Shakespeare in India.

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(2) ProQuest N u m b e r: 11015641. All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is d e p e n d e n t upon the quality of the copy subm itted. In the unlikely e v e n t that the a u thor did not send a c o m p le te m anuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if m aterial had to be rem oved, a n o te will ind ica te the deletion.. uest ProQuest 11015641 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). C opyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C o d e M icroform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 4 8 1 0 6 - 1346.

(3) j ’/e 'd f. sn. ( A. v. : ii-i u. ia #. ,e;ier.:tl Burvev o f Snakeape&re4 a v c -£ M in In v .la ,. toeing an a tte m p t to a n a lys e th e. cnu*e*» o f. p e r ia u a p p r e c ia t io n i n I n d i a frc & th e * tu d y o f th e b a n ** r i t ^. C-. It* A*> ■’ * ■1. urjuâ to ^ e t iie r w ith a c r i t i c a l atu& y or Shake a iwU^ -X C. t. .. ..,snt c. v a n if r r. 0 *T. - M&. ■*.v’ *V.--t. :. *. ~V '. J»C >. . -i * «. Xi> X. ' ■.. &uc1 l i + e m t i ^ e In. 0. ^. X> .. ^. i H e a v. en ;ol +j. £pAD. ,L".. ^ ,c iie. s,.

(4) M How many a ije * hence S h a ll t M a o u r l o f t y. scene oe .acted o ' e r ,. I n at a * e a unborn jt id .accents yet unknown! J u liu s Caesar,Act..

(5) It. loane nac octave;/ to p o in t o u ; i%t V*io w r y outo©v tu a t. x,Uq. s u b je c t o f t h is papar which io *tfhii)caap«i4r* in In d ia * i s ti v w t one, cca*i<t#r ing what gtuuroape*™ in one torsi n r gnothar a * i a t » in &, m>4 * 7 * t* t.?n d l n a ra n t i n d i a i. tfd itn m t. t th*. n ^ t< n ’ o f In d ir a. it. it*. £o r.xci. Jich^laT. w. & l-yi»;'iiv)i,';c ■ t. l«oi£.44&;*s and '*o su> ■» i t. corsprtsnea o r ony o tv ?. Tnr an. vitV uii t.M. .?xiiiuatiT<snoc» i s. v u # .*•*»/&*,. 1«* r f e u ^ y bgy m & t b o. t.u,a i,:v .r.t toy tho -ir*.u u. V r-sraforu elaJL**<*4 f o r tL a p ro -. eer.t a t t « r p t . Y e t,. th e w a in fe a tu r e s o f sh*fc#iip<*ay«r * in d ia a. f r o x th r e e o r fo u r G g n t c r iiio ianifiyuigatf i t t v f f i o i m fcly i w . l l auught <u»d in tc rp r a t *--*#•. \roguo s tu d ie d. i s c la im e d , nu.v« uosm it. xs» g i s t s .*lin tu in o d. th a soytcVj9l?>n no remoh»H* CR-’i o n ly be eurvoborutsui i*y voe rs n flin c oT $ k a * « a p r r ia n g a r,. t o r tio n a in tn a r o o t o i tu e in<U<4u i 4 r*6 uu-. the? can n : ' t * r to© f I t in t e d o r u p s o U. dr ?*>?,♦, U. t r a d it io n. in. In d i a and it: hian ou*to«»« a " matmere a r e o l -. ® o«t th e *** ** n i l o w g r ls m. m o re i » on i j on© o ia. ibn ^ e n in ftu la *. o o n f l i o t t h a t Unit t m». c f n " o t oo r x p tr tr td to *y:;try xn :u rj i i i u n U n ). I t way be tnd.tn&tod t !uat th e mir?«y l i U. ::n«puct*. toe coupi i*td wn<*r;. •p ^ c ln l nooDunts on tho l i n e o l tbo ano in tne l u s t snap. " o f the. d if f e r e n t BbcVarwrri *n llt a r s t v r - a a in In d ia hwT* been **ris u m * Vhia th e w i t * r. ntiros to *30. In d ia n ^choi^T- in * f a r y. o r in o o llafeo r& ticn t v i Ui o v .^ r. and t)o n an. *»xfcftu*.&i. aeoouut o i. •b a fc a s re a rt** YOfjua J.n Jr»cu w i l l oav«a toaan aeoercp Hutted* g ro u n d w o rk swd «r ir .p o r to c t p ^ r t c f R u p « r« ftru a tu re t i t. Iigvo. Jne. xa hopoc,. beor. but I t I t sw»y not, he o u t o f p i *ce h a re to eay t h a t \ u r / uraoX. Co lla n o * t * wvv>ee in s p ir a t io n the unrx i s hae tatd unaur vnooo.

(6) s u p e rv is io n th e work has bean c a r r ie d o u t has e v in c e d a l i r a l y t e r e s t in i t. in . An c o n n e c tio n an in i l ls p r o je c te d *;*n xray o f 8hnlcc*». pe&T<°# to whiei* c o n tn o u t io n e h a r a * i reed y cowuonced to b© rasde. A p*T>er a r i s i n g o u t o f tbs p re s e n t d is s e r t a t io n e n t i t l e d. 'boiae &tf-. p e e t * o f th e in f lu e n c e o f S fr*K etp#ar« in I n d i a ' w a i re a d sotae tin © ago b e fo r e tno dnfltrc«rr.-oar a As so e l a t i o n and ago v e i l re c e iv e d *. a few str.rds re g a rd in g to # e x ta n c o f o r i g i n a l i t y shown i » the p ap er e re needed,. ihe s u b je c t,. so fa r a* the p re s e n t v m t e r knows ,. i s htmdlctL here f c r th e f i r e t ti>»e end v *e f e a t u r e s h. & *?.** eye.are's. In d ia n rogue wniuh e ro describe** he?o e re c u ti> e iy tn c w r i t e r ' s u*rn d is c o v e ry and tiv* in t e r n r e t e t io io. couc *^&ion* it. g i sea o f. then i s. I*»e ott© ispt nade h e re i s e n t i r e l y. a nee one,. r '»»n in e now to express »h* • r i g o r ’ s io « fi ©<**&.: o f g r u t it u d e. to a i i wbu aeve h e lp e d ai*u i n v a rio u s ©ays m n r s t and i o r m o s i , re c e iv e d. e n t i r e l y m * xvu. the w hole work owes i t ». frost h i r I s r a e l do 1 1 an os. tno e n t e r * s e f f o r t s .. 4. b ^ r t ii to in s p i r a t i o n. wno nau a ls o u n s p a rin g ly guided. M e ss rs. a . a i c o l l. s t a f f e f K in g ' s Oo l l e g * have l a i d. t.nt m idor ta k in g ,. a . »• Heed o f th e E n g lis h. th e w r i t e r under n heavy d e b t o f. o b lig a t io n by sen © te n t e joouragen au t end v a lu a b le a d v ic e and a i e i s te n c e .. ’.fee w r i t e r. f e e ls no i© « * o b lig a t io n. t<> Bar. d u r n o tt,. th *. K eeper a t th e o r i e n t a l S e c tio n o f 1 1* H v it is h A u » i> n # and "sr. Vooir.as o f th e I n d i a o f f i c e v a l v i b i v h « lp .. lib r a r y ,. fo r u n i foist e o u rie a y end o fte n.

(7) F a rt,. umyjLl* 3MCKW0WX>*. X.. I n t r o d u c t o r y : f v<*;««' -reeat**1 r fo s n e i n I n d i a * x t® n a t u r e , e x t e n t a n 4 s ig n ific a n c e * X t * i H l l i l ** t)*e t t M f t t M t B anr>cri t dr a » a .. ; i t * u?*s&u. Antiûifc;? o f tfe* e l e ^ t i o n l A m o u n t gni. *. M t * l .%r;r*it. M. l:t*. V. M. *. -XvIUC<«i a,i«: ;«. Trs* O h * r * € t e r c e t ic e o f t * *! l& o e io e l £ a o » iu n i pX&je* f h e i r n r r a . : , ^ -n t w <j p r i n e i p l * v& iou to il.** w*., Wo:.;rv o f t h e i r (Jraex d f i g i a * C M O M i fe a tu re ** ex tb o n a*ic U>e y-1 *.y» o f ahartefrp^ftre*. J ’■• ' ■•■ ■" ' —. •••r44 p e e tio e *. X I,. F r u lt e. ( 0 - / J. ,g _ V7 '. f h * j r c c r .t f.M r. I f f • * • • * £ * n * r,'-A r L,r,f i f i u i K c n l o K o ^ i M R l i i f o r t h e e t u d y o f tH ^ Uttrt5>T>r*fMfi. P \*r t ,. {_. & % a *e e. <-/*-??. o f &h#k.i}&pmrxa*t i>tuuj.c.. i.. f ile B a tu r a m d frx a t r ., :.e ta < tt» * and e p p ro e ia t ion in m i t * ; A d tp ta tS e n * m 4 ln n f t lili< N i« In u*Ci several X«nsuag*o a o n o iie re d in trxoxr e h re n s t e p ic a l. i. 1* - / t u. e th e r. r between tlM flieJteiperion drenatit o o M. «n4 Uv* *. a lx s e it ,no<ieJ el" .In dim... lb e. *»*&*.£. t r i o f tth*Jc*e?*e*re end Hi* xafiucnoe on v«t (/,?uwui o f t»»* mer.orn drariaUc literature* in iiiiia . X‘i'4 aodem !n«»Un *tax? ano. it* iudehted&eoji. to ^saseop-tuTy,,. /* 5. -. CjiJiPTxfe. i l l ,. atcospeare in. tieaX i lit e r a t u r e *. _. -. 3 ^..

