Understanding childlessness
Verweij, Renske
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Verweij, R. (2019). Understanding childlessness: Unravelling the link with genes and socio-environment.
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen.
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References
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of America, 111(22), 7996–8000. http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1321426111
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and fertility intentions. Advances in Life Course Research, 16, 42–53.
Dommermuth, L., Klobas, J., & Lappegård, T. (2015). Realization of fertility intentions by dif-ferent time frames. Advances in Life Course Research, 24, 34–46. http://doi.org/10.1016/j. alcr.2015.02.001
Dunson, D. B., Baird, D. D., & Colombo, B. (2004). Increased infertility with age in men and women. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 103(1), 51–56. http://doi.org/10.1097/01. AOG.0000100153.24061.45
Duvander, A.-Z., & Andersson, G. (2006). Gender Equality and Fertility in Sweden: A Study on the Impact of the Father’s Uptake of Parental Leave on Continued Childbearing. Marriage & Family
Review, 39(February), 75–98. http://doi.org/10.1300/J002v39n01
Dykstra, P. A., & Keizer, R. (2009). The wellbeing of childless men and fathers in mid-life. Ageing and
Society, 29(08), 1227–1242. http://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X08008374
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Ehrmann, D. A. (2005). Polycystic ovary syndrome. The New England Journal of Medicine, 352(2), 1223–1236. http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra041536
Eicher, V., Settersten, R. A., Penic, S., Glaeser, S., Martenot, A., & Spini, D. (2016). Normative climates of parenthood across Europe: Judging voluntary childlessness and working parents. European
Sociological Review, 32(1), 135–150. http://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcv083
Eijkemans, M. J. C., Van Poppel, F., Habbema, D. F., Smith, K. R., Leridon, H., & Te Velde, E. R. (2014). Too old to have children? Lessons from natural fertility populations. Human Reproduction, 29(6), 1304–1312. http://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deu056
Eisenberg, M. L., & Meldrum, D. (2017). Effects of age on fertility and sexual function. Fertility and
Sterility, 107(2), 301–304. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.12.018
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Eley, T. C. (2005). Sex-limitation models. In B. J. Everitt & D. Howell (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Statistics in
Behavioral Science (pp. 1823–1826). West Sussex, UK: Wiley.
Ermisch, J. F. (1989). Purchased Child Care, Optimal Family Size and Mother’s Employment: Theory and Econometric Analysis. Journal Of Population Economics, 2(2), 79–102. http://doi.org/10.1007/ BF00164336
Euesden, J., Lewis, C. M., & Reilly, P. F. O. (2015). PRSice : Polygenic Risk Score software, 31(Decem-ber 2014), 1466–1468. http://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu848
Fagerness, J. A., & Nyholt, D. R. (2008). Basics of DNA and genotyping. In B. M. Neale, M. A. R. Ferreira, S. E. Medland, & D. Posthuma (Eds.), Statistical genetics: gene mapping through linkage
and Association (pp. 5–15). New York: Taylor & Francis. Retrieved from https://books.google.nl/
books?hl=en&lr=&id=2ykWBAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA5&dq=basics+of+DNA+and+genotyp-ing&ots=vm_GG4ERkV&sig=4AtiRga6WHH98Zb_rSTQgXQv8i8#v=onepage&q=basics of DNA and genotyping&f=false
Fahlén, S. (2013). Capabilities and Childbearing Intentions in Europe: The association between work-family reconciliation policies, economic uncertainties and women’s fertility plans. European
Societies, 15(5), 639–662. http://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2013.798018
Felson, J. (2014). What can we learn from twin studies? A comprehensive evaluation of the equal environments assumption. Social Science Research, 43, 184–199.
Ferraretti, A. P., Nygren, K., Andersen, A. N., de Mouzon, J., Kupka, M., Calhaz-Jorge, C., … Goos-sens, V. (2017). Trends over 15 years in ART in Europe: an analysis of 6 million cycles. Human
Reproduction Open, 2017(2), 1–10. http://doi.org/10.1093/hropen/hox012
Fieder, M., & Huber, S. (2007). The effects of sex and childlessness on the association between status and reproductive output in modern society. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28(6), 392–398. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.05.004
Fisher, R. A. (1930). The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. Genetics (Vol. 154). Oxford: Oxford University Press. http://doi.org/10.1038/158453a0
Forste, R. (2002). Where are all the men?: A conceptual analysis of the role of men in family forma-tion. Journal of Family Issues, 23, 579–600. http://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X02023005001 Frejka, T. (2017). Childlessness in the United States. In M. Kreyenfeld & D. Konietzka (Eds.),
Child-lessness in Europe: Context, Causes and Consequences (pp. 159–179).
