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(1)VU Research Portal. A Study of Theological Responses to Alvin Plantinga’s Aquinas/Calvin Model of Warranted Christian Belief van Kralingen, C.G.. 2018. document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record. Link to publication in VU Research Portal. citation for published version (APA) van Kralingen, C. G. (2018). A Study of Theological Responses to Alvin Plantinga’s Aquinas/Calvin Model of Warranted Christian Belief.. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. E-mail address: vuresearchportal.ub@vu.nl. Download date: 13. Oct. 2021.

(2) A Study of Theological Responses to Alvin Plantinga’s Aquinas/Calvin Model of Warranted Christian Belief. Cornelis Gerhard van Kralingen.

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(8) .   A Study of Theological Responses to Alvin Plantinga’s Aquinas/Calvin Model of Warranted Christian Belief  . 

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(10) .   .   –‡”˜‡””‹Œ‰‹‰˜ƒ†‡‰”ƒƒ†‘ –‘”ƒƒ †‡”‹Œ‡‹˜‡”•‹–‡‹–•–‡”†ƒǡ ‘’‰‡œƒ‰˜ƒ†‡”‡ –‘”ƒ‰‹ˆ‹ —• ’”‘ˆǤ†”ǤǤ—„”ƒƒ‹ƒǡ ‹Š‡–‘’‡„ƒƒ”–‡˜‡”†‡†‹‰‡ –‡‘˜‡”•–ƒƒ˜ƒ†‡’”‘‘–‹‡ ‘‹••‹‡ ˜ƒ†‡ ƒ —Ž–‡‹–†‡” ‘†‰‡Ž‡‡”†Š‡‹† ‘’™‘‡•†ƒ‰ͷ•‡’–‡„‡”ʹͲͳͺ‘ͳͷǤͶͷ——” ‹†‡ƒ—Žƒ˜ƒ†‡—‹˜‡”•‹–‡‹–ǡ ‡‘‡Ž‡ŽƒƒͳͳͲͷ       †‘‘”  ‘”‡Ž‹• ‡”Šƒ”†˜ƒ”ƒŽ‹‰‡  ‰‡„‘”‡–‡‘––‡”†ƒ       .

(11) ’”‘‘–‘”‡ǣ      .  . ’”‘ˆǤ†”ǤǤ˜ƒ†‡”‘‘‹ ’”‘ˆǤ†”ǤǤ˜ƒ‘—†‡„‡”‰ .

(12) He has delivered us from the domain of darkness and transferred us to the kingdom of his beloved Son, in whom we have redemption, the forgiveness of sins. And he is before all things, and in him all things hold together. And he is the head of the body, the church. …Christ in you, the hope of glory. Him we proclaim,… …Christ, in whom are hidden all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge. Therefore as you received Christ Jesus the Lord, so walk in him, rooted and built up in him and established in the faith, just as you were taught, abounding in thanksgiving.  Extracts from Paul’s letter to the ‘Ž‘••‹ƒ•ȋͳǣͳ͵ǦͳͶǢͳ͹ǦͳͺƒǢʹ͹„ǦʹͺƒǢʹǣ͵ǡ͸Ǧ͹Ȍ                    To: Lydia – Gert, Lianne, Miriam.

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(14) CONTENTS Part I:. Introduction Chapter 1: Chapter 2:. Introduction Alvin Plantinga’s Aquinas / Calvin Model for Warranted Christian Belief. Part II: Theological Responses Chapter 3: Chapter 4: Chapter 5:. Chapter 6:. Chapter 7: Chapter 8: Chapter 9:. Theological Responses to Plantinga’s A/C Model – Benno van den Toren Theological Responses to Plantinga’s A/C Model – K. Scott Oliphint Theological Responses to Plantinga’s A/C Model – Kevin Diller Theological Responses to Plantinga’s A/C Model – Keith Mascord Theological Responses to Plantinga’s A/C Model – James Beilby Miscellaneous Theological Responses Summary of the Theological Responses. Part III: Theological Reflection and Application to Christian Apologetics Chapter 10: Chapter 11: Chapter 12: Chapter 13: Chapter 14 Summary Samenvatting Bibliography Acknowledgements About the Author. The Relationship of Plantinga’s A/C Model of Warranted Christian Belief to the Truth Question and the Role of Arguments Definition of Some Key Terms The Basic A/C Model: Theistic Belief and the Sensus Divinitatis The Extended A/C Model Conclusions and Applications for Apologetics. 7. 9. 15 41 43 57. 73. 91. 111 131 153 159 161 179. 183 191 211 219 223 230 239 240.

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(16) PART I — INTRODUCTION.

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(18) . CHAPTER 1 Introduction. 1.1 The Topic of this Investigation. Š‡ ‡”‹ ƒ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡” Ž˜‹ Žƒ–‹‰ƒ ȋ„Ǥ ͳͻ͵ʹȌ Šƒ• „‡‡ ‹‡•‡Ž› ‹ˆŽ—‡–‹ƒŽ™‹–ŠŠ‹•™‘”‹Š”‹•–‹ƒ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›ƒ†ƒ’‘Ž‘‰‡–‹ •ǤŠ‡ƒŒ‘”ˆ‘ —•‘ˆŠ‹• ™‘”Šƒ•„‡‡–‘ƒ††”‡••‘„Œ‡ –‹‘•ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡‡’‹•–‡‹ •–ƒ–—•‘ˆ–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒˆƒ‹–Šƒ† Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ‹‡†ƒ–•Š‘™‹‰Š‘™Š”‹•–‹ƒˆƒ‹–Š ƒ„‡Œ—•–‹ˆ‹‡†ǡ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ†™ƒ””ƒ–‡†Ǥ Š‹•Šƒ•”‡•—Ž–‡†‹Š‹•ƒ‰—‘’—•Warranted Christian BeliefȋWCBȌͳ‘ˆ™Š‹ ŠŠ‡Šƒ• ”‡ ‡–Ž›’—„Ž‹•Š‡†Š‹•‘™•—ƒ”›—†‡”–Š‡–‹–Ž‡Knowledge and Christian BeliefǤʹWCB ‹•–Š‡–Š‹”†’ƒ”–‘ˆŠ‹•™ƒ””ƒ––”‹Ž‘‰›Ǣ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–’ƒ”–•™‡”‡Warrant: The Current Debateǡ ƒ†Warrant and Proper FunctionǤ͵ Žƒ–‹‰ƒƒ††”‡••‡•–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘ǣ‹•–Š‡”‡ƒ•‡”‹‘—•de jure‘„Œ‡ –‹‘ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒˆƒ‹–Šǫ