(8) • VOXfl. frCUt. f. i l l t ■. Acxi. C». The uyctem o f ? r n o l i U r a t i o n fo llo w e d i n. advocated by the doiincil or the rited n. nd I r e l t . - b e e n. oy 1. th i;. • o:;.: i .. c la tic. code. tl t. §;.*<, t. o tr ie tly cboerv cl in t. anckrit yacoaccojbut in tin*; case of proper m m o which. 70. alco been to m c lite ra te d *! t liac not been possible to maintain the oarae ©trlctneoo.. 1 noxaoQ hare a popui. beiny w ritten in incU eli and disregard of thle fo r ttu- ocke of p u rity and uniform ity w ill oerely. rx*kc then look nt. .. c. and nearly uni'..m iliar. w rite r would lik e to add a few worde .of a cic- wfo r t.. 7 „ uncatiofactors typing of the Ik ale. i ,,r.:. .;c. and. -.1 crave. a t the huncio of the oirrdUvro. k v&Sii-.nfLiizu.. v ic- he hoc encountered In this regard w ill beVrcallrod when i t ic kno^n that the work had tc be oarriea out in - • a l l ca: - ; l l op tion ev x d ■ n i l a av.ay ixcr; Ooleuttfc *:.i I . ry tyi • vrltin e. is unknown in ouch c place end. iufr- hud tc on. lc *. f e; •. tk. . r t c:. . t c : -.0: c:. work ; lypi t r lr o c t i, :u r..:. t c f . - . 15. ; o not a v a il oi. fo r aor# v&Jr.vk*. ;*. aide:t. ie tu y ooo-'.pr.tlono I t woo net found pcscib&e t o t the u rfte r. to ty. tlK entire work 2 in c c lf. t. \a ■y. \. I t 1 ,...c(.C7 r,:.(p 'd ti a t a fte r i l l tae Ujoubl:C'&xth r t havebeen token tc correct. a l l the mictokec and * V « « t c rU d. tn* ,. ditcomfort in reading Ir e been* to ecp* extent* Xr.ceffcnc,^ nu that i. la. f i t con-.-.ition tc. 0 tc ti. rêe# I.

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(10) /. Chaj + e r I * Ir x t r o iu c t ur.v •. ,o: d ■<ijt-;,© «ivi * ^. v. i n l u U i : : V & -Qa* ui'®|Sxt«8n^'. n i ‘l o a n e e * I t a L i s i a - t h e. In. h is. e - iia a n t o1. e x c e l le n t. u tc ir a p iiy c f. csrlen s c h o la r SiJ. a a account o f. to. c l x a s l c a l S a n s k r it. *»l ^. d r& ^ a *. S h a k e s p e a re ,*h e. .31-- .©./ L e e , ;.n + .-.o c o u rs e. Sfcutite»pe&r©1» f o r e i g n *o & 'u e#Ahus. IiiiiA t” L If ©AT (c ■ ;.L«wd e*ax ^ .il i; 1*i ,. ■’ ' ,. A - .-. ,. V j. liiAVti UOeh. ,. j; K. ,. k. ,. b e e n a c te d i n n a t i v e ^ h e a t r e s * ,v ,T,hs above net ie © fo rm s t i e. b a re s t. is * o r ic a l. dccc un* c ’ B:ta>e&i e a r© * s I n d i a n v c ji.u and 4i*e § j<Inent b io , r n. e r o1. . ah©* ..e a re a i.. ed a t. x o tn in g .i.ore#. oo-. ‘c -. -. + \~. -. .. ‘. . ;•. .-,. '. ,. nt a .-.-.nre «*t a * ement a s th © a b o ve f a i l * * t o. tic e. t o th e s u b je c t wt io h i a. n a tu r e * b a t c r u y a ^ c ^ a ra t©. .. .. ^ ts. .- . -■ -•• • • v • -• a• xs. th l* > t h a t - •■'•• /-** i*. ,. is. c 3l ( -.L-i. ,r e a t. Areadm e * o f i *. ••- •■•• .y IS . •. . ; /. .. ec an y ju s . •.. it. i^ a. can L iin ^ c u t. •...'• , •. ••. i 1 '. . e. o*. •». O a # I &«> a Cv -‘- iu c i a fc,»u.i i i j 1 l o i l o ?i t . a-. i a r t i c i la x j^nase o f dhakesêtax©f * vo ,û e,aau. i ; 3 d ''th a t. t h e ;ra o ts + ;• t. M U s a ^ te s c it w i l l no* o n l -on:. :. so va#+ and v a r i e d. p r t « * t s us t o xoak© a s tu d y i n t n e *. is. e. 4-c a4- " &. - i. f. eu. t.n ;v e. •.. ’• e»,. *1 1 1 oe u rc u ,-ht ou*. oy. ,e * out i r i l l a ls o. e -re ’ s. c la i. as *. n. o n. a .. I r a . a t is + # c ’s.

(11) 2-. I;id i. i vc -v.a t h i+ f o r c e * 1 * a e l f. I n v e & t l g.ct-ci. I** t h a t. jL lx e d u*t. lc. w ith. + ufc, j,o..‘:>jUrw. jjid. o 1u t r f o x o i^ n. o u ll. c c ru f. io n ti unuo-r ûne oy. *. AI *** A L iir*. j. ;ôrf ic u i~ * r " 'c r e i jii ©ou .*. on. ♦ha. . . . ». O f th a t. f o r e ig n c o u n tr y .. ,. ,. .. .. .. i n ,1 i b. im p o r t 1 ♦ lo n e i ~. i i 41 l a. %l a y a l a. -. i.c. •. :.. ,. count r i o *. * ‘. i ^ • *. f n. .. . .. .. n. *. .. Knc. '. «m<S 4 h i t. d e r iv e d. .. •. d l l I n o w in l ,^ c ' lit* ,. * r .nolv.-.4 lo r.*, ..oia. -re.. •. •. ...Tf e .rt c. -v.. ... i.. x .. , ... . <n. « vi. ... -V. . i i * .t u. m u i .a- *«• i*. a h u lie a ^ a re * *>. 4 he I n. c c n a ia e r i i4 io n and. rc. 11 b %. v. c . a .............■. '• o •... 4 /. ij..a. i.e q u a in ta r-c e w i t h j . i *. :. r e .a r d .. . v . . :;. a lw a y s oe p a r t i a l and m l a l i. -. ;o ,^ f. • .... ; pOna©***,*. i. ^ *■nd. ■■* v r i e r o n e i i. in to. i r we -. l : * h i*. a ; , **,. ' ■. ia. u ^ f,-. cc n t r i© * ». -c j u j .. e r e l. num ber o f + r i n g l e t I o n * a :;i a 4 a x ,t &* ic n a * i . j f. ect. .. - ue... r'o ia .. a n v x c q i * ic i. of. i - w .. « ... •., u f a r a a a l l o t h e r f o r e i g n. I n u l a a lo n o a a. •. 1 x iia <L—. 4 rc v >:' . f t . i t o e c l * * • " j© a e a u n , * i o n. 1 r c ..c: . t i e. j-t. *c. •. w. i .. ,. td c a e. B o th * b e * e a t a n i a r d a o f v a l u a t i o n w i l l ai p l y. o ri. ant. Shar.e*peci».r o ’ a. Jiao + he f r e q u e n c y o f 4 he *• r e d u c t io n o f. t r a n a l ? .-■*. t-ns. U lu c : I x y ,. VO jU© 1 * ♦ ►iO nUJbOQl’ O.:. - ii t r,o - u u i^ u ^ a or. _ la y a. i4 Lon c. i n 4i;Ife x e * j c-ct I n d i a. O f -iUC’ i. t io n ** and o o j . i t ^. on t h e. i+. i. in ;t- •*> ;e * — j u c ; L. .„ nh© f a c t. won a k « *t iU c t .. c v f ...o. fu d * © a v e ^ re a. oLuitiro. * j.. o f I n d i a * a di*». he c a r e r u i l >. f 4 ;e a. ^xô co r e ^ a a u e r ^ d t n n t =. '. .. 1. ^. . . 4..

