All Dialects Are Equal, but Some Dialects Are More Equal than Others.: Fairness and Policies on Regional Languages

Hele tekst

(1)Tilburg University. All Dialects Are Equal, but Some Dialects Are More Equal than Others. Swanenberg, A.P.C. Published in: Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, European and Regional Studies. Publication date: 2014 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in Tilburg University Research Portal. Citation for published version (APA): Swanenberg, A. P. C. (2014). All Dialects Are Equal, but Some Dialects Are More Equal than Others. Fairness and Policies on Regional Languages. Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, European and Regional Studies, 5, 89-104. http://www.acta.sapientia.ro/acta-euro/euro.htm. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.. Download date: 15. okt. 2021.

(2) h # o 5 " . All Dialects Are Equal, but Some Dialects Are More Equal than Others: Fairness and Policies on Regional Languages J A D

(3)

(4) i

(5)

(6) !

(7) " Abstract. I #

(8) $ $$

(9)

(10)

(11) $

(12) i

(13)

(14) r .

(15) $ r $

(16)

(17) $

(18) i

(19) a

(20) fi$

(21) r h #

(22)

(23)

(24)

(25)

(26)

(27)

(28)

(29) #

(30)

(31)

(32)

(33) o

(34) M

(35) % "

(36) i

(37) #

(38) $

(39)

(40)

(41)

(42) . $

(43) r # $ a i

(44)

(45) $ i

(46) i $

(47) a & $ $

(48) r $ .

(49) a $ a $

(50) $ !

(51) r Keywords:

(52) $ $

(53)

(54) $$ #

(55) r. Regional Languages as Transnational Languages1. '( )*+,-./0 0/.+1/+*( /.2 2,/0*34( 3/. (*)5* /( )*+,-./0 3-661.,3/4,5* )*7*)4-,)*( /3)-(( (4/4* 8-)2*)(9 2,/0*34( 6/: 8* 3-.(,2*)*2 / 4--0 ;-) 4)/.(./4,-./0 3-661.,3/4,-. c</3=1( *4 /0> ?@BCE> F,/0*34( ;-)6 / (7*3,fi3 6-2* -; )*+,-./0 3-661.,3/4,-. /3)-(( (4/4* 8-)2*)(> GH,( 7/7*) K,00 70/3* 4H*(* )*+,-./0 0/.+1/+*( /.2 2,/0*34( ,. / 7*)(7*34,5* -; 7-0,3: -. )*+,-./0 0/.+1/+*(> S,41/4,-.(KH*)*2,/0*34((*)5*/()*+,-./03)-((L8-)2*)3-661.,3/4,5*)*7*)4-,)*( /)* 2,;;*)*.4 ;)-6 4H* -.*( KH*)* /. *(4/80,(H*2 0/.+1/+* ,( / 0,.+1/ ;)/.3/ 1(*2 ;-) 3-661.,3/4,-. /3)-(( 8-)2*)( 8*3/1(* 4H,( 0,.+1/ ;)/.3/ ,( 1(*2 8: 7*-70* KH-(* N TOPQRU VW XYZ[P\ ]^[_`\Pb [QV`ZQUO[d UV^_`QV eZW\ fP_gW^_ jQ[k`ZU[VY l[m\`n`Qb eWZ O`Z PUU[UVPQp`qsUOWZV`Z k`ZU[WQWeVO[UdPd`Z tPUdZÙ`QV`_ PVVO`lusvwWZRUOWd xTO`X^yV[y[Qn^Py zOPyy`Qn` [Q VO` {ZP\`tWZR We |WZ[}WQ ~~b wPUU`QPPZb NN pVWg`Z ~N UW\` dPZVU We VO[U dPd`Z Pdd`PZ`_ [Q P tWZR[Qn dPd`Z U`Z[Ùb Tilburg Papers in Culture Studies, QZq q.

(56) 9. Jos SWANENBERG. n n

(57)

(58) n n

(59) n

(60) n n

(61)

(62) n

(63) n ifinn

(64)

(65) nn

(66) 99

(67) n n

(68)

(69) n n n nn

(70) nn n n n

(71)

(72) n

(73) T

(74) . n n

(75) n n n

(76)

(77) .

