Rhodes Fruit Farms: a small beginning in the Paarl valley.

Rhodes Fruit Farms:

A Small Beginning in the Paarl Valley

1897-1910

Chris Aucamp University of Fort Hare

P..hodes Fruit Fanns. (X" RFF as it is known today. is situ-ated in the Great Drakenstein Valley between Franschhoek and Paarl. which forms part of the greater Paarl Valley. This area has been settled since the aIrlval of the French Huguenots in 1788. The French influence is still evident from names such as La Motte. Cham~gne and La

Provence.!

fl-~'

_! ~1.

\

\

Although, today Rhodes Fruit Fanns is a large and influential fruit undertaking wid1 assets totalling 45 famls (.1: 1 500 hectares), it bad very humble beginnings nearly 100 years ago. However, d1e company was able to produce large quantities of fresh fruit for local as well as overseas markets wid1in a few years of its establishment

in 1897. It also helped to develop Britain as an imp<:l1afit fresh fruit market (for many years the most imp<:l1afit overseas market).

P.."b..,g

---This undertaking, which was established by Harry Pickstone with the financial aid of Cecil John Rhodes, has made Great Drakenstein as well as the rest of the Paarl Valley an important deciduous fruit producing region in the Cape since the ooginning of the twentieth century. The productioo of quality fruit was made possible by the combined efforts of the private sector and state institu-tions. In this way progress was made in laying the foun-dations of a well established fresh fruit industry, not ooly in the Paarl Valley, but also in the rest of South Africa}

~

---,.-

':" Klap...'a '" ~₀ ~ ~d.

_..

--landdrosdlstrtksgrense --Paale -Riviere G'OOI

~

)

The establishment of Rhodes Fruit Fanns must be viewed against the background of the development of the deciduous fruit industry since the first fresh fruit was exported in 1886. Wine production was for many years the most important agricultural activity in the Western Cape! But in 1886 the disease Phylloxera Vastratrix, (an insect whidl lives on dle root system of the vine until it dies) was discovered in Cape Town. It threatened the wine industry, not only in the Cape Colony, but also in the world at large. The only way this insect could be combatted, was to uproot all existing vine Stocks and to replace them with phylloxera resistant lower stocks..

\

I

~

10'm

11Ie Dratenstein Valley. Map: C.l. SwanevelOOr. Stenm~.

The fruit famlccs and brok~ in these countries prepared the way fCY the develolXllent of the industry by Cape famlccs in more than one respect. This coocemed especially the cultivatioo and marketing of the product.6 The availability of a local as well as fa-eign markets was also important. The discov~ of diamonds and gold in South Africa gave rise to an internal market. The discovery of ~ls also helped to lx'ing about the necessary infrastructure, for example, the development of railways.7

Viticulture suffered a further setback as a result of the overproduction of wine and brandy, In turn that tendency occasioned a marked decline in the price of wine and brandy which meant that wine and brandy were being produced at a loss.5 Because the wine farmer was faced with bankruptcy he realized that he had to look for an alternative. Therefore fruit farmers started increasingly to plant more fruit trees.

Growing demand f<X" fresh fruit by d1e European markets during the second half of d1e ninetea1th century was also a fact<¥" which contributoo to d1e expansion ci. the Cape fresh fruit industry. In Europe, and eSptX:ially in England, an ina"easing demand f<X" Cape fruit manifested itself.8 The development of the fruit industry in the U.S.A., New

Zealand and Australia during the second half of the nineteenth century also constituted an important fact<X".

CONTREE 31/1992 ₁₁ " -~-" ,,' -,,~I

_Q

_{,I ~}

_.

I I .-" \ ~ "...

'

-\ ... \ \~ I"... I "'-I .Pniel / _{F "'"}-. ( .

The Cape Colony was the only area whim, until then, could pl"ovide Eur~ markets with fresh fruit between December and Marm. New Zealand and Australia coold only pl"ovide fruit from Mard1 to May, while the U.S.A. could do so from May to August. The Cape fanners ~fore, had an unlimited market ffX' th~ few months.9

harbours, railway cars and ships, as well as dIe lack of a proper-ly structured marketing systan}4

If all these factors are taken into coosideratioo, it is readily unOOrstandable that those who initiated the new industry faced an uphill struggle. It also explains why the establishment of fue fresh fruit industry took place ov~ an extended period of time.

Extremely favoorable climatic ax1ditioos in d1e Westa1l Cape was another important fact<X" in d1e establii;hment of the fresh fruit industry. Cold, wet winters and dry, WanIl summers are highly suitable fcr d1e cultivatioo of fresh fruit. The ooly really majcr {X'°blem in this coonectioo was d1e stroog south-east wind which blows in the Cape during the summ« mooths}O

Sev~l pe-sons made important cattributions to the establishment and development of the fresh fruit industry. Among them were H.E.V. (Harry) Pickstone, Pl. Cillie,P.A.

Molteno, C.P. Lowsbury, C. Du Oliappini, JX. Merriman, P. MacOwan, C.E. Pillans, L.M. Dicey andP.R.

Malleson}5

Yet another significant factc:." was the part played by by-products. The production of jams, dried fruits and canned

fruit cootributed to the establislunoot of the industry 00 a more ecooomic blsis. These products are produced frOOt fruit of second gratE quality. This not only helped the prodUCU' to find an outlet foc fruit not suitable foc expcw1,

but also encouraged ~ oovel~oot of new industries}l

Harry Pickstooe was cOOainly one of die people who contributed significantly to die establishment c:l die fresh fruit industry. Pickstone, who aITived in Cape Town on 15 March, 1892, was born on 4 July, 1865 in Lancaster, England}6 He had acquired useful expertise in die cultivation of fruit in California}?

