Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/32272 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation.

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Cover Page

The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/32272 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation.

Author: Weston, Jennifer Ann

Title: The Spirit of the Page: Books and Readers at the Abbey of Fécamp, c. 1000-1200

Issue Date: 2015-03-10

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The Spirit of the Page:

!

Books and Readers at the Abbey of Fécamp,

c. 1000 – 1200

Proefschrift

! Ter verkrijging van

de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, gezag van Rector Magnificus prof.mr. C.J.J.M Stolker

volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op dinsdag 10 maart 2015

klokke 16.15 uur

!

! door

Jennifer Ann Weston

geboren Victoria, British Columbia, Canada

in 1984

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! !

Promotores:

Prof. dr. R. H. Bremmer (Universiteit Leiden)

Dr. F. Kwakkel (Universiteit Leiden)

!

Promotiecommissie:

Prof. dr. P. G. Hoftijzer (Universiteit Leiden)

Prof. dr. P. C. M. Hoppenbrouwers (Universiteit Leiden)

!

Dr. T. Webber (University of Cambridge)

!

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!

ⁱ

!

Introduction... 1

1. This Study... 4

2. State of Research... 8

2.1 Material Evidence... 10

3. Case Study: L’abbaye de la Trinité de Fécamp... 12

3.1 Origins of Fécamp... 13

3.2 Manuscript Corpus... 14

3.3 Methodology... 16

4. Chapter Outline... 18

— PART ONE — LECTIO DIVINA Chapter 1: Lectio Divina... 21

1. The Texts of Lectio Divina... 22

2. The Goals of Lectio Divina... 26

2.1 Spiritual Purity... 27

2.2 Spiritual Knowledge... 30

2.3 Communion With God... 33

3. The Performative Aspect of Lectio Divina... 35

3.1 Step One – Lectio... 36

3.2 Step Two – Meditatio... 37

3.3 Step Three – Oratio... 42

3.4 Step Four – Contemplatio... 44

4. Silent Reading... 46

5. Concluding Points... 48

Chapter 2: Lectio Divina & the Material Book... 50

1. Dimensions, Decoration, and Gloss... 51

1.1 Page Dimensions... 51

1.2 Decoration... 54

1.3 Gloss... 57

2. The Application of Reading Aids... 63

2.1 Organizational Reading Aids... 64

2.2 The Function of the Paragraph Mark... 64

2.3 Marking a New Text... 66

2.4 Marking Quoted Material... 70

3. Navigational Reading Aids ... 72

3.1 Absence of Navigational Reading Aids... 74

3.2 Scribal Training... 79

3.3 Exemplar... 81

3.4 Textual Traditions... 83

3.5 Lectio Divina... 87

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ⁱⁱ

— PART TWO — Navigational Reading Aids

& Selective Reading

Chapter 3: Navigational Reading Aids... 91

1. Navigational Reading Aids at Fécamp... 91

2. The Scholastic Context... 93

2.1 Scholastic Programme of Learning... 96

2.2 Quaestio & Disputatio... 98

2.3 Selective & Non-Sequential Reading... 99

3. The Scholastic Book Format... 100

3.1 Navigational Reading Aids & the Scholastic Book... 102

3.2 Other Scholastic Features... 109

Chapter 4: Navigational Reading Aids in Fécamp Manuscripts... 114

1. One Type of Reading Aid... 116

1.1 Navigational Paragraph Marks... 117

1.2 Running Titles ... 120

1.3 Chapter Tables... 121

1.4 Considering the Text ... 122

2. Two Types of Reading Aid... 124

2.1 Chapter Tables + Running Titles... 125

2.2 Chapter Tables + Navigational Paragraph Marks... 129

3. Three Types of Reading Aid... 132

Chapter 5: Books for Selective Reading at Fécamp... 138

1. Bibles with Navigation... 138

1.1 The Bible and the Mass... 139

1.2 The Bible and the Divine Office... 144

1.3 The Bible and the Refectory... 149

2. Gospel Books with Navigation... 156

2.1 The Gospels and the Mass... 156

3. Patristic Texts with Navigation... 159

3.1 Patristic Texts and the Divine Office... 160

3.2 Patristic Texts and Collation... 163

Chapter 6: Reading Aids & their Implications... 168

1. Material Understanding of Lectio Divina... 168

2. Selective Reading at Fécamp: the Scholastic Question 168 3. What Shapes a Reading Experience? ... 171

4. Beyond Fécamp... 172

!