(19) ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǣ™‘—Ž†‹–„‡‹””ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–‘Š‘Ž†Š”‹•–‹ƒ„‡Ž‹‡ˆǫ ‹•ƒ•™‡” is ‘noǡ’ and the reason for Š‹•ƒ•™‡”‹•–Šƒ–Š”‹•–‹ƒ„‡Ž‹‡ˆǡ‹ˆ–”—‡ǡ‹•™ƒ””ƒ–‡†ǡ‘”Šƒ• warrant. Plantinga defines warrant as follows: “warrant is a property –‘”„‡––‡”ǡ“—ƒ–‹–› – ‡‘—‰Š ‘ˆ ™Š‹ Š ‹• ™Šƒ– ƒ‡• –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ „‡–™‡‡ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ƒ† ‡”‡ –”—‡ belief.”Ͷ  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ Žƒ–‹‰ƒǡ ™ƒ””ƒ– ‹• ‹–‹ƒ–‡Ž› ‘‡ –‡† –‘ ’”‘’‡” ˆ— –‹‘ ‘ˆ cognitive powers: “a belief has warrant just if it is produced by cognitive proces•‡• ‘” ˆƒ —Ž–‹‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ˆ— –‹‘‹‰’”‘’‡”Ž›ǡ‹ƒ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡‡˜‹”‘‡––Šƒ–‹•’”‘’‹–‹‘—•ˆ‘” –Šƒ–‡š‡” ‹•‡‘ˆ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡’‘™‡”•ǡƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ƒ†‡•‹‰’Žƒ–Šƒ–‹••— ‡••ˆ—ŽŽ›ƒ‹‡†ƒ– the production of true belief.” ͷŽƒ–‹‰ƒŠƒ••Š‘™–Šƒ–ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ–”—‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ› ƒ•‘™Ž‡†‰‡‹ˆ–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡–Š‹•’”‘’‡”–›ǤŠ‹•‹ Ž—†‡•‘”‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•–Šƒ–Š‘•‡‘”ƒŽŽ› ƒ ‡’–‡†„›–Š‡•‘ ƒŽŽ‡†•–”‘‰ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹‰Š–‡‡–Ǥ Žƒ–‹‰ƒ‡š’Žƒ‹•™Š›ƒ†Š‘™Š”‹•–‹ƒˆƒ‹–Š ƒŠƒ˜‡™ƒ””ƒ–‹™Šƒ–Š‡ ƒŽŽ• –Š‡“—‹ƒ•ȀƒŽ˜‹ȋȀȌ‘†‡ŽǤŠ‹•‘†‡Ž ‘•‹•–•‘ˆ–™‘ƒ‹‡Ž‡‡–•ǣ  Š‡„ƒ•‹ Ȁ‘†‡Ž†‡ƒŽ•™‹–Š–Š‡‹•–‹ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹‰‡‡”ƒŽǤŠ‡‹•–‹ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ ƒ Šƒ˜‡ ™ƒ””ƒ– ƒ• ‹– ‹• „ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ sensus divinitatis ƒ• ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡Ǧ ’”‘†— ‹‰ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ ˆƒ —Ž–› ™Š‹ Š ‰‹˜‡• ƒ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‘ˆ ‘†Ǥ Žƒ–‹‰ƒ†‡”‹˜‡•–Š‹•ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šˆ”‘–Š‡™‘”‘ˆ“—‹ƒ•ƒ†ƒŽ˜‹ǡŠ‡ ‡ǡ –Š‡ƒ‡“—‹ƒ•ȀƒŽ˜‹‘†‡ŽǤ  Š‡’”‡•‡ ‡ƒ†‡ˆˆ‡ –‘ˆ•‹ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ†ƒƒ‰‡•–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ–Š‡sensus divinitatisǤŠ‡‡š–‡†‡†Ȁ‘†‡Žƒ††”‡••‡•–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆ. . Ǥ Žƒ–‹‰ƒǡ Warranted Christian Belief ȋšˆ‘”†ǣ šˆ‘”† ‹˜‡”•‹–› ”‡••ǡ ʹͲͲͲȌǡ ͷͲͺ’’Ǥ ȋŠ‡”‡ƒˆ–‡”ƒ„„”‡˜‹ƒ–‡†ƒ•WCBȌǤ ʹǤŽƒ–‹‰ƒǡKnowledge and Christian Beliefȋ ”ƒ†ƒ’‹†•ǣ‡”†ƒ•ǡʹͲͳͷȌǡͳʹͻ’’ǤȋŠ‡”‡ƒˆ–‡” ƒ„„”‡˜‹ƒ–‡†ƒ•KCBȌǤ ͵ Ǥ Žƒ–‹‰ƒǡ Warrant: The Current Debate ȋšˆ‘”†ǣ šˆ‘”† ‹˜‡”•‹–› ”‡••ǡ ͳͻͻ͵Ȍǡ ʹʹͺ’’Ǥ ȋŠ‡”‡ƒˆ–‡””‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•WCDȌǡƒ†ǤŽƒ–‹‰ƒǡWarrant and Proper Functionȋšˆ‘”†ǣšˆ‘”† ‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡͳͻͻ͵ȌǡʹͶ͵’’ǤȋŠ‡”‡ƒˆ–‡””‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•WPFȌǤ ͶWCBǡ’Ǥš‹ǡƒ•†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”‹WPFǡͶ͸Ǧ͹. ͷWCBǡ’Ǥš‹Ǥ ͳ. 9.

(20) Chapter 1. Š‘™–Š‡‘‡–‹ ‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ•‹ ƒ„‡”‡‡†‹‡†ǤŠ‹•“—‡•–‹‘‹•ƒ•™‡”‡†‹ –Š‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ›Š”‹•–‹ƒ„‡Ž‹‡ˆƒ†–Š‡‡••ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰‘•’‡Žˆ‘ —••‡†‘ –Š‡’‡”•‘ƒ†™‘”‘ˆ ‡•—•Š”‹•–ǤŠ‹•„‡Ž‹‡ˆ†‡”‹˜‡•‹–•™ƒ””ƒ–ˆ”‘–Š‡ ‹–‡”ƒŽ‹•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘Ž›’‹”‹–ǤŠ‡ ‘Ž›’‹”‹–ƒ†–Š‡‹„Ž‡™‘” –‘‰‡–Š‡” –‘ „”‹‰ ƒ„‘—– ˆƒ‹–Š ‹ –Š‡ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡”Ǥ Š‹• ‘’‡”ƒ–‡• ƒŽ•‘ ƒ• ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ’”‘†— ‹‰ ’”‘ ‡•• ‡‡–‹‰ –Š‡ ‘†‹–‹‘• ˆ‘” ™ƒ””ƒ–Ǥ Žƒ–‹‰ƒ •Š‘™• –Šƒ– –Š‹• ‡ƒ• –Šƒ– Š”‹•–‹ƒ „‡Ž‹‡ˆǡ ‹ˆ –”—‡ǡ ƒ Šƒ˜‡ ™ƒ””ƒ–Ǥ

(21) •—ƒ”›ǡŽƒ–‹‰ƒ—•‡•–Š‡sensus divinitatisȋȌƒ†–Š‡

(22) –‡”ƒŽ

(23) •–‹‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘Ž›’‹”‹–ȋ

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(25) Ȍƒ• ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ˆƒ —Ž–‹‡•‘”’”‘ ‡••‡•‹–Š‡•ƒ‡‡’‹•–‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ•‡•‡ƒ• Š‡—•‡•‘–Š‡” ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ˆƒ —Ž–‹‡•‹Š‹•‰‡‡”ƒŽ†‡• ”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘ ‡’–‘ˆ™ƒ””ƒ–ǤŠ‡ ”‡•—Ž– ƒ„‡•–ƒ–‡†‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–™ƒ›•ǤŠ”‹•–‹ƒ„‡Ž‹‡ˆ ƒ„‡ ƒŽŽ‡†’”‘’‡”Ž›„ƒ•‹ ƒ† Š‡ ‡ †‘‡• ‘– ”‡“—‹”‡ ‡˜‹†‡ ‡ ‘” ƒ”‰—‡–• ‘ –Š‡ „ƒ•‹• ‘ˆ ‘–Š‡” „‡Ž‹‡ˆ•Ǥ Š‹• ƒŽ•‘ ‡ƒ•–Šƒ–ƒ’‡”•‘ ƒ„‡Œ—•–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ†”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹ƒ ‡’–‹‰–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒˆƒ‹–ŠǤ Š‹• ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š†‡’‡†•ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘ –Š‡ –”—–Š“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ ˆƒ‹–Šƒ• „‡‹‰–”—‡‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘†‹–‹‘•ˆ‘”™ƒ””ƒ–ǡƒ•Žƒ–‹‰ƒ•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ

(26) ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ™‡ ƒ‘– •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ –Š‡ de jure “—‡•–‹‘ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ de facto “—‡•–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ”‡ƒ•‘ ‹• –Šƒ–ǡ ƒ• •–ƒ–‡†ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ™ƒ””ƒ–‹•†‡’‡†‡–‘’”‘’‡”Ž›ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡’‘™‡”•™Š‹ Šƒ”‡ ƒ‹‡†ƒ––Š‡’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ–”—‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆǤŠ‹•‹•™Š›Žƒ–‹‰ƒƒ”‰—es: “if Christian belief is –”—‡ǡ–Š‡‹–‹•rationalƒ†warrantedˆ‘”‘•–‘ˆ–Š‘•‡™Š‘ƒ ‡’–‹–.”͸ Plantinga’s concept of warranted Christian belief is the climax of his work over •‡˜‡”ƒŽ†‡ ƒ†‡•ƒ†Šƒ•„‡‡‹‡•‡Ž›‹ˆŽ—‡–‹ƒŽǤ ‹•™‘”‹•™‹†‡Ž›ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡†ƒ• ƒƒŒ‘” ‘–”‹„—–‹‘–‘Š”‹•–‹ƒƒ’‘Ž‘‰‡–‹ •Ǥ˜‡„ƒ ‹ͳͻͺͲǡTimeƒ‰ƒœ‹‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› called him “America’s leading orthodox Protestant philosopher of God.”͹‰‘‘†Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆŠ‹•™‘”ƒ†–Š‡™ƒ›–Š‹•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†Šƒ•„‡‡‰‹˜‡„›‡‹Ž„›ǤͺPlantinga’s ™‘” ƒ† ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› Š‹• Ȁ ‘†‡Ž Šƒ• „‡‡ –Š‡ •—„Œ‡ – ‘ˆ †‡–ƒ‹Ž‡† ƒ† –‡ Š‹ ƒŽ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ”‡•’‘•‡• ‹• — Š ‘”‡ Ž‹‹–‡†ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ†ˆ‡™‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‡–‘ ‘˜‡”–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆŠ‹• ‘ ‡’–‘ˆ™ƒ””ƒ–‡†Š”‹•–‹ƒ „‡Ž‹‡ˆǤŠ‹•‹••—”’”‹•‹‰‰‹˜‡–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆŠ‹•™‘”ƒ†‹–•‹–”‹ ƒ–‡ ‘‡ –‹‘• ™‹–Šǡƒ†”‡Ž‡˜ƒ ‡–‘–Š‡†‹• ‹’Ž‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†–‘Š”‹•–‹ƒƒ’‘Ž‘‰‡–‹ •‹’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ǥ †‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†•—”˜‡›ˆ”‘ƒ–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡‹•–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‹‘”†‡”Ǥ Š‡–‘’‹ ‘ˆ–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ” Š’”‘Œ‡ –‹•–Š‡”‡•’‘•‡ˆ”‘ƒ–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡–‘ Plantinga’s A/C model of warranted Christian belief. ˆ–‡”’”‘˜‹†‹‰ƒ•—ƒ”›‘ˆ–Š‹• ‘†‡Žǡ–Š‡ƒŒ‘”–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ”‡•’‘•‡•™‹ŽŽ„‡†‡• ”‹„‡†ƒ†ƒƒŽ›•‡†ǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–•™‹ŽŽ „‡—•‡†–‘•‡‡‹ˆƒ†Š‘™–Š‡‘†‡Ž ƒ„‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ˆ—”–Š‡”ǡƒ†Š‘™‹–•ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘–‘ Š”‹•–‹ƒƒ’‘Ž‘‰‡–‹ • ƒ„‡ƒ†˜ƒ ‡†Ǥ  . ͸WCBǡʹͶʹǤ. ͹TimeǡͳͶȋͳͻͺͲȌǡ͸͸Ǥ. as Theology. An Evaluation of Alvin Plantinga’s Religious Epistemology ȋŽ†‡”•Š‘–ǣ•Š‰ƒ–‡ǡʹͲͲͷȌǡŠǤͳǤ. ͺ ǤǤ‡‹Ž„›ǡEpistemology. 10.

(27) Introduction. 1.2 The Significance of this Project; Why a Theological Evaluation?. Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ ‘–Š‡”ǡ ‘”‡ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ”‡ƒ•‘• ™Š› ƒ –Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Plantinga’s work in this area is importa–ǣ First, Plantinga’s work aims to address objections against the ‡’‹•–‡‹ •–ƒ–—•‘ˆ –Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒˆƒ‹–Šƒ†–‘•Š‘™Š‘™Š”‹•–‹ƒ„‡Ž‹‡ˆ ƒŠƒ˜‡™ƒ””ƒ–ǤŠ‹••–‹ŽŽ ‘–‹—‡• –‘„‡ƒŠ‹‰ŠŽ›”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–ƒ•’‡ –‘ˆ–Š‡–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ–ƒ•–‘†‡ˆ‡†–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒˆƒ‹–Š‹–Š‡ ƒˆ–‡”ƒ–Š‘ˆ’‘•–‘†‡”‹•ǤŠ‹•–ƒ•‹•‘ˆ–‡”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ’‘Ž‘‰‡–‹ •Ǥ—– –Š‹• ‹’Ž‹‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ —•– ƒŽ•‘ „‡ ƒ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ƒ’‘Ž‘‰‡–‹ •Ǣ –Š‡ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒˆƒ‹–ŠǤƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡Šƒ˜‡‘–‡†–Šƒ–Žƒ–‹‰ƒ’s contribution –‘–Š‹•ˆ‹‡Ž†‹•— Š‘”‡Ž‹‹–‡†Ǥˆ—”–Š‡”’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ–Š‹•’”‘Œ‡ –‹•–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡–‘‡š’Ž‘”‡ ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆŠ‹•™‘”–‘’‘•‹–‹˜‡ƒ’‘Ž‘‰‡–‹ •ǤŠ‹•Ž‡ƒ†•–‘–Š‡‡š–”‡ƒ•‘ǣ Second, Plantinga’s main thesis is that if theistic belief is trueǡ‹– ƒŠƒ˜‡™ƒ””ƒ–Ǥ This shows the importance of the truth question. As he has said: “it is at bottom not merely ƒ‡’‹•–‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ†ispute, but an ontological or theological dispute.”ͻŠ‡”‡‹•–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ every reason for a theological investigation of Plantinga’s concept of warranted theistic „‡Ž‹‡ˆǤ Plantinga’s ‡š–‡†‡† Ȁ ‘†‡Ž Ž‹‡™‹•‡ ƒ••—‡• –Š‡ –”—–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ› Š”‹•–‹ƒˆƒ‹–Šƒ•ƒ ‘†‹–‹‘ǡƒ†Šƒ••Š‘™–Šƒ––Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒˆƒ‹–Š‹•‡’‹•–‡‹ ƒŽŽ›˜‹ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ†’‡”‹––‡†ǡ„—–†‘‡•‘–ƒ††”‡••–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘•™Š›‹–‹•ƒŽ•‘–”—‡ƒ† ‘’‡ŽŽ‹‰ǤͳͲŠ‡ “—‡•–‹‘‹•ǣ™Šƒ– ƒ„‡•ƒ‹†‹”‡•’‘•‡–‘–Š‹•–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ǫ Š‹”†ǡ Žƒ–‹‰ƒ —•‡• ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‡’–• ˆ‘” Š‹• Ȁ ‘†‡Žǡ ƒ† ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ˆ‘” ‹–• ‡š–‡†‡† ˜‡”•‹‘Ǥ ‡ ”‡ˆ‡”• –‘ –Š‹• Š‹•‡Žˆ ƒ• ƒ ‡š —”•‹‘ ‹–‘ –Š‡‘Ž‘‰›Ǥͳͳ ƒ› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– –‘’‹ • ˆ”‘ Š”‹•–‹ƒ –Š‡‘Ž‘‰› ’Žƒ› ƒ ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ ”‘Ž‡ ‹ Š‹• ‘†‡Ž•— Šƒ•–Š‡†‘ –”‹‡•‘ˆ ”‡ƒ–‹‘ǡ‘ˆƒǡ‘ˆ•‹ǡ‘ˆ•ƒŽ˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ ”‹’–—”‡ǡƒ†–Š‡™‘” ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘Ž›’‹”‹–Ǥ

