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The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/28966 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation
Author: Heeres, Erwin
Title: Manipulating carbon nanotubes towards the application as novel field emission sources
Issue Date: 2014-10-02
Manipulating carbon nanotubes Towards the application as novel field
emission sources
Manipulating carbon nanotubes Towards the application as novel field
emission sources
Proefschrift ter verkrijging van
de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van Rector Magnificus prof. mr. C.J.J.M. Stolker,
volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op donderdag 2 oktober 2014
klokke 10:00 uur
door
Erwin Cornelis Heeres
geboren te Oss in 1977
Promotiecommissie
Promotoren:
Prof. dr. ir. T.H. Oosterkamp Universiteit Leiden
Prof. dr. N. de Jonge Universität des Saarlandes
Overige leden:
Prof. dr. J. Aarts Universiteit Leiden
Prof. dr. E.R. Eliel Universiteit Leiden
Prof. dr. J.W.M. Frenken Universiteit Leiden
Prof. dr. ir. P. Kruit Technische Universiteit Delft
Dr. ir. S.J. van der Molen Universiteit Leiden
Prof. dr. J.M. van Ruitenbeek Universiteit Leiden
Dr. D.F.E. Samtleben Universiteit Leiden
Casimir PhD series, Delft-Leiden 2014-21 ISBN 978-90-8593-194-2 An electronic version of this thesis can be found at https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl and at http://www.interfacephysics.nl
The research described in this thesis was performed at the Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands and at Philips Research Laboratories, High Tech Campus 4, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands. This work was supported by FEI Company and by the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs.
toc
Table of contents
1 Introduction 11
1.1 Electron beams and applications ...12
1.2 Electron sources ...16
1.3 Carbon nanotubes ...20
1.4 Carbon nanotube and other novel electron sources ...22
1.5 Research questions ...24
1.6 Results and discussion, summary, and future outlook ...26
1.7 Layout of this thesis ...27
2 Theory of electron emitters 39 2.1 Fowler-Nordheim field emission model...40
2.2 Field emission current density ...43
2.3 Field emission energy distribution ...46
2.4 Distribution of transverse energies ...47
2.5 Limitations of the Fowler-Nordheim theory ...49
2.6 Field emission microscopy ...50
3 A compact multi-purpose nanomanipulator for use inside a scan- ning electron microscope 59 3.1 Introduction ...60
3.2 Design considerations ...60
3.3 Stage movement and stability ...63
3.4 Nanomanipulator operation ...66
Table of contents 8
3.5 Applications ...69
3.6 Conclusions and discussion ...72
4 Mounting techniques 77 4.1 Sample preparation ...78
4.2 Mounting techniques ...82
4.3 Enhancing the mechanical contact of mounted probes ...93
4.4 Conclusions and discussion ...96
5 Making carbon nanotube electron sources of defined lengths and with closed caps 103 5.1 Introduction ... 104
5.2 Cutting a carbon nanotube to length ... 104
5.3 Closing the cap of a MWNT... 108
5.4 Electron emission characterization ... 111
5.5 Conclusions ... 113
6 Size of the localized electron emission sites on a closed multi- walled carbon nanotube 119 6.1 Field emission patterns from carbon nanotubes ... 120
6.2 Field emission microscopy and its resolution ... 120
6.3 Carbon nanotube model ... 121
6.4 Mounting and TEM characterization ... 122
6.5 MWNT imaging inside the FEM ... 122
6.6 Transverse energy distribution and deconvolution of the emission pattern ... 125
6.7 Conclusion and discussion ... 129
7 Electron emission from individual indium arsenide semi-conduc- tor nanowires 137 7.1 Introduction ... 139
7.2 Sample preparation ... 139
7.3 Electron emission characteristics ... 143
9
7.4 TEM analysis ... 146 7.5 Conclusions and discussion ... 150
Appendix A 157
A.1 Nanomanipulator specifications ... 157 A.2 Parts ... 157 A.3 Nanotube (or nanowire) mounting recipe ... 158
Summary 161
Samenvatting 165
List of publications 169
Curriculum Vitae 171
Acknowledgements 173
Table of contents 10