Frejka, T., & Westoff, C. F. (2008). Religion , Religiousness and Fertility in the US and in Europe.
European Journal of Population, 24(1), 5–31. http://doi.org/10.1007/sl0680-007-9121-y
Friedman, D., Hechter, M., & Kanazawa, S. (1994). A Theory of the Value of Children. Demography,
31(3), 375–401.
Gabadinho, A., Ritschard, G., Studer, M., & Müller, N. S. (2011). Mining sequence data in R with the TraMineR package: A user’ s guide, 1. Retrieved from http://mephisto.unige.ch/traminer Ganzeboom, H. B. G., De Graaf, P. M., & Treiman, D. J. (1992). A standard international
so-cio-economic index of occupational status. Social Science Research, 21(1), 1–56. http://doi. org/10.1016/0049-089X(92)90017-B
García-Manglano, J. (2015). Opting Out and Leaning In: The Life Course Employment Profiles of Early Baby Boom Women in the United States. Demography, 52(6), 1961–1993. http://doi. org/10.1007/s13524-015-0438-6
Goldscheider, F., Goldscheider, C., & Rico-Gonzalez, A. (2014). Gender Equality in Sweden: Are the Religious More Patriarchal? Journal of Family Issues, 35(7), 892–908. http://doi. org/10.1177/0192513X14522236
Goldscheider, F., Oláh, L. S., & Puur, A. (2010). Reconciling studies of men’s gender attitudes and fertility: Response to westoff and higgins. Demographic Research, 22, 189–198. http://doi. org/10.4054/DemRes.2010.22.8
Graham, M. (2015). Is Being Childless Detrimental to a Woman’s Health and Well-Being Across Her Life Course? Women’s Health Issues, 25(2), 176–184. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2014.12.002
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Courtiol, A., Tropf, F. C., & Mills, M. C. (2016). When genes and environment disagree: Making sense of trends in recent human evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(28), 7693–7695. http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1608532113
Czene, K., Lichtenstein, P., & Hemminki, K. (2002). Environmental and heritable causes of cancer among 9.6 million individuals in the Swedish family-cancer database. International Journal of
Cancer, 99(2), 260–266. http://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.10332
Dalgaard, M. D., Weinhold, N., Edsgard, D., Silver, J. D., Pers, T. H., Nielsen, J. E., … Gupta, R. (2012). A genome-wide association study of men with symptoms of testicular dysgenesis syndrome and its network biology interpretation. Journal of Medical Genetics, 49(1), 58–65. http://doi. org/10.1136/jmedgenet-2011-100174
Davis, A. E., & Kalleberg, A. L. (2006). Family-friendly organization? Programs in the 1990s. Work and
Occupations, 33, 191–223. http://doi.org/10.1177/0730888405280446
Day, F. R., Ruth, K. S., Thompson, D. J., Lunetta, K. L., Pervjakova, N., Chasman, D. I., … Murray, A. (2015). Large-scale genomic analyses link reproductive aging to hypothalamic signaling, breast cancer susceptibility and BRCA1-mediated DNA repair. Nature Genetics, advance on(11), 1294–1303. http://doi.org/10.1038/ng.3412
Day, F. R., Thompson, D. J., Helgason, H., Chasman, D. I., Finucane, H., Sulem, P., … Perry, J. R. B. (2017). Genomic analyses identify hundreds of variants associated with age at menarche and support a role for puberty timing in cancer risk. Nature Genetics, 10, 834–841. http://doi. org/10.1111/ijlh.12426
Domingue, B. W., Fletcher, J., Conley, D., & Boardman, J. D. (2014). Genetic and educational assorta-tive mating among US adults. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States
of America, 111(22), 7996–8000. http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1321426111
Dommermuth, L., Hohmann-Marriott, B., & Lappegard, T. (2017). Gender Equality in the Family and Childbearing. Journal of Family Issues, 1803–1824. http://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X15590686 Dommermuth, L., Klobas, J., & Lappegård, T. (2011). Now or later? The theory of planned behaviour
and fertility intentions. Advances in Life Course Research, 16, 42–53.