(28) –™‹ŽŽ„‡‹’‘”–ƒ––‘•‡‡Š‘™–Š‡•‡ ‘ ‡’–•ƒ”‡—•‡†‹Š‹•‘†‡ŽǤ– the same time, Plantinga’s model does not take a position with regard to some –Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‹••—‡•™Š‹ Š–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ƒ”‡–Š‡•—„Œ‡ –‘ˆ†‡„ƒ–‡ǤŠ‡“—‡•–‹‘‹•™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‹•‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡ ‘”ǡƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›ǡ™Š‡–Š‡”Š‹•‘†‡Žƒ†‹–•ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘–‘ƒ’‘Ž‘‰‡–‹ • ƒ„‡•–”‡‰–Š‡‡† „›ˆ—”–Š‡”•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‡–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡–•Ǥ ‘—”–ŠǡŽƒ–‹‰ƒ ‘– ‘Ž›†‹• —••‡•–Š‡ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ ƒ•’‡ –‘ˆŠ”‹•–‹ƒ „‡Ž‹‡ˆǡ„—– •Š‘™•–Šƒ–Š”‹•–‹ƒˆƒ‹–ŠƒŽ•‘‹ Ž—†‡•–Š‡Š‡ƒ”–ƒ†–Š‡™‹ŽŽ‘”ǡ„”‘ƒ†Ž›•’‡ƒ‹‰ǡ–Š‡ ƒˆˆ‡ –‹‘• ȋ—•‹‰ ƒ –‡” ˆ”‘ ‘ƒ–Šƒ †™ƒ”†•ȌǤ ‘–Š ‹ •›•–‡ƒ–‹  ƒ† ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ –Š‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡƒ†‡˜‡‹ƒ’‘Ž‘‰‡–‹ •ǡ–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ ‘–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ ˆƒ‹–Š ƒ† ‹–• ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ƒ† ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ƒ• ƒ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡” ƒ† ƒ• ƒ ‘—‹–› ‘ˆ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡”•ǡ‹•ƒƒŒ‘”–‘’‹ ‘ˆ ‘–‹—‹‰†‹• —••‹‘ƒ†‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

(29) –™‹ŽŽ„‡—•‡ˆ—Ž–‘ •‡‡Š‘™Plantinga’s work ƒ„‡”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‹•†‹• —••‹‘Ǥ  . ͻWCBǡͳͻͲǤ. ͳͲ‡‹Ž„›ǡEpistemology. as TheologyǡͳͶͳǦʹǢƒ”•‘ǡThe Gagging of GodǡͳͺͺǤ as Theologyǡ͵ʹǤ. ͳͳKCBǡͷ͸Ǣ•‡‡ƒŽ•‘‡‹Ž„›ǡEpistemology. 11. 1.

(30) Chapter 1. 1.3 Research Question. ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡•‡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘•ǡ –Š‡ Š›’‘–Š‡•‹• ƒ „‡ •–ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Plantinga’s workǡƒ†–Š‡–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ”‡•’‘•‡•–‘‹–ǡ•Š‘—Ž†‘ˆˆ‡”—•‡ˆ—Žˆ—”–Š‡”‹•‹‰Š–• ˆ‘”Š”‹•–‹ƒƒ’‘Ž‘‰‡–‹ •Ǥ ›ƒ‹”‡•‡ƒ” Š“—‡•–‹‘‹•ǣ  What insights for Christian apologetics can be derived from the theological responses to Alvin Plantinga’s concept of Warranted Christian Belief?  Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ” Š“—‡•–‹‘ ƒ„‡†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ•—„Ǧ“—‡•–‹‘•ǣ  What are the major theological elements in Plantinga’s concept of ™ƒ””ƒ–‡†Š”‹•–‹ƒ„‡Ž‹‡ˆƒ†Š‘™Šƒ˜‡–Š‡›„‡‡—•‡†ǫ  Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡–Š‡ƒŒ‘””‡•’‘•‡•ˆ”‘ƒ–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•‘ˆƒ”ǫ  ‘™•Š‘—Ž†™‡ƒ••‡••‡ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡•‡”‡•’‘•‡•‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽŽ›ǫ  ‘™•Š‘—Ž†™‡‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡–Š‡•‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡”‡•’‘•‡•ƒ†™Šƒ– ƒ™‡Ž‡ƒ” ˆ”‘–Š‡•‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘ ‡’–ƒ•ƒ™Š‘Ž‡ƒ†ˆ‘”‹–•‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ‘’‘‡–•ǫ  Šƒ–‡™‹•‹‰Š–•ƒ†ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•†‘‡•–Š‹•‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘‰‹˜‡ˆ‘”Š”‹•–‹ƒ ƒ’‘Ž‘‰‡–‹ •ǫ . 1.4 Methodology. Š‡ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ™‘” ‘ˆ Žƒ–‹‰ƒ ‘ –Š‡ ‘ ‡’– ‘ˆ ™ƒ””ƒ–‡† Š”‹•–‹ƒ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ ƒ† –Š‡ “—‹ƒ•ȀƒŽ˜‹‘†‡Ž™‹ŽŽ„‡•—ƒ”‹•‡†‹ƒ”–

(31) ‹‘”†‡”–‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š™Š‹ Š–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‡’–•Š‡Šƒ•—•‡†ƒ†‹™Šƒ–™ƒ›Ǥ  Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ •—”˜‡› Šƒ• „‡‡ †‘‡ –‘ ‹†‡–‹ˆ› –Š‡ ƒŒ‘” ”‡•’‘•‡• ˆ”‘ ƒ –Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ǤŠ‹••—”˜‡›Šƒ•„‡‡ ƒ””‹‡†‘—–—•‹‰–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡ƒ•–Š‡ ƒŒ‘” •‘—” ‡ –‘‰‡–Š‡” ™‹–Š ‡š’Ž‘”‹‰ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡• ‹ ”‡ ‡– ’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–‹‰•‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘ˆƒ—–Š‘”•ƒ†Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ„‡ Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡†‹–‘–™‘ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•ǣ  —–Š‘”•™‹–Š‘‡‘”‘”‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ȋ‘ˆ–‡‹ Ž—†‹‰ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‘‡„‘‘Ȍ ™Š‹ Š‘ˆˆ‡”•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘™‹–Š•‡˜‡”ƒŽƒ‹‡Ž‡‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡™‘” ‘ˆŽƒ–‹‰ƒǤŠ‡ƒŒ‘” ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ” ŠŠƒ˜‡„‡‡†‡ˆ‹‡† ƒ•–Š‘•‡„›‡‘ƒ†‡‘”‡ǡǤ ‘––Ž‹’Š‹–ǡ‡˜‹‹ŽŽ‡”ǡ‡‹–ŠǤ ƒ• ‘”†ƒ† ƒ‡•‡‹Ž„›Ǥ  ‘—”ƒŽ ƒ”–‹ Ž‡• ƒ† ȋ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘• ‘ˆȌ ‡••ƒ›• ”‡•’‘†‹‰ ‘Ž› –‘ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  elements of Plantinga’s work. An example is th‡ ‡ƒ”Ž› ˜‘Ž—‡ ‡†‹–‡† „› ‡±˜ƒ‘—†‡„‡”‰ƒ†ƒ”–—•˜‡ŽŽ‡”’—„Ž‹•Š‡†„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡ ‘’Ž‡–‹‘ of Plantinga’s Warrant trilogy. This book also ‹ Ž—†‡• •‘‡ –Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘• ™Š‹ Š ‘–‹—‡ –‘ ’”‘˜‡ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– –‘ Žƒ–‡” –Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ”‡•’‘•‡•Ǥ  ”‡ ‡– ˜‘Ž—‡ ™‹–Š ‡••ƒ›• „› ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ ‡”ƒ ƒ—–Š‘”• ‘˜‡”‹‰ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽǡ ƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹ ƒŽ ƒ† •‘‡ –Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ”‡•’‘•‡• ‡†‹–‡†„› ŠÚ‡ ‡”ƒŽ•‘ˆƒŽŽ•™‹–Š‹–Š‹• ƒ–‡‰‘”›Ǥ ŽŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ •‡Ž‡ –‡† ”‡•’‘•‡• ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡† ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽŽ› ƒ† ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡Ž› ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡ ‘ ‡’– ‘ˆ ™ƒ””ƒ–‡† Š”‹•–‹ƒ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ ƒ† –Š‡ Ȁ ‘†‡Ž ‹ ƒ”–

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(33) Ǥ Š‡ 12.

