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Technical Report on Soil Degradation in Europe: an integrated economic and environmental assessment | RIVM

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(1)research for man and environment. RIJKSINSTITUUT VOOR VOLKSGEZONDHEID EN MILIEU NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT. RIVM report 481505018 Technical Report on Soil Degradation in Europe: an integrated economic and environmental assessment G.J. van den Born, B.J. de Haan, D.W. Pearce, A. Howarth May 2000. This Report has been prepared by RIVM, EFTEC, NTUA and IIASA in association with TME and TNO under contract with the Environment Directorate-General of the European Commission. RIVM, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, telephone: 31 - 30 - 274 91 11; telefax: 31 - 30 - 274 29 71.

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