Dommermuth, L., Klobas, J., & Lappegård, T. (2015). Realization of fertility intentions by dif-ferent time frames. Advances in Life Course Research, 24, 34–46. http://doi.org/10.1016/j. alcr.2015.02.001
Dunson, D. B., Baird, D. D., & Colombo, B. (2004). Increased infertility with age in men and women. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 103(1), 51–56. http://doi.org/10.1097/01. AOG.0000100153.24061.45
Duvander, A.-Z., & Andersson, G. (2006). Gender Equality and Fertility in Sweden: A Study on the Impact of the Father’s Uptake of Parental Leave on Continued Childbearing. Marriage & Family
Review, 39(February), 75–98. http://doi.org/10.1300/J002v39n01
Dykstra, P. A., & Keizer, R. (2009). The wellbeing of childless men and fathers in mid-life. Ageing and
Society, 29(08), 1227–1242. http://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X08008374
Edwards, M. E. (2002). Education and Occupations : Reexamining the Conventional Wisdom About Later First Births Among American Mothers. Sociological Forum, 17(3), 423–443.
Ehrmann, D. A. (2005). Polycystic ovary syndrome. The New England Journal of Medicine, 352(2), 1223–1236. http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra041536
Eicher, V., Settersten, R. A., Penic, S., Glaeser, S., Martenot, A., & Spini, D. (2016). Normative climates of parenthood across Europe: Judging voluntary childlessness and working parents. European
Sociological Review, 32(1), 135–150. http://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcv083
Eijkemans, M. J. C., Van Poppel, F., Habbema, D. F., Smith, K. R., Leridon, H., & Te Velde, E. R. (2014). Too old to have children? Lessons from natural fertility populations. Human Reproduction, 29(6), 1304–1312. http://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deu056
Eisenberg, M. L., & Meldrum, D. (2017). Effects of age on fertility and sexual function. Fertility and
Sterility, 107(2), 301–304. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.12.018
D
E
Eley, T. C. (2005). Sex-limitation models. In B. J. Everitt & D. Howell (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Statistics in
Behavioral Science (pp. 1823–1826). West Sussex, UK: Wiley.
Ermisch, J. F. (1989). Purchased Child Care, Optimal Family Size and Mother’s Employment: Theory and Econometric Analysis. Journal Of Population Economics, 2(2), 79–102. http://doi.org/10.1007/ BF00164336
Euesden, J., Lewis, C. M., & Reilly, P. F. O. (2015). PRSice : Polygenic Risk Score software, 31(Decem-ber 2014), 1466–1468. http://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu848
Fagerness, J. A., & Nyholt, D. R. (2008). Basics of DNA and genotyping. In B. M. Neale, M. A. R. Ferreira, S. E. Medland, & D. Posthuma (Eds.), Statistical genetics: gene mapping through linkage
and Association (pp. 5–15). New York: Taylor & Francis. Retrieved from https://books.google.nl/
books?hl=en&lr=&id=2ykWBAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA5&dq=basics+of+DNA+and+genotyp-ing&ots=vm_GG4ERkV&sig=4AtiRga6WHH98Zb_rSTQgXQv8i8#v=onepage&q=basics of DNA and genotyping&f=false
Fahlén, S. (2013). Capabilities and Childbearing Intentions in Europe: The association between work-family reconciliation policies, economic uncertainties and women’s fertility plans. European
Societies, 15(5), 639–662. http://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2013.798018
Felson, J. (2014). What can we learn from twin studies? A comprehensive evaluation of the equal environments assumption. Social Science Research, 43, 184–199.
Ferraretti, A. P., Nygren, K., Andersen, A. N., de Mouzon, J., Kupka, M., Calhaz-Jorge, C., … Goos-sens, V. (2017). Trends over 15 years in ART in Europe: an analysis of 6 million cycles. Human
Reproduction Open, 2017(2), 1–10. http://doi.org/10.1093/hropen/hox012
Fieder, M., & Huber, S. (2007). The effects of sex and childlessness on the association between status and reproductive output in modern society. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28(6), 392–398. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.05.004
Fisher, R. A. (1930). The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. Genetics (Vol. 154). Oxford: Oxford University Press. http://doi.org/10.1038/158453a0
Forste, R. (2002). Where are all the men?: A conceptual analysis of the role of men in family forma-tion. Journal of Family Issues, 23, 579–600. http://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X02023005001 Frejka, T. (2017). Childlessness in the United States. In M. Kreyenfeld & D. Konietzka (Eds.),
Child-lessness in Europe: Context, Causes and Consequences (pp. 159–179).
