinfarction.Stroke

1990;21(9):1299305.

147.AmarencoP,LevyC,CohenA,TouboulPJ,

RoulletE,BousserMG.Causesand

mechanismsofterritorialandnonterritorial

cerebellarinfarctsin115consecutivepatients.

Stroke1994;25(1):10512.

148.CaplanLR,HennericiM.Impairedclearanceof

emboli(washout)isanimportantlinkbetween

hypoperfusion,embolism,andischemic

stroke.Arch.Neurol.1998;55(11):147582.

149.DuvernoyH,DelonS,VannsonJL.The

vascularizationofthehumancerebellarcortex.

BrainRes.Bull.1983;11(4):41980.

150.FessatidisIT,ThomasVL,ShoreDF,HuntRH,

WellerRO,GoodlandFetal.Assessmentof

neurologicalinjuryduetocirculatoryarrest

duringprofoundhypothermia.An

experimentalstudyinvertebrates.

Eur.J.Cardiothorac.Surg.1993;7(9):46572.

151.OlesenJ,FribergL,OlsenTS,IversenHK,

LassenNA,AndersenARetal.Timingand

topographyofcerebralbloodflow,aura,and

headacheduringmigraineattacks.AnnNeurol

1990;28(6):7918.

152.FribergL,OlesenJ,LassenNA,OlsenTS,Karle

A.Cerebraloxygenextraction,oxygen

consumption,andregionalcerebralbloodflow

duringtheauraphaseofmigraine.Stroke

1994;25(5):9749.

(12)

153.CutrerFM,SorensenAG,WeisskoffRM,

OstergaardL,SanchezdR,LeeEJetal.

Perfusionweightedimagingdefectsduring

spontaneousmigrainousaura.Ann.Neurol.

1998;43(1):2531.

154.CouchJR,HassaneinRS.Plateletaggregability

inmigraine.Neurology1977;27(9):8438.

155.SilvestriniM,MatteisM,TroisiE,CupiniLM,

ZaccariG,BernardiG.Migrainousstrokeand

theantiphospholipidantibodies.Eur.Neurol

1994;34(6):3169.

156.D'AndreaG,CananziAR,PeriniF,Hasselmark

L.Plateletmodelsandtheirpossible

usefulnessinthestudyofmigraine

pathogenesis.Cephalalgia1995;15(4):26571.

157.CesarJM,GarciaAvelloA,VecinoAM,Sastre

JL,AlvarezCermenoJC.Increasedlevelsof

plasmavonWillebrandfactorinmigraine

crisis.ActaNeurolScand1995;91(5):4123.

158.TozziCiancarelliMG,DeMatteisG,Di

MassimoC,MariniC,CiancarelliI,CaroleiA.

Oxidativestressandplateletresponsivenessin

migraine.Cephalalgia1997;17(5):5804.

159.SalobirB,SabovicM,PeternelP,StegnarM,

GradA.Classicriskfactors,hypercoagulability

andmigraineinyoungwomenwithcerebral

lacunarinfarctions.ActaNeurol.Scand.

2002;105(3):18995.

160.EdvinssonL,GoadsbyPJ.Neuropeptidesinthe

cerebralcirculation:relevancetoheadache.

Cephalalgia1995;15(4):2726.

161.HargreavesRJ,ShepheardSL.Pathophysiology

ofmigrainenewinsights.Can.JNeurol.Sci.

1999;26Suppl3:S12S19.

162.SilvestriniM,BaruffaldiR,BartoliniM,Vernieri

F,LanciottiC,MatteisMetal.Basilarand

middlecerebralarteryreactivityinpatients

withmigraine.Headache2004;44(1):2934.

163.SandorPS,MasciaA,SeidelL,DeP,V,

SchoenenJ.Subclinicalcerebellarimpairment

inthecommontypesofmigraine:athree

dimensionalanalysisofreachingmovements.

Ann.Neurol.2001;49(5):66872.

164.HarnoH,HirvonenT,KaunistoMA,AaltoH,

LevoH,IsotaloEetal.Subclinical

vestibulocerebellardysfunctioninmigraine

withandwithoutaura.Neurology

2003;61(12):174852.

165.TerwindtGM,OphoffRA,vanEijkR,Vergouwe

MN,HaanJ,FrantsRRetal.Involvementof

theCACNA1Agenecontainingregionon

19p13inmigrainewithandwithoutaura.

