Renewable Energy in The Netherlands

Renewable Energy in The Netherlands

September 2015

Dr. Martien Visser

Professor Energy Transition & Network Integration Hanze University of Applied Sciences Groningen

Partner of the Energy Academy Europe E-mail: b.m.visser@pl.hanze.nl

This analyses contains information of various sources and own analyses, including various estimates. Readers are encouraged to add, to improve the quality of the information provided.

 The fraction of renewable energy in The Netherlands was 6.0%.  Electricity production by wind was 140% higher y-o-y.

 Average utilization of wind capacity was 20% and of solar-PV, it was (just) 9%  Coal usage in Dutch power generation increased by 80% y-o-y.

 Dutch energy related CO2 emissions increased by 9% y-o-y.

 The fraction renewable power was 9.7%, up from 7.2% last year.

September 2015

In a Nutshell

• September 2015 data

• Monthly profiles

• Monthly data

• Hourly data

• Miscellaneous

Content

SELECTED ENERGY DATA FROM SEPTEMBER 2015

Final Energy Demand

September 2015

Energy is used for many different purposes. In September 2015, the most important energy applications were gas and various forms of transport.

Renewables are given by comparison.

Sep-15 Page 6 17.2 12.4 11.6 8.9 5.0 3.9 3.9 2.8 2.5 0 5 10 15 20

Gas** Road Transport* Shipping*

Power Feedstock* Industry*

Aviation* Coal** Ren-Energy*

September 2015 TWh

Sources: CBS, TenneT, GTS, etc.., own analyses

*estimated **excl. gas&coal-to-power

Final Energy Demand

September 2015 (vs 2014)

In September 2015, energy used for feedstock has been estimated to be significantly lower than in 2014, while gas demand was significantly higher,

mainly due to lower ambient temperatures than previous year.

Sep-15 Page 7 2.4 -0.2 0.7 -0.1 -2.9 -0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

Gas** Road Transport* Shipping*

Power Feedstock* Industry*

Aviation* Coal** Ren-Energy*

September 2015 versus September 2014 TWh

Sources: CBS, TenneT, GTS, own analyses

*estimated **excl. gas&coal-to-power

CO2 Emissions

September 2015

In September, the national energy-related CO2 emissions are estimated at 12.8 Mton, an increase by 9% y-o-y. The total Dutch CO2 footprint, including the CO2 sources that

do not contribute to the official CO2 emission, and including emissions of CO2-equivalents from agriculture and industry, is estimated at 25 Mton.

Sep-15 Page 8 3.1 3.5 3.2 4.1 1.4 _{1.1 1.1 1.0 4.0 2.5} 0.1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Mton CO2 September 2015

** excl. gas & coal to power

*do not contribute to the national CO2 target Sources: CBS, TenneT, GTS, RIVM, CE-Delft,

The capacity given is the so-called name-plate capacity. In practice, not all capacity is available for the electricity market due to planned and unplanned maintenance.

Power Generation

Capacity September

2015

Gas Coal Wind Biomass* Solar Nuclear

Sources: TenneT, GTS, CBS, KNMI, CertiQ, PolderPV.nl, Windstats, own analyses

Power Supplies

September 2015

In September 2015, power consumption was 8.9 TWh, the same as last year. Most power has been generated by coal-fired power stations. In September 2015, renewables accounted for

9.7% in the power system, up from 7.2% last year.

Sep-15 Page 10 2.79 4.36 0.48 0.09 0.33 0.35 0.26 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00

NatGas Coal Wind Solar-PV Biomass Nuclear Net imports Sources: TenneT, GTS, CBS, KNMI, CertiQ, PolderPV.nl, own analyses

CO2 from Power

Generation

September 2015

The CO2 emissions from imports are given for comparison, as these emissions do not contribute to the National Dutch CO2 emission level. In September 2015, 85% of the CO2

emissions from the power sector came from coal-fired power stations.

Sep-15 Page 11 0.9 3.5 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

natgas coal wind solar biomass nuclear imports Sources: TenneT, GTS, CBS, KNMI, CertiQ, PolderPV.nl, own analyses

Mton CO2

SELECTED MONTHLY PROFILES

(using daily data)

Daily power demand shows a week-weekend pattern. Daily gas demand (excluding gas demand for power) from industry has a similar pattern. In

summer, little gas is used for the heating market.