Frejka, T., & Westoff, C. F. (2008). Religion , Religiousness and Fertility in the US and in Europe.
European Journal of Population, 24(1), 5–31. http://doi.org/10.1007/sl0680-007-9121-y
Friedman, D., Hechter, M., & Kanazawa, S. (1994). A Theory of the Value of Children. Demography,
31(3), 375–401.
Gabadinho, A., Ritschard, G., Studer, M., & Müller, N. S. (2011). Mining sequence data in R with the TraMineR package: A user’ s guide, 1. Retrieved from http://mephisto.unige.ch/traminer Ganzeboom, H. B. G., De Graaf, P. M., & Treiman, D. J. (1992). A standard international
so-cio-economic index of occupational status. Social Science Research, 21(1), 1–56. http://doi. org/10.1016/0049-089X(92)90017-B
García-Manglano, J. (2015). Opting Out and Leaning In: The Life Course Employment Profiles of Early Baby Boom Women in the United States. Demography, 52(6), 1961–1993. http://doi. org/10.1007/s13524-015-0438-6
Goldscheider, F., Goldscheider, C., & Rico-Gonzalez, A. (2014). Gender Equality in Sweden: Are the Religious More Patriarchal? Journal of Family Issues, 35(7), 892–908. http://doi. org/10.1177/0192513X14522236
Goldscheider, F., Oláh, L. S., & Puur, A. (2010). Reconciling studies of men’s gender attitudes and fertility: Response to westoff and higgins. Demographic Research, 22, 189–198. http://doi. org/10.4054/DemRes.2010.22.8
Graham, M. (2015). Is Being Childless Detrimental to a Woman’s Health and Well-Being Across Her Life Course? Women’s Health Issues, 25(2), 176–184. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2014.12.002
F
G
Graham, M., Hill, E., Shelly, J., & Taket, A. (2013). Why are childless women childless? Findings from an exploratory study. Journal of Social Inclusion, 4(1), 70–89.
Guldbrandsen, K., Hakonsen, L. B., Ernst, A., Toft, G., Lyngso, J., Olsen, J., & Ramlau-Hansen, C. H. (2014). Age of menarche and time to pregnancy. Human Reproduction, 29(9), 2058–2064. http:// doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deu153
Guo, G., Wang, L., Liu, H., & Randall, T. (2014). Genomic assortative mating in marriages in the United States. PloS One, 9(11), e112322. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0112322 Gustafsson, S. (2003). Optimal age at motherhood. Theoretical and empirical considerations on
postponement of maternity in Europe. In K. F. Zimmermann (Ed.), Family, Household and Work (pp. 345–367). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Hagestad, G. O., & Call, V. R. a. (2007). Pathways to childlessness: A life course perspective. Journal
of Family Issues, 28, 1338–1361. http://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X07303836
Hakim, C. (2002). Lifestyle preferences as determinants of women’s differentiated labor market careers. Work and Occupations, 29, 428–459. http://doi.org/10.1177/073088802237558 Hakim, C. (2003). A new approach to explaining fertility patterns : preference theory. Population and
Development Review, 29(3), 349–374.
Hakim, C. (2006). Women, careers, and work-life preferences. British Journal of Guidance &
Counsel-ling, 34(3), 279–294. http://doi.org/10.1080/03069880600769118
Hansen, T. (2012). Parenthood and Happiness: A Review of Folk Theories Versus Empirical Evidence.
Social Indicators Research, 108(1), 29–64. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9865-y
Hansen, T., Slagsvold, B., & Moum, T. (2009). Childlessness and psychological well-being in midlife and old age: An examination of parental status effects across a range of outcomes. Social
Indica-tors Research, 94(2), 343–362. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-008-9426-1
Harknett, K., Billari, F. C., & Medalia, C. (2014). Do Family Support Environments Influence Fertility? Evidence from 20 European Countries. European Journal of Population, 30(1), 1–33. http://doi. org/10.1007/s10680-013-9308-3
Harper, J., Boivin, J., O’Neill, H. C., Brian, K., Dhingra, J., Dugdale, G., … Balen, A. (2017). The need to improve fertility awareness. Reproductive Biomedicine and Society Online, 4, 18–20. http://doi. org/10.1016/j.rbms.2017.03.002
Hart, R. K. (2015). Earnings and first birth probability among Norwegian men and women 1995-2010. Demographic Research, 33(1), 1067–1104. http://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2015.33.38 Hayes, M. G., Urbanek, M., Ehrmann, D. A., Armstrong, L. L., Lee, J. Y., Sisk, R., … Dunaif, A. (2015).