It was against dlis backgroond that wine farom oogan inaeasingiy to plant fresh fruit 1rees. The first shilXDoot of fresh fruit was sent to England in 188612, while the first sizable shipmoot reached England soccessfully in 1892}3

Following his arrival in d1e Cape Colony, Pickstone was introduced to Rhodes by CD. Ru<kl. Pickstone convinced Rhodes of the Cape's potential f(X" d1e fruit industry, but he pointed out that thtre was a dire shOOage c:i high quality yoong trees and vine stocks. The only way to ova-come the problem, he believed, would be to establish more nw'Stries}8

During the first OOcade of the industry's development, fruit prodUCe'S and traders oottled to get the product to the local and f<X"eign markets in a good cooditioo. The

following factm resulted in a {XXX" product reaching the Rhodes aweciatoo the (X"oolem and offered Pickstooe

Il Picksrone's birth certifICate. (N.LV.V., Stel~)

markets: PO<X' quality young trees, vines and cultivars; a lack of expertise cooceming the cultivatioo of fresh fruit; the absence <i a well-C()(X'dinatoo railway and ocean transport system, good roads and cold-storage facilities in

£100 with whid1 to begin a nursery. Together with S. van Reenm, Pickstone started the Pioneer Fruit Growing Company on the fann, Nooitgedad1t near Stellenbosch in 1892}9 Pickstone and van Reenm, however, did not see

eye to eye on how to cultivate fruit trees. As a result of differooces arising betwea1 them, Pickstone left

Nooitgedacht in Mard1 1893.20

Mt~ leaving the Piooeer Fruit Growing Company. Pickstone once again received funds from Rhodes to start a nursery. He received £150 from Rhodes as well as £150 from Rudd fcw- this purpose. With the aid of this mooey Pickstooe started his own nUCSefY, H.E. V. Pickstooe and Brothers Limited 00 the farm Welvanpas in May 1893, owned by Dan Retief (this farm was the birthplace ci Piet Retie{). The farm was situated near Wellingtoo. With this nursa-y as headquarters, Pickstooe and his kothao, Horace also established nurseries in the Hex Riv~ Valley and in Coostantia near Cape Town in 1894}1 This marked the beginning ci an important partnership betwoon RlK>des and Pickstooe.

Co./: Rhodes and Il Pictstone (N.LV.V.. Stellen~)o

..."27 The cooperatioo betw~ Rhodes and De Bea"S was effected 00 iliat date with the establishment of the company, RhOOes Fruit Farms. It consisted of 14 farms oc portioos of farms and cost £94 411.28

The year 1896 may be taken as the mofficial beginning of Rhodes Fruit Farms. In January 1896 Rhodes resigned as Premia- of the Cape Colony because of his complicity in the Jameson Raid. In Docem~ he and Harry Pickstooe started discussions which constituted the immediate occasion fcr the establishmoot of Rhodes Fruit Farms. Initially Rhodes was doubtful about the future of the fresh fruit industry. Pickstooe, by contrast, was ~timistic and e~ssed his confidence in the future of the industry. That is why discussions between the two moo took place and these were to result directly in the establishmoot of Rhodes Fruit Farms on 20 May 1897.22

In time Rhodes realized that mc.-e capital was nooded f(X" the development of the undOOaking. At a board meeting on 25 April 1901, he proposed that the ooteq>rise be financed and administa-ed on a shaCeholding basis.29 On 14 February 1902, Rhodes, Alfred Beit and De Beers signed a partna"Ship agreement. They invested a collective sum of £300 000 (£100 000 each) in this partna"Ship.30 In practice this agreemoot meant that Rhodes owned the fanns while De Bee-s and Beit were to develop and manage the fanns with the aid of their capitaI.31 Rhodes Trust, as Rhodes' share in the company was known, as well as Beit's share, was sold to De Beers before 1910, so that De Beers was the sole shareholder by

1910}2 During 1897 Pickstone purchased die following farms or

portions cK farms in Great Drakenstein, Fmnscilhoek, Wellington, Paarl and Tulbagh: La Motte, Good Hope, Rhone, ~enda1, Weltevreden, Watergat, Lekkawijn, MeeI"lust, Werda, Eenzaam, Niewendorp, Delta, Zandvlei, Zondemaam, Klipvallei, De Fontein, Groenfontein, Welgegund, Vredenburg, Koelenhof, Nooitgedadlt and Kleinberg -a total cK approximately 7 000 morgan (5 845 hectares).23 From these transactions it can be deduced that die first farms were purchased as early as Marcl1l897. In order not to draw too mucl1 attention to his activities, Rhodes used Lewis Mitcl1ell, manager of Standard Bank and a personal friend, as a go-between. He bought die first group of farms in Mitdlell's name. Pickstooe had to choose die farms for Rhodes. One of die coosid~tions was that apart from fertile and suitable soil, preference was to be given to farms " ...with old Cape Dutch houses in good coodition."24 The farms were registered in Rhodes' name by the end of 1897.25

