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iFLUX 1

Studiedag Innovatieve onderzoekstechnieken

iFLUX Technology

Mass flux and mass discharge measurement in groundwater

Goedele Verreydt, Tim Op ‘t Eyndt

Founders of iFLUX

OVAM, 10 Maart 2020 Tijd: 14:30–15.15h

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Dynamics of soil and groundwater

pollution often is underestimated

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Mass flux concept

https://www.itrcweb.org/GuidanceDocuments/MASSFLUX1.pdf

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Mass flux concept

https://www.itrcweb.org/GuidanceDocuments/MASSFLUX1.pdf Other ITRC guidance

In Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated Ethene: DNAPL Source Zones (BioDNAPL-3, 2008)

Integrated DNAPL Site

Strategy (IDSS-1, 2011)

Integrated DNAPL Site

Characterization and Tools

Selection (ISC-1, 2015)

iFLUX

Transect A

Flux JB_i,j

M_dA

M_dB

Flux JA_i,j

Source

Mass Discharge (M_d) = Sum of Mass Flux

Estimates

JA_i,j= Individual mass flux measurment at Transect A

M_dA= Mass discharge at Transect A (Total of all JA_i,jestimates)

Transect B Transect A

Flux JB_i,j

M_dA

M_dB

Flux JA_i,j

Source

Mass Discharge (M_d) = Sum of Mass Flux

Estimates

JA_i,j= Individual mass flux measurment at Transect A

M_dA= Mass discharge at Transect A (Total of all JA_i,jestimates)

Transect B

• Contaminant mass flux (J)

• The rate of solute mass moving across a specific

defined area, usually a portion of the plume cross-section

• Mass flux is a vector quantity, expressed as mass/time/area

[M/L

/T]

J_Aij= Individual mass flux measurement at Transect A

(ITRC MASSFLUX-1, 2010)

Transect B Source

Mass Flux Through Transects

Flow Transect A

Definitions

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• Contaminant Mass discharge (M _d )

• The total mass of any solute conveyed by a plume at a given location

• Md is a scalar quantity, expressed as mass/time [M/T]

• Source or plume strength

Transect A

Flux JB_i,j

M_dA

M_dB

Flux JA_i,j

Source

Mass Discharge (M_d) = Sum of Mass Flux

Estimates

JA_i,j= Individual mass flux measurment at Transect A

M_dA= Mass discharge at Transect A (Total of all JA_i,jestimates)

Transect B Transect A

Flux JB_i,j

M_dA

M_dB

Flux JA_i,j

Source

Mass Discharge (M_d) = Sum of Mass Flux

Estimates

JA_i,j= Individual mass flux measurment at Transect A

M_dA= Mass discharge at Transect A (Total of all JA_i,jestimates)

Transect B

Transect A

J

= Individual mass flux measurement at Transect A

(ITRC MASSFLUX-1, 2010)

M

= Mass discharge at transect A

M _dA =[J _aij x A]

Transect B Source

M_d = Sum of Mass Flux over a Transect

M

B

Flow

Definitions

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Mass fluxes can vary a lot

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When to apply flux measurements?

The applicability of the iFLUX technology is versatile

FIELD CHARACTERISATION - Preferential groundwater flow paths

- Optimize CSM - Spreading risk

- 3D groundwater flow map REMEDIATION DESIGN

- Optimize in-situ remediation - Control remediation efficiency

- Monitor plume stability or natural attenuation DATA MANAGEMENT

- Big ‘groundwater’ data - Manage resource integrity - Site liability management

01

03

02

05

04

- Real-time monitoring & data visualization SMART LAND MANAGEMENT

- Groundwater resilience management - Drought prevention - Groundwater usage and migration - Predictive modelling

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1. Water flux: q = K x i [L/T] or [L ³ /L ² /T]

3. Contaminant mass flux: J = q x C _avg [M/L ² /T]

2. Average contaminant concentration: C _avg [M/L ³ ]

C _avg q = K i

Mass flux concept

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iFLUX technology

We are able to perform a direct flux measurement

Patented and validated

Captures 90% of all pollution

types

Accurate measurement of

speed and direction

Potential cost reduction up to

30%

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PRINCIPLES

Tracer eluted to the right

Sorbed contaminant

Mass flux calculation

K

K>>K

Groundwater Flowlines

t ₁ t ₂

t ₃

Photo: Dye

intercepted in a cartridge

2. Contaminant adsorbed onto passive flux meter over time to get Mass flux (J)

1. Tracer desorbs from passive flux

meter over time to get Flow (Q)

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Flux results

End report with interpreted and analyzed flux results.