Appendix 1... 175

Appendix 2 ... 188

Bibliography... 195

Nederlandse Samenvatting... 213

!

Curriculum Vitae... 214

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!

Abbreviations

Bern Bern, Burgerbibliothek

Bib. Maz. Paris, Bibliothèque mazarine

BL London, British Library

BnF Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France

CCCC Cambridge, Corpus Christi College

CCSL Corpus Christionorum, Series Latina

PL Patrologia Latina, Ed. J. P. Migne (Paris: Migne, 1844-55)

Rouen Bibliothèque municipale de Rouen

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List of Figures

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Fig. 1 BnF, lat. 5356, fol. 131v; BnF, lat. 564, part 3, fol. 71r Fig. 2 Rouen 424, fol. 138v; Rouen 427, fol. 1v

Fig. 3 Bern, Cod. 162, fol. 4r Fig. 4 Rouen 116, fol. 8v Fig. 5 Rouen 444, fol. 85v Fig. 6 BnF, lat. 5305, fol. 54r Fig. 7 BnF, lat. 564, fol. 18v Fig. 8 Rouen 469, fol. 5r Fig. 9 Rouen 427, fol. 36r Fig. 10 BnF, lat. 4210, fol. 37r Fig. 11 BnF, lat. 2157, fol. 52r

Fig. 12 Rouen 506, fol. 49r; Rouen 507, fol. 20v Fig. 13 CCCC 11, fol. 22r

Fig. 14 Bib. Maz. 657, fol. 1v Fig. 15 CCCC 239, fol. 15r Fig. 16 BnF, lat. 6306, fol. 1r Fig. 17 Rouen 116, fol. 3v Fig. 18 Rouen 469, fol. 111r Fig. 19 Rouen 28, fol. 18r Fig. 20 BnF, lat. 5080, fol. 145v Fig. 21 Rouen 29, fol. 68r Fig. 22 Rouen 29, fol. 115r Fig. 23 BnF, lat. 4210, fol. 37r Fig. 24 Rouen 528, part 1, fols. 10v-11r Fig. 25 Rouen 1, fol. 17r

Fig. 26 Rouen 7, fol. 6r Fig. 27 Rouen 1, fol. 4v Fig. 28 BnF, lat. 258, fol. 156v

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Acknowledgements

!

This book would not have been possible without funding provided by the NWO Vidi- project ‘Turning Over a New Leaf: Manuscript Innovation in the Twelfth-Century Renaissance’. I would like to especially thank the project’s principal investigator and my supervisor Dr. Erik Kwakkel who has provided unlimited support in the research and writing of this study. I am also very grateful to my promotor Prof. dr. Rolf H.

Bremmer who has offered invaluable advice and guidance along the way. My fellow project members Irene O’Daly, Julie Somers, and Jenneka Janzen have been pivotal in the completion of this thesis, and I will be ever thankful for their friendship. It has also been a pleasure to work alongside so many dynamic colleagues at LUCAS and the Leiden University English Department, with special thanks to Michael Newton for being a delightful office neighbour, Peter Liebregts for reviewing my Latin translations, and Thijs Porck for translating a summary of this book into Dutch. I also owe gratitude to the staff at the Bibliothèque municipale de Rouen, the Bibliothèque nationale de France, as well as the Bibliothèque municipale d’Avranches for allowing access to their manuscript collections. A special thanks goes to Jean-Luc Leservoisier, curator of the special collections at Avranches, who showed a special interest in this project, and who introduced me to the Abbey of Mont-St-Michel. I would also like to thank Hanno Wijsman at the Institut de recherche et d’histoire des textes for facilitating my research at the microfilm department. A final thanks goes to my family in Canada and my partner Lytton who have tirelessly supported and encouraged my four-year Dutch adventure.