In 1897 Pickstone was appointed managing director and e~rt advis<X" d Rhodes Fruit Fam1S in order to developed its <X"ganizatioo effootively. He took dle task upoo himself while still in dlarge of his own nurseries. RJ. Bulmer was appointoo as dle first manager}3 Following dle establishment of Rh~s Fruit Farms Limitoo in 1902 dle first diroctors of dle newly formed company were appointed: Sir Charles Metcalfe, Dr. LeanOOr S. Jamesoo and Edward R. Syfert. Oilier diroctors in dle period up to 1910 were H.E. V. Pickstone, Sir Lewis Mitd1ell, Loois Ab'ahamsoo, Francis Oats and Sir 11K>rnas Srnartt.34 The gooeral managers (at times also in charge of business managernoot and secretariat) were R.E. Ball, Geocge Whitey, C.D.H. Spalce, R.R. Mc.Tisoo and G~ld Orpen}5 Furtherrn<X'e, eleven additiooal farm managers were appointed in 1901 as Bulmer could not handle everything single handOO. The fmt managers and dle fam1S dley managed, were RJ. Bulmer (Good Hope), A. Mostert (La Rhone), M.S. Louw (Boscbendal), L. Baker (Weltevre<1en), RA. Davis (Watergat), W.E. Rooke (La Motte), R.S. Falcoo (Klipvallei), EJ.L. Woodland (De Fortuin), E.H. Read (Groalfootein and also Welgegund), G.P. M<Xrisoo, and later N.P. Rooke (Kleinberg), J.H. Postedlwaite (VrOOooburg) and E. Lange (Nooitgedacht). Other farm managers who servoo were J .B. van 00r Westhuizoo and W.E. Burke.36 Most d the managers receivoo dleir training in Califcmia and were brought to dle Cape Colony to manage and oovelop the fam1S}7

It soon appeared that the capital expa1diture involved in the purcl1ase of these farms and the capital for developmoot constituted a heavy financial burdoo on Rhodes. He th~fore approached De ~ Diamond Mines (Pty) Ltd. with a view to establishing a COOlpany for the oovelopmoot and administration of the fanns.26 The company reacted favoorably and on 20 May 1897 it was decided "... to expood in the developmoot of the fruit industry in the Cape Colony a sum of money 00 the basis of £ fcr £ with the chainnan (CJ. RhOOes) of the company and to share jointly with him the {X"ofit cr loss

The Boord of Directm ootooninOO the JX>licy of the Company and took all ~ decisioos affecting it. Arnoogst oth« things this included ~ appointmoot of new diroc-tm, gen~ managers, rosiness managers, secretaries and fann manag~. They were also respoosible foc the appointmoot of any othe' employees, sud1 as teachers (who taught ~ labourers' children) stoce-room managers and manag~ of the canned fruit and jam fact~ ,38

the existing wine industry 00 dle same famt, which ~ed promising for dle future.43

Rhodes also wished to expand and develop the e~ industry foc fresh fruit. According to him the fOWldatioos had already been laid and a concerted effoo was needed to put it 00 a firm fOWldatioo. Pickstooe was ooe of those who played an imPOf1ant role in establishing the Western Province Fruit EXp<:I1a-8 Associatioo of South Africa in 1899. Foc many years this associatioo was able to control quality fruit foc e~. With the support of other e~ companies, it also ~ in developing a solid e~ industry foc fresh fruit.~

The Board of Directm also took all decisioos relating to the financial affam of the Com~y. This incl~ the purdlase and sale of shares, land and farms; the expansioo and development of the farms (eSptX:ially the planting of new trees) and the erectioo of a stcreroom during 1904. It also included the eStablishmmt of a canned fruit and jam factory in 1905, the appointment of distributioo agmts foc the Cape Colony and Witwat~d, the «ection of buildings to house labourers and farm managers, sheds and oth« buildings. The Board also detennined the salaries of all employees and labourers}9

Another of Rhodes' important aims was to import new fresh fruit cultivars from overseas and to experiment with them to detennine which cultivars could best be used for export purposes. In dlis way he hoped to imJX'ove the fresh fruit industry. He did in fact achieve an admjrable measure of success. It was Pickstone, above all, who encouraged him to budget for this purpose.45

The sea'etary had crganizational duties while the oosiness manager CXX1COO1ed himself widi all aSptX::ts of marketing. These officials operated from die company's head office in Great Dmkoostein. The task of die genecal manager was to CO<Xdinate and administer all the various aSptX::ts of the enteqrise. In practice it meant that he was responsible fcr all the farm managers, the managers of the canned fruit and jam factory as well as die business manager. The secretary also had to report to him. The gooeral manager was the ~ respoosible fcr everything taking place in the company. In turn he was respoosible to the Board of Directm. ~

Replying to these accusatioos, Rhodes expressed himself as follows:

"In a small way I have tried to BlCOID"age fruit cukivatioo in die Cape Cobly and ~ some twBlty rx thirty fanns m die Paarl and Stella1~ disbicts. Owing to their special knowlt'.:lge die ~ m charge of these fanns are ahnost entirely English, who have stOOiOO fruit-cultivatioo m CalifOOlia; and frx die first time we have a n16nb« of English 00 die land m dleSe districts. At fn they wue lookoo ulXXl with

suspickxl and ~ by their neigltlxxlrs. This feeling has now t<Xally al~ They mix socially with the neigllbouring fam1erS; they are int8'-rnanymg with die Dutdt and the whole tale of .L__- "'---'~-'..L _{u~ ~~ IS ulangmg.}."46

