Risk assessment of historical soil contamination with cyanides; origin, potential human exposure and evaluation of Intervention Values | RIVM

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(12) page 4 of 160. RIVM report 711701019. Contents Acknowledgements. 2. Abstract. 3. Uitgebreide samenvatting. 7. Extended summary. 19. 1.. Introduction. 31. 2.. Origin of CN and Intervention Values. 35. 3.. 2.1. CN and CN historical soil contamination. 35. 2.2. Intervention Values in general. 36. 2.3. Intervention Values of CN. 37. Synthetic CN-containing materials found in soils 3.1. General. 39. 3.2. Wastes from manufactured gas plants (MGPs). 39. 3.3 Wastes from cyanides used in industrial processes 3.3.1 Metallurgic and photographic industry 3.3.2 Mineral extraction and recovery. 43 43 43. 3.4. 44. Processing of cyanogenic crop products. 3.5 Non-waste materials 3.5.1 General 3.5.2 Road salt 3.5.3 Artificial fertiliser 3.5.4 Complex cyanides for livestock exposed to radiocaesium 4.. 39. Concentration, behaviour and fate of CN in contaminated soils 4.1. General behaviour of CN. 44 44 44 45 45 47 47. 4.2 MGP cyanide bearing wastes 4.2.1 CN content of contaminated soils 4.2.2 Solubility, mobility and brake down of ferri ferrohexacyanides 4.2.3 Free cyanides from dissolved ferri ferrohexacyanides in groundwater without exposure to light 4.2.4 Formation and presence of free cyanide in soil (no light exposure) 4.2.5 Formation and presence of free cyanide under conditions with light 4.2.6 Presence of free cyanide, HCN, in soil and ambient air 4.2.7 Thiocyanates in soils containing MGP wastes 4.2.8 Conclusions on cyanides in soils containing MGP wastes. 48 48 48 52 52 53 53 55 56. 4.3 Wastes from cyanides used in industrial processes 4.3.1 General 4.3.2 Review of some studies 4.3.3 Conclusions on cyanides in soils containing MPI wastes. 57 57 58 61. 4.4. Non-waste materials containing CN. 61. 4.5. Groundwater, wastewater and sludge purification studies. 64.

(13) RIVM report 711701019. 4.6 5.. 6.. 7.. 8.. page 5 of 160. Mobility, breakdown, persistence and concentrations of CN in soils. Cyanamids and simple cyanides in agriculture. 65 69. 5.1. Cyanamids. 69. 5.2. Indistinctness about the potentials of simple cyanides as fertilisers. 70. Cyanides in plants, phytotoxicity, and (non-)toxicity to humans. 71. 6.1 General 6.1.1 Cyanogenic plants 6.1.2 Natural formation, conversion and detoxification of free cyanides in (non-cyanogenic) plants 6.1.3 Uptake mechanism of cyanides by plants 6.1.4 Range of effects of exogenous free CN on plants 6.1.5 Effects of herbicide-induced elevated levels of endogenous free CN 6.1.6 Non-toxicity to humans of free CN and thiocyanates in non-cyanogenic plants. 71 71 71 72 72 73 73. 6.2 Quantitative information on effects of CN on plants 6.2.1 Introduction 6.2.2 Free CN levels in non-cyanogenic plants 6.2.3 Free CN in soil, effect on seed emergence 6.2.4 Seed coating with SCN effect on germination and mildew 6.2.5 CN soil contamination, effect on plant growth and CN content 6.2.6 Effect of elevated free CN in rooting solutions on plants 6.2.7 Effect of elevated free CN in ambient air on plants. 73 73 73 74 74 75 77 78. 6.3 Conclusions 6.3.1 Free CN 6.3.2 Other CN species. 78 78 79. Human exposure to historical CN soil contamination and Intervention Values. 81. 7.1. Background information. 81. 7.2. Human toxicological MPR and TCA of CN. 81. 7.3 CSOIL model and validation of Intervention Values 7.3.1 General 7.3.2 CN. 84 84 85. 7.4 Current CN Intervention Values in some countries 7.4.1 The Netherlands 7.4.2 Four other countries 7.4.3 Comparison of the Netherlands and four other countries. 86 86 87 90. 7.5 New considerations with respect to CN Intervention Values 7.5.1 CN speciation and solubility in contaminated soils 7.5.2 CN natural background and concentrations in contaminated soils and groundwater 7.5.3 Free CN in air and CN Intervention Value 7.5.4 CN in plants 7.5.5 Human toxicological critical CN levels and levels observed in soils 7.5.6 Intervention Value based on maximum potential exposure. 91 91 93 94 95 96 100. 7.6 Gaps in knowledge and determination of the CN Intervention Value 7.6.1 Questionaire 7.6.2 Tabular overview. 105 105 105. 7.7 Possible changes in Intervention Values or research first 7.7.1 Possible changes based on new considerations 7.7.2 Proposal for research prior to changes in Intervention Values. 108 108 111. Conclusions and recommendations. 113.

(14) page 6 of 160. RIVM report 711701019. APPENDIX 1 Groups of cyanides and cyanogenic compounds. 117. APPENDIX 2 Natural occurrence and/or background concentrations of cyanides. 121. APPENDIX 3 Effects of elevated levels of cyanides on plants. 125. APPENDIX 4 Dutch CN Intervention Values as proposed through time. 135. APPENDIX 5 Questionnaire and list of experts commenting on 1999 draft report. 137. APPENDIX 6 Programme and list of experts participating in the 28-03-2000 workshop. 141. APPENDIX 7 Mailing list. 145. References. 149.

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