Genome-wide association of polycystic ovary syndrome implicates alterations in gonadotro-pin secretion in European ancestry populations. Nature Communications, 6, 7502-. http://doi. org/10.1038/ncomms8502
Hayford, S. R. (2005). The evolution of fertility expectations over the life course. Demography, 46(4), 765–783.
Hayford, S. R., & Morgan, S. P. (2008). Religiosity and Fertility in the United States: The Role of Fertility Intentions. Social Forces, 86(3), 1163–1188. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.01 122.x.Endothelial
Health and Retirement Study. (2017). Sample Sizes and Response Rates. Retrieved from https://hrs.isr. umich.edu/sites/default/files/biblio/ResponseRates_2017.pdf
Heaton, T. B., Jacobson, C. K., & Holland, K. (1999). Persistence and Change in Decisions to Remain Childless. Journal of Marriage and Family, 61(2), 531–539.
Hennig, C., & Liao, T. F. (2013). How to find an appropriate clustering for mixed-type variables with application to socio-economic stratification. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series C: Applied
Statistics, 62(3), 309–369. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9876.2012.01066.x
Herd, P. (2016). Quality control report for genotypic data.
H
Herd, P., Carr, D., & Roan, C. (2014). Cohort profile: Wisconsin longitudinal study (WLS). International
Journal of Epidemiology, 43(1), 34–41. http://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dys194
Hewlett, S. A. (2002). Creating life: Professional women and the quest for children. (Talk Miramax Books, Ed.). New York.
Hoem, B. (2000). Entry into motherhood in Sweden: the influence of economic factors on the rise and fall in fertility, 1986-1997. Demographic Research, 2, 1986–1997. http://doi.org/10.4054/ DemRes.2000.2.4
Hoem, J. M., & Andersson, G. (2017). Education and Childlessness: The Influence of Educational Field and Educational Level on Childlessness among Swedish and Austrian Women. In M. Krey-enfeld & D. Konietzka (Eds.), Childlessness in Europe: Context, Causes and Consequences. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-44667-7_9#citeas
Hoem, J. M., Neyer, G., & Andersson, G. (2006a). Education and childlessness. The relationship between educational field , educational level , and childlessness among Swedish women born in 1955-59. Demographic Research, 14, 331–380. http://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2006.14.15 Hoem, J. M., Neyer, G., & Andersson, G. (2006b). Educational attainment and ultimate
fertili-ty among Swedish women born in 1955-59. Demograhic Research, 14, 381–404. http://doi. org/10.4054/DemRes.2006.14.16
Hong, E. P., & Park, J. W. (2012). Sample Size and Statistical Power Calculation in Genetic Associa-tion Studies. Genomics & Informatics, 10(2), 117. http://doi.org/10.5808/GI.2012.10.2.117 Hopcroft, R. L. (2006). Sex, status, and reproductive success in the contemporary United
States. Evolution and Human Behavior, 27(2), 104–120. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbe-hav.2005.07.004
Hotaling, J., & Carrell, D. T. (2014). Clinical genetic testing for male factor infertility: Current applications and future directions. Andrology, 2(3), 339–350. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.2047-2927.2014.00200.x
Houseknecht, S. K. (1979). Timing of the decision to remain voluntary childless: Evi-dence for continuous socialization. Psychoogy of Women Quarterly, 4, 81–96. http://doi. org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1979.tb00700.x
HRS. (2017). Genetic Data Products. Retrieved from https://hrs.isr.umich.edu/data-products/genet-ic-data/products
Hughes, K., & Burleson, M. H. (2000). Evolutionary causes of genetic variation fertility and other fit-ness components. In J. L. Rodgers, D. C. Rowe, & W. B. Miller (Eds.), Genetic influences on human
fertility and sexuality (pp. 7–33). Boston: Kluwer Academic Publisher.