Following the systematic purchase of the fanns in Great Drakoostein and the establishment of Rh~s Fruit Fanos, th~ was consi~ble speculation as to why RlK>des had taken on this ooteq>rise. Some saw it as m~ly a political manoeuvre. They dlought he wished to enrich himself at the expense <X Afrikan« fann-owo«s. De Kolonist, fCW" example, saw these purchases as a political manoeuvre on Rhodes' part. This newspapa- suggested that, as an Englishman, and by implication, a suppol1« of British imperialism, he wished to "remove" Dutch f~ fr<Xn their finDS. Acccw-ding to reports, he as a wealthy financi« could purchase the farots cheaply due to the devastating effects <X the Phylloxera insoct and the subse-quoot bankruptcies.41 This argument must be ~ against the background of the political situation in Southa1l Africa, especially in that British imperialism at that time aimed to oust Afrikan« nationalism. FCW" that reason many Afrikaners had still 00 fCW"gotten the Jameson Raid in which Rhodes had been irnplicated.42

Pickstooe was the pivot 00 which all things turned, e~ially. ~use 00 could put his experience in the fruit industry into P'3ctice. From the start he did everything within his powa' to run the fanns 00 an economical and conunercial basis. He was particularly stroogly motivated by the trust Rh<xies placed in him as pa'SOO and as fruit-expert.47

Rhodes favoured die appointment of well trained faml managers. Pickstone and Rhodes were bodl coovinced this was best fa' the expansioo of d1e ooterprise. Following the appointment of additional fann managers he urgoo d1em to excellooce and loyalty towards die company. From the reginning he also exercised strict cootrol over die faml manag~. Only in dlis way, Pickstone thought, could die best possible results re ad1ievoo.48

One of Rhodes' prime aims however, was to stimulate dle fresh fruit industry generally. The Phylloxera insect played an impor1ant role in this coonectioo. Rhodes wished to prove to the wine fanners of the Western Cape that they could use their fanns more }X"ofitably by planting fruit trees. This would enable many fanners to keep their fanns. A new "industry" could be developed alongside

He took trouble to visit the fanners to detoonine d1e JX"ogress made and to identify JX"oblems. In so ooing be encouraged the fann managers to plan their activities.49 The managers, who sometimes required cmain practical infoonatioo, were able to oIxain it from Pickstone himself during his visits. This cootnooted considerably to the efficiency ci d1e mterprise since it was ohm difficult to

explain problems 00 papa-.50 Neither Pickstooe ocr Rhodes fully realised the significance of this develOJmoot.

Pickstone's fmt maj<X' task was to have the farms systematically planted with fruit trees and vine stocks. Howeva', this task could not be completed in a short time. It was a loog-tenn entel'Jrise.51

The establishment and success of Rhodes Fruit Fanns proved that planting and growing fruit 00 a large scale was a viable propositioo. By experimenting widt cmain cultivars, by using well trained fann managers, and by applying dIe right medtods, Rh~s Fruit Farms clearly proved dtat fresh fruit could be prod~ 00 a large scale. Pickstone also made a significant contriootion. with d1e

cons1ructioo of a large depot wha"e fruit could be weighed, graded and packed. 52

The Company also }X"Ovoo that fresh fruit could be grown 00 soil infested by the Phylloxera insect without fear of detrimental effects. This inclined num~s famlers in the Westan Cape to optimism. Scme of them were eager to plant fruit trees 00 their own fanns.

A third important development was the experiments carried out with cultivars. Attention was given to those cultivars most suitable ffX' marketing purposes. Research was also carried out to detennine whicll cultivars Wa"e best suited to the Boland climate.53

Significant proof of die ov~ marlcetability d fresh fruit was provided as well. In 1904, fc.- example, an average of betwe«1 23 and 30 toos of fruit was packed weekly fc.- local and fc.-eign markets. AlthOOgh part of the fruit was shipped to England, the rest was sent to markets in die larger cootres in the Cape Colooy, dIe Transvaal and the Orange Free State. The most important cootres were Cape Town, Pm ElizabedI, East London, Kimberley, Johannesburg, Pret<ria and Bloemfootein.58 Attootion was also given to the drying of fruit. The dried

fruit industry developed into an important su~idiary industry during this period. Consid~ble research was undOOaken in this area. Large quantities of fruit w~e dried on the fanns at Great Drakenstein and in the Wellington district.54

A furtha- impol1afit contributioo renda-ed by Rhodes Fruit Farms consisted of experiments with "dry-land-cultivatioo". It was carried out 00 farms in the Wellingtoo area. In a letta- to the Cape Times Pickstone commented 00 the success of those experiments in these tenDS:

"The b-eaking ~ and planting of dIe Wellington hillskie, aIxi dIe success dIat has ~ ~ r~. has had marked effect., aIxi in fact. a djrect effect. on all ~ planting in dIe dWicts of Elgin, Ceres and odI8: districts dIat have been IUldtrtaken widloot rogation. Mr. Pi~ (CalifOOlia) Cillie IBId myself were ~ first to plant any ~ on hi&KIe Ian~ that were oot ~ upon rogation. I am sure that dIe large majority in dIe Wellington and cxher ~ will appreciate dIe value of this pion~ wm being wxlertakoo on a commercial scale by a man who had dIe means to push it through to sua:ess."55

AlfuOUgh d1e fruit indus1ry had beat in operatioo fCX' a decaoo by 1896, it was ooly the cootributioo of Rhodes and Pickstooe that really started the development of fue fruit industry 00 a scientific basis. Their zeal, persev~ce and visioo coostituted an attempt to save fue wine-farmtJ" from bankruptcy. Willi fue establislunmt of Rhodes Fruit Farms tha-e was also an attempt to divtJ"Sify and stimulate agriculture (es~iaI1y in fue Western Cape). Their mthusiasrn impressed many fanners and saved to coovince those who struggled against fue Phylloxera insect of the viability of fue industry .59

As far as Rhodes Fruit Farms are COOCtmed. its effoos made the Great Drclkenstein Valley ooe of the most prominent fresh fruit growing areas. Today the Company still centres its activities 00 the valley.