Neurology2001;56(8):102832.

166.StevaninG,HermanA,BriceA,DurrA.Clinical

andMRIfindingsinspinocerebellarataxiatype

5.Neurology1999;53(6):13557.

167.TournierLasserveE.CACNA1Amutations:

hemiplegicmigraine,episodicataxiatype2,

andtheothers.Neurology1999;53(1):34.

168.MurataY,KawakamiH,YamaguchiS,

NishimuraM,KohriyamaT,IshizakiFetal.

Characteristicmagneticresonanceimaging

findingsinspinocerebellarataxia6.

Arch.Neurol.1998;55(10):134852.

169.MelbergA,DahlN,HettaJ,ValindS,

NennesmoI,LundbergPOetal.Neuroimaging

studyinautosomaldominantcerebellarataxia,

deafness,andnarcolepsy.Neurology

1999;53(9):21902.

170.KlockgetherT,SkalejM,WedekindD,LuftAR,

WelteD,SchulzJBetal.Autosomaldominant

cerebellarataxiatypeI.MRIbasedvolumetry

ofposteriorfossastructuresandbasalganglia

inspinocerebellarataxiatypes1,2and3.

Brain1998;121(Pt9):168793.

171.DeMicheleG,MainentiPP,SoricelliA,DiSalle

F,SalvatoreE,LongobardiMRetal.Cerebral

bloodflowinspinocerebellardegenerations:a

singlephotonemissiontomographystudyin

28patients.JNeurol.1998;245(9):6038.

172.PullicinoP,OstrowP,MillerL,SnyderW,

MunschauerF.Pontineischemicrarefaction.

Ann.Neurol1995;37(4):4606.

173.KwaVI,StamJ,BlokLM,VerbeetenB,Jr.T2

weightedhyperintenseMRIlesionsinthepons

inpatientswithatherosclerosis.Amsterdam

VascularMedicineGroup.Stroke

1997;28(7):135760.

174.ChabriatH,MrissaR,LevyC,VahediK,Taillia

H,IbaZizenMTetal.BrainstemMRIsignal

abnormalitiesinCADASIL.Stroke

1999;30(2):4579.

175.MantylaR,PohjasvaaraT,VatajaR,SalonenO,

AronenHJ,StandertskjoldNordenstamCGet

al.MRIpontinehyperintensityafter

supratentorialischemicstrokerelatestopoor

clinicaloutcome.Stroke2000;31(3):695700.

176.KatsaravaZ,SchneeweissS,KurthT,Kroener

U,FritscheG,EikermannAetal.Incidenceand

predictorsforchronicityofheadachein

patientswithepisodicmigraine.Neurology

2004;62(5):78890.

177.ScherAI,StewartWF,RicciJA,LiptonRB.

Factorsassociatedwiththeonsetand

remissionofchronicdailyheadacheina

populationbasedstudy.Pain2003;106(1

2):819.

(13)

References

178.KnightYE,GoadsbyPJ.Theperiaqueductal

greymattermodulatestrigeminovascular

input:aroleinmigraine?Neuroscience

2001;106(4):793800.

179.BahraA,MatharuMS,BuchelC,Frackowiak

RS,GoadsbyPJ.Brainstemactivationspecific

tomigraineheadache.Lancet

2001;357(9261):10167.

180.AfridiSK,MatharuMS,LeeL,KaubeH,Friston

KJ,FrackowiakRSetal.APETstudyexploring

thelateralityofbrainstemactivationin

migraineusingglyceryltrinitrate.Brain

2005;128(Pt4):9329.

181.MatharuMS,BartschT,WardN,Frackowiak

RS,WeinerR,GoadsbyPJ.Central

neuromodulationinchronicmigrainepatients

withsuboccipitalstimulators:aPETstudy.

Brain2004;127(Pt1):22030.

182.SchenkerC,MeierD,WichmannW,Boesiger

P,ValavanisA.Agedistributionandiron

dependencyoftheT2relaxationtimeinthe

globuspallidusandputamen.Neuroradiology

1993;35(2):11924.

183.BartzokisG,MintzJ,SultzerD,MarxP,

HerzbergJS,PhelanCKetal.InvivoMR

evaluationofagerelatedincreasesinbrain

iron.AJNRAm.J.Neuroradiol.1994;15(6):1129

38.