Human Fertility Database. (2017a). Cohort childlessness at age 44. Retrieved from www.humanfer-tility.org
Human Fertility Database. (2017b). Human Fertility Database: Mean age at birth in Sweden. Retrieved from http://www.humanfertility.org/cgi-bin/country.php?country=SWE&up-date=20160321
Human Fertility Database. (2017c). Human Fertility database: Parity progression ratios in Sweden. Retrieved from http://www.humanfertility.org/cgi-bin/country.php?country=SWE&up-date=20160321
Iacovou, M., & Tavares, L. P. (2008). Yearning, learning and conceding: (Some of) the reasons people
change their childbearing intentions (ISER Working Paper Series No. 2010–22).
Ireland, M. S. (1993). Reconceiving women: separating motherhood from female identity. Guilford Press. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=UaeVxWNUoJYC&pgis=1 Jalovaara, M., & Fasang, A. E. (2017). From never partnered to serial cohabitors: Union
trajec-tories to childlessness. Demographic Research, 36(May), 1703–1720. http://doi.org/10.4054/ DemRes.2017.36.55
I
J
Graham, M., Hill, E., Shelly, J., & Taket, A. (2013). Why are childless women childless? Findings from an exploratory study. Journal of Social Inclusion, 4(1), 70–89.
Guldbrandsen, K., Hakonsen, L. B., Ernst, A., Toft, G., Lyngso, J., Olsen, J., & Ramlau-Hansen, C. H. (2014). Age of menarche and time to pregnancy. Human Reproduction, 29(9), 2058–2064. http:// doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deu153
Guo, G., Wang, L., Liu, H., & Randall, T. (2014). Genomic assortative mating in marriages in the United States. PloS One, 9(11), e112322. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0112322 Gustafsson, S. (2003). Optimal age at motherhood. Theoretical and empirical considerations on
postponement of maternity in Europe. In K. F. Zimmermann (Ed.), Family, Household and Work (pp. 345–367). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Hagestad, G. O., & Call, V. R. a. (2007). Pathways to childlessness: A life course perspective. Journal
of Family Issues, 28, 1338–1361. http://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X07303836
Hakim, C. (2002). Lifestyle preferences as determinants of women’s differentiated labor market careers. Work and Occupations, 29, 428–459. http://doi.org/10.1177/073088802237558 Hakim, C. (2003). A new approach to explaining fertility patterns : preference theory. Population and
Development Review, 29(3), 349–374.
Hakim, C. (2006). Women, careers, and work-life preferences. British Journal of Guidance &
Counsel-ling, 34(3), 279–294. http://doi.org/10.1080/03069880600769118
Hansen, T. (2012). Parenthood and Happiness: A Review of Folk Theories Versus Empirical Evidence.
Social Indicators Research, 108(1), 29–64. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9865-y
Hansen, T., Slagsvold, B., & Moum, T. (2009). Childlessness and psychological well-being in midlife and old age: An examination of parental status effects across a range of outcomes. Social
Indica-tors Research, 94(2), 343–362. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-008-9426-1
Harknett, K., Billari, F. C., & Medalia, C. (2014). Do Family Support Environments Influence Fertility? Evidence from 20 European Countries. European Journal of Population, 30(1), 1–33. http://doi. org/10.1007/s10680-013-9308-3
Harper, J., Boivin, J., O’Neill, H. C., Brian, K., Dhingra, J., Dugdale, G., … Balen, A. (2017). The need to improve fertility awareness. Reproductive Biomedicine and Society Online, 4, 18–20. http://doi. org/10.1016/j.rbms.2017.03.002
Hart, R. K. (2015). Earnings and first birth probability among Norwegian men and women 1995-2010. Demographic Research, 33(1), 1067–1104. http://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2015.33.38 Hayes, M. G., Urbanek, M., Ehrmann, D. A., Armstrong, L. L., Lee, J. Y., Sisk, R., … Dunaif, A. (2015).
Genome-wide association of polycystic ovary syndrome implicates alterations in gonadotro-pin secretion in European ancestry populations. Nature Communications, 6, 7502-. http://doi. org/10.1038/ncomms8502
Hayford, S. R. (2005). The evolution of fertility expectations over the life course. Demography, 46(4), 765–783.