Another significant development was the construction of a factory f{X" the production ci canned fruit and jams, in 1905. Pickstone, who contributed significantly in 1his connection, was most eager to «oct this factory. He considered that this woold provide an outlet f{X" second grade fruit not suitable f{X" local and fCX"eign markets.56

The fruit industry was in an infant stage of its developmmt what Rhodes Fruit Fanns was established. However, what this company was established, it took the lead in the {X'oductioo and marketing c:L fresh fruit. Pickstooe, who was the driving f~ bdlind all this, had to coovince the wine-farmers to invest in the fruit industry. This was ooly possible with financial assistance whid1 was offerOO by Rhodes. With their far-sighte<k1ess, Rhodes and Pickstooe evmtually laid the foondatioo of an industry whid1 gmerated betwoon 1896 and 1910 13 852 cub toos of fresh fruit (cx- 861 348 boxes) with a total value of £212 033.60 What Rhodes Fruit Farms Initially Pickstone provided Rh~s Fruit Fanns widI most

of its soodlings and vjne stocks from his nurseries. Later dIe company started its own nurseries in CYda" to become self-sufficimt. In this coonection too, Pickstone gave valuable guidance and practical advice.57

Rhodes Fruit Farms made an important cootribution to dle advancement and development of dle fresh fruit industry.

roNI'REE 31/1992 16

contribution to these figures were, is difficult to say. It can, howev~, be stated that it was significant if one takes

into account dIe extent of dIis undmaking.

14. 15. 16. 2. 3. 17.18. 4. 5. 19. 20. 21. 6. 22. 23. 7 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.

see I.C. Aucamp. Die Geskiedenis ...1886-1896. chalXocs 7, 8 aOO 9.

1bid., dIapteJ"s 4 and 5.

17Ie Cape Times, 1.11.1939, p.5: Father of die Fruit Industry; March 1961, Vol. 3. p.7: The South African Nursa-yman. Newslettt2" of die Sooth African Nurserymen's Association; P .G. Mara~: 'Vrogtepmi8- Harry Froest VK:ttt Pickstooe', Infonl!ation Bulletin, F.F.T.R. n.d.. p.l.

A9 -1892 Report olthe Select C<?mmittee. p.31.

Ibid.; 17Ie Cape Times, 5.9.1921, p.8: The Fruit EXP<Xt Cr~~, Past aOO Future of the Industry; 6.9.1921, p.7: The Froit EXP<Xt Cris~, past aOO future of die industry; 77Ie Cape Argus, 1.11.1939, p.15: Fadlt2" of the Fruit InOOsIry. Newsletter 01 the South African Nurserymen's Association, VoL 3, MardI 1961, p.9: The Soodl AfrX:an Nur~; 17Ie Cape Times, 5.9.1921. p.8: ~ F~ EXP<Xt Crisis. Past

and Future of the InduSUy; 6.9.1921, p.7: ~ Fruit EXP<Xt Cris~. Past aOO Future of die ~.

Newsletter 01 tlte South African Nurserymen's Association. VoL 3, March, 1961, p.9: The Soodl African Nurseryman. 17Ie Cape Times, 5.9.1821, p.8: ~ Fruit EXP<Xt Cr~is, Past and Future of die Indwtry; 6.9.1921, p.7: ~ Fruit EXP<Xt Cr~~, Past aOO Future of die Industry; Newsletter 01 the South African Nurse')"len's Association, VoL 3, March, 1961, p.9: ~ Sooth AfrX:an N~

P.G. Marais, Vrugtepionier Harry Enlest Victor Pickstone, p.18; 17Ie Cape Times, 6.9.1921, p.7: ~ Froit EXP<Xt Cr~is, Past aOO Future of die In<h'itry; 17Ie Cape Argus, 1.11.1939, p.15: Fadlt2" of the Fruit Ina1SIly.