(34) Introduction. ”‡•’‘•‡• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ƒ–‡‰‘”› ™‹ŽŽ „‡ •—ƒ”‹•‡† ƒ† ƒ••‡••‡† ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽŽ› ‹ Šƒ’–‡”•͵Ǧ͹Ǥ”–‹ Ž‡•ƒ†‡••ƒ›•ˆ”‘–Š‡•‡ ‘† ƒ–‡‰‘”›™‹ŽŽ„‡†‹• —••‡†”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› „”‹‡ˆŽ›‹Šƒ’–‡”ͺǤŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡”‡•’‘•‡•™‹ŽŽ„‡•—ƒ”‹•‡†ƒ†ƒ••‡••‡†–‘‰‡–Š‡”‹ Šƒ’–‡”ͻǤ Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ•–‡’’”‡•‡–‡†‹ƒ”–

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(37) ™‹ŽŽ„‡–‘–ƒ‡–Š‡•‡”‡•—Ž–•ƒ•ƒ•–‡’’‹‰•–‘‡ ˆ‘”ƒˆ—”–Š‡”–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒƒŽ›•‹•‹‘”†‡”–‘ˆ‹†‡™‹•‹‰Š–•‹Š”‹•–‹ƒƒ’‘Ž‘‰‡–‹ •‹ ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘™Šƒ–Žƒ–‹‰ƒŠƒ•‘ˆˆ‡”‡†‹Š‹•‘†‡ŽǤ . 1.5 Scope and Limitations. ‘‡ Ž‹‡• ‡‡† –‘ „‡ †”ƒ™ –‘ †‡ƒ” ƒ–‡ –Š‡ –‡””‹–‘”› ‘ˆ › ”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤ Š‡ ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ •—„Œ‡ – ‹• ‘’Ž‡š ƒ† ”‡Žƒ–‡• –‘ ƒ› ‡‹‰Š„‘—”‹‰ –‡””‹–‘”‹‡• ‘ˆ †‹• —••‹‘Ǥ ‡– Š‘™‡˜‡”‹–‡”‡•–‹‰‘”‹’‘”–ƒ––Š‡•‡ƒ›„‡ǡ

(38) Šƒ˜‡Šƒ†–‘Ž‡ƒ˜‡–Š‡•‡‘—–‘ˆ›’”‘Œ‡ – ‹‘”†‡”–‘‡‡’–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•–‘ƒ•‹œ‡™Š‹ Š‹•‘––‘‘Žƒ”‰‡–‘„‡ ‘‡—™‹‡Ž†›ƒ†‘––‘‘ •ƒŽŽ–‘„‡ ‘‡‡ƒ‹‰Ž‡••Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•—Ž– ‹• –Šƒ– › ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ˆ‘ —•‡• ‡š Ž—•‹˜‡Ž› ‘ –Š‡ –Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ Plantinga’s work on his concept of warranted Christian belief and his A/C modelǡ‡˜‡ –Š‘—‰Š –Š‡•‡ ƒ•’‡ –• ƒ‘– ƒŽ™ƒ›• „‡ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ ƒ•’‡ –•Ǥ Š‹• ‡ƒ• –Šƒ– ‘–Š‡” ’ƒ”–• ‘ˆ Š‹• ™‘” ™‹ŽŽ ‘– „‡ ƒ††”‡••‡† ƒ† ™‹ŽŽ ‘Ž› „‡ ‡–‹‘‡† ™Š‡”‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–ǣ  Š‡ ‘”‡ –‡ Š‹ ƒŽȀ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ –‘’‹ • •— Š ƒ• Š‹• ™‘” ‘ –Š‡ ‡–ƒ’Š›•‹ •‘ˆ‘†ƒŽ‹–›ǡƒ†–Š‡‘–‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ”‰—‡–Ǥ  ŽŽ‘–Š‡”’ƒ”–•‘ˆŠ‹••—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ‘—–’—–•— Šƒ•Š‹• ‘ ‡’–‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‡‡‹ŽŽ ‡ˆ‡ ‡ǡƒ†Š‹•™‘”‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ• ‹‡ ‡ǡ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ƒ†ƒ–—”ƒŽ‹•Ǥ ‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡•’‘•‡• –‘ Žƒtinga’s work, I have decided to ˆ‘ —• ‘Ž› ‘ ’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• ™Š‹ Š Šƒ˜‡ ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡† ƒˆ–‡” ʹͲͲͲǢ –Š‡ ›‡ƒ” ‹ ™Š‹ Š WCB ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡† ƒ• –Š‡ Ž‹ƒš ‘ˆ Žƒtinga’s work in this area. These responses usually deal with earlier ”‡•’‘•‡•ˆ”‘„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‹•–‹‡•‘–Šƒ––Š‡”‡‹•‘‡‡†–‘”‡’‡ƒ–•— Šƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ‘‡‘ˆ –Š‡•‡‡ƒ”Ž‹‡””‡•’‘•‡•ƒ”‡‡–‹‘‡†‹–Š‹•™‘”‘Ž›‹•‘ˆƒ”ƒ•–Š‡› ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘–Š‡ Žƒ–‡”†‹• —••‹‘Ǥ • ‹– –—”‡† ‘—–ǡ ‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡ ‡– ”‡•’‘•‡• –‘ WCB ƒ’’‡ƒ” –‘ ƒ††”‡•• –Š‡ ‘†‹–‹‘ƒŽrelationship of Plantinga’s‘†‡Ž–‘–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–”—–Š‘ˆ–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ ˆƒ‹–ŠǤŠ‹•‹••—‡–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ƒŽ•‘ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•’”‘‹‡–Ž›‹›†‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‰‹˜‡ › •’‡ ‹ƒŽ ‹–‡”‡•– ‹ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ƒ’‘Ž‘‰‡–‹ •Ǥ Š‹• ‡ƒ• –Šƒ– ‘–Š‡” –‘’‹ •ǡ ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰‹–Š‡‹”‘™”‹‰Š–ǡ™‹ŽŽ”‡ ‡‹˜‡Ž‡••ƒ––‡–‹‘Ǥ • ƒ„‡‡š’‡ –‡†‰‹˜‡–Š‡‡‘”‘—•‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆŠ‹•™‘”ǡƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡Šƒ˜‡ ‰‹˜‡ƒ™‹†‡˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆȋ–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽȌ ‘‡–•‘Š‹•™‘”Ǥ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ƒ”‡‘‘”‡ –Šƒ ’‘Ž‹–‡ ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡• –‘ Š‹• ™‘”ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ‘–Š‡”• ƒ› „‡ ‘”‡ •—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽǤ

(39) – •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ‘„˜‹‘—•–Šƒ–

(40) Šƒ˜‡‘Ž›‹ Ž—†‡†‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽ‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆ•— Š ‘‡–•Ǥ   . 13. 1.

(41) Chapter 1. 1.6 List of Frequently Used Abbreviations: 

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(43)  KCB RBG   WCB WCD WPF. ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‹„Ž‹ ƒŽ”‹–‹ ‹•

(44) –‡”ƒŽ

(45) •–‹‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘Ž›’‹”‹– Plantinga’s book with the title Knowledge andChristian Belief Plantinga’s essay with the title Reason and Belief in God Sensus divinitatis ƒ”‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ„‡Ž‹‡ˆ Plantinga’s book with the title Warranted Christian Belief Plantinga’s book with the title Warrant: The Current Debate Plantinga’s book with the title Warrant and Proper Function. Scripture quotations are from The Holy Bible, English Standard Version (ESV), copyright © 2001 by Crossway Bibles, a publishing ministry of Good News Publishers. Used by permission. All rights reserved.  . 14.