(78) n n

(79) n r n

(80) n T n n m n

(81) n

(82) n

(83)

(84)

(85) n

(86) n

(87) n d n

(88) n dn

(89) n r n M n

(90) n

(91) n

(92)

(93)

(94)

(95) n n n

(96) n n !"n n

(97) n

(98) nn !"n n n r n .#

(99) n n c r n $ r n

(100) % n n $

(101) % $% n

(102) n

(103) n o iT

(104)

(105) 9&'( ) T

(106)

(107) n

(108)

(109) n n n nn T n

(110) n . .

(111)

(112) n

(113) n

(114) n *

(115)

(116) n r n

(117)

(118) nn n

(119) n nn !n n

(120) n

(121) n

(122)

(123) dn

(124)

(125) n n . n n n n nn

(126) nn n n #n n

(127) n nn

(128) n

(129)

(130) n nn n r nn r n n s

(131) ir + ,( '-)

(132) n

(133)

(134) n

(135) n n n #n n

(136) M mdn n

(137) M mdn idn

(138) tn n n n n n T n

(139)

(140) n nn f

(141) fi

(142) nn !n e r n n " n n

(143) i

(144) #n ,/0 n M mdn

(145) n e r n

(146) n

(147) 1n 2 n !n ,) n mr n

(148) n

(149) n !n

(150)

(151)

(152) n n n r n M mdn

(153) n . n

(154)

(155)

(156) n

(157) n r n n

(158) n

(159) n n mr n

(160) nn ien cn + )( ,-8 T

(161) n n

(162) n n . n 3 n n

(163) n n " 3 " n

(164) n o ien 9&+( +'' n n

(165) n n n n n

(166) n n n

(167) n n

(168) n fin n n n in n L

(169) n

(170)

(171) nn

(172)

(173) n n n n n n .

(174) 9. All Dialects Are Equal, but Some Dialects Are More Equal.... s .

(175)

(176) s

(177) fi c s s s s

(178) l s s s s

(179) s s

(180)

(181) s

(182) s s Ns N 9 99e. I l !

(183) s c s fi! s s e. lcs

(184) s s

(185) s s 1

(186)

(187) s

(188) 1

(189)

(190) s s s f" . #s s s s

(191)

(192) ss $ s

(193) s s s

(194) ss

(195) s . #s s s N N

(196) s

(197) s s l l ! % $ l s s

(198) N s l s s

(199) . #

(200) N sss

(201) c N fl

(202) ss

(203) N s

(204) s

(205) s l s $ s Ns

(206) s s c

(207) c s s & 99f. I

(208) l

(209) b $ ' R l ( ) Ns

(210) s

(211) s $

(212) $ s

(213) s . t".e*

(214) s s $ $ s f+.* s s $ 9.* s s c. , $ s ee.+* s c .t* s s

(215) . #s sl

(216) ss s

(217) s s c $ s. -

(218) s

(219) s $

(220) s. Table 1. Language choice in cross-border contact (adapted from Berns & Daller 1992: 34) Language choice Dutch informants German informants Total.

(221) .

(222) f. % $ t. .

(223) f. $ t. s #. f f f " " + " 5 te. f. f. " e. ft. f. e e".

(224) 9. Jos SWANENBERG. B

(225)

(226)

(227)

(228)

(229) f

(230)

(231)

(232)

(233) i

(234)

(235)

(236)

(237)

(238) a9

(239) a

(240) ia O B D99 f !

(241)

(242) " #

(243)

(244) T

(245)

(246)

(247) #

(248) D $f aa 9! %

(249) % & &

(250) ' (

(251)

(252) "

(253) 99 #

(254) " # f r"

(255)

(256) .