Gas and Power Demand

September 2015

1-Sep 8-Sep 15-Sep 22-Sep 29-Sep

Power Gas*

September 2015 GWh

Coal-fired power stations showed a week-weekend pattern. Gas-fired generation used, is typically must-run capacity (e.g. cogeneration) and necessary to balance the system.

Conventional Power

Production

September 2015

1-Sep 8-Sep 15-Sep 22-Sep 29-Sep

Coal Gas Nuclear

September 2015 GWh

September 2015 had was rather windy. Hence, wind energy production increased by 140% compared to September 2014. Furthermore, solar-PV electricity production increased by

30% y-o-y. 1 GWh is sufficient to provide power for a year to 300 households.

Wind and Solar

Power Production

September 2015

1-Sep 8-Sep 15-Sep 22-Sep 29-Sep

Wind Solar-PV

September 2015 GWh

Renewable energy as a fraction of final energy consumption peaked at 6.8% on September 15, while the fraction of renewable power peaked to 16.5% that day.

These contributions have been estimated using formal procedures.

Contribution of

Renewable Energy

September 2015

1-Sep 8-Sep 15-Sep 22-Sep 29-Sep

Ren%Power Ren%Final

September 2015

SELECTED MONTHLY ENERGY DATA

Gas consumption in September was slightly higher than last year, mainly due to lower temperatures in 2015.

Gas Demand

(excluding gas-to-power)

2015 (and 2014)

Sources: GTS, TenneT, CBS, Windstats, PolderPV, KNMI, etc., own analyses 2015 (2014) TWh

Due to lower production from the Groningen gas field and declining gas production from the North Sea, Dutch gas production in 2015 is considerable lower than in 2014.

Gas Production

2015 (and 2014)

Sources: GTS, own analyses

2015 (2014) TWh

Power demand in September was the same as last year.

Power Demand

2015 (and 2014)

Sources: TenneT, CBS, own analyses

2015 (2014) TWh

Wind power production is very volatile. Wind production in September 2015 was 140% lower that a year ago, while installed wind capacity increased by 20% y-o-y..

In September 2015, the average utilization of wind capacity was 20%.

Wind Production

2015 (and 2014)

Sources: CertiQ, KNMI, own analyses

2015 (2014) TWh

In September 2015, electricity production by Solar PV in The Netherlands was relatively low, due to less sunshine. The average utilization rate of solar-PV capacity

was 9% in September.

Solar PV Production

2015 (and 2014)

Sources: PolderPV.nl, CertiQ, Klimaatmonitor, KNMI, own analyses 2015 (2014) TWh

In September coal utilization for power generation reached a record level. The average utilization rate of coal-fired power stations in the Netherlands is estimated at 82%.

This percentage includes the effects of maintenance.

Coal-to-Power

2015 (and 2014)

Sources: GTS, TenneT, CBS, Windstats, PolderPV, KNMI, etc., own analyses 2015 (2014) TWh

In September 2015, power production by gas-fired power stations and cogeneration recovered slightly, but is still much lower than previous year. In September, the average

utilization rate of gas-fired capacity was 28%.

This percentage includes maintenance and mothballed installations.

Gas to Power

2015 (and 2014)

Sources: GTS, TenneT, CBS, PolderPV, KNMI, etc., own analyses

2015 (2014) TWh

On average, LNG imports in 2015 increased by 200% compared to 2014. This figure depicts the amount of LNG injected into the gas grid, as presented by GTS. The figure

excludes therefore the usage of LNG as transport fuel

LNG imports

2015 (and 2014)

Sources: GTS, own analyses

2015 (2014) TWh

Renewable Energy

All Sources

2015 (and 2014)

The data show that in 2015, the renewable energy in The Netherlands was higher in any month so far. The average increase is 17% y-o-y.

Sep-15 Page 26 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Sources: GTS, TenneT, CBS, Windstats, PolderPV, KNMI, etc., own analyses 2015 (2014) TWh

On average, the percentage of renewable energy is this year similar than last year.

Renewable Energy

Percentage

2015 (and 2014)

Sources: GTS, TenneT, CBS, Windstats, PolderPV, KNMI, etc., own analyses 2015 (2014)

National CO2 emissions from the Netherland s are consistently higher than in 2014, mainly due high utilization of coal for Dutch power production.