(46) CHAPTER 2 Alvin Plantinga’s Aquinas/Calvin Model for Warranted Christian Belief 2.1 Introduction. . Ž˜‹Žƒ–‹‰ƒŠƒ•„‡ ‘‡™‡ŽŽ‘™ˆ‘”Š‹•™‘”‹‡’‹•–‡‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†–Š‡’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š› ‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǤŽƒ–‹‰ƒŠƒ••’‡–ƒƒŒ‘”’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‹•™‘”ƒ††”‡••‹‰‘„Œ‡ –‹‘•ƒ‰ƒ‹•– „‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹ ‘†ƒ†ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒˆƒ‹–ŠǤ

(47) ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ǡŠ‡Šƒ•”‡•’‘†‡†–‘–Š‡˜‹‡™ –Šƒ–Š‘Ž†‹‰–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒˆƒ‹–Š‹•‹””ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ†—Œ—•–‹ˆ‹‡†Ǥ This work has resulted in the publication of his ‘Warrant’ trilogy. The first volume •—”˜‡›•–Š‡ —””‡–†‡„ƒ–‡•‹‡’‹•–‡‘Ž‘‰›Ǥͳ

(48) –Š‡•‡ ‘†’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡”‹‡•Žƒ–‹‰ƒ ‰‹˜‡•Š‹•–Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ™ƒ””ƒ–Ǥʹ  Žƒ–‹‰ƒ ‘—–Ž‹‡•Š‹•‰‡‡”ƒŽ‡’‹•–‡‘Ž‘‰›‹–Š‡•‡–™‘ ˜‘Ž—‡•Ǥ Š‡ •‡”‹‡• —Ž‹ƒ–‡† ‹ –Š‡ –Š‹”† ˜‘Ž—‡ ƒŽŽ‡† Warranted Christian Belief ȋŠ‡”‡ƒˆ–‡””‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•WCBȌǤ͵

(49) –Š‹•„‘‘ǡŽƒ–‹‰ƒ‘™ƒ’’Ž‹‡•Š‹•‡’‹•–‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ȋ‹”Ȍ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‹•ƒ†Š”‹•–‹ƒ„‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ǥ

(50) ƒ††”‡••‹‰–Š‡•‡–‘’‹ •ǡŠ‡Šƒ•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†Š‹••‘Ǧ ƒŽŽ‡†“—‹ƒ•ǦƒŽ˜‹ȋȀȌ‘†‡Ž–‘ •Š‘™ –Šƒ– –Š‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ˆƒ‹–Šǡ ‹ˆ ‹– ‹• –”—‡ǡ ƒ ‡Œ‘› ™ƒ””ƒ– ƒ† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ƒ› ’‡”•‘ Š‘Ž†‹‰–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒˆƒ‹–Š ƒ„‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–‘†‘•‘Ǥ‘”‡”‡ ‡–Ž›ǡŽƒ–‹‰ƒŠƒ•’—„Ž‹•Š‡† Š‹•‘™•—ƒ”›‘ˆWCB™‹–Š–Š‡–‹–Ž‡Knowledge and Christian BeliefȋŠ‡”‡ƒˆ–‡””‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ƒ•KCBȌǤͶ

(51)  –”›‹‰ –‘ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ Š‹• ƒ‹ǡ Žƒ–‹‰ƒ •–ƒ–‡• Š‡ ‹• ƒ””›‹‰ ‘—– –™‘ ’”‘Œ‡ –• •‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ‹• ƒ ƒ’‘Ž‘‰‡–‹  ’”‘Œ‡ – ƒ††”‡••‹‰ „‘–Š —„‡Ž‹‡˜‡”• ƒ† „‡Ž‹‡˜‡”•ƒŽ‹‡Ǥ‹–Š‘—–ƒ’’‡ƒŽ‹‰–‘•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ›Š”‹•–‹ƒ’”‡‹•‡•‘”’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘•ǡ Žƒ–‹‰ƒ ‹–‡†• –‘ ƒ”‰—‡ –Šƒ– –here is ‘not the faintest reason to think that Christian „‡Ž‹‡ˆŽƒ •Œ—•–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›‘”™ƒ””ƒ–.’Š‡•‡ ‘†’”‘Œ‡ –ƒ††”‡••‡•Š”‹•–‹ƒ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡”• ƒ†ǡ Š‡ ‡ǡ •–ƒ”–• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ƒ••—’–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”—–Š ‘ˆ Š”‹•–‹ƒ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ ƒ† ‘–‹—‡•–‘ƒ•™‡”–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘™Š‡–Š‡”ƒ†Š‘™•— Š„‡Ž‹‡ˆ ƒŠƒ˜‡™ƒ””ƒ–Ǥ ͷŠ‹• ™‘—Ž†Š‡Ž’Š”‹•–‹ƒ„‡Ž‹‡˜‡”•–‘–Š‹ƒ„‘—––Š‡‡’‹•–‡‹ •–ƒ–—•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”„‡Ž‹‡ˆǤ Š‡ƒ‹‘ˆ–Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”‹•–‘•—ƒ”‹•‡ƒ†‡š’Žƒ‹Š‹•‰‡‡”ƒŽ‡’‹•–‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šƒ†‹–•ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘–‘Š”‹•–‹ƒ„‡Ž‹‡ˆǡƒ†–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›–Š‡‡›‹••—‡•™Š‹ Šƒ”‡ Ž‹‡Ž›–‘‡Ž‹ ‹–ƒ–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ”‡•’‘•‡ǤŠ‹•†‹• —••‹‘ˆ‘ —•‡•‘Š‹•Ȁ‘†‡Žƒ•ƒ„ƒ•‹• . Ǥ Žƒ–‹‰ƒǡ Warrant: the Current Debate ȋšˆ‘”†ǣ šˆ‘”† ‹˜‡”•‹–› ”‡••ǡ ͳͻͻ͵Ȍǡ ʹʹͺ’’Ǥ ȋŠ‡”‡ƒˆ–‡””‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•WCDǢ —””‡–‘„˜‹‘—•Ž›‡ƒ• —””‡–ƒ––Š‡–‹‡‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ȌǤ ʹ Ǥ Žƒ–‹‰ƒǡ Warrant and Proper Function ȋšˆ‘”†ǣ šˆ‘”† ‹˜‡”•‹–› ”‡••ǡ ͳͻͻ͵Ȍǡ ʹͶ͵’’Ǥ ȋŠ‡”‡ƒˆ–‡””‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•WPFȌǤ ͵ Ǥ Žƒ–‹‰ƒǡ Warranted Christian Belief ȋšˆ‘”†ǣ šˆ‘”† ‹˜‡”•‹–› ”‡••ǡ ʹͲͲͲȌǡ ͷͲͺ’’Ǥ ȋŠ‡”‡ƒˆ–‡””‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•WCBȌǤ ͶǤŽƒ–‹‰ƒǡKnowledge and Christian Beliefȋ ”ƒ†ƒ’‹†•ǣ‡”†ƒ•ǡʹͲͳͷȌǡͳʹͻ’’ǤȋŠ‡”‡ƒˆ–‡” ”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•KCBȌǤ ‡Šƒ•ƒŽ•‘‰‹˜‡ƒ˜‡”› ‘ ‹•‡ǡ–™‘Ǧ’ƒ‰‡•—ƒ”›‘ˆŠ‹•’—”’‘•‡•‹ǣǤ Plantinga, ‘Warranted Christian Belief: A Précis by the Author,’ Philosophia Christi͵ȋʹͲͲͳȌǡ͵ʹ͹Ǧ ͺǤ ͷWCBǡš‹‹‹Ǧš‹˜Ǥ ͳ. 15.

(52) Chapter 2. ˆ‘”†‹• —••‹‰–Š‡–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ”‡•’‘•‡•‹–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ Šƒ’–‡”•ǤŠ‹••—ƒ”›‹•„ƒ•‡† ‘WCB„—–ƒŽ•‘ƒ‡•—•‡‘ˆŠ‹•‘™”‡ ‡–•—ƒ”›‹KCBƒ† ‘’”‹•‡•ˆ‹˜‡’ƒ”–•ǣ ͳǤ Š‡ ‘ ‡’–‘ˆ™ƒ””ƒ–ƒ†•‘‡†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘• ʹǤ Š‡ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡‹•ƒ†Š”‹•–‹ƒ„‡Ž‹‡ˆ ͵Ǥ Š‡„ƒ•‹ Ȁ‘†‡Ž ͶǤ Š‡‡š–‡†‡†Ȁ‘†‡Ž ͷǤ ‘–‡–‹ƒŽ†‡ˆ‡ƒ–‡”•ˆ‘”–Š‡Ȁ‘†‡Ž . 2.2 The Concept of Warrant and Some Definitions. •–Š‡•—„Œ‡ –‘ˆ–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•‹•Ž‘ ƒ–‡†ƒ––Š‡‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†‡’‹•–‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡ‹–‹• ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ –‘ †‡ˆ‹‡ –Š‡ –‡”‹‘Ž‘‰› —•‡† „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ™‘”†• ƒ Šƒ˜‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‡ƒ‹‰•‹–Š‡•‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆ‹‡Ž†•Ǥ ’‹•–‡‘Ž‘‰›ƒ††”‡••‡•–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘ǣ™Šƒ–‹•‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ†Š‘™ ƒ™‡‘„–ƒ‹ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǫ‘™Ž‡†‰‡‹•†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡†ˆ”‘„‡Ž‹‡ˆǤ