184.RockwellDT,MelhemER,BhatiaRG.GRASE

(gradientandspinecho)MRofthebrain.

AJNRAm.J.Neuroradiol.1997;18(10):19238.

185.ThompsonKJ,ShohamS,ConnorJR.Ironand

neurodegenerativedisorders.BrainRes.Bull.

2001;55(2):15564.

186.HalliwellB.Roleoffreeradicalsinthe

neurodegenerativediseases:therapeutic

implicationsforantioxidanttreatment.Drugs

Aging2001;18(9):685716.

187.HallgrenB,SouranderP.Theeffectofageon

thenonhaeminironinthehumanbrain.

J.Neurochem.1958;3(1):4151.

188.DobsonJ.Nanoscalebiogenicironoxidesand

neurodegenerativedisease.FEBSLett.

2001;496(1):15.

189.SchenckJF,ZimmermanEA.Highfield

magneticresonanceimagingofbrainiron:

birthofabiomarker?NMRBiomed.

2004;17(7):43345.

190.VymazalJ,BrooksRA,PatronasN,HajekM,

BulteJW,DiChiroG.Magneticresonance

imagingofbrainironinhealthanddisease.

J.Neurol.Sci.1995;134Suppl:1926.

191.IadarolaMJ,BermanKF,ZeffiroTA,ByasSmith

MG,GracelyRH,MaxMBetal.Neural

activationduringacutecapsaicinevokedpain

andallodyniaassessedwithPET.Brain

1998;121(Pt5):93147.

192.LiptonRB,PanJ.Ismigraineaprogressive

braindisease?Jama2004;291(4):4934.

193.LiptonRB,BigalME.Migraine:epidemiology,

impact,andriskfactorsforprogression.

Headache2005;45Suppl1:S3S13.

194.KnightYE,BartschT,KaubeH,GoadsbyPJ.

P/Qtypecalciumchannelblockadeinthe

periaqueductalgrayfacilitatestrigeminal

nociception:afunctionalgeneticlinkfor

migraine?J.Neurosci.2002;22(5):RC213.

195.GoadsbyPJ.Neurovascularheadacheanda

midbrainvascularmalformation:evidencefor

aroleofthebrainsteminchronicmigraine.

Cephalalgia2002;22(2):10711.

196.GeeJR,ChangJ,DublinAB,VijayanN.The

associationofbrainstemlesionswithmigraine

likeheadache:animagingstudyofmultiple

sclerosis.Headache2005;45(6):6707.

197.TortorellaP,RoccaMA,ColomboB,Annovazzi

P,ComiG,FilippiM.AssessmentofMRI

abnormalitiesofthebrainstemfrompatients

withmigraineandmultiplesclerosis.

J.Neurol.Sci.2006;244(12):13741.

198.VymazalJ,HajekM,PatronasN,GieddJN,

BulteJW,BaumgarnerCetal.Thequantitative

relationbetweenT1weightedandT2

weightedMRIofnormalgraymatterandiron

concentration.J.MagnReson.Imaging

1995;5(5):55460.

199.AokiS,OkadaY,NishimuraK,BarkovichAJ,

KjosBO,BraschRCetal.Normaldepositionof

brainironinchildhoodandadolescence:MR

imagingat1.5T.Radiology1989;172(2):3815.

200.PujolJ,JunqueC,VendrellP,GrauJM,Marti

VilaltaJL,OliveCetal.Biologicalsignificance

ofironrelatedmagneticresonanceimaging

changesinthebrain.Arch.Neurol.

1992;49(7):7117.

201.KruitMC,LaunerLJ,FerrariMD,vanBuchem

MA.Brainstemandcerebellarhyperintense

lesionsinmigraine.Stroke2006;37(4):1109

12.

202.KruitMC,LaunerLJ,FerrariMD,vanBuchem

MA.Infarctsintheposteriorcirculation

territoryinmigraine.Thepopulationbased

MRICAMERAstudy.Brain2005;128(Pt

9):206877.

(14)

203.BrignoleM,AlboniP,BendittDG,BergfeldtL,

BlancJJ,BlochThomsenPEetal.Guidelineson

management(diagnosisandtreatment)of

syncopeupdate2004.Europace.

2004;6(6):467537.

204.MarkushRE,KarpHR,HeymanA,O'Fallon

WM.Epidemiologicstudyofmigraine

symptomsinyoungwomen.Neurology

1975;25(5):4305.