CO2 Emissions

2015 (and 2014)

Sources: GTS, TenneT, CBS, CE-Delft, Windstats, PolderPV, KNMI, etc., own analyses 2015 (2014)

SELECTED HOURLY ENERGY DATA

In September 2015, substantial gas volumes were used to fill gas storages, depicted as negative values in the figure. This month, hardly any LNG was injected into the grid.

Gas Supply

September 2015

1-Sep 8-Sep 15-Sep 22-Sep 29-Sep

Natural Gas Supply September 2015

Storages Gas import LNG Terminals Production

MWh

In late September, temperatures dropped and gas demand in The Netherlands peaked to 51000 MW.

Gas Demand

Including Gas-to-Power

September 2015

1-Sep 8-Sep 15-Sep 22-Sep 29-Sep

Gas Demand September 2015

Industry Distribution

MWh

Gas Imports & Exports

September 2015

In September 2015, Dutch gas imports have been 7 TWh higher than Dutch gas exports. This is the fourth month in 2015 that the Netherlands was a net importing country (on a

monthly basis) Sep-15 Page 32 -80000 -60000 -40000 -20000 0 20000 40000 60000 80000

1-Sep 8-Sep 15-Sep 22-Sep 29-Sep

September 2015

Gas export Gas import

MWh

Power Imports &

Exports

September 2015

In September 2015, power imports and exports were similar, due to much lower imports than in previous months.

Sep-15 Page 33 -4000 -3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

1-Sep 8-Sep 15-Sep 22-Sep 29-Sep

September 2015

Power import Power export

MWh

In The Netherlands, summers are characterized by a low availability of wind. September 2015 has been no exception to this rule, with a 20% utilization rate

of the available wind capacity of 3280 MW.

Wind Power

September 2015

1-Sep 8-Sep 15-Sep 22-Sep 29-Sep

Wind Power September 2015 MWh

September was not a sunny month. Solar-PV the amount of Solar-PV has been just 90 GWh. The utilization rate of the 1350 MW of solar PV installed was not more than 9%.

Solar PV Power

September 2015

1-Sep 8-Sep 15-Sep 22-Sep 29-Sep

Solar Power September 2015 MWh

The following set of slides presents for each month

in 2015 the hourly contributions of various energy

sources to total power consumption in The

Netherlands.

Power Generation

January 2015

In the week of 20-24 January, power generation peaked, due to the net exports that occurred. The majority of the additional power generation has been generated by

gas-fired installations. -2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000

1-Jan 8-Jan 15-Jan 22-Jan 29-Jan

Net import Nuclear Other Renewable Coal NatGas

MW January 2015

sources: CBS, TenneT, KNMI, GTS, CertiQ, etc. & own analyses Data are added

Power Generation

February 2015

Like in January, low wind availability coincided with net exports of power. -2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000

1-Feb 8-Feb 15-Feb 22-Feb

Net import Nuclear Other Renewable Coal NatGas

MW February 2015

sources: CBS, TenneT, KNMI, GTS, CertiQ, etc. & own analyses Data are added

Power Generation

March 2015

Relatively low imports of power occurred in March. On several Saturdays, some net exports were recorded.

-2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000

1-Mar 8-Mar 15-Mar 22-Mar 29-Mar

Net import Nuclear Other Renewable Coal NatGas

MW March 2015

sources: CBS, TenneT, KNMI, GTS, CertiQ, etc. & own analyses Data are added

Power Generation

April 2015

Relatively low imports of power occurred in April. On several occasions, mainly on Saturdays, net exports were recorded. April showed several days with high coal-fired generation, while gas-fired generation was low.

Sep-15 Page 40 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000

1-Apr 8-Apr 15-Apr 22-Apr 29-Apr

Net import Nuclear Other Renewable Coal NatGas

MW April 2015

Power Generation

May 2015

In May, high net imports and high coal utilization squeezed gas-fired power generation. Sep-15 Page 41 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000

1-May 8-May 15-May 22-May 29-May

Net import Nuclear Other Renewable Coal NatGas

MW May 2015

Power Generation

June 2015

In June, high net imports and high coal utilization squeezed out gas-fired power generation. Sep-15 Page 42 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000

1-Jun 8-Jun 15-Jun 22-Jun 29-Jun

Net import Nuclear Other Renewable Coal NatGas

MW June 2015

Power Generation

July2015

In July, imports were more moderate than in June; consequently, although coal utilization remained high, more gas-fired power generation was

registered than in June.