Hayford, S. R., & Morgan, S. P. (2008). Religiosity and Fertility in the United States: The Role of Fertility Intentions. Social Forces, 86(3), 1163–1188. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.01 122.x.Endothelial
Health and Retirement Study. (2017). Sample Sizes and Response Rates. Retrieved from https://hrs.isr. umich.edu/sites/default/files/biblio/ResponseRates_2017.pdf
Heaton, T. B., Jacobson, C. K., & Holland, K. (1999). Persistence and Change in Decisions to Remain Childless. Journal of Marriage and Family, 61(2), 531–539.
Hennig, C., & Liao, T. F. (2013). How to find an appropriate clustering for mixed-type variables with application to socio-economic stratification. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series C: Applied
Statistics, 62(3), 309–369. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9876.2012.01066.x
Herd, P. (2016). Quality control report for genotypic data.
H
Herd, P., Carr, D., & Roan, C. (2014). Cohort profile: Wisconsin longitudinal study (WLS). International
Journal of Epidemiology, 43(1), 34–41. http://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dys194
Hewlett, S. A. (2002). Creating life: Professional women and the quest for children. (Talk Miramax Books, Ed.). New York.
Hoem, B. (2000). Entry into motherhood in Sweden: the influence of economic factors on the rise and fall in fertility, 1986-1997. Demographic Research, 2, 1986–1997. http://doi.org/10.4054/ DemRes.2000.2.4
Hoem, J. M., & Andersson, G. (2017). Education and Childlessness: The Influence of Educational Field and Educational Level on Childlessness among Swedish and Austrian Women. In M. Krey-enfeld & D. Konietzka (Eds.), Childlessness in Europe: Context, Causes and Consequences. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-44667-7_9#citeas
Hoem, J. M., Neyer, G., & Andersson, G. (2006a). Education and childlessness. The relationship between educational field , educational level , and childlessness among Swedish women born in 1955-59. Demographic Research, 14, 331–380. http://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2006.14.15 Hoem, J. M., Neyer, G., & Andersson, G. (2006b). Educational attainment and ultimate
fertili-ty among Swedish women born in 1955-59. Demograhic Research, 14, 381–404. http://doi. org/10.4054/DemRes.2006.14.16
Hong, E. P., & Park, J. W. (2012). Sample Size and Statistical Power Calculation in Genetic Associa-tion Studies. Genomics & Informatics, 10(2), 117. http://doi.org/10.5808/GI.2012.10.2.117 Hopcroft, R. L. (2006). Sex, status, and reproductive success in the contemporary United
States. Evolution and Human Behavior, 27(2), 104–120. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbe-hav.2005.07.004
Hotaling, J., & Carrell, D. T. (2014). Clinical genetic testing for male factor infertility: Current applications and future directions. Andrology, 2(3), 339–350. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.2047-2927.2014.00200.x
Houseknecht, S. K. (1979). Timing of the decision to remain voluntary childless: Evi-dence for continuous socialization. Psychoogy of Women Quarterly, 4, 81–96. http://doi. org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1979.tb00700.x
HRS. (2017). Genetic Data Products. Retrieved from https://hrs.isr.umich.edu/data-products/genet-ic-data/products
Hughes, K., & Burleson, M. H. (2000). Evolutionary causes of genetic variation fertility and other fit-ness components. In J. L. Rodgers, D. C. Rowe, & W. B. Miller (Eds.), Genetic influences on human
fertility and sexuality (pp. 7–33). Boston: Kluwer Academic Publisher.
Human Fertility Database. (2017a). Cohort childlessness at age 44. Retrieved from www.humanfer-tility.org
Human Fertility Database. (2017b). Human Fertility Database: Mean age at birth in Sweden. Retrieved from http://www.humanfertility.org/cgi-bin/country.php?country=SWE&up-date=20160321
Human Fertility Database. (2017c). Human Fertility database: Parity progression ratios in Sweden. Retrieved from http://www.humanfertility.org/cgi-bin/country.php?country=SWE&up-date=20160321
Iacovou, M., & Tavares, L. P. (2008). Yearning, learning and conceding: (Some of) the reasons people
change their childbearing intentions (ISER Working Paper Series No. 2010–22).
Ireland, M. S. (1993). Reconceiving women: separating motherhood from female identity. Guilford Press. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=UaeVxWNUoJYC&pgis=1 Jalovaara, M., & Fasang, A. E. (2017). From never partnered to serial cohabitors: Union
trajec-tories to childlessness. Demographic Research, 36(May), 1703–1720. http://doi.org/10.4054/ DemRes.2017.36.55