205.SelbyG,LANCEJW.Observationson500cases

ofmigraineandalliedvascularheadache.

J.Neurol.Neurosurg.Psychiatry1960;23:2332.

206.ShechterA,StewartWF,SilbersteinSD,Lipton

RB.Migraineandautonomicnervoussystem

function:apopulationbased,casecontrol

study.Neurology2002;58(3):4227.

207.HavankaKanniainenH,TolonenU,MyllylaVV.

Autonomicdysfunctioninadultmigraineurs.

Headache1986;26(8):42530.

208.HavankaKanniainenH,TolonenU,MyllylaVV.

Autonomicdysfunctioninmigraine:asurvey

of188patients.Headache1988;28(7):46570.

209.HavankaKanniainenH.Cardiovascularreflex

responsesduringmigraineattack.Headache

1986;26(9):4426.

210.PogacnikT,SegaS,PecnikB,KiautaT.

Autonomicfunctiontestinginpatientswith

migraine.Headache1993;33(10):54550.

211.BoiardiA,MunariL,MilanesiI,PaggettaC,

LampertiE,BussoneG.Impaired

cardiovascularreflexesinclusterheadache

andmigrainepatients:evidenceforan

autonomicdysfunction.Headache

1988;28(6):41722.

212.MikamoK,TakeshimaT,TakahashiK.

Cardiovascularsympathetichypofunctionin

musclecontractionheadacheandmigraine.

Headache1989;29(2):869.

213.GotohF,KomatsumotoS,ArakiN,GomiS.

Noradrenergicnervousactivityinmigraine.

Arch.Neurol.1984;41(9):9515.

214.YakinciC,MungenB,ErH,DurmazY,

KarabiberH.Autonomicnervoussystem

functioninchildhoodmigraine.Pediatr.Int.

1999;41(5):52933.

215.KanjwalY,KosinskiD,GrubbBP.Thepostural

orthostatictachycardiasyndrome:definitions,

diagnosis,andmanagement.Pacing

Clin.Electrophysiol.2003;26(8):174757.

216.ChenL,ChenMH,LarsonMG,EvansJ,

BenjaminEJ,LevyD.Riskfactorsforsyncopein

acommunitybasedsample(theFramingham

HeartStudy).Am.J.Cardiol.2000;85(10):1189

93.

217.KaufmannH.Consensusstatementonthe

definitionoforthostatichypotension,pure

autonomicfailureandmultiplesystem

atrophy.Clin.Auton.Res.1996;6(2):1256.

218.LowPA,OpferGehrkingTL,TextorSC,

BenarrochEE,ShenWK,SchondorfRetal.

Posturaltachycardiasyndrome(POTS).

Neurology1995;45(4Suppl5):S19S25.

219.GanzeboomKS,ColmanN,ReitsmaJB,Shen

WK,WielingW.Prevalenceandtriggersof

syncopeinmedicalstudents.Am.J.Cardiol.

2003;91(8):10068,A8.

220.ColmanN,NahmK,GanzeboomKS,ShenWK,

ReitsmaJ,LinzerMetal.Epidemiologyof

reflexsyncope.Clin.Auton.Res.2004;14Suppl

1:917.

221.SavageDD,CorwinL,McGeeDL,KannelWB,

WolfPA.Epidemiologicfeaturesofisolated

syncope:theFraminghamStudy.Stroke

1985;16(4):6269.

222.ThijsRD,WielingW,KaufmannH,vanDG.

Definingandclassifyingsyncope.

Clin.Auton.Res.2004;14Suppl1:48.

223.PeroutkaSJ.Migraine:achronicsympathetic

nervoussystemdisorder.Headache

2004;44(1):5364.

224.ThijsRD,KruitMC,vanBuchemMA,Ferrari

MD,LaunerLJ,vanDijkJG.Syncopein

migraine:thepopulationbasedCAMERA

study.Neurology2006;66(7):10347.

225.Consensusstatementonthedefinitionof

orthostatichypotension,pureautonomic

failure,andmultiplesystematrophy.The

ConsensusCommitteeoftheAmerican

AutonomicSocietyandtheAmericanAcademy

ofNeurology.Neurology1996;46(5):1470.