(257)

(258) T

(259)

(260) "

(261) # "" ' D $f $$!. Europe and its Transnational Communication %

(262)

(263)

(264) S )

(265) ' #

(266) r *

(267) " "

(268) S)

(269)

(270) '

(271) S t

(272) " Db a! S "

(273) "

(274) o S

(275)

(276)

(277) " "

(278) #

(279) DB

(280) i! *

(281) c S "

(282) t

(283) ' o

(284) #

(285)

(286)

(287) ' ' *

(288) "

(289) " #

(290)

(291) S) T

(292) ' #

(293)

(294)

(295) " "

(296)

(297)

(298)

(299) DB ! B

(300) F " + # #

(301) "

(302) "

(303)

(304) B " " " + T

(305) .

(306)

(307)

(308) B

(309) Nederlandse Taalunie D.T)!

(310)

(311) , .

(312) All Dialects Are Equal, but Some Dialects Are More Equal.... 9. U

(313) 9 Verdrag inzake de Nederlandse Taalunie) U i e ! " # ! ! b ! fi . E $ % & ' ! b I ' e '! " ! L E $ % & ' E$%&') !! ! " # r e ' e L ! fi " c ) ! ! L ! " " ) L F III E$%&' ' e '! L ! " " ' e '! ' e '! L F II E$%&' " E$%&' & # ! b a " b U " L '! b b U " " . $ N N , I U w " ! E$%&' b i

(314)

(315) ) N ! . " N !. ! ! ! ! " ! E$%&' " # ' e '! ! " # .

(316) 9. Jos SWANENBERG. Language Policy T

(317)

(318)

(319)

(320)

(321) ,

(322) d . d !" # fl d . . c

(323)

(324) # " T $

(325) % %t #%

(326)

(327) .

(328) # . d ,

(329) # d

(330) N

(331) d d &

(332) # d

(333) d " !

(334)

(335) dfi

(336)

(337) n '

(338) #

(339) % d

(340)

(341)

(342) #d

(343) #

(344) " l

(345)

(346) d d fi

(347) d d #d

(348)

(349)

(350)

(351) d p d "( n ! )

(352) . .

(353)

(354)

(355)

(356)

(357)

(358) d. .

(359) #

(360) , d

(361) " ) dd

(362) i Nt

(363)

(364)

(365) , #

(366) " T d

(367)

(368) d

(369)

(370) fi.

(371)

(372)

(373)

(374) d

(375)

(376) d

(377)

(378) .

(379) " !"

(380) d *

(381) d

(382)

(383) #

(384)

(385) ##

(386) " n o !" T #.

(387)

(388) "

(389) d

(390)

(391) d

(392) #

(393)

(394) d c d

(395)

(396) +

(397) . -99.!" / d ' ( 'd# (" l # # d#

(398) *

(399)

(400) #

(401) d

(402)

(403)

(404) +

(405) . -99.n o 0 o1!" T d #

(406)

(407)

(408)

(409)

(410) cd" ) , #

(411)

(412) d

(413) . d

(414) # d#

(415)

(416)

(417) . " T dd #

(418) d d

(419) d" T

(420) , d

(421) d#

(422)

(423)

(424) d.

(425) ,

(426) # d

(427) ad

(428) " n o1!" ) .

(429)

(430)

(431)

(432) d di " T. d

(433) # #

(434) #" T d. d di # d did

(435)

(436) # #d d d

(437)

(438) " n o1!" , #

(439)

(440) . '# #d d d

(441) (" l d

(442)

(443) ## "

(444) d dd ' d d

(445) ( .

(446) " ) #

(447)

(448) d # d d d .

(449) All Dialects Are Equal, but Some Dialects Are More Equal.... 9. aa

(450)

(451) ,

(452) aa

(453)

(454) a a

(455) a a T

(456) aa

(457)

(458)

(459) fi

(460)

(461)

(462)

(463) e, a

(464) M

(465)

(466)

(467) e, a a

(468)

(469)

(470)

(471) aa

(472) pa p

(473)

(474) pa a a pa T

(475) fi

(476) ,

(477) p

(478)

(479) pa,

(480)

(481)

(482) a

(483) a p

(484) a

(485)

(486) aa

(487)

(488) a

(489) aa

(490)

