Genetische profielen ontrafelen de historiek van oude bomen
An Vanden Broeck - Studiedag Oude bomen, schatkamers van erfgoed en biodiversiteit - 17 februari 2017 - Fonteinhof Borgloon / Kasteeldomein Hex (Heers)
DNA-markers provide insight into the history of ancient trees
Two species , two histories
The European black poplar
Populus nigra L.
The common lime
Tilia × europaea Linn.
syn. Tilia x vulgaris Hayne
The common lime, Tilia × europaea Linn
From Pigott (2012)
Tongerlo Abbey - the oldest common lime avenue - planted in 1676
original trees T. x europaea , age 340 y , 5 m @ 1.30 m, 25 m high
Tongerlo abbey
founded 1130
Entrance avenue planted in 1676-1677 32 Dutch lime trees (Tilia x europaea)
Well-documented during 19th-20th centuries
Descriptions
Photographs/postcards
• Genetic composition ?
– original trees
– replacements , 19th & 20th century
– current commercial plant stock (10 nurseries NL & B) – other ancient common lime trees
• Mode of propagation ?
– seeds vs. clones
– clones: grafting or layering
Lime avenue of Tongerlo Abbey How to conserve?
Genetic fingerprints of individual trees with DNA-markers (AFLPs)
18 from the 20 original trees were from same clonal group original trees are clones propagated by layering
from the 19th century; felled trees replaced by T. x
europaea and seedlings of T. platyphyllos
Lime avenue of Tongerlo Abbey
Restoration and authentic preservation
Special tree: original? Genetic: yes!
Archives: how!
Circa 1900
(abdijafchief Tongerlo)
Tongerlo abbey avenue: genetic research: discussion
1
Special tree: original? Genetic: yes!
Archives: how!
Before 1908
Tongerlo abbey avenue: genetic research: discussion
1
Special tree: original? Genetic: yes!
Archives: how!
Easter 1925,
Tongerlo abbey avenue: genetic research: discussion
1
Special tree: original? Genetic: yes!
Archives: how!
Tongerlo abbey avenue: genetic research: discussion
1
Special tree: original? Genetic: yes!
• Tongerlo, (1676 )
• Westerlo, Village tree on market (1630)
• Westerlo, Hof Van Overwijs (18th century)
• Tilburg (NL), Village tree ‘Heuvelplein’ (1675) • Haaren (NL), Castle Nemelaer
• Hilvarenbeek (NL) Village tree - (1675) • Huizen (NL), Castle Oud-Bussem (1828?)
Hilvarenbeek (North-Brabant, NL) - Village tree , 1575
Castle ‘Nemelaer’ – Haaren (North-Brabant, NL), both close to Tilburg
www.monumentaltrees.com
Park ‘Oud-Bussem’, (Huizen, NL) likely planted in 1828, 145 km from Tongerlo
Oud Bussem, Tilburg & Tongerlo ©Bert Maes Oud Bussem & Tongerlo ©Bert Maes
51 heritage trees sampled and analysed, from
Flanders and the Netherlands (Inventaris van Houtige
Beplantingen met Erfgoedwaarde, collected by Geert Van der Linden and Bert Maes)
• they represent 10 different clonal groups • 6 of these ‘clones’ consist of a single tree
• 37% the heritage trees (19/51) belonged to the clonal group of T. x europaea ‘Pallida’
Current commercial plant stock of T. x europaea
from 8 tree breeders and tree propagators
• ‘Pallida’= one clonal group • ‘Zwarte linde’
almost not available , sometimes = ‘Pallida’
• Extremely limited genetic diversity ~ 2 – 3 clonal
Tilia x europaea ‘Zwarte linde’
• Retain old trees as long as possible • Replace with same genetic material • Propagate and use the old clones
• Enlarge genetic diversity
• Propagate and reuse old clones
The European black poplar
Populus nigra L.
The European black poplar
IJzer Dender
Each river valley has his ‘own’ clonal lineages
Black poplar was propagated and used locally
Pollarding saved the species! Farmers saved the species!
• Retain old trees as long as possible (pollarding) • Conserve, propagate and reuse these old clones • Plant black poplars for landscape purposes
• Restore the natural habitat and populations (Grensmaas)
• Enlarge the genetic diversity
• Bring plant material on the market ( under the regulation of forest reproductive material, for example as a mixture of clones)
Thanks to
Koen Smets (AOE)
Geert Van der Linden (AOE) Paul Van den Bremt (AOE) Bert Maes (Ecologisch
adviesbureau Maes)
Jan Van Brandhof (Nationaal
lindenarboretum Winterswijk)
Jef Van Meulder (Arboretum
Bokrijk)
Dirk De Meyere en Nand Van Belle (Plantentuin Meise)
Nancy Van Liefferinge (INBO) Sabrina Neyrinck (INBO)
Joachim Mergeay (INBO) Karen Cox (INBO)
boomkwekerij Arbor
boomkwekerij Houtmeyers boomkwekerij Van Pelt
boomkwekerij Van der Auwera boomkweker Tijdens