226.KennyRA,ShawFE,O'BrienJT,ScheltensPH,

KalariaR,BallardC.Carotidsinussyndromeis

commonindementiawithLewybodiesand

correlateswithdeepwhitematterlesions.

J.Neurol.Neurosurg.Psychiatry2004;75(7):966

71.

227.DobkinBH.Orthostatichypotensionasarisk

factorforsymptomaticocclusive

cerebrovasculardisease.Neurology

1989;39(1):304.

228.EigenbrodtML,RoseKM,CouperDJ,Arnett

DK,SmithR,JonesD.Orthostatichypotension

asariskfactorforstroke:theatherosclerosis

riskincommunities(ARIC)study,19871996.

Stroke2000;31(10):230713.

(15)

References

229.FernandoMS,SimpsonJE,MatthewsF,Brayne

C,LewisCE,BarberRetal.Whitematter

lesionsinanunselectedcohortoftheelderly:

molecularpathologysuggestsoriginfrom

chronichypoperfusioninjury.Stroke

2006;37(6):13918.

230.PantoniL,GarciaJH.Pathogenesisof

leukoaraiosis:areview.[Review][114refs].

Stroke1997;28(3):6529.

231.KarioK,HoshideS,ShimadaK.Extreme

dipper,abnormaldiurnalbloodpressure

variationintheelderlyhypertensive,and

orthostatichypertension.J.Hum.Hypertens.

1998;12(2):1412.

232.BakkerSL,deLeeuwFE,deGrootJC,Hofman

A,KoudstaalPJ,Breteleretal.Cerebral

vasomotorreactivityandcerebralwhite

matterlesionsintheelderly.Neurology

1999;52(3):57883.

233.deLeeuwFE,deGrootJC,OudkerkM,

WittemanJC,HofmanA,VanGJetal.Afollow

upstudyofbloodpressureandcerebralwhite

matterlesions.Ann.Neurol.1999;46(6):827

33.

234.EguchiK,KarioK,HoshideS,HoshideY,

IshikawaJ,MorinariMetal.Greaterchangeof

orthostaticbloodpressureisrelatedtosilent

cerebralinfarctandcardiacoverloadin

hypertensivesubjects.Hypertens.Res.

2004;27(4):23541.

235.TietjenGE.Strokeandmigrainelinkedby

silentlesions.LancetNeurol.2004;3(5):267.

236.KruitMC,LaunerLJ,vanBuchemMA,Terwindt

GM,FerrariMD.MRIfindingsinmigraine.

Rev.Neurol.(Paris)2005;161(67):6615.

237.IizukaT,SakaiF,YamakawaK,SuzukiK,Suzuki

N.Vasogenicleakageandthemechanismof

migrainewithprolongedaurainSturgeWeber

syndrome.Cephalalgia2004;24(9):76770.

238.GhabrielMN,LuMX,LeighC,CheungWC,Allt

G.SubstancePinducedenhanced

permeabilityofduramatermicrovesselsis

accompaniedbypronouncedultrastructural

changes,butisnotdependentonthedensity

ofendothelialcellanionicsites.Acta

Neuropathol.(Berl)1999;97(3):297305.

239.DohmenC,SakowitzOW,FabriciusM,Bosche

B,ReithmeierT,ErnestusRIetal.Spreading

depolarizationsoccurinhumanischemic

strokewithhighincidence.Ann.Neurol.

2008;63(6):7208.

240.DaSilvaAF,GranzieraC,SnyderJ,HadjikhaniN.

Thickeninginthesomatosensorycortexof

patientswithmigraine.Neurology

2007;69(21):19905.

241.DaSilvaAF,GranzieraC,TuchDS,SnyderJ,

VincentM,HadjikhaniN.Interictalalterations

ofthetrigeminalsomatosensorypathwayand

periaqueductalgraymatterinmigraine.

Neuroreport2007;18(4):3015.

242.WelchKM.Ironinthemigrainebrain;a

resilienthypothesis.Cephalalgia2008.

243.KurthT,GazianoJM,CookNR,LogroscinoG,

DienerHC,BuringJE.Migraineandriskof

cardiovasculardiseaseinwomen.Jama

2006;296(3):28391.

244.RoccaMA,ColomboB,PaganiE,FaliniA,

CodellaM,ScottiGetal.Evidenceforcortical

functionalchangesinpatientswithmigraine

andwhitematterabnormalitieson

conventionalanddiffusiontensormagnetic

resonanceimaging.Stroke2003;34(3):66570.