(491)

(492)

(493) T

(494) a

(495) , a pa, a

(496) p

(497) p

(498)

(499) a

(500) aa

(501)

(502) I pa

(503) , aa

(504) pa

(505) app

(506) a a

(507) ea

(508) a

(509)

(510) e aa

(511) a

(512) a

(513)

(514)

(515) ,

(516) a

(517)

(518) p

(519)

(520)

(521) p

(522)

(523) ! "a a

(524)

(525)

(526) ae a

(527)

(528) app

(529) "a

(530)

(531)

(532) a, a

(533) ,

(534) a

(535)

(536) aa

(537)

(538) a

(539)

(540)

(541) Laa

(542) a e

(543) # a e p

(544) a$

(545) % e

(546)

(547) a a

(548)

(549)

(550)

(551) a p

(552) p

(553)

(554)

(555)

(556)

(557) a a$

(558) a Ta$

(559) a a a ae a

(560) aa

(561)

(562) Laa

(563)

(564) a

(565)

(566) aa

(567)

(568) pa

(569) a

(570) a a a aa

(571)

(572) a

(573)

(574) pa

(575)

(576) pa

(577) aa

(578)

(579)

(580)

(581)

(582) & Ra

(583) '() %

(584)

(585)

(586) a

(587)

(588) ae a aa

(589) "aA a

(590) I

(591)

(592)

(593) aa *p a

(594) I* %pa a

(595) $ a a

(596) aa

(597) a

(598) ,

(599) a

(600) a

(601) a

(602) a p

(603) a

(604) a e aa

(605) a

(606) p

(607) p

(608) 2 I

(609) a

(610) a a

(611)

(612) +

(613) a

(614)

(615)

(616) A a aa

(617) % a

(618) 2,

(619) aa

(620) a

(621) a$

(622) , ae ae a

(623) p

(624) a$

(625)

(626) , a a a

(627)

(628) aa

(629) a

(630) e a

(631)

(632) aa

(633) % a

(634) ,

(635) aa

(636) +

(637) A aa

(638) pe, a

(639)

(640)

(641)

(642) a a

(643)

(644)

(645)

(646)

(647) aa

(648)

(649)

(650) +aA a

(651) a aa

(652) e a

(653)

(654) p

(655)

(656) ' R

(657) p,

(658)

(659)

(660)

(661) aa a

(662)

(663) a,

(664) $

(665) e a "aA appa Laa

(666) a

(667) e pas

(668)

(669) ,

(670) e

(671) a

(672) aa

(673) a a

(674) aa

(675) a

(676) a aa

(677) Ta pa

(678)

(679) a aa

(680)

(681) a

(682) a aa

(683)

(684) 2 T

(685)

(686) a

(687)

(688)

(689) a

(690) 2 a a

(691) T

(692)

(693) a$

(694) aa

(695) a

(696) 2 a

(697) ae

(698)

(699) p

(700) aa

(701)

(702) a

(703) p pp "a ' ' a

(704)

(705) ae

(706)

(707)

(708) app a

(709) p

(710) T

(711)

(712)

(713)

(714) aa

(715) ,

(716)

(717)

(718) aa

(719)

(720) ae

(721)

(722) aa a

(723) a T

(724) p

(725) a a a

(726) app

(727) aa

(728)

(729) A aa

(730)

(731)

(732)

(733) e a a e

(734) e

(735) p

(736)

(737)

(738) %

(739)

(740)

(741)

(742)

(743)

(744)

(745) a

(746) , a e

(747)

(748) fi a +

(749) eA p

(750) p

(751)

(752) , a

(753)

(754) a

(755) p

(756) p

(757)

(758) a a a .

(759) 9. Jos SWANENBERG. p . fir pr p

(760)

(761) pr

(762) r r ,

(763)

(764) pr r, pr p

(765) , p

(766) . s

(767)

(768)

(769)

(770) rr p

(771) r. . , rh pr

(772) r r r

(773) r. r ,

(774) r r r. u

(775) r

(776) pr r r .