(12) ’ q cau*u c*. + n ia. phencne-ioa v/* ic. in.-: La re. v rfeaeiuMi ta no4 f a r 4 c *eeX and w i l l be d l e e o v l jr w l i In. 4he r o l l 4 l e a l l i n l. 4hat. b in ;*. e r 4o E n glan d,. ’. v a lla. •. In d ia ,o n account , o f 4 h l a. i.. , -. i n i c4* h: ;lia v i i. *. p o litic a l. ’. **■*•. co.aiec4. --. ,. s'. a;:d l i t e r a 4u re ,w :tic n c^.ra.. ♦he school * 4a , e u v w a r d a .lt. a hiw. 1* no wen e r , 4 non, t h a t v-r e re. ?n -H a h l i t e r a t u r e i s a lu c a 4 c o l l ;a4-or7. 4 he > nowiedge o f ♦ he il&st-era o** ♦ h is g reatest. o f ♦•.he:-. l i t e r a t u r e w i l l oe w e l l known and. 4 a. out w iêxy I newn.. .-•Xiiie trie : I * * *n y of I n u l a * * Au x i ' i u a l ■.riti.. 3 h ji e a -. lagLmu ex. 1. cc . iec4 a-. t . e r c a i e x 4n ut o f on*aê«**t;are, ~. 1 'iA*. i j . i l uijL v—ji."S. x •— wO UIlUil. C/Of^^Sx-.•■Ur^. 0's» v. •i .<. j.,. Tfnovt th e few t r a : i* lo t io n s ana a d a p ta t io n * o r h is p la y * ^. 4c. m*Ai 1. .. iius U icry ■ ic. e l jn c c v n t r ie -. c iin g a t o. !♦. la r g o s 4 i m s u b je c t. ‘"To .. a il. if. i.r :. <-•’■> xn Cor. r i + i i a #* f O l l 4 i o i. odour o n i 4 -. and t h u s * ; o i l s -. ' i. h.‘.vh l^ a t 4 ic .u» H. •' r e e. r; e.Kf re:;-el \r c,rl l. .. th e. d a i n c io /... u e la g a ^ c r c u i grow**! e ffe c t. of. i t * holing •. f o r e l 41 c o u n t r l e a • T n c a e w -o v i e w 't h e. - r c a o i 4 & iu e o :ii • a r e. e x 4e n t o f ♦ riirtf i n g t h a t. c a t to. i4 re *4*. oe. i s le d. to t i n. on no r a c e ; n f 4 io a o f. , ‘ ve l l. h ry .. ■. :e. o t h e r w i s e -aid h . e. -. -. .. ';. ‘ •-U *. C ! fi4 ». fo llo w in g v e i n : - " i r " d th c u s to d y o " l n a i a * s. c : r e iit;. i.ad. T i4. e«i • o. iicuias. / r ^ lli. . o !♦ l e a l. :\. .eu4 i n i a a \ \. ox 'ffi :.lcn 4He T ren c h Wore. i-i.o. x ii«. •—--vi v .. eu. x al:. l i a r vc ;i.e 1.: I n d i a , c. ... /o u lu h a v e C 4 . x x H. f-. . ,. v. .01 i**nu a h , *. nafcea. o a r © '* In d ia n. ..

(13) vo ,v © redound a v e r y l i t t l e ♦he ax. 4c h is g lo ry . ’’On tine fa c e o r. ,n ‘ see:.* unanaw erat I e but i t. w in. -t,. h a r d ly o e a r a. a4 r i c 4 e x a ..in a 4 io n In th e i i ;»it o f th e 4 rue Cae4 * . r !:ere i s. no g a in s a y in g 4 Iu. e n t e r e d In d i a. vogue ,'ut. i t *. f a c t 4 hat shuk asp©are has. i n t-he wake o f i © i i 4 icu.1 a n n e x a tic n and h i * in c e p t io n , vaa due f o 4ha p o l i t i c a l supremacy. o b ta in e d uy b r i t a i i i n I n d i a , u t t.ue e x te n t o f \. ^ U w h l. ^ n e * * i n t h i s re s p e c t to t h i s ^ c i i * i c a l e v e n t do e* not -w tf* t«© be b. be. a u c tio n t o I n. u. \ H l a subsequent conquest o f th e u.in/d o f I n d i a has been aade by Maya©I4", and ♦ he honours o io n e .^ c r h o. * he. ♦ h i * belong. 4 c nim and. io. o llo w in g p ag e* w i l l r e v e a l , t n© m c c.v-. ♦ io n © f i n t e l l e c t u a l In d ia 4 c M is w i;,e domain wj.a not ef**ac4 ed w ith o u t a s tru g g le and c o n f l ic t o f a p u re ly 1 i 4 e ro ry c 5a r . c4 o r , fhe aMgma. 4hat a t ta c n e * 4 o .Shakespeare #s ln a ia n vogue on. lbecunt &r. r i t .in * * p o l i t i c a l d o m in a tio n i n In d i a d i e -. la r a c f l i 4&ei'r' as soon r e a l b a s is on wi i c l r e t o t s .i. 1. "ne -. •* we proceed t o in q u ir e. I id ia * s u p p r e c ia 4 io n c*. in to th e. i d s aaat j r i o c e s. luropean c o u n tr ie s c f it e r 4aan L i * own o r 01. ,. -a< iu d -. r a d it io n o f a c ia » » lc a .l dryufta .in n e r .!* -... e« f r o a ♦ u * a n c le ..t u r e a l* iiad xong e vi>. ‘ ca ^©i'oio 4*.u a -v o n t o:. oixbmeapcare# 0 *1 * t r h x ‘ xo . - o r e. Europe..n ûJâent. of. r .i*. 01. works and. xo*»* u x u r - uaJl. . .orev r he has e * 4 „uoil~. a h e l a vo gue !♦ h a * been dene i n 4ho fa c e o f t h i s t r a d i t i o n 're x ’ whic1 he d i f f e r s where nc. hucL. in so ' an - wav*..In. o t h e r c o u n tr ie s ,. d r u ^ r t i c t r a d i t t e n o f any k in d e x fa t * #i,is I. -. ♦he iiomage paru 4 o him i * th e r e spec4 a c co rd e d 4o on© wno.

(14) *. c. • c does In d ia be lo n g . I n i i.-. and she was not. ~. ®. n o t w it h iu t p a st. wqmi. ac•',ieveioents a t th e 4 la©. C. lite r a r y t i h. h..}:c**ccar© ”rj.* in * 7cuv.c. *. her©. *ak e n oy s to n e by a new l i 4 o r a r ‘ ; hone—u *un,. In d ia * a l i * e r a r y a tta in m e n ts w ere c c n a i l e r a o i ©*&ahy » i Ued, and a * h i f. a * th o s e o f any a n c ie n t na* ic n * -. !* e c ia x iy i n. ♦ na4 jp a 'M c c ia r to rn o** i i t © r a 4u *e v i ’ . j r . a n c. * !* © n ature. she was a* M c 'u ly endowed a * any a n c ie n t c o u n try e v e r w c .M .e t r a i l 4 io. 1. oJ a. jre a * d r a u a ^ f he olaoeioadi. ^ a n a V ri* nrar&a— © x ia 4ed t .iere and i t c la s s ic a l, t r a d i t i o n o f 4 he Urreek t o la c e and o v e rth re w in re t . g g U ti. •rap as d o n i ia:it a * * c. ir s ^ a ^ to 4 Shod.espear© had. JJurope oof o re he c o u ld. w ‘ ue t n n v . ^ i c a. o b ta in. a s te r of i 1 * c u e * .. TiJUto x* m-ut not te e n - o s s ic le f o r a* i a a . ear© 'o i .-» n. ... J o ’ a, •. a - 10 -,a. u.-. x ii. co u ld no4 ue i r <•*" a. osed c a i n t e l l e c t u a l I n d i a i n 4ho n a tu re. d ig ita l. and. c re e o" +l e m o ...im * in ; •.c l i t i c a l. r e s * i ;o o f h is cotun4r / , Ju ve rf i c i a l l y. in In .: la : ay icoT cc. . .a ~ 4 i.ru + o -j'.-ie tr<~—:—x. . ■w. *. •. life. '•. ece* 4iv© l i t h i s. ;.o -er. M s <Uicen:u.vAe *. a p o l i t i c a l even* Lu* M;c~e who a r e ter1**. ; now ’ a t a ;.ge r_;.nc'.:a r. va. c a s e .M o -e w, v, have any a c q u a in ta n c e. w it h th e c l a s s ic a l u ra .-a .tic l i t e r a t u r e c l I n d i a know th a t, an - u n c r i t i c a l rcce; 4 lo :i o f ^ro-i 4he v e ry day. : o ke *j cure t h e r e .U i i - o s s i c l e ,. na) espeare se t f o o t i n I n d i a. he was. c o n fro n te d oy a r i v a l no le s s fo rm id a b le 4 h aa 4he o n *. a&t jjul o ver+iiraw i n ... u. * I*. e—. o r l^ ia. - i ft© *Ac. wx*n £ii*» fu n n e r c... w i 14. *»-*• ic . :4 u *. ts ic io n t c la s s ic a l. 4. e. ■,. c-*.ci p to u iu a —tu p i x o a. In u la ju *. c,y 4 iu j. ■rc... th e v e ry out *.d-.