(53) •‘‡‡’‹•–‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡• –Š‡ –™‘ ƒ”‡ •‡‡ ƒ• ‘’’‘•‹‰ ‡ƒ Š ‘–Š‡”ǣ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‹’Ž‹‡• ‡”–ƒ‹–› ™Š‡”‡ƒ• ƒ ‡› ƒ•’‡ –‘ˆ„‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹••‡‡ƒ•— ‡”–ƒ‹–›‘”†‘—„–ǤŠ‹•‹•‘––Š‡™ƒ›Žƒ–‹‰ƒƒ†ǡ‘”‡ generally, analytical philosophers make the distinction. In Plantinga’s approach, ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‹• ƒ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ –”—‡ „‡Ž‹‡ˆǡ „—– ‹ ‘”†‡” ˆ‘” „‡Ž‹‡ˆ –‘ “—ƒŽ‹ˆ› ƒ• ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǡ •‘‡–Š‹‰ ƒdditional is required. The nature of this ‘something additional’ i• –Š‡ ‡› ‹••—‡Ǥ Š‡ ƒ‹ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘ ‘ˆ Žƒ–‹‰ƒ –‘ –Š‹• †‡„ƒ–‡ ‹• Š‹• ’”‘’‘•ƒŽ –Šƒ– –Š‹• ‘something additional’ that turns belief into knowledge is ™Šƒ– Š‡ ƒŽŽ• warrantǤ  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ Žantinga, knowledge is ‘warranted true belief.’ As he says: “warrant is a ’”‘’‡”–›–‘”„‡––‡”ǡ“—ƒ–‹–›–‡‘—‰Š‘ˆ™Š‹ Š‹•™Šƒ–ƒ‡•–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡ knowledge and mere true belief.”͸ This moves the question from ‘what is knowledge?’ to ‘what is warrant?’ What is –Š‡ ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ ™ƒ””ƒ– ƒ† ™Šƒ– ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ”‡“—‹”‡‡–• ˆ‘” •‘‡–Š‹‰ –‘ „‡ ƒ ‡’–‡† ƒ• ™ƒ””ƒ–ǫŽƒ–‹‰ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†Š‹•–Š‘—‰Š–•ƒ„‘—––Š‹•“—‡•–‹‘‹–™‘•–ƒ‰‡•Ǥ ‡„‡‰ƒ„› –‡•–‹‰ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ‡š‹•–‹‰†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘•‘ˆ™ƒ””ƒ–‹–Š‡ˆ‹”•–’ƒ”–‘ˆŠ‹•™ƒ””ƒ––”‹Ž‘‰› ȋWarrant: The Current DebateȌǡ „—– ˆ‘—† ƒŽŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡ —•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‘”›Ǥ  ‡šƒ’Ž‡ ƒ ‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡–Š‹•Ǥ‡ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽƒ ‘—–‘ˆ™ƒ””ƒ–‹•–Šƒ–‘ˆ†‡‘–‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŒ—•–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‹• •—‰‰‡•–• –Šƒ– ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ”‡ Œ—•–‹ˆ‹‡† ‹ Š‘Ž†‹‰ ‡”–ƒ‹ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ƒ† ƒ ‡’–‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ• ‘™Ž‡†‰‡‹ˆƒ†™Š‡–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡†‘‡–Š‡‹”‡’‹•–‡‹ †—–›‹–‡•–‹‰–Š‡•‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ǤŠ‹• –‡•–‹‰‹˜‘Ž˜‡•–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ‘—”Š—ƒ”‡ƒ•‘–‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š™Š‡–Š‡”‘”‘––Š‡”‡‹••—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ‡˜‹†‡ ‡ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥˆ”‘‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡Ȍˆ‘”ƒ ‡”–ƒ‹„‡Ž‹‡ˆǤŽƒ–‹‰ƒƒ”‰—‡•ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Šƒ––Š‹• †‘‡•‘–‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›Ž‡ƒ†–‘™ƒ””ƒ–Ǥ‡šƒ’Ž‡‹•ƒ ƒ•‡™Š‡”‡™‡†‘‘—”—–‘•––‘ ƒ””‹˜‡ƒ–‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǡ„—––Š‡ƒ––‡’–‹••–‹ŽŽ—•— ‡••ˆ—Ž„‡ ƒ—•‡™‡ƒ”‡•—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ˆ”‘ –Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ–‘—” ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ˆƒ —Ž–‹‡•ƒ”‡‘–ˆ— –‹‘‹‰’”‘’‡”Ž›Ǥ Š‹•Ž‡†Š‹–‘’”‘’‘•‡Š‹•ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‹–Š‡•‡ ‘†˜‘Ž—‡ǡWarrant and Proper FunctionǤŠ‡‡›–‘™ƒ””ƒ–‹•–Š‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ’”‘’‡”Ž›ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ˆƒ —Ž–‹‡•Ǥ ‹• . ͸WCBǡš‹ǡƒ•†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”‹WPFǡͶ͸Ǧ͹Ǥ. 16.

(54) Alvin Plantinga’s Aquinas / Calvin Model for Warranted Christian Belief. ’”‘’‘•ƒŽ ‹• –Šƒ– ™ƒ””ƒ– ‹• †‡”‹˜‡† ˆ”‘ ’”‘’‡”Ž› ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ ˆƒ —Ž–‹‡•Ǥ͹  •‹’Ž‡‡šƒ’Ž‡ ƒƒ‡–Š‹• Ž‡ƒ”ǣ

(55) „‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Šƒ–

(56) •‡‡ƒˆŽ‘™‡”‹‰–”‡‡‹›‰ƒ”†‡ƒ† –Š‹• „‡Ž‹‡ˆ ƒ „‡ ™ƒ””ƒ–‡† ƒ† –Š—• ‘•–‹–—–‡ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‹ˆ › ˜‹•—ƒŽ ’‡” ‡’–‹‘ ˆ— –‹‘•’”‘’‡”Ž›Ǥ

(57) ˆ–Š‹•ˆ— –‹‘‹•†ƒƒ‰‡†‡Ǥ‰Ǥ„›•‘‡†‹•‡ƒ•‡‘”„›„‡‹‰‹‡„”‹ƒ–‡†ǡ –Š‡ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ˆƒ —Ž–›‹•‘–ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ƒ•‹–•Š‘—Ž†ƒ†ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ

(58) Šƒ˜‡‘™ƒ””ƒ–ˆ‘” –Š‹• „‡Ž‹‡ˆǤ  ’”‘’‡”Ž› ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ ˆƒ —Ž–› ƒŽ‘‡ ‹• ‘– •—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ˆ‘” ™ƒ””ƒ–ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ƒ† Šƒ• –‘ ‡‡– •‘‡ ˆ—”–Š‡” ”‹–‡”‹ƒ ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ‡‡– –Š‡ ‘†‹–‹‘• ˆ‘” ™ƒ””ƒ–ǤŠ‡•‡ˆ—”–Š‡” ”‹–‡”‹ƒ ƒ„‡•—ƒ”‹•‡†ƒ†‡š’Žƒ‹‡†ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ ‹”•–ǡ’”‘’‡”ˆ— –‹‘‹–Š‹• ‘–‡š–‡ƒ•–Šƒ––Š‡ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ˆƒ —Ž–›ˆ— –‹‘•ƒ• ‹–‘—‰Š––‘†‘ǡƒ†‹•‘–•—„Œ‡ ––‘ƒ›†›•ˆ— –‹‘Ǥ