Cape ~ Office (00), Paarl district: Poom of fanm: Good Hope, VoL 19, no. 1193, deed of transft2" 4146. 11413, 2582,2897. 1902; Rhone, Vol. 18, no. 1174, deed <t transft2" 2822, 11413,2582, 1897, 1902, Boschelwial, VoL 18, deed of transft2" 2406, 11413,2582, 1897, 1902; Weltevredm, VoL 16. no. 1001, deed <t transfoc 2723, 11413,2582, 1897, 1902; Zondernaam alki Watergat. VoL IS, no. 902 and 903, deed of transft2" 5348, 11413. 242, 2582. 8479, 1897, 1902; Leklerwiin, Vol. 16, no. 997. deed of transft2" 2823, 11413, 2582. 3775, 9363, 1897. 1906; Meerblst, VoL 16, no. 994, deed of transft2" 7950,9065,5412, 1897, 1906; Werda, VoL 16. no. 982, deed of transft2" 2823, 11413, 2582. 3775, 9363, 1897, 1906; Niewelkiorp, Vol. 18,00. 1184, deed of transft2" 2406,2791, 11413, 2582, 1897. 1~2; Welgegund, VoL 4, no. 300 and 312; ~ of transfoc ~36, 2582, 1891, 1902; Delta, VoL 16, no. 1003, deed of transfoc 7839, 2798, 2799, 6630, 1897, 1~6; La Motte, VoL 16, no. 1032, deed of transft2" '*>33, 11413. 2582, 1856, 1897, 1907; Stellenbosch district: Pooioo of fanm: Koelenhof, VoL 2, no. 63-70, deed of transft2" 7273, 2582, 15685, 3246. 9200, 11540, 5907, 5908, 1897, 1908; Nooitgedacht. VoL 2, no. 71, deed of transft2" 9200, 2582, 1899, 1902; Vredenburg. VoL 6, no. 281, 282 and 283, ~ <t transft2" 9710, 2582, 1897, 1902; Tulfuch-district: Pmm <t fann: Kleinberg, VoL I, no. 98, deed of transft2" 8547, 2582, 1898, 1902; (R.H.) Rhodes Papocs, MSS, AFR. S. 228: S. 8, Rhodes Fanm, E.R. Syiret. 1901, W. 40-44; C. 8, RqI<Xt 00 RJKXb Fruit Fanm for die Information of Mr. Beit, w. 39/1-39/20, 27.11.1900. De Be8"s Archives (DBA), S4'RFF, VoL I, M~in~ of Diroctors and Annual Meetm~ of SharehoJders. 1~2-1916: Rhodes Froit F~ ~ Minutes, 25.4.1~1, np. Ib~

W. Heft2", 'Drakenstein -A Viney widl a Place in History', Optima, Vol. 2,1976, p.56.

DBA, S4/RFF, Bard 2/3/1: De ~ Special Board Minutes, 20.5.1897, n.p.

Ibid.

DBA, S4/RFF, VoL 4, CorrespooOOlce, Incaning and Outgomg. ~dary of De Beocs, 18~1904: ~ Fruit Fanm Board Minutes 25.4.1901, n.p.

13.

Endnotes

AG. ObtThobter andP. van Breda (~.),Paarl Valley 1687-1987 (Pntroa, 1987), chapta"S I and ill.

See J.C. A~, Die Gestiedenis van die Sagtevrugtebedr>f in die Kaaptolonie, 1886-1896 (M.A., Stellenbosch, 1982); J.C. Aucamp, Die Gestiedenis van tt:ie Kaapse Sagtevrugtebed1Jj; 1896-1910 (D. Hiil, Ste1lenbosch, 1986). G1 -1891 Repolt ofdle Phylloxera Commission, 1890, lIP. 8, 109.

D.J. van ZyI, 'Phylloxera Vastatrix in die KaapkokJnie, 1886-1900: V~OO1S, VefSP'eiding M Ekoo<Xniese Gevolge,' South African Historical Journal, 16, November 1984, lIP.

26-48.

CA, C.O. 6027, 6028, 6030, 6034, 6038, 6039 Cape of Good Hope Blue Boot and Statistical Register, 1884-1885, 1887, 1891, 1895, 1896: Pr~ cI Provisions and Cl<Xhing, etc.; R. Wallace, Fanning Industries of Cape Colony, p.176; S.P. van Wyk. Die Uitvoer van Suid-Afrikaanse Somerwugte 1880-1930 <Pretoria, 1935), p.12; Agricultural JoUnJal, 28.7.1892, p.98: Rtmarks 00 die Pr~i<XI of Fruit Culture in die CokJny, and 1.8.1893, p.189: Agriculture; OIL\' lAnd, 30.12.1893, p.2: Hoofartikel -Fat OV~t; R.A. Davi~: Fruit Growing in South Africa (n.p. 1928), p.5.

CA, AG.R. U~oo Laters Receivoo in 18~: Circulars, Mem<randa, Instructions and P"OP<Xiab, The Empire, 26.9.1890, n.p.; A9 -1892 Repolt on die Select Committee, p.ii; Agricultural Journal, 29.11.1894, p.568; Fnlit Culture, and 31.10.1895, p.557: Fruit from Orchard to Buyer; 17Ie South African Trade Journal and Shipping Gazette, December 1892, p.179: Cape Fruit; S.P. van Wyk: Die uitvoer van Suid-Afrikaanse Somerwugte, 188~1930, lIP. 6, 12; 17Ie Cape of Good Hope Commercial Record, 5.8.1891, p.5: The CokJnial Fruit Trade.

PL. Scholtz: 'Die Kaapkolooie, 1853-1902' in C.F J. Muller (rOO.), Vyjhonderd Jaar Suid-Afrikaanse Gestiedenis (Praoria, 1980), pp. 208-210). See abo D.H. Heydemych: Spoonllee in die Kaap tot 1885 (M.A., Stelmbosch, 1965); DJ. Coetzee, Spoonllegontwitteling in die Suid-Afritaanse Republiet, 1872-1899 (Cape Town, 1940), lIP. 56, 93, 96-99. 17Ie Cape Times, 26.2.1884, lIP. 3-4: Fruit Fanning; 17Ie South African 1rade Journal and Shipping Gazette, June

1892, p.67: The Soodi African Fruit TrD.

CA, A.G.R. 106 Cmespoodtnce File, F.371, VoL I, Fruit Culture -CoIooiaI, 1892: A MefJ1<X"andurn of Fruit Growing at die Cape of Good Hope by C. voo Baoo, P. MacOwan and W. Tuck, IIp. 2-3; A9 -1892Repolt of the Select Committee, p.63; R. Wallace: Fanning Industries, p.l77.