(15) Of a.. y r e c ia tic n . t h a t. lafeeapea.re1* d r a . u s . v e r y. lie has iii©t w it h in in d id , i s. ©usea on a. ;iaent. o f *h e ♦wo toc,.eiu *. 4. ; ic. >. .+. th a t. Ltdi t a t ♦ h e. SfcJd e s p e ria n ..to l e i in p r e fe r e n c e *c 4 he. ancient, aôdel o f t h e la n d le a v e s no rooa f o r douu* as re g a rd s th e n a tu r e o f tn e a p p r e c ia t io n p e o ro . ut t i l l a re c o g n itio n . of. ..!«». e x te n d e d *o :autfceo~ - c ita. u*a 4 : e. to r. o f n is ty p e ia v e *1 0 + tu iie n yjLa.ce w i+ ijju* a. fin a h l cho ice. conscious k»f ru , .,xo. ..wa.o of. t no 1. ~©as ana -*da-. ‘. t io n a o f d h d k e a y e ria n ir a a a * xn ♦he In d ia n ia n ju u ,es wear u n e q u iv o c a l ♦ ra c e s o f * h i s © c n f iic *. .ntc!tl i e l i. 3hn>.cn| s a re. throw n In I n d i a . ’'he s*udy o f 3hal es* e a re * s I n : ia n v© v e lv e t, at a s a t * e r. 0. e , t h e re " c r® , 1n~. ' n e c e s s ity a cute '©i. udy c. ♦ n is cen. t a l e x c ip ie n t w ic . In d ia r a<- orô _,... + t o c o a r upon nor S h a le a p e ria n s tu d ie s and r .ic h fo r ^ a tn e v e r y “cundut io n c f h e r c r i t i c a l a p p r e c ia tio n and c o n s id e re d accep tan ce o f r e l.T h is p ro cess o f o o m p s ra tiv e dud ment t o e h le h %/■??•..................................n s u c le r*-© ! axsc in v c i • i +io i n i t i a l s ta g e s , a c o n f lie *. t y p e s ,u ^ u u y o f w..■icr. is a i« o , -. f. o. ... ... te.. * © ^ u e . Tiiite co.Tf ,.i© * #at, n u. .■ . wo. has oeen ©- ^ v e r y m ild n a tu r e neas o f a t t a e l. in. 7. oat sen ♦h e *w© r i v a l e -te e n * i u l t o. a, r i-,a r. u n u e r-. ., -s c ttt§ ' - . .. in. 1. w i* u t. 1 :7. paê*. oi ♦ ru t *.ava Ae. ilc h +ne c o rre s p o n d in z c o n f l i c t in Hu—. ror.e c u lm in a te d in *h e new n o to r io u s d i a t r i u e s o f i o l * u l r e . x he isos* cv* fat a n d in j. champion i n ii* © r a r y - h i s t o r y o f a. #.

(16) 7. /. •. 1. ". and .11 I t ra a te e n f r e e f r o a Any conae® nati& n c and consequent 1it. ©Tary. a c r i:s nioua a f 4 ac". :.a* e ~ i ©. on f.iaa as an c r-ra t.li. ^ n i i s , !♦ fa s eeon* o n ly due *o t i ©. ac4. c>f. .£ £. k$. d r ,i.i:!..u*.< aiid 4 n© a n c ie n 4 4 j,.c *.». ic .. n© cncount-©r©d HiXi«*i«-.*. Ye4 * 4 a c re a re c o u n tle s s a i f 4-©re aces c re a te d t>y 4noss a: 4 i f i o i a i r u iu * ana c o n v e n tio n * f ...at ,.eu ,o f fce c c ^ *© » i4 io n o 4' t tie c la s s ic a l : rc duet o f I n d i a , and tn e *© ux;Te.re:..cea .. t h e cjuis: a r e a l o le . lie i f c r y cf. 4 i*. c lo jtn c. a v e ry i n t e r e s t i n g one , x. io u s. ♦ hat ♦oo:. .*ad i f s outcome l a. 4t i-.c e. In. Suroi o. ■- :. .o a -.u f. *. ■ .,.1. ;. , wKa *. ..... ..... 7 ................... a.. .aid vrina i n. "fe aoove a r e sc:: e o p ta fi’i. e_..re * s. 1* ... la ow:. r i^ n t. -a. r ™ f-ic .— -f a - j.t. .. *fr® r e a i o ox dr& aa a m t.ao , t a . .. w o rld re c la im s. 4ue sa..e. u O r iV u iitu i ; . tn e c•. la. inf e res t i c , ; t.iuo-a 4ae one. + nc out coae o f 4 ne i re v ie w s on e* venL\. - :...*. no*. -c . c a. c .r *;*© * x i a. ^ iv in o .. f he en t i r a l l i n ;. . u so-. © a ft-re s o f. In d ia n w osue,w hich we a tte m p t %© a+udy i n t jia fc --. -’. a re f a it h f u lly. . 1 oe. •:. .. < . •.. ‘. i n 4 e x c re te d , any account c. 1. ...... ...... Shat, ©a* e r ia r i. s tu d ie s in I n d i a - ' i l l te c a rro n and e & p t/.A iiy such i n t e r p r e t a4 io n '" e iu ir e * , fo ra , c c 4r a t. i sat i s f a c t o r y acquaintarte© '* I4 a 4no. c la s s ic a l In d ia n d ra a a w ilc ii Sbal; espear© had. o enco un ter and comcat *o r t-he ©st a o lix . •uae '•4 o f «*Ujj r©aacy#I 4 i s ai«*o n ec es sa ry *c. is w o rld. 4 d. t t : e st.ru. -I. i n I n d i a «aa o f a new t,yi .e ana e n tv ln cuiuiect.-ed . u ' x +n® one ii* j]u rc ;.e fr o a w u.co ne t.a e . w^t..

(17) a. v i c t o i • i t /. th i* ,. ob jc-ct. e n q u ir y i n t o. th e. o r i g i n 01. 1. •- ~. Lny : 3. ::et, a i i an endeavour. .a*. a t -a t e as e le - ;.r ly and b r i e f l y a r riv e d th e. jt. l,. n e t u r e o t tiie -. i s o b vio u s. " a. ....^.. i.. j^Qie»eb. -. c o n e iu o io n s. w i* h. r e y ird t c. c l a s s i c a l i x e r l t s ^ e o f X n d i^. » cbx-i *->•0 S r T C w A x < .. ê-. a s y o ^ e > itic t h e. d i ^ i ; ; ;ui.*>.eci O r i e n t a l i s t *. incicêiic e a t. **0 C. te en t <.de t o. C l»^. x&»1 1U/. -**0~■». c. .. . .. . .. .. ;:.xia+ -j ,; t i q r i * y— c .e. encu-i* r i v a i b c f *—. •. y. -. . c th rc* l i e. h r ::tie d in + he d u s t jjid m » c l^ ia i a * M e. .reafe*»+ urju:;a4 !»♦. in * rte •■a r i d. T[ @ ©...«♦ © m c o n f lic t. M e re. in *s i c. 1b. none t o. •iialc*** oar© tooca&e in v o lv — ♦. 4,r ie d. 11**1. •*■s .. <• o. u. * c *'eat i - e M l l v * ! 4 is a - ' e l l krsc t-;> f.* c 4 * r*af M o * ;. *. :. t j . * to n * o f t im e and * la c e and 4 t a t v e rs a l. lie s. i:. t: ..a f. ■. ■. .. t :© s e c r e t o f. .. • is. ... -. u n i. i s a..-j . ^ - M n u e M i C s ^ . .;* i l l , * ’ 1. *e *-t xto 't'-KiiA arui th e ia a t > .e.i.out- t c. '. i». 3 a s t r*. nt n u t-sfcxxn. tn o u ',. x4, i s * i a a w4* o r e __. iio v e i. gro u n d s o f c o -^ w n .u t u * * : i t y , w c v * M e c o s t a ie s iO a M i and. Wd. ic n ; lr t ^ s. c ’* 4 • ^ c,. .. x . ’i a e o ^ ,M-*. * ...c ^ t. set . ..... * h e m s e l^ e a. ■iRfijg f . : p. in t h e s e tw o. ‘. ■r i & a r y. ^. /:iwa c f exyn&saiii^. c r » Io n s o 4" t h e. jX o o e * M u * Aa o r e. u and the vex4-, >• j cfc are no4 ^ a M n l l y un d ereto o c , nuMsj. ... .r a -iG -jxi-ij • i t h. «'■c*t*t ©m u.en. ju. 1. Jv*xucn ocuici no4 ixo-nr aoovc.

(18) 1. t h e i r Cla-tO."ito AiU: liarireTb t i rc u j,.. e x i.r e * * th t^ *fe lv e *« T o . u a r. >! <xC« • 4 ! i v lQCOstiic*X i l -. Ic ^ a x 2. * e ra jiia d s th e Y. ^ o H a b i i u ., o io c i i n + ne. cl. wyt-i-atlie* ic. e. c o ^ rc i.c .a -ic .x. c +: $hafc e«i«s jre ' i ir & f c rc , i4 v -. In d ia n v e rs io n *, o f S la k es ; adapt. ' i £©x e. o^ccae. ie c f « *a ry * c. in x i;.i*- T£G;. sc4 4 o I n d i —n conn I* le n s and. In d ia n modes o f ex<.regain ; * '• cu. f o r x a h ig h ly i n f r i . ^ i n ^ s tu d y a n in any in v e * t-i..jit i c i iti+o. * and f e o l i n j a .. il. "he»e. ’:m:vq &a Lap-ortwinf * la c e. '1 .-.Vcu. e.. rc 'w I a - iu.n no ûe*«. show wh&t a d d i t i o n a l d i f f i c u i * l e w. he had t o. oy. su m o u at in. o r d e r to e s t a b lis h h im s e lf in t h e near+ o f I n d i a . ... Turppem count T ie **, except ♦h e <: p r o s it io n o ed. a. I c n j oat , .L ili f t . c la s s ic a l r o rr:, to ..••ucb o b s t a c le * o r or; ©*♦ e rn .il n a tu re. i .-..: . * :,o a ll. i-. ^ i v . !♦. is. x. c<. XI add I f Io n +o h ie jjlO rjr ♦h af. impediments o f f hese d iv e r s e * o r .a have oeen success*. fu lly. overcome uy th e lr r e s ix - t i t l e. ^cwer o f n i *. unique. je n iu ^ . if cnnoe l. io hoped Anat a f a i r ;>. in d ic a t i o n oi t.ne r e a l » i ^ i i : i -. i e a o e ^ r e 'ia I n x i n n v o ,;ue • --x o e c .i. ; i v e • ...oo’ -o ^. a l s o ,♦ hat th e l i n e s on *^hich an e n q u iry in t o t h i s f a s c in a t in g s u b je c t should proceed hr.ve been f a i r l y d e w n .^ e **c l i c k i n g £■?• es re p re s e n t out. th e s e l i n e s. .^nd th u s t c. Sr.a>efci:e::ixe, to vc ju. in I n d i a .. jtte. >'. i .id. Ac f o llo w. :"cr... an ..mequato o n *lo u te o f.