Sep-15 Page 43 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000

1-Jul 8-Jul 15-Jul 22-Jul 29-Jul

Net import Nuclear Other Renewable Coal NatGas

MW July 2015

Power Generation

September 2015

In September, there were a lot of power imports and consequently, not much gas-fired power generation was used.

Sep-15 Page 44 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000

1-Aug 8-Aug 15-Aug 22-Aug 29-Aug

Net import Nuclear Other Renewable Coal NatGas

MW August 2015

Power Generation

September 2015

In September, power imports, depicted as negative values, were low. The majority of the power is produced by the coal fired power stations.

Sep-15 Page 45 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000

1-Sep 8-Sep 15-Sep 22-Sep 29-Sep

Net import Nuclear Other Renewable Coal NatGas

MW September 2015

The following set of slides presents for each week in

2015 the hourly contributions of wind and solar-PV

to the total power consumption in The Netherlands.

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

5-Jan 6-Jan 7-Jan 8-Jan 9-Jan 10-Jan 11-Jan

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Sources: TenneT, CertiQ,, PolderPV.nl, KNMI, etc.., own analyses

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

12-Jan 13-Jan 14-Jan 15-Jan 16-Jan 17-Jan 18-Jan

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Sources: TenneT, CertiQ, PolderPV.nl, KNMI, etc.., own analyses

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

19-Jan 20-Jan 21-Jan 22-Jan 23-Jan 24-Jan 25-Jan

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Sources: TenneT, CertiQ, PolderPV.nl, KNMI, etc., own analyses

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

26-Jan 27-Jan 28-Jan 29-Jan 30-Jan 31-Jan 1-Feb

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Sources: TenneT, CertiQ, PolderPV.nl, KNMI, etc., own analyses

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

2-Feb 3-Feb 4-Feb 5-Feb 6-Feb 7-Feb 8-Feb

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Sources: TenneT, CertiQ, KNMI, PolderPV.nl, etc., own analyses

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

9-Feb 10-Feb 11-Feb 12-Feb 13-Feb 14-Feb 15-Feb

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Sources: TenneT, CertiQ, KNMI, PolderPV.nl, etc., own analyses

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

16-Feb 17-Feb 18-Feb 19-Feb 20-Feb 21-Feb 22-Feb

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Sources: TenneT, CertiQ, PolderPV.nl, KNMI, etc., own analyses

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

23-Feb 24-Feb 25-Feb 26-Feb 27-Feb 28-Feb 1-Mar

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Sources: TenneT, CertiQ, PolderPV.nl, KNMI, etc., own analyses

MWh 201

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

2-Mar 3-Mar 4-Mar 5-Mar 6-Mar 7-Mar 8-Mar

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Sources: TenneT, CertiQ, Windstats, Klimaatmonitor, PolderPV.nl, KNMI, own analyses

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

9-Mar 10-Mar 11-Mar 12-Mar 13-Mar 14-Mar 15-Mar

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Sources: TenneT, CertiQ, Windstats, Klimaatmonitor, PolderPV.nl, KNMI, own analyses

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

16-Mar 17-Mar 18-Mar 19-Mar 20-Mar 21-Mar 22-Mar

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Sources: TenneT, CertiQ, Windstats, Klimaatmonitor, PolderPV.nl, KNMI, own analyses

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

23-Mar 24-Mar 25-Mar 26-Mar 27-Mar 28-Mar 29-Mar

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Sources: TenneT, CertiQ, Windstats, Klimaatmonitor, PolderPV.nl, KNMI, own analyses

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

30-Mar 31-Mar 1-Apr 2-Apr 3-Apr 4-Apr 5-Apr

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Sources: TenneT, CertiQ, Windstats, Klimaatmonitor, PolderPV.nl, KNMI, own analyses

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

6-Apr 7-Apr 8-Apr 9-Apr 10-Apr 11-Apr 12-Apr

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Sources: TenneT, CertiQ, Windstats, Klimaatmonitor, PolderPV.nl, KNMI, own analyses