(777) rfl

(778) a r r

(779) r r

(780) r rfl

(781) . r r pr

(782) s ! " #"$. Fr r pr p

(783) , pr

(784)

(785) r pr

(786) . u p

(787) r r r

(788) .

(789) , r r

(790) prpr

(791) . u p

(792) ,

(793) r r

(794) ,

(795) r or h # fi r # o r h # fi r , p .

(796) p p pr p

(797) fi

(798) p

(799) r

(800) % . u p

(801) r r r

(802)

(803) p r r . w r p

(804) p

(805) , r r r

(806) r r fi

(807) pr r r . u , r r pr

(808)

(809) pr

(810) r r r r pr

(811) r r r r s&r '! (#). r , pp pr

(812) r

(813) r r fi

(814) ,

(815) fi

(816)

(817)

(818) . *r o h

(819) rr o

(820)

(821) ,h r . F r ,

(822) r

(823)

(824) p

(825)

(826)

(827)

(828) rr p r- r+

(829) r sF "! $(#$($. F

(830) r pr

(831)

(832) r- r+,

(833)

(834) pr r. u r

(835) r r

(836)

(837)

(838) pr. u , F pp r

(839) rr pr r , r r - r

(840) r, .. ,

(841)

(842) rp

(843)

(844)

(845) r pr

(846) p . c

(847) o r+ r

(848) r h r r . u r

(849) F + orh r

(850) a

(851) r# r r . F p+r r r r r r r p

(852) sF "! $($. u r pr p

(853) p r

(854)

(855)

(856) fl

(857) , r r r

(858) r

(859) fl

(860) . w r r ,

(861) r. s pp .

(862) All Dialects Are Equal, but Some Dialects Are More Equal.... 9. t ttt t

(863)

(864)

(865) tt

(866) s t

(867)

(868) t

(869)

(870) t t t flt ee St

(871) e tt t

(872) t t

(873) t tt t t t

(874) tt t t

(875) t

(876) t flt

(877)

(878) t

(879) i

(880) t stt

(881) 1 !e "t " tt

(882) t #$ %&S t tt

(883) t

(884)

(885) e & t t t t t t c

(886) t

(887) t " 1 '$'!e A t t t tt

(888) t

(889) t c

(890) tt

(891) t t t

(892) e t

(893) tt

(894) t

(895) te tt t t e T

(896) ( ) t t t

(897) t t e o t tt ct bt

(898) # t( b t # t( t T

(899) 199 !e

(900) # t t

(901) t t t t

(902) e t

(903) t ) t

(904) t t t t ) te * t # t t t t t t

(905) c

(906) ttt

(907) e A t t t c

(908)

(909) t c T

(910) t t t t

(911) t c

(912) ttt ee T

(913) ) *tt p!e "t ) t

(914)

(915)

(916) fi

(917)

(918) t

(919) fl t

(920) t

(921)

(922) + & t t ,c

(923) t

(924)

(925) cfit t -./,#tt t i+ A t " bt

(926) t t

(927)

(928) c ( /t t

(929) e $! tt

(930) t

(931) c t) t tt t

(932) e tt t fl

(933) e t t tt e t t t

(934)

(935)

(936) t ) t

(937) n t t t

(938)

(939) t t

(940) % p 'p!e . t

(941) t t t tt

(942) c

(943) t ) t

(944) e c

(945) t

(946) fit t t

(947) t t t t t t e t t t t )

(948)

(949)

(950) t tt t

(951) t

(952) t ) t

(953) ce A

(954) t t )

(955) te t t ) t

(956) t

(957)

(958) t te ,

(959)

(960)

(961)

(962) t c

(963) t

(964) c t t it % p 'pf''!e ,

(965)

(966) tt

(967) t t t ) t

(968) t t tt

(969) c

(970) t

(971) t

(972) e t

(973)

(974) t t tt t t

(975) t t

(976) t

(977) t fi

(978)

(979) t t

(980) t

(981) ( t te.

(982) 9. Jos SWANENBERG. Language Rights A

(983)

(984)

No results found