(19) A n + lq u i+ y c j j n «. s u b o e lu e n t. +-fte c lc ja iiic a l banal f i t develop-nen*. I n th e in tro a u c + o r y. H+o. dram •••X4 ■* o r i ,,i-i. * ne c lc u *o lc a l. can; x e r we aouî.t. fo ra *. f o r *h e t o a i«. o* Shakes .veare * a vc ;ue i n I n d i a an i we c o n tiu iu d tv i i » — c o v e r ltl* i * w hich. i n ♦he c l a s s i c a l. a a a k r i* d ra m a ,t.h e s tu d y o f. o n « a au+T I c i e n t m en+ai background f o r t h e c r i t i c a l. r e c e p tio n and a p p r e c ia t io n i n. I n d i a o f S hakespeare* *. -r*. c l a s s ic ..! d r a , i i a > r i _ i n a 4ea,hOsf . . a u n 4 in + juia© I f * o ..ita. i*a i n. .*.* « o r * ji.i.f liu f. w h ic h w-r e i-ro jtC w C ^ A o. -• % t h o ily. i. o r t in e n t t c. i+. i*». 1. 1. or... a.*u con o.it-. d is c u s * * © *. ta a a. -•' •>•. ♦he a tju jo c *. -a id. o. ' »-u. > .. o f c u r * 4u *y»At. Ie.4,o+ +hlB can be a a ^ e ly c l & i i ©d * r .+ ♦h ey w i l l f o r ., a ^ e r y f uicina+ irii* re a d in j , 1. r o r not n in -j e lo e , ‘“o r + he *» l-xi*. le. ,-m re ; r...«ea+ I. rea s o rj + u jf w i+ h ♦he p e r fe c te d + ype o f 1+ t he e x ta n t p la y s Sh&Heape r e 1- dans. ev i n o © an. oy. s t o n ia h ir ig. a~ r i:.‘i i+ y .. © v e io y menf, o f +‘he c l a s s i c a l Hindu dram a,beyond e s t . o b l i s M i ii - 4 v e ry Ita. ;re a t a n + ln u i+ y , doe*. nc+ y i e l d b e r i n n i n ; i o wrapped, i n. L 'U u J;i le g e n d ** a o o o n u. vxCw.:i o-iiy i . i h o M c n. +o. I act. uch d e f i n i t e r e s u l t *. im p e n e tra b le o b o c u ri+ y and ■♦o b i r t h , i t. i*. i^ ..O A a itle. ro a ♦he.a*"\:ts le g e n d a r y. j wUiiu it* tit© 0 i-.ri i.Ctt4 cxt.oii+. c.r«.+ xûc Cxi - n . a u. /. *c. xcount. w T ^ o t u r 8Kr/. a. a r-4 i*a + ic a r t ♦. ^. a. / t ad, o r a r e v e a le d o c ck cuic commuaicof ed. '.ora* a , a d i v i n e a a ^ e , .i» f u U t c r l c. ily. v a l u e le s s *.

(20) //. At. * h i e m yth can prove. t.^t in.p a c o m p a ra tiv e. some i n t e r e s t. n~ c c n a t i-. s tu d y i n connec* io n wi+ l a s i m i l a r. m y th ic a l account, w hich a t t r i b u t e s th e in v e n t io n o f th e d ra m a tic. i n ureece to a. 1 © £©iKh.ry. personage cualeu.. Thesp i * »£h ara& * l a poxfeap* in tro d u c e d t o th e f a c t t h a t Ahe cttitiicr®hi±. of *h e o ld e s t dindu t r e « r. t-ia e cn th e a r t o* d ra m a tic tempo a f t io n v i - : B h a rU ta -h a ty a y £ ■. th e a u th o r o f two drama® c a lle d #iTris>itr& Pa h a ” and S v - ■n L vn ^ -j/',tu + no fcra c e o* * he so *• *o. +c - ^ y .. e. *e hove t c ♦ r a v e l Lack e v e r a c o n s id e ra b le x o r le d o f t im e , i n f a c t & th e f i r s t. c e n t u r ie s ,t o th e V exic days t o d is c o v e r. g lim m e r in g o f a a r a . at i c id e a i n a n c ie n t. iindu. 1 i t e r s t u r e , "'’hes»e a re *o oe found i n th e l i n e y e t. in *n e hymns. th e F I :~'/edn, ^ l e t a re f i f t e e n. i n n u x o e r .fh e l i t ©. th e c o m p o s itio n c 0 +he Ved a is p la c e d uy O r i e n t a l i s t s i n dliOO o r 0 I£oO B«0« oy a m a jo r it y w ith t h e e*ce. ol. J&cooi vmc pushes i + f u r t h e r Lack .As p o in te d out c ic /. A...,rsO.. .. _;.-s c and YeaT, PurfiFw • ta b ly th e. * he V-.-dic. >lc .. _&! eeh t h e f o llo w in g. - d . e d t , ox.: sx.“ .mix ;. iod th e . . .. . a .iis , i-wm. v a a l,c e n ta l. jer;:*a o f a f u t u r e d ra m a tic i i t e r a t u r e . D i s e n t a n Jie d. frcm th e main to d y. th e hymns th e y x i ;h*. n u c le u s o f a d ra m a tic l i t e r a t u r e , c r e l a t iim ln u t iv e p la y s , i t. i*. * e li f c t n e. i ;h+ even ue r e , r d - ■. & v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t f a c t t h a t U. ~. *. .. ,K S ft. ia. ,.

(21) s o u rce and wrought ^jnc. e ls h o r e /e d !♦. in t o a. ico n *. •-am a.X^ i s net p o s s ib le t o i.re s s ci r in q u ir y /e i I c. 3. "C. fo r. "C ‘. '. "•'.! i s I M l l A b ). oe/ond ♦.;©. I i*. ♦ ha* **e can s a f e l y seek ‘•‘■lie dio; b e g in n in g o f t h e Hindu •J5Si d ra m a tic d ia lo g u e - in *k e. *_. ,■ ’. e rfu r-^ a .ic e j/ <-. a c c o rd in g 4 © '/©die * r e s c r ip t io n s a~sc nad a u is * ixxc4. ra .-a -. ♦ i c element i n i t #T7c r in s ta n c e ,o n *n e occasion, o f ♦..© - a c . i -. T ic e c^ a horse o r on. s i m i l a r r i t u a l i s t i c o c c a s io n s ,4 he p r a c t ic e ot* t h e p e ^ o r & e r a and p r i e s t a o f + he .- i^ V e d a and th e Y a ju r - /e d a was t o reco u n t o ld h iu to r ie w and ♦ h e / used to d e c ia u. i n tu rn .S o m e t imes t h e r e w~s a cunt ©at, between. an A ry y a and a dudra f o r a p r i^ e nut a c re v a lu a b le t c a a ‘ a s i in . There i s h a r d ly any rco.a i o r ic u o t t h a t tn e d r a m a ,lik e th e a r e e l. d r.ta a , is - r e l i. . Lndu. ^ in i t s o r i g i n .. I+ s rude b e ^ in n in ;» :\ y Te te e n tr a c e d 4c t he days o f th e com p o sitio n c ' ♦h e V e d a & .ln 7 e d ic d ia lo ; u e ^ ,in. /© d ie. combined v e r y l i k e i ; w i*h r e l i g i o u s d.m ces#4h©. iindu drama. . . . . Sa.. /" e c tc. • pm . of i t. Lrsusa, s t i l l r o ‘. y iy :. th© e x ta n t d a s a l o a l ,.. tra c e s o f it t ,. gvewtsfe i n r e l l g i f t f t. Y*e n o tic e them i n +he han d! o r b e n e d ic tio n w hich fo n ts ♦he in tr o d u c to r y p a r4 o f 4 he p la y and wj ic h has t o. oe u t t e r e d. b e fo r e ♦he coir men cement o f ♦he p lay *'"h e f a c t ♦h a t th e s e i-1 - ys^^hou. on s e c u la r t h e m e s ,r e a i l. ♦ rri^ te n *c be mr«*. J ormed ci4 th e S p rin g f e s t i v a l , ; . , r e li g io u s. f u n c tio n * i ro v e ». ♦ hei i o r ig in a l c o n n e c tio n w ith i o i l .., i o n . T’h e poûâr ,. h a t s t i l l a x is f. in. ►.. oru s »—.