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

13-Apr 14-Apr 15-Apr 16-Apr 17-Apr 18-Apr 19-Apr

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Sources: TenneT, CertiQ, Windstats, Klimaatmonitor, PolderPV.nl, KNMI, own analyses

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

20-Apr 21-Apr 22-Apr 23-Apr 24-Apr 25-Apr 26-Apr

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Sources: TenneT, CertiQ, Windstats, Klimaatmonitor, PolderPV.nl, KNMI, own analyses

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

27-Apr 28-Apr 29-Apr 30-Apr 1-May 2-May 3-May

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

4-May 5-May 6-May 7-May 8-May 9-May 10-May

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

11-May 12-May 13-May 14-May 15-May 16-May 17-May

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

18-May 19-May 20-May 21-May 22-May 23-May 24-May

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

25-May 26-May 27-May 28-May 29-May 30-May 31-May

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

1-Jun 2-Jun 3-Jun 4-Jun 5-Jun 6-Jun 7-Jun

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

8-Jun 9-Jun 10-Jun 11-Jun 12-Jun 13-Jun 14-Jun

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

15-Jun 16-Jun 17-Jun 18-Jun 19-Jun 20-Jun 21-Jun

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

22-Jun 23-Jun 24-Jun 25-Jun 26-Jun 27-Jun 28-Jun

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

29-Jun 30-Jun 1-Jul 2-Jul 3-Jul 4-Jul 5-Jul

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

6-Jul 7-Jul 8-Jul 9-Jul 10-Jul 11-Jul 12-Jul

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

13-Jul 14-Jul 15-Jul 16-Jul 17-Jul 18-Jul 19-Jul

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

20-Jul 21-Jul 22-Jul 23-Jul 24-Jul 25-Jul 26-Jul

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

27-Jul 28-Jul 29-Jul 30-Jul 31-Jul 1-Aug 2-Aug

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

3-Aug 4-Aug 5-Aug 6-Aug 7-Aug 8-Aug 9-Aug

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

10-Aug 11-Aug 12-Aug 13-Aug 14-Aug 15-Aug 16-Aug

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

17-Aug 18-Aug 19-Aug 20-Aug 21-Aug 22-Aug 23-Aug

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

24-Aug 25-Aug 26-Aug 27-Aug 28-Aug 29-Aug 30-Aug

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

31-Aug 1-Sep 2-Sep 3-Sep 4-Sep 5-Sep 6-Sep

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

7-Sep 8-Sep 9-Sep 10-Sep 11-Sep 12-Sep 13-Sep

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

14-Sep 15-Sep 16-Sep 17-Sep 18-Sep 19-Sep 20-Sep

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

21-Sep 22-Sep 23-Sep 24-Sep 25-Sep 26-Sep 27-Sep

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

28-Sep 29-Sep 30-Sep 1-Oct 2-Oct 3-Oct 4-Oct

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

MISCELLANEOUS

In Septembers 2015, the average daily effective temperature (temperature including wind shield factor) was relatively low: 10.7 o_{C. For comparison, the effective}

temperature of September 2014 are presented at the background.

Effective Temperature

September 2015

1-Sep 8-Sep 15-Sep 22-Sep 29-Sep

September 2015 (2014)

Sources: KNMI, own analyses

Characteristic CO2 emissions used in this presentation.

Fuel Specific CO2

Emissions

Sources: CE-Delft, own analyses Power Generation

Fuels

This presentation is based on numerous sources which present data on energy

demand and supply in The Netherlands. These data, however, do not cover the

entire energy system. Some approximations and scaling factors were thus

needed. The author would like to thank students from Hanze University of

Applied Science in Groningen and various energy experts in The Netherlands

which gave suggestions for improvements of the methods used. Currently, the

aggregated results of this work are in good agreement with data supplied by the

Dutch National Office of Statistics (CBS). It is believed by the author that the

detailed results in this presentation give a fair presentation of the complex

reality of the Dutch energy system.

Nevertheless, the author invites readers to comment on the data provided with

the objective to further improve this work. After all, good and reliable data are

at the heart of any successful policy to make our world more sustainable.

Epilogue

b.m.visser@pl.hanze.nl