245.ArdilaA,SanchezE.Neuropsychologic

symptomsinthemigrainesyndrome.

Cephalalgia1988;8(2):6770.

246.FarmerK,CadyR,BleibergJ,ReevesD.Apilot

studytomeasurecognitiveefficiencyduring

migraine.Headache2000;40(8):65761.

247.HookerWD,RaskinNH.Neuropsychologic

alterationsinclassicandcommonmigraine.

Arch.Neurol.1986;43(7):70912.

248.LePiraF,ZappalaG,GiuffridaS,LoBartoloML,

ReggioE,MoranaRetal.Memory

disturbancesinmigrainewithandwithout

aura:astrategyproblem?Cephalalgia

2000;20(5):4758.

249.MulderEJ,LinssenWH,PasschierJ,Orlebeke

JF,deGeusEJ.Interictalandpostictalcognitive

changesinmigraine.Cephalalgia

1999;19(6):55765.

250.BellBD,PrimeauM,SweetJJ,LoflandKR.

Neuropsychologicalfunctioninginmigraine

headache,nonheadachechronicpain,and

mildtraumaticbraininjurypatients.

Arch.Clin.Neuropsychol.1999;14(4):38999.

251.GaistD,PedersenL,MadsenC,TsiropoulosI,

BakS,SindrupSetal.Longtermeffectsof

migraineoncognitivefunction:apopulation

basedstudyofDanishtwins.Neurology

2005;64(4):6007.

252.JelicicM,vanBoxtelMP,HouxPJ,JollesJ.Does

migraineheadacheaffectcognitivefunctionin

theelderly?ReportfromtheMaastrichtAging

Study(MAAS).Headache2000;40(9):7159.

253.PearsonAJ,ChronicleEP,MaylorEA,BruceLA.

Cognitivefunctionisnotimpairedinpeople

withalonghistoryofmigraine:ablinded

study.Cephalalgia2006;26(1):7480.

(16)

254.IshizakiK,MoriN,TakeshimaT,FukuharaY,

IjiriT,KusumiMetal.Staticstabilometryin

patientswithmigraineandtensiontype

headacheduringaheadachefreeperiod.

PsychiatryClin.Neurosci.2002;56(1):8590.

255.TerwindtGM,OphoffRA,HaanJ,Vergouwe

MN,vanEijkR,FrantsRRetal.Variableclinical

expressionofmutationsintheP/Qtype

calciumchannelgeneinfamilialhemiplegic

migraine.DutchMigraineGeneticsResearch

Group.Neurology1998;50(4):110510.

256.DichgansM,HerzogJ,FreilingerT,WilkeM,

AuerDP.1HMRSalterationsinthecerebellum

ofpatientswithfamilialhemiplegicmigraine

type1.Neurology2005;64(4):60813.

257.FelmedenDC,BlannAD,SpencerCG,Beevers

DG,LipGY.Acomparisonofflowmediated

dilatationandvonWillebrandfactoras

markersofendothelialcellfunctioninhealth

andinhypertension:relationshipto

cardiovascularriskandeffectsoftreatment:a

substudyoftheAngloScandinavianCardiac

OutcomesTrial.BloodCoagul.Fibrinolysis

2003;14(5):42531.

258.ConlanMG,FolsomAR,FinchA,DavisCE,

SorlieP,MarcucciGetal.Associationsof

factorVIIIandvonWillebrandfactorwithage,

race,sex,andriskfactorsforatherosclerosis.

TheAtherosclerosisRiskinCommunities

(ARIC)Study.Thromb.Haemost.

1993;70(3):3805.

259.ThorandB,BaumertJ,DoringA,SchneiderA,

ChamblessL,LowelHetal.Associationof

cardiovascularriskfactorswithmarkersof

endothelialdysfunctioninmiddleagedmen

andwomen.ResultsfromtheMONICA/KORA

AugsburgStudy.Thromb.Haemost.

2006;95(1):13441.

260.TietjenGE.Migraineandischaemicheart

diseaseandstroke:potentialmechanismsand

treatmentimplications.Cephalalgia

2007;27(8):9817.

261.KowaH,FusayasuE,IjiriT,IshizakiK,YasuiK,

NakasoKetal.Associationofthe

insertion/deletionpolymorphismofthe

angiotensinIconvertingenzymegenein

patientsofmigrainewithaura.Neurosci.Lett.