Each sampler location delivers accurate flux results for each depth

Well depth graph

Interpolation technique to calculate and visualize spreading of groundwater and pollution

Control plane

PFM-02

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

0 40 80 120

Flux (mg/m²/day)

Depth below top of casing (ft)

0 5 10 15

Darcy velocity (cm/day)

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4 – Data analysis and reporting

Validated flow field distortion calculations deliver detailed and reliable flux data in the aquifer. Our end report contains

comprehensible graphs and maps of the designated field.

3 – Retrieval and lab analysis

After retrieval, dedicated transport from site to our partner laboratory is taken care of. A certified lab analysis will provide us the raw flux data measured.

2 – Sampler installation on site

An authorized field team will guarantee a precise installation of the selected iFLUX samplers on site.

1 – Field design

Based on preliminary site investigation and customer input, a detailed monitoring campaign is developed.

iFLUX Project

iFLUX offers an integrated solution in close cooperation with the Environmental Consultant to guarantee accurate flux results.

A typical project includes 4 milestones.

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1 - Field design

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4 – Data analysis and reporting

Validated flow field distortion calculations deliver detailed and reliable flux data in the aquifer. Our end report contains

comprehensible graphs and maps of the designated field.

3 – Retrieval and lab analysis

After retrieval, dedicated transport from site to our partner laboratory is taken care of. A certified lab analysis will provide us the raw flux data measured.

2 – Sampler installation on site

An authorized field team will guarantee a precise installation of the selected iFLUX samplers on site.

1 – Field design

Based on preliminary site investigation and customer input, a detailed monitoring campaign is developed.

iFLUX Project

iFLUX offers an integrated solution in close cooperation with the Environmental Consultant to guarantee accurate flux results.

A typical project includes 4 milestones.

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iFLUX case studies

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iFLUX case studies

Chemical plant Restored tidal wetland Outskirts of town

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Chemical Plant

Topic: contaminant migration risk

• Industrial chemical plant active since the 1970s

• Refinement and distillation of petroleum hydrocarbons, production of solvents and additives

• Located in an industrial harbour area

• Subsurface: heterogeneous sediments, with drainage ditches and mechanical dewatering

Site : Chemical plant

Location : Harbour area

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Case: Chemical plant

Situation

• Source area 1: BTEX, TPH, (MTBE)

• Source area 2: MTBE, (TPH, BTEX)

• No current human health risk

• Migration risk towards a down gradient located

drainage ditch, which is discharged via pumping in the nearby river

• Ongoing source remediation – pilot scale:

• Source area 1: In-situ Chemical Oxidation (ISCO)

• Source area 2: Vapor Enhanced Recovery (VER)

• Plume control: traditional monitoring

• Geology: heterogeneous alluvial deposits with large variations in permeability and composition (coarse sand, fine sands, clay, peat, …)

Source Area 1

Source Area 2

Monochloorbenzene Benzene

Toluene Ethylbenzene Xylene MTBE TPH (C10-C40)

Groundwater contamination

iFLUX

Case: Chemical plant

Problem

2. Contaminant mass

How much contamination is migrating? Is this a relevant

mass to be considered a migration risk?

4. Optimized mitigation

If remedial actions are required, how can they be optimized and become highly

efficient?

3. Migration rate

How fast is the contamination migrating? Will this be impacted by other effects (sorption, degradation, back-

diffusion, …)?

1. Preferential pathways

Are there preferential pathways driving contaminant

migration? If so, where are they located?

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Case: Chemical plant

Monitoring plan

Available infrastructure/data:

• 9 monitoring wells with detailed borehole

description at the

downgradient site border

• 5 MIPs downgradient of source area 1

iFlux sampling setup:

• Installation of 5 iFlux

samplers (5 X groundwater flux + VOC flux sampler) in 6 selected monitoring wells (screens at different depth intervals)

• Exposure time: 4 weeks

Source Area 1

Source Area 2

iFlux measurement locations MIPs

Sampling locations

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Case: Chemical plant

Contaminant flux (extrapolated contours) at the down gradient site border

Parameter Calculated mass load from flux measurements for total site border cross-section