(22) Ii. I n d i a , a r e a l l a * * c c in * e d w it h r e l i £ i o a , e * p e d a i l y *n e wore i.. o f *h e. le a v e no. ;od Vianu Or : ^ r ; o . A i 1 Ahe nocve f a c t a i i s ^ e In. doubt. mind 4' ha4, * tie .linou aroma waa a4, - ' <-*. o r i g i n d e a l ;ned * o ô ra a p a r* o f ^raftm in r i t u a l s * •njv-. ) \iii* o r y o*1 * e suboeûen* developm ent o4' 4 he. drama *111 i *. tindu. was e v o lv e d ,p e r fe c te d and a *e re o *y p e d i : f o. *h e ext oat c l a s s ic a l S an sk rit. a r .o a i~ one ce**©* w i* i. yre at. u n e e ft a iu t io n and d i f f i c u l t lets* "he -a—-on o u t li n e s o*v - n a v * + n 0e« o f developm ent can m e re ly oe c u a je c t urecurio* o in ^ to n ce. Goi+ Ivoa.. *-**a t e d . rnero no d o u l* came a * 1 .0 0 v••'.rn* l *-o. u ra o a won a e p o ra te d from r e l i g i o n i n m a tte r and t.iiemo aid 1i t. .-jaau&ed I 4-a s e c u la r ch ar sx4 e r .h o m a t e r ia ls exi*»* ,. '•. v f;j i;. ■ ;e. ~eccnd u t a je we mav c a l l tio n ,-. *0. . *. 1*. 0 *'. 4 :. io o:.. in *h e j ôceâ o'". .c i,. "or * e. ./. io :>. i t u e v o lu . ahow * he tim e w hen,and *h e mariner i n wnic.-i *hi*». t ran sfo rm at io n waa Lrou ;h* abût .O f one * i n p ie nopoc* o. t h i s e v o lu tio n a r y p ro c e s s ,: o w ev e r, -e a rc more txi.ni c e r t a in * ♦. It. iti th a t th e V e d ic r e lig i o u s p la y s p erfo rm ed on *h e o c c i -. a lo n a c*' h e ro ic s a c r i f i c e s. ,ave r i s e , i n due c o u rs e ,to a. 'M o t oodv c r p o p u ln r p i a y s -p e rh a p s p. vr* i y s e c u la r. a :i. i a r t i v r e i i ,io u o — - ^ r it t e a i n f he v e m i c u U r v a r i e t i e s ( i * e . _. h.d s jits j o: t ;<c.. _. orx 4lie v e ry « t.r o n j Cwi 3aii»kro*. X . p ..^ ,. .is in ' o re .u o. aiound 4 not. *;;e ; i^ h ly d e v e lo p e d c l o n a l -. aroma t e - r c a c o n **id e ra o iy i r o p r i t ncôncxo-. +u r e * I + in a v e r y c u rio u s and - i^ n i : le a n t /. fa c t t.nat v e ry. ew d a m k r i* + e r i a a re used t G s iy n l^ y a c t in g , a c to r s , d i f f e r ©a*. 1. in d a c** p l a v s , * >)e ^ r i c. <pf th e s e term s a r e borrowed. ;1 a p p li oncca e+c * , and * a a * ^c-e4 frc a. ra fc ri*.

(23) in * e • anal r i t. . l a v a a 4 t » - e i < os c-n. r.*.. i c cox; c a t -. ♦ i c n . ^ ia c u rio u s cveno aencn can be e x jla in e d o n ly in one X ;d t + a d ..i* s C. G"'.lV CHS ©. Cl i.C i s ic /i* :.XB. cc i l a o n ly t o i i e i i I f t h e r e bad oeon tc n c e a oody of. p r e v io u s ly l a e x iu -. r & k r it pi& ya s u f f i c i e n t l y vast- wjnd lia -. :;ive . e ra - ■ont iy it*.. n o ^ e n c i-tu ro t c. r.-orf .nt to. a p ro d u e-. la n ^ J .';e o f t h e c u ltu r e d # rl u t. ♦ io n w r i t t e n i n. iy o'* P r a k r i t dramas e x is te d and t h a t I. th#B. * . r i a a r i i y trie ^ e c u i.x ifc d ic a o f t h e fin d u drama w GeOiss beyond doubt**out. tisane p la y s. re a l l. such a. © fe e z e d. iu « + w it,*ou * a. s in g le e x c e p tio n . ABBuaing t h a t tli© second s ta g e l a th e e v o lu tio n o f t h e o L x a a lc a ! lin d u d ra a a was Lrou p t. about. i n tn e u .^ -ie r. In d ic a te d a t o r e , and in *n e auaenoe o f *:'re« ouypO B i*ior. la alm ost i r r e s i a * i t l e , - e. a re. d a ta tn e e ■*. w i t h new d i f f i c u l t i e s. in f i x i n ' tfc@ da4 © a t. c l& a a ic & l. s u rv iv e s to d ay cat.© * o. ~r aa as i t. con ront.ee. rh ic h th e ’•di e i t *. :'o m .. f h i a iiay be re g a rd e d as th e * / . i r d o r ‘ I n a l s ta g e i n th e de* .. v. ...,ent o f it. now. till. Hindu dram e fo r,.... . oA esfeiuein.ro,-. became s te re o ty p e d and a f t e r a p e r io d o f v ig o ro u s. growth and success i t a r e no r e l i a b l e. be ;&n t o d e c lin e , "''he e x ta n t p i ay a. guide in t r e o - 'tf .e r of* d e te rm in in g th e. tim e when.,as a s p e c ia l t y p e ,t h e y f i r s t came in t o toeing: .; o r * hey re p re s e n t. a p Lsmod in woich th e c l a s s ic a i. - xouritohea in m i l s p le n d o u r, ai«.c- "hat deuce •. • ' ••. ls. •. o u iu * -. ->. in •• ic :. ;ra a a. i t s uec..*~. joavo sc4 in ,T h e a n t i q u i t y o f t h i s ,. • •.

(24) *cfi la x? va * c.i - o - e . ' ! e s e a -. '•x iB ‘ 1 ' : ; ; l a v t a a o f ♦ s c l :v-*100.1 lndu. irsusa. o e ja n w in .. *n e. ; ic —. B tttt o f t t a i d u ^ ta S a t ir e in St© A#D# (a c c o rd i& . _ +. .- U. It. i ^ + c d ♦ • i l l aUQ J U D /fV e. wrs ©xt i-nt a..a tn e ,. v i^ y c o f t. * * t e ao-ôac^ o f un>. ..l a y * • 1 " o**. reviooto t c tiu i*. p e r io d , av© mi*Xec a--way * t .. . . * ... -. l a * e o r v .' U. © a rth in ;j o f. acme. * io c o rc " e 4 ••. &xrv w le d ie e o v e ry h;-a beer, acîe i n : :o w e a *. J e n tra l A » la #. d is c o v e ry r e l a t e *. r a jmettta c f. i * ^ o rio U. * yddl le t. ic.. ♦«. '* -0. u..;-. *xj&. dramas ?fuioh. conêruaufi o f O r i e n t a l e o i o i a r e i . i t a ^ e i -;n*» t o th e l e t ':&r.f u ry B«C* o r th e e a r l y. .« - •■. .. .. < f. / ,. C ill. A. ' . '. *l< -y » of. .. *. . ... -. * o ' q * i ■r o n e , a c oc r\ i. •. ,. r 1© */1 n c e t t. -. 1i f i , + a o k. *. . i yc e. in. • ic e . : itocovery # no e v e r , r>-.;i. © -iO^. h a * a ,A d ra m a tis t m e. f ra d i t io n and w,..o i t. *c. ■ , .:ix ion,, oeen I:no a oy. -tent ic.i© d v e ry r e v e r e n t ly. i*» j. w ortny y rc d e o e e e c r Xu t.ne d ^ a t i c. oy i - x i -. art.^ G o tttrc vo rey i to. e t i 11 r * $ l a $ round h ie i d e n t i t y ehA tn e tam e etsan he r io u r ia h e d .l*. i&. , •c -re v e r/-e r-r d o u b tfu l. c a rr y os la c k - " v ^ h e r th a n th e d raoaii -above a llu d e d * o , c r e v e n. r ro o f c. ' e t r;<*r. e -'111. accent* o f th e 1u d d n i^ t f a r back aa +hat #. a d i f f e r e n t n a t u r e f o tn o r th a n. -a u t. v ,l>. ct.. suj. i l i e d ,cv th e a c t u a l e x is te n c e c f t ia y **# ifc a v a il,w x e t o da*® * : 's L« r l n n l r , ; Of ♦ * » c la * s t e « a S a n s k rit d r *. •. ,-,.. ,. l.. -.

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(26) f a c t a vo M d a i c •'— ln * c 4 e o r i gin ar: < la s * .it. i. e:; t r.ia. Inda. ■. ..a :&y. develop;- en+ c f f i.e. reli. oe quomt ic n e. •. a t ~h t o u ts e t o f * h is c t o p t e r and * leaded. fully. e x t e tn ia *ic r. *h e i n t e r e * * * ha* would undoubted iy t r * hs. a ,,p -c ^ ~ in. c© c re w e d. ,-re i.4 an4 1 i u l * r o*' t m © p a r t i c u l a r 4 ype o f dr&a^. on w l©!. 3; R e a p e r ia n c r i 4 i e i s -i and a p p re c ia f ic a in I n i i a. w a* b a a e d .*e a re aware t i.a f. *>uci, a reason w i l l oo c c n a i-. a o re d f a r fro m e a t d e f y in g Out we a re at. tjue aaao t l » e eoiU id e n t. t ^ i * in q u ir y j. a b je c. c. a io a te ri.~ i. on * • ^. o\- - *tu c .y *x 4 i a n e o ^ a a r " r o r t i a , V *. reaacna ^ u liy a t at ed in th e i n f roduct o ry p a rt of th e n ext '. th e. •V. ind:.. ‘. 4. Vr:i3fl£p. v- ;* v .-,v. o i. •. *o ccvba4 4 e ' i e»c t. crama ha.:- a GreeV o r i g i n and 4 h i * can not. be. 1nut ' .. in i- :. sue t e a * *' u i l y. done ex cep4 t y s tu d y in g 4 i e s t r u c t u r e and p r i n c i p l e * o f f’. t 4. dru£0&f tf:.ic. 'L. - Sxc* •uULJOC*' Of’ *'hQ SUOCOOdlll. ie ir.y .,l.ry i h 4o i f * o r i g i n and th e f t le t c r y o f. •ub«.cquerf -i* euppleaen*. i^veic.p.r-en4 lo p u r o r*® 4 *x b e, in 4c c a r '■•;scu»*ic . i n that- cba^ f j r ,. C *. ■*.