CA, A.G.R. 106 Como.'ipCIIdence File, F. 371, VoL I, Fnlit Culture -CokJniaI, 1892: A MeITKIrandwn. p.2; R. Wallace, Farming Industries, IIp. 161, 177; S.P. van Wyk, Die Uitvoer, p.15; O.s.H. Reinecke, Popu/air -Wetenstaplite Leesboet (g.d., g.p.), p.213.

S.P. van Wyk. Die Uitvoer, IIp. 56; R. Wallace, Farming Industries, IIp. 169, 177; CA C.O. 6026-6028, 6031, 6034, 6037, Cape of Good Hope Blue Boot and Statistical Register, 1883-1885, 1888, 1891, 1894: lmP<¥ts and Coosurnption. A9 -1892 Repolt of die Select Committee, IIp. 55-57; CA, AG.R. UI1S<Xted l.AJtt~ R~voo from Department, Ag~ GMera1 Asyhuns, CokJnial Secretary's Office and Crown Lands in 1888: Charles Milb -Colooial Secretary, 19.3.1888, n.p.; CA, C.O. 5165 Leu«s ~tchoo. Leu« Book Agricultural Departm8lt, October 1887 -November 1888: Acting Under CoJooiaI Secretary -Civil ~i<XIer of Que8lstown, 15.2.1888, n.p.; CA, C.C. 104 new~per Cuttings: V 8b8tim ReJ)(Xts of the Chamber of Coounerce Mettings: 3.3.187, n.p.; R. Wallace: Fanning Industries of the Cape Colony, IIp. 164, 177.

P.A. Molteno, Memorandum on die Cape Fruit Exports of 1892 (Londoo, 1892), IIp. 1-10.

48. 49. 30. 31. so.51. 32. 33. 52. 53. 54. 55. 34. 56. 35. 36. 57.58. 37. 59. 38. Ibid.

CA, A.2307 Letters Received. VoL I, 1900-1904: H.E.V. Pickaooe -G.P. M~, 14.6.1~, n.p.; VoL I. I~-1904: H.E.V. Pk:kstooe -G.P. M~. 18.6.1~, n.p.; VoL I, 1~1904: H.E.V. Pickstooe -G.P. M<Xrisoo.

15.7.1902, n.p.

Ibid.

CA. A.~ The lew~ Mitchell Collection. 1807-1928. VoL 33a: Mimltes of a Meeting of die managers of Rl1odt'S Fruit Fan11S at Lekkerwijn. 23.8.1899, n.p.; F.D. MacDermott, 'Rural Cape Cobly -The District d Paarl -The Rh~ Fruit F~', Agricultural Joumal, 1.3.1904, W. 295-296. 5. Playne, 11Ie Cape Colony (Cape Town. 1910), p.I98; F .D. MacDmn<Xt: 'Rural Cape Colooy', p.298.

F.D. MacDEmrtt: 'Rural Cape Cobly', p. 297. Ibid; 5. Playne: 11Ie Cape Colony, p.198.

CA, A. 2307 Letters Received. VoL I, 1~-I904: H.E.V. PUSooe -G.P. M£wrlsoo, 16.7.1~, n.p.; Vol. I, I~-1904: H.E.V. Pastooe -G.P. M£wrlsoo, 26.7.1~, n.p. DBA. S4/RFF, VoL I, Meetin~ d Di£ect(Is and Annual General Me«in~ d 5barebol~. 1902-1916: Rl1odt'S Fruit Fan11S ~ Minutes, 18.9.1905, n.p.; F.D. MacDemK>tt. 'Rural Cape Cobly', w. 301-302; 5. Playne. 11Ie Cape Colony. p.I98; W. Hef«, 'Drakenstein', p.56.

F.D. MacDemrtt, 'Rural Cape Cobly', pp. 297-299. 11Ie Cape Times, 8.11.1909. p.IO: A Glin1)se at the Early

ROO1ance of the RhO!k1s Fruit Fan11S (A 1ett« by H.E. V . Pickaooe to die Editoc).

RH RhO!k1s Papers, MSS, AFR. 5.228: C.21, E.R. 5yfret -P. Joordan, 6.2.1902, W. 25-107: (CA) A.2307, Wters Received. VoL I, 1~-I904: R.R. M£wrlsoo -G.P. M~, 20.1.1902, n.p.; VoL I, 1~-I904: R.R. M~ -G.P. M<Xrisoo. 21.1.1902, n.p.; G.2-1905Reporrofa Commission appointed by his EfCellency the Officer administering the Government to enquire into the advisability of reorganising the existing Agricultural Depaftmellt, p.133.

J.C. Aucamp, Die Gestiedenis ...1896-1910. pp. 382-383.

60. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44.

DBA. S41RFF. VoL 1. Meetmgs <t Diroctas and Annual M~ings of Shareho~. 1902-1916: ~ Fruit F8nI1S

Board Minutes. 10.3.1902. n.p.; S41RFF. VoL 4, Care-spondence. Inaxning and Outgoing. Secretary of De B~.

1899-1904: E.R Syfm -W. Puering, 19.3.1902, n.p.; E.R Syf8t -W. Pic¥.«in~ 8.8.1902, n.l>.

DBA. S4'RW. VoL 18. Moox.-andwn and Articles of Associatm: Rh<xles Fruit Fanm Limited, Sa:tioo 3, 1902,lIP.