2005;374(2):12931.

262.PaternaS,DiPasqualeP,D'AngeloA,SeiditaG,

TuttolomondoA,CardinaleAetal.

Angiotensinconvertingenzymegenedeletion

polymorphismdeterminesanincreasein

frequencyofmigraineattacksinpatients

sufferingfrommigrainewithoutaura.

Eur.Neurol.2000;43(3):1336.

263.KowaH,YasuiK,TakeshimaT,UrakamiK,

SakaiF,NakashimaK.ThehomozygousC677T

mutationinthemethylenetetrahydrofolate

reductasegeneisageneticriskfactorfor

migraine.Am.JMed.Genet.2000;96(6):7624.

264.ScherAI,TerwindtGM,VerschurenWM,Kruit

MC,BlomHJ,KowaHetal.Migraineand

MTHFRC677Tgenotypeinapopulationbased

sample.Ann.Neurol.2006;59(2):3725.

265.LeaRA,OvcaricM,SundholmJ,SolyomL,

MacMillanJ,GriffithsLR.Geneticvariantsof

angiotensinconvertingenzymeand

methylenetetrahydrofolatereductasemayact

incombinationtoincreasemigraine

susceptibility.BrainRes.Mol.BrainRes.

2005;136(12):1127.

266.BorroniB,RaoR,LiberiniP,VenturelliE,

CossandiM,ArchettiSetal.Endothelialnitric

oxidesynthase(Glu298Asp)polymorphismis

anindependentriskfactorformigrainewith

aura.Headache2006;46(10):15759.



(17)

ListofPublications

LISTOFPUBLICATIONS

x LambHJ,DoornbosJ,vanderVeldeEA,Kruit

MC,ReiberJH,deRoosA.EchoplanarMRIof

theheartonastandardsystem:validationof

measurementsofleftventricularfunctionand

mass.J.Comput.Assist.Tomogr.1996;9429.

x BodePJ,EdwardsMJ,KruitMC,vanVugtAB.

Sonographyinaclinicalalgorithmforearly

evaluationof1671patientswithblunt

abdominaltrauma.AJR1999;90511.

x EdwardsMJ,FrankemaSP,KruitMC,BodePJ,

BreslauPJ,vanVugtAB.Efficiencyofa

standardizeddiagnosticprotocolintrauma

management.Eur.J.Ultrasound2001;816.

x EdwardsMJ,FrankemaSP,KruitMC,BodePJ,

BreslauPJ,vanVugtAB.Routinecervicalspine

radiographyfortraumavictims:Does

everybodyneedit?J.Trauma2001;52934.

x KruitMC,vanBuchemMA,HofmanPA,Bakkers

JT,TerwindtGM,FerrariMD,LaunerLJ.

Migraineasariskfactorforsubclinicalbrain

lesions.JAMA2004;42734.

x KruitMC,LaunerLJ,FerrariMD,vanBuchem

MA.Infarctsintheposteriorcirculation

territoryinmigraine.ThepopulationbasedMRI

CAMERAstudy.Brain2005;206877.

x KruitMC,LaunerLJ,vanBuchemMA,Terwindt

GM,FerrariMD.MigraineasaRiskFactorfor

WhiteMatterLesions,SilentInfarctions,and

IschemicStroke:TheEvidenceforaLink.

HeadacheCurrents2005;6270.

x KruitMC,LaunerLJ,vanBuchemMA,Terwindt

GM,FerrariMD.MRIfindingsinmigraine.

Rev.Neurol.(Paris)2005;6615.

x KruitMC,LaunerLJ,FerrariMD,vanBuchem

MA.Brainstemandcerebellarhyperintense

lesionsinmigraine.Stroke2006;110912.

x ScherAI,TerwindtGM,VerschurenWM,Kruit

MC,BlomHJ,KowaH,FrantsRR,vanden

MaagdenbergAM,vanBuchemM,FerrariMD,

LaunerLJ.MigraineandMTHFRC677T

genotypeinapopulationbasedsample.

Ann.Neurol.2006;3725.

x ThijsRD1,KruitMC1,vanBuchemMA,Ferrari

MD,LaunerLJ,vanDijkJG.Syncopein

migraine:thepopulationbasedCAMERAstudy.