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(28) I?. v. i. l.arv. -•*'. r bju. suyrjsts. iu p r ■i on h i# work# and h is » laoo as th e. ir y m t - c gem tt# o f the wvr> i h«xi h it. ■:. t. 9 \. i ... T h is hu#. b. n du;. i'i '■}<■. •-!. r : -.i'J. cU s c o y '»r;*A. i. H. ;. to. to in • n o 5 iu. Mr. -.rv'!"ic* :;ons#fcfo ; ntc*nso o f Oonri rmt f .U-n. f t 1. ' r r h i#. th. '. /. l. ••. H I 9 A t i l d rasp^Qts. t h i s t y y i n n&ny o *h ;*r r»sy*>ot#. clo '. r :*:: 1 - c c?,.'V-.i ];■<?:• t. In M t t. ra. t h j s y i r 5 t ha# not f a 4le d to j a y hon&gs vh;>ro. :• s no sharp a n t i t h e s i s a r r a n t r v :iit9nan. frvs. sftsat M l i. oo-. e. s« • r. i n s t r u c t u r a l concept io n p r i n c i p l e s o f. l a t * n o f c h a ra c te r:; an. c l f s s iC fil t ndu b , :. :. ;. ; > r t nc * h o r j* T t ! to. a ls o h .o it. huwagtt i s duo*a# v i l l boscas t f i i m t. n-. 1 c -‘. c. v .’.r;.- o lo iv e ljf and i n M o f drv. r;. rta:< n in g to. th. '. * 1 a t dhakosyoar .* ha# V* n a t one i. fa c t. t h a t h:. $ n r. -v1 '. c^r. n w o < -r o i ? 5n. In s. ’t ranf- an*5 ^hnk-MSi ^n r Mr? •. v r.. ! •. i nt. ,1. 1. n. loo. lr - a h a s f. r. i. r. R fj’r'iO ’ tw ih n in Tn 5c*# But th--n oom j-arj* n b-*t ?h. dbskosy a r o 1# Arauafi and. ano • :111 d run a o f Inch a ,a n d th e T ^ rir -o t ungr A g in gl? fSY i. a f n v MR* o f. »• * r r. shad'. • K‘ u ■: h?. e re. ■:. : if. i. r e. rn. -t. /. '•. > 1 :. c-n. b-. ,r \ V. }v. ’ • n -;. : o'!i. ■. o f a d ubt t h a t th r o a n c ie n t drains *s a h i f h i y. y ro d n s t o f ?ndoj a n tiq w ? ty f i f. iu. 1. -fio • ni o r rm i f. nd n t g ro v th and ohnr&oi nr and 5s o f o f g rc » s t> rf and .u n. .>•". th5s. f. qu al n « r:*t >-5th. :*nd. of. o r ig in f t h i s drains, and ht,y c o n s t r ic t i-^-n i t s oont 5 in iity f r o n it.# inoe* t5 o n :*n th> v.*d5o. /t. fa r. tl. *•». tut 5 ry and th o o r;. bo. V.nv.. ■ ..-rr ='.•.• -. n r. ?n+M. th. ao. loy d. ar ■ a. a. nv«;. o u r th to. nc m. r.. r; fho. df noth5ng rv. r>.

(29) Z£>. r a i o m l O . juo r. i® c l*»i n. th a n. h can©. .. n r * h kn alefejt. ais y>v: ‘ I - . ;< I ’.: r wr? 1 i n d u r iiv ; th i® j e rio d .B n t \ r v :-. ■ -t'.. UvtlxvanooQ. :'. i l l ho B iih n tm itiu X ly q u n fim o d by f h. .. LI ©tody vh.uv. *m nvj p ro jo s o to mfeko o f it® o h a rt* o to r > 8 tie fo & tv ro e &nd p r in o .tp lo n . l o f o r o vo lau n ch ?nto tho 1 ig h ly in te rn e t.tn © M. C; ' rô. «r:;. ifco . f. •?)*.. o 3 ?.-.&£• c- I. ‘. im.u d r a a r . j. e c r U :*cc*l ju d g ru n t. e. o f ^hUcoci cw ro 1& A vrk© ,:jt. ius to fc llu d c to fend dxBi or. e t udy o f. of u. Le nnoo©©ar.. j ore>Btoiit- then r. hfel. f r e. e. * c tho TnA’ cm d rti & tho Btfctu© o f an >ivd>rondont o r w M .o n and mfec# Jt a o» > d o f th© Or-toY. d r u n a .T t 1© wo 11 to go in i Mnfor;. tho. o f t h in a ^ r t l . i n c th a-, r y and dine v *r whftt nanot>< n ••». han h h jnd ;; 1 o f (jroat. nanoe in th o f i q l r i o f o r i e n t a l r *©; ferclu '. -*. lcm m s f :• m t smdo by | f i * p f t W. and w id o ly r m i * :. if. in l i l i. s t o r y o f In d ia n X»itar&tur<ii*#Ho wan f o l i o. ad. rJ ' • r ■■y - . h t & l i i l • .Brando®"who %e®fc wi tho r-di®* fend •. o a r rigid j * much f u r t h e r in 1i.vb * In d ia n j t u d i a© * •Brandon t r i e d t o eh v th a t tho In d ia n d rtu ft. txt d o r iv u. fro m th o Now A t t i c. exo rfeto in r. h ig h ly. and. j». in t e r a c t i n g c >n tri b u tto n t o t h • Songra©® o f al. d ngr*©® in B e r li n. Ihi< ♦'Dor Orioehr-.scho * in flu © © in Trtvi.o *. n.

(30) 2/. • •. S : n:. • n bj. h i s t o r i c a l f a c t o f tho C Q tcfrlichriont W between A le x a n d ria and. r f ©*. iru:t r o a l in te rc o u r s e. seno o r U j j a 5 n f t ho c e a t o f K a lid a s a 's. a c t iw it ie c .H o a ls o tr a c e s rose ib la n c e b u tw o n th o s t r u c t u r e andfe ho i l e t s o f tho In d ia n drear® and t h i so i f. tho -ro c o ^ o n c -n. v a o d y .£ T o r sr-noo th o s tu rd y ©haity-ions o f K O U o n il M t o r o and c i v i l i s a t i o n have* n e v e r t i r e d o f r in c i n g changes on id . it. sc in. ? fo .r v r io ln g to coo s c h o la rs d ie e r e n o t. h t. v’ r u m. an csccss o f K o i i i a l o o u t). l i c o o . lo o f u U jf bo+ra;. thcamsclveg in t o c a t e g o r i e s r,£ & .rti.in B in s ta n c e , ' r . A. a . H a ig i n hi© ‘h u r i y. a,. on tho s u b je c t .. h is to r y. 7o r. o f Crook T rag : ’d; **. thus d e liv e r s h i m s e l f : - * T t is fro m th o Crooks. *h at every drf.ona,. b o th a n c ie n t and modern winch liu& a t t a in e d to a n y th in g l i k e. i e rfo c tio x i o f f o r m ,is u lt im a t e ly d e r iv e d . • .Th e Hindu dramas have f a r lc?r>s c la im. to. ran k a© rn d is m o u s o r a a t io n s .N o n. •. of. f h M. b elo ng to an o a r H e r d a te th a n t h * f i r s t c e n tu r y b e fo r e C h r is t . But lo n e. b e fo re t h a t. p e r io d. ’ he. in me. had boor b r o u $ t. in to con tact w ith the* in flu e n c e o f Crook c i v i l i s a t i o n by moans € o f tho H e lle n ic dyn a& tlo o. e s ta b lis h e d i n. tho N o r t h - o e t. rn. d i s t r i c t s o f In d ia .T h o e f f e c t o f t h a t c o n ta c t may s t i l l bo found .in th e n • y lo o f t.h s ir. e a r ly n r * - s tru c tu re ;n n d. 5.1. *.«. not .iai robab I f f that tho a t pens io n o f the i r I r m c fiss suno o r i g i n a l c a u s e . I t th a t. has boon p o in te d out by r oont s c h o la rs. tho most a n c ie n t o f tho In d ia n p la y s c o n ta in v a rio u s. T. V .^ .K .j\< !v a !k -.‘r n. an. r l f . - i i p in th e. U t lc u t t a F v:*ev t a.y , I f. h.» orr-erin o f 1ho In d ia n dram a,ip iotos. M n O] i n 5on in h io. 3nu **sch/ ao mod i f ; In-;. 1 s t or;/ o f d c jis k r it P h i l o l o g y , F a r*. . i r k he ©aye th a t ho does not h o ld th a t th e o r i g i n o f. l c | .; v. ,. IT .In. ih.ia.. he In d i n. . luo to ( rs k i n f l u nc , 5: n r *3.; :;i f ns r c ■•-v -d Im p ortan t a ■. ns f r c f fi^ u lC il sc u rc ■•. ( The / f.