3-4.W.

Hf:l«, Drakenstein -A Va~y with a Place in History, Optima 2, 1976. p.56.

Ibid.; P.G. Mara~, Vrugtepionier, p.18; The C4pe 1Imes. 25.9.1987. p.4: Mr. Rh~ and Fruit F81m; 8.11.1909. p.l0: A G~ at die E.-ly R<XJWnce <t die Rh~ Fruit Fanns (A kItta" by H.E. V. PDstooe to die Edita). DBA, S4'RW. Vol. 18. M~ 81d Articles of ~, Rh<xJes Fnla Fanns L~ seam 3. 1902, lIP. 3-4; DBA. M. Buys: 'De Be«s AlknmNrative R~

P«taming to Rh~ Fru. F81m L~ 1899-1937' (unplblished artic~, January, 1982), p.l2.

DBA. S41RFF, VoL I, Meetmgs of Diroctas and Amlual Gma-al M~ings <t Sbarehollklrs, 1902-1916: ~ Fruit Fanns Bc:.rd Mmutes, 10.3.1902, n.p.; 25.3.1902, n.p.;

DBA. M. Buys: De Bea-s Acanmistrative R~, p.13. Rh~ Hoose, Oxfa-d (RH), Rh<xEs Papa-s, MSS, AFR, S.228: C.8, Rep<xt 00 ~ Fruit Fanns fcr die

lnfoonatm of A Bek, 27.11.1~, p.39; C. 8, ~ Fanns, E.R Syfm. 1901, 1901, p.M.

DBA, S4'RW, VoL 4. ~ce, Incanmg and

Outgomg. Secretary of De Bea-s. 18~1904: Rh~ Fruit Fanns Bc:.rd Mmut5, 25.4.1901. n.p.

DBA. S4'RW, VoL I, Meetmgs <t D~s 8Id Amlual Gma-alM~ingsofSh8'eho~.1902-1910; CAS.A2307, Latft'S Received, VoL 1,1900-1904: RE. Ban -N.P. Rooke, 26.9.1904. n.p.; VoL I, 1900-1904: R.E. Ball -N.P. Rooke, 11.10.1904, n.p.; VoL I, 1900-1904: E.R Syfm -N.P. Rooke. 15.11.1904, n.p., VoL 4, 1905: G. Orpben -N.P. Rooke. 22.6.1905, n.p.; Vol. 4, 19061909: G. Orpben -N.P. Rooke, 1.3.1906, n.p.; VoL 4, 1906-1909: G.

Orpiloo-N.P. Rooke, 27.4.1906, n.p.

Ibid.

DBA. S41RFF, VoL 1. Meetmgs of Directcrs and Amlual Gena-al Med81gs of Shardto&s, 1902-1910; S4.1RFF, Vol. 4, CcrrespoodeI1~, lnc<xniIIg aIMi Outgoing. Secretary of De Bea's. 1899-1904: Rh~ FruH F8nI1S Board Mmutes,

25.4.1901, n.p.; CA. A2307, Latft'S Received, VoL I, 1900-1904: RE. Ban -N.P. Rooke 26.9.1904. n.p.; Vol. I, 1900-1904: R.E. Ball -N.P. Rooke, 11.10.1904, n.p.; VoL 1. 1~-1904: E.R Syfret -N.P. Rooke, 15.11.19804, n.p.: VoL 4, 1905: G. Orpben -N.P. Rooke, 22.6.1905, n.p.; VoL 4,1906-1909; G. ()r}ilm -N.P. Rooke, 1.3.1906. n.p.; VoL 4, 1906-1909: G. ()r}ilm -N.P. Rooke, 27.4.1906, n.p.; DBA. M. Buys: De Bea-s' Mninistrative R~, p.13. De Kolonist, 17.11.1899, p.2: Ho<iartikel- Onze Vndlten;

The Cape Times, 8.11.1909, p.l0: A GliD1)Se at the Early ROO1aII~ of Rh~ Fruit Fanns (A ldt« by H.E. V . Pic¥.sooe to die Edita).

See M.C. van Zyl, 'State m Komies in Sukl-Afrika. 1854-1902', in C.FJ. Munil' (ed.), Vyj1w1klerd Jaar

Suid-Afri-kaanse GesUedenis, IIp. 303-333.

The C4pe Argus, 27.3.1928. p.4: FrQid <t Cecil Jdm Rh~ -Sood1 African Fruit-Growa-.

Lirerpool Weekly Mercury, 22.8.1914, p.18: S8:t1ers' Staies -Experit-n~ of Soodi African Piooe8'S.

The Cape Times, 8.11.1909, p.l0: A Glimpse at die Early ROO1aII~ of the Rh~ Fruit Fanm (A kItta" by H.E. V. Pic¥.sooe to die Editcr); 77Ie Cape Argus, ~<iJer 1924, p.ll: Soodi African Fruit -History and Deve~t of die Industry; P.A. Moh81o: 77Ie Cape Times, 16.8.1922, p.6:

'The Cape Fnlit TrP -Its ~t, Past aIMi Fu1ure'. DBA. M. Buys: De Bea-s's Aaninw-tive R~. p.5. CA, A.S'*> The ~ Mitdlell CollectXxt, 1807-1928, Vol. 33a: Minutes of a M~ing <t the Managers of Rh~ Fruit Fanm at Lekkerwijn, 23.8.1899, n.p.

45.

46. 47.