Neurology2006;10347.

x SchmitzN,AdmiraalBehloulF,ArkinkEB,Kruit

MC,SchoonmanGG,FerrariMD,vanBuchem

MA.Attackfrequencyanddiseasedurationas

indicatorsforbraindamageinmigraine.

Headache2008;48:10441065.

x SchmitzN,ArkinkEB,MulderM,RubiaK,

AdmiraalBehloulF,SchoonmanGG,KruitMC,

FerrariMD,vanBuchemMA.Frontallobe

structureandexecutivefunctioninmigraine

patients.NeuroscienceLetters2008;92–96.

x KruitMC,LaunerLJ,OverboschJ,vanBuchem

MA,FerrariMD.Ironaccumulationindeep

brainnucleiinmigraine.Apopulationbased

MagneticResonanceImagingstudy.

Cephalalgia2008;29:351–359.

x WilbrinkLA,FerrariMD,KruitMC,HaanJ.

Neuroimagingintrigeminalautonomic

cephalgias:when,how,andofwhat?

Curr.Opin.Neurol.2009;22:247253.

x KruitMC,vanBuchemMA,LaunerLJ,Terwindt

GM,FerrariMD.Migraineisassociatedwithan

increasedriskofwhitematterlesions,

subclinicalinfarctsandbrainironaccumulation.

ThepopulationbasedMRICAMERAstudy.

Cephalalgia2009,June9.

(18)

CURRICULUMVITAE

MarkChristianKruitwasbornon7October1972inEnschede,theNetherlands.In1991

hegraduatedfromtheIchthusCollegeinEnschede(GymnasiumB),andstartedtostudy

medicine at Leiden University. In 1996 he obtained his masters degree in medicine, in

1998hismedicaldegree.Asastudenthebecameinvolvedinaresearchprojectintothe

efficiencyofanalyzingcardiacMRimagesattheLUMCdepartmentofRadiology(dr.H.J.

Lambandprof.dr.A.deRoos),andduringascientificinternshipheevaluatedtheroleof

abdominal ultrasound in blunt abdominal trauma at the same department (drs. P.J.

Bode). In 1998 he started with the PhD research project described in this thesis under

the supervision of prof.dr. M.A. van Buchem (department of Radiology), prof.dr. M.D.

Ferrari (department of Neurology) and dr. L.J. Launer (then at RIVM, currently at NIA,

NIH), and funded by a grant from the Netherlands Heart Association. In July 2002 he

startedhisresidencyprograminRadiologyattheLUMC(prof.dr.J.L.Bloem).InJuly2007

hewasregisteredasaradiologist,andfrom2006to2008heworkedasaclinicalfellow

in Neuroradiology (drs. B.M. Verbist). Hereafter he continued to work in de LUMC de

partmentofRadiologyasNeuroradiologist.



TheworkdescribedinthisthesiswaspresentedinnationalandinternationalRadiologi

calandNeurologicalscientificmeetings,andreceivedanumberofawards,includingthe

“PramodR.SaxenaPrize”(2005,DutchHeadacheSociety),andwassummarizedduring

the EuropeanHeadache and Migraine Trust International Congress in an invited review

lecture (September 2008). From 2007 the authoris as principal investigator involved in

themulticenterpopulationbasedCAMERAIIstudy:“Braindamageinmigraine:progres

sion, relevance and etiology.” for which grants were received from the Netherlands

Heart Association and from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

(R01).IntheLUMC department ofRadiologyheis responsible for all research activities

relatedto“Neuroradiologyofprimaryheadaches”.



MarklivesinOegstgeestwithhiswifeElise,andhisdaughtersJuliaandRozemarijn.



Referenties

GERELATEERDE DOCUMENTEN

This study demonstrates considerable associations be- tween presence of depressive and anxiety disorders (current and remitted) and symptom severity with different pain

Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden University.

Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden University9. Retrieved

factors and the occurrence of brain. lesions. It further emphasizes

Silent infarcts are defined by the pres. ence of a brain parenchymal

(PC) territory of the brain, notably in the cerebellum. In this study we describe the clinical

Background and Purpose  Migraineurs are at increased risk of cerebellar infarcts and.. supratentorial white matter lesions. The prevalence, frequency,

However, results of recent empirical studies show that Weber’s model of public bureaucracy (i.e., politically neutral decision mak- ing and impartial exercise of public authority)