(31) feature*. li oli i.r- not i t r ic t l y oriental fbv* re c a ll 5h.. churvc^rist 0 r t 5*. of II' .. unA ’ •e f • r ii a i. Or k Vfecfct-ro• *. -v n s ch fun ao *. r •V• A. i i i t h f a i 1 n. us. a v > © 4 :* a. 1o. ***+&. ). MtJi&iehm nta uf th i s.Aoot.lvo hhooryl.i* 6oc«* not la.v noof itw r. b;. thy r..*eo.Mblane. 0 traced boiuroou th-.- Tn-JJsvii Era:.»fc and. n>:; frao**Roman OoiiKidy. for ho suyo >n iff.ot. that. r:*no *:• of thu C*r *ok or. •£*n of tho. mdu. >10. io ccn-. runa* t houghtho. idantity it, vc*t*y a rtfu lly diagioe A by tho Mivht in? tat ore. B rt. th o riar.n w l u n *. o f <n r n m t a l a o h o la r s h r t , o. r. r r v - I ig U ln i dylvtzin ' try as t> . P ro f.. avt* .J .K im. o' H. *. 0. :.t. * v r sn .. r >t ?...* 5v t. a ll. o f. f h r - .y t n g. }'. and. th l«. flo u r. n. I . "The. r. j. *-c ^ o d. v n iv. >4. in. n u 4 J .y. *s. c 'r^ v -3 ;/. j; v ,. unr. one? a n d. ?v. t >•*.;? f o l i o ;•• i n g. .>’i r t c * J *. r t h • C r o a t f O r:*ok c o lo n. c o h o r t © and. t r a d i n g a+fci new *. • .J ,*.v> •.••r. U. *arX y. ^. f th o. f'-i.M kr-t. ov:w i n c o. Iv y. rc*£ r~ rd v.? d. r>bjê*»S *® n. *? h * In d ia n. o f /i o * & n d. e h c i #'H . y. taid o u l t u r . . t iu iy. 5c. t r .-a* ■:• :•• vn th. o t j o r 5 n ^ cum. r,J t h e. n ’nd. w ;-»:i M .r .ia. T n rh c tn *. r * A t T - . , r - r r .•■•:•-*» i n. noo t h o <h\ys. ® t.... ro o t. i on. *T*cj T h . o a t r ; j. bi. n. n # lh e .. ■« * :* ^ i 3L®vnfP ro f*A #a. toi 4 M l |. ■•'. vhor. f . i n d t >r • o l i d l ; ,. n ta c t. th. C r;u k. *. r .d ti. a lid a B iv and B u u . had porhcv s con? a c ^ o a - ir u no. - » mu. l,itt-.ir s ». t. .*i i. If. a ll. *h-,»so a s e t-i- * n n s. •— r. uot hfte eoldcm © o n much road An. <00 to laarn from ■ , t -.. 1. 7 1 0 ;. •. v f rolscnf re loturv and tho 1ora») ir e f ilK- f inr horro A. V. -I O ’. n^t ■»v , TT' .> ritig© t hut the? o r ~*.1iu l.\+ y i ' f. 5© ctovtl.. An th ^ T h o. :laxnl cancH. t u©. ?n. f. eu;-o. drtn«vf * 0 h^rro*. 3A:«a» from u r on If f? ho nei» olav r ly dic^.f*r?vd >n th o T ju lr f-n. 5m? t a fo re. v n hy uo <to and J. -t r u t, cr"*t >cc,"*V.A*. a r ly ' c to r;( o f I n d i a . *. ?.

(32) . ere oorroot f e.111io\•. A itfeellw ifti I#. t >1er ;• * e i »o b<45 :•0 fu r * hemfof 112 1he. in f; . nc ,..v. 0 1 *1. "r. -k end endn j3 ^ &. .e ve 4r: : u~ •; YvY r h< * 1 M f,-rr' n* a *nt ane ; r ne ; ;. r*re .<k* ree^gnisod th e u n ity n f f i a. V- *. ftnd 3 l&oo(unknown ti» the. Tndltjn ’ r a t . ) / 11.' rrr. •*. e?> r p f ,1n th e ehtur&ctor i ; ‘. io u?* ogc t h e r tigfclnet. th - ru le r. k . y n o t o o f Oruiik j e o t r y. 19. o f th o. • th< n . i u i o ta ^ a .^ h c i. jo y and jr r d o t»f llf e * ,b u f 3 n o k r it. i r n tfto t 1 hoerh t h y a l l $md veO.3 , g e n e r a lly moreUmoe •; n five Icrct t h a t Jjfe*. >3. h u t r a n * t y and r o t a t U v o f ®j : r : t f M. Tho x-latte .'h lilty of tha &ootr?na of the Greek o r ig in o f the Hindu olaps cal dru tufM& buoostee clear. fruit a. 0. ?UJ.y i f. tho Xxf orcv* uro on tho pubjeot f i© 1 ^>nly doriwo from tho vnf rtun&t .. feet that n df iiokrxt j lay oomi ooed *.>rlor to tho f xr * « O'!nt-i*ryP*0* connvor n d*<y#heng before that d-e n ali^M evil*cjct hot eon India and Groce had bo n ootuhlloho t h r ugh /-le<coriTjr'*B JnV&olen :*n. V B.C.Th.o main tu-cy 03. c<tc*nt dc-nekrit * l*y« aim* date fron « yeriod when that con tact. vs t h. the. of. hud boon forth, r a'tvanood and mA& nor. •n t ' iU' V 7 ■ a tte n tio n. on. v. 'f H it. th l*. r e r io d. th'-itk fhciy are juct.ificv ■^tlptinr; in. ‘. ’. i lc < y o a te f. o f th e *. ant. not. to k o. an:. n o tic e - - * * ©. in d; Xng no in tho abnonc. e a r lie r nno. do. th e o ry 0 ( in o a n t r n t ^ U l. y .T ie d ® — o f. th e. d r o m ti©. j. of any d i a l o g i ,-n. ex-. c. tnro in tho *. yuXar lite ra ry d ial< ctcfof 1. t lv « y. u d o r'p. ouboeqnent f. ro^-th aU.

(33) by. th©. w n tiu r i }. of two s-.teh hXaye ncvi- by I n i n i / a c • tn nf o t e r .. sAk v n. ex~0. growth borrow ed from th© flrâhs and un rcjU t.<d to Ttidje.’ c yost aid. u n ro o te d in th e Tn&ion s o i l ,. TMe. k. trw. p la u s ib ility lent to tho theory b;, h'«etorie&l. ©▼ • n f f t l h«. r ? 3 T o r #h r © 8 & s tw o. *yp e a. 1 ol©!j. o f. d o n. & rr* * fo * * T n. a*. soon. © s p ir it. and. a©. w. b e s in. p r in c ip le. th. to. o ; Mi ^ r > f i t * 5. -.y a re a. to>. th ©. asunder•Minor r ©onblancQ© there arcs bound to bo,hot. divergent96 in oesont - a I ar•;■. ; ’. ont **«.■• yhn any *oeh. M i l l u t i l lHcanoMM«7hOA© i i f l l f i M l in o&eont icvls t,n &** e-. c o n r> j 5 © n o u k. *•;!!. ar:«.ii f : **b*. t. u\d. t i• o< f Xe.in 11 <m e.v*\y t. ,*a j ! ! f > :i h *. ea. eri. .-a. old pu t 11 r. do n to tho .cfr^no a L i r -. nono of tho im tM u re one m»iup to oor^r th.: tr?4k o f t)vor borrov-lngs. r a id. b lin d. and lo o m e d c r i + i o a *. **<. o n t o. to. th e. ft.© t. < •. o f th o i r. in d eb ted n ess to ?. f o r i n. seero t ‘. T h in a l l mi io n to th o th e o ry o f tho Gra&k i r i g i n o f th o T n d im droatn^nn i i ^ a r t i n l a ' a t oment o f th©. on. h it ) -. >t. ic b u i l t #an r*eem<rt o f tho a n t h o r it y th.a< l i e s b e h in d i t - 9&n cuemlnixt u«n o f. nor 11r ta ro fe ro n © •>. ‘■■■rv;v:toi *-f?i (• e p tn b lip -h in f. 5t * r e j e c t i o n by uoet. - r 73 -fy r; ■ rvr '.. ith. th. Y b je e t ‘o f *»M *b 3 1 ‘. cm indr*}- indent b a r * r f o r th e © l a n i t a l Tindu. ran a t b i t b f a© .-•> hr-yo ,. 5 c u r ly. «Hv? .tdtha© form ed th© t a r t. « f $hskQQ] ©aro* 3 d r a ia — s t c e r :u th a r o r y ©•: r a ^ u t c e n s i o ra ). on. : 4?1 and. h i# h tfc fO r. o f tho t : v - c r / f *e f in d. to bo a. ft*** *md • §. tkfctv&k*-'keajs#t.Fbyh*©b>*r* 4dHtt* hf* * hi?- • -. m. : est . Ti. rv °. nm M. (tnek dram that D tic raj. T" *-r? net t h. ■C. -rn •; us or.. a. i %• n -ar ny. judged in tid ii •. n Jna ... • n :a^r.* o iil a l.

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