Groundwater 836 m³/day (305.000 m³/y) BTEX 210 g/day (77 kg/y)

MTBE 86 g/day (31 kg/y)

MCB 38 g/day (14 kg/y)

BTEX MTBE

MCB

Conclusion 1:

Preferential pathways in the highly permeable layers

Conclusion 2:

Relevant contaminant fluxes at site border

(in total almost 340 g/day, at an average concentration of 407 µg/l)

Conclusion 3:

Large masses of

contamination present in low permeable layers, potential sources for back-diffusion

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Case: Chemical plant

Contaminant flux and mass distribution (MIP) at the down gradient site border

Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene Xylene

MIP results show elevated

contaminant mass

mostly in the low

permeable layers

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Case: Chemical plant

iFlux added value

Hydraulic barrier

Without flux information:

• Focus on layers with high contaminant mass

• Abstraction from long screens

• Result: high pumping rate, low yield, limited effect on migration

Hydraulic barrier Hydraulic barrier

With flux information:

• Focus on layers with high contaminant flux

• Abstraction from short well placed screens

• Result: low pumping rate, high yield, strong effect on migration

Numbers:

• Duration: 3 +2 years

• 50 m³/h

• 780.000 euro

Numbers:

• Duration: 3 + 1 year

• 20 m³/h

• 485.000 euro

iFLUX

Tidal marsh restoration

river restored marsh

marsh

dike

Lippenbroek, Belgium

Lippenbroek, Belgium

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Restored freshwater marsh Lippenbroek, Hamme

LB C

LB B LB A

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Field set-up

Newly deposited sediment

Compact polder soil

Near creek zone Marsh interior

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Groundwater drainage

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Winner of the NICOLE innovation award 2017

Passive flux measurements

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Real time flux measurements

Newly deposited sediment

Compact polder soil

Seepage meters

Near creek zone Marsh interior

iFLUX sensor

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Toepassing?

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iFLUX sensor

Direct horizontal sensor

•V5.0

•2 Flow sensors

•Temperature sensor

•Pressure sensor

•Moisture sensor

Vertical sensor

•Treewell V1.0

•River bed V2.0

In well sensor

•Concept phase

•Magnetometer - gyroscope

•Well diameters >110 mm

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iFLUX sensor

Characteristic Parameter Value/description

Measurement Range 0,5 – 500 cm/ day

Dimensions Length of sensor probe

diameter

30 cm 110 mm

Sensors amount

length type

1-3 4 cm

calorimetric microsensor

Material sensor capillary probe housing outer mesh installations rods

glass

nylon PA12

100% polypropylene stainless steel

Communication Type

Data platform

3G mobile network FLUXeye

Energy Source Battery

Solar panel

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First results

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Vertical flux

RESANAT PROJECT: DE LIEVE

iFLUX 39

Heersende

grondwaterstromingsrichting Doorlaatbaarheid: 5m/d

Doorlaatbaarheid: 0,6m/d

?-b

?-c

?-h

?-i

?-g

?-d

?-f

?-e De Lieve: actuele situatie

?-f

?-i

?-a

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?-l

?-m

Heersende

grondwaterstromingsrichting

De Lieve na ontgraving van het sediment

?-j

?-k

?-n

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Heersende

grondwaterstromingsrichting

?-p

De Lieve: reactieve matten

?-o

Remediation of Residual contamination with Nature Based

Techniques

RESANAT PROJECT

Remediation of Residual contamination with Nature Based Techniques

Subscribe to newsletter via

https://www.ovam.be/resanat

iFLUX

Discussie

- Interpretatiekader ontbreekt nog:

- Hoe moet er omgegaan worden met fluxdata?

- Wat is het vergelijkingskader met concentratie metingen?

- Hoe gaat de klant er mee om en wil die er mee om gaan?

- Noodzaak voor Code van Goede Praktijk?

- Een bodemsaneringsproject wordt opgedeeld in kleine deelprojecten, gedreven door budget. Grondige en kwalitatieve karakterisatie heeft pas veel later een meerwaarde en is investeren in de toekomst!

- Hoe kunnen real-time fluxmetingen toegevoegde waarde bieden:

- Online verspreidingsrisico – richting en snelheid?

- Continue dimensionering in-situ sanering?

- Na-monitoring beperken tot max. 3j?

iFLUX

Bedankt! vragen?

www.ifluxsampling.com

Goedele@ifluxsampling.com +32 473 83 64 62