(59) –Šƒ•–‘ˆ— –‹‘ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡™ƒ› ‹–Šƒ•„‡‡†‡•‹‰‡†ǤŠ‹•†‡•‹‰’Žƒ‘ˆ‘—” ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ˆƒ —Ž–‹‡•‹•ƒ‘–Š‡” ”— ‹ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡– in Plantinga’s proposal. This concept ofƒ†‡•‹‰’Žƒ‹•‡š–‡”ƒŽ–‘–Š‡‘™‹‰•—„Œ‡ –Ǥ Š‹• ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ‹• ‘„˜‹‘—•Ž› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˆ”‘ ƒ› †‡‘–‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡• ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ ‹–‡”ƒŽŽ›‘”‹‡–‡†ƒ•–Š‡›‹˜‘Ž˜‡Ž‘‘‹‰‹–‘–Š‡‘™‹‰•—„Œ‡ –‹–•‡Žˆˆ‘”ƒ‡ƒ•–‘ ƒ””‹˜‡ƒ–™ƒ””ƒ–Ǥ

(60) –•Š‘—Ž†„‡‘–‡†–Šƒ–Žƒ–‹‰ƒ†‘‡•‘–•ƒ›ƒ›–Š‹‰Š‡”‡ƒ„‘—––Š‡ ‘”‹‰‹‘ˆ–Š‹•†‡•‹‰’ŽƒǤͺ

(61) –‹•–Š‡‘–‹‘‘ˆ’”‘’‡”ˆ— –‹‘‹‰–Šƒ–•—‰‰‡•–•–Š‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ ƒ†‡•‹‰’ŽƒǤ ‡ ‘†ǡ‹‘”†‡”–‘ƒ””‹˜‡ƒ–™ƒ””ƒ–ǡ–Š‡•‡ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ˆƒ —Ž–‹‡•Šƒ˜‡–‘ˆ— –‹‘‹ ƒ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡‡˜‹”‘‡––Šƒ–‹•ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡–‘–Š‡•‡ˆƒ —Ž–‹‡•Ǥ•‹’Ž‡‡šƒ’Ž‡™‹ŽŽƒ‡ –Š‹• Ž‡ƒ”Ǥ

(62) „”‘ƒ††ƒ›Ž‹‰Š–

(63)  ƒ•‡‡ƒ„‹”†‹ƒ–”‡‡ƒŠ—†”‡†›ƒ”†•ƒ™ƒ›Ǥ˜‡–Š‘—‰Š ›˜‹•—ƒŽ’‡” ‡’–‹‘ƒ•ƒ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ˆƒ —Ž–›‹•ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ˆ‹‡ǡ‹–™‹ŽŽ‘–™‘”™Š‡‹–‹• ’‹– Š †ƒ”Ǥ

(64)  –Šƒ– ƒ•‡ǡ –Š‡ ‡˜‹”‘‡– ‹• ‘– ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‡š‡” ‹•‡ ‘ˆ › ‘–Š‡”™‹•‡’”‘’‡”Ž›ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ˆƒ —Ž–›Ǥ Š‹”†ǡ–Š‡ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ˆƒ —Ž–›ƒ†‹–•—†‡”Ž›‹‰†‡•‹‰’Žƒ•Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ‹‡†ƒ––Š‡ ’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ–”—‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ǤŠ‹• ƒ„‡•Š‘™ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣŽŽ‹†•‘ˆ™‹•Šˆ—Ž–Š‹‹‰ƒ”‡ ƒ‹‡†ƒ–„‡Ž‹‡˜‹‰•‘‡–Š‹‰–Šƒ–‹•‘––”—‡‘”—Ž‹‡Ž›–‘„‡–”—‡‹‘”†‡”–‘‰ƒ‹•‘‡ ‘–Š‡”„‡‡ˆ‹–Ǥ–‡”‹ƒŽŽ›‹ŽŽ’ƒ–‹‡–•—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ˆ”‘ ƒ ‡”ƒ›™‹•Š–‘„‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Šƒ–Š‡ ™‹ŽŽ„‡ —”‡†ǡ„—––Š‹•‹•ƒˆƒ —Ž–›ƒ‹‡†ƒ–•—”˜‹˜ƒŽǡ‘–ƒ‹‡†ƒ––Š‡’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ–”—‡ „‡Ž‹‡ˆǤŠ‹•’‘‹–Šƒ•ƒ˜‡”›‹’‘”–ƒ–”ƒ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡ ‘†‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ˆƒ —Ž–› „‡‹‰ ƒ‹‡† ƒ– –Š‡ ’”‘†— –‹‘ ‘ˆ –”—‡ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ ƒ‡• ƒ ‘‡ –‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ‹••—‡ ‘ˆ ™ƒ””ƒ–ƒ†–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡–”—–Š‘ˆƒ ‡”–ƒ‹„‡Ž‹‡ˆǤŠ‡“—‡•–ˆ‘”™ƒ””ƒ–‹• ‘–‹†‡’‡†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡“—‡•–ˆ‘”–”—–ŠǤ ‘—”–Šǡ–Š‡†‡•‹‰’Žƒ•Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ‰‘‘†’ŽƒǤŠ‡†‡•‹‰’Žƒ•Š‘—Ž†„‡•— Š–Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‹†‡‡† ƒ Š‹‰Š •–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽ ȋ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡Ȍ ’”‘„ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –Šƒ– ƒ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ ’”‘†— ‡† „› –Š‡ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ˆƒ —Ž–›‹ƒƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡‡˜‹”‘‡–™‹ŽŽ„‡–”—‡ǤŠ‹•ˆ‘—”–Š ‘†‹–‹‘‹’Ž‹‡• –Šƒ–™ƒ””ƒ–‹•‘–ƒƒ„•‘Ž—–‡“—ƒ–‹–›„—– ƒ„‡’”‡•‡–‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–†‡‰”‡‡•†‡’‡†‹‰ ‘–Š‡†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ„‡Ž‹‡ˆǤ Žƒ–‹‰ƒ•—ƒ”‹•‡•ƒŽŽ‘ˆthis in the form of the following definition: “a belief has ™ƒ””ƒ– Œ—•– ‹ˆ ‹– ‹• ’”‘†— ‡† „› ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ ’”‘ ‡••‡• ‘” ˆƒ —Ž–‹‡• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ ’”‘’‡”Ž›ǡ ‹ ƒ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ ‡˜‹”‘‡– –Šƒ– ‹• ’”‘’‹–‹‘—• ˆ‘” –Šƒ– ‡š‡” ‹•‡ ‘ˆ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡  ͹WPFǡͶ͸Ǧ͹Ǥ. ͺKCBǡʹ͸Ǥ ‡”‡ˆ‡”•ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–‘Š‹•ƒ”‰—‡–‰‹˜‡‹WPFȋŠƒ’–‡”ͳͳȌ–Šƒ––Š‡”‡‹•‘˜‹ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ–—”ƒŽ‹•–‹ ƒ ‘—–‘ˆ’”‘’‡”ˆ— –‹‘Ǥ. 17. 2.

(65) Chapter 2. ’‘™‡”•ǡƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ƒ †‡•‹‰’Žƒ–Šƒ–‹••— ‡••ˆ—ŽŽ›ƒ‹‡†ƒ––Š‡’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ–”—‡ belief.”ͻŠ‹• ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ †‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ•™ƒ””ƒ–‡†–”—‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆ ”‡“—‹”‡• ˆ—”–Š‡” ‘‡–Ǥ

(66)  ™‘—Ž† Ž‹‡ –‘ ‘–‡ Š‡”‡ –Šƒ– Žƒ–‹‰ƒ •’‡ƒ• ƒ„‘—– ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ ’”‘ ‡••‡• ‘” ˆƒ —Ž–‹‡•‹–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘Ǥ–”‹ –Ž›•’‡ƒ‹‰ƒ’”‘ ‡••ƒ†ƒˆƒ —Ž–›ƒ”‡‘––Š‡•ƒ‡ ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡›ƒ”‡‘„˜‹‘—•Ž›”‡Žƒ–‡†Ǥ’”‘ ‡••‹•ƒ†›ƒ‹ ’Š‡‘‡‘ƒ†”‡ˆ‡”•–‘ƒ ‘—”•‡ ‘ˆ ƒ –‹‘ ‘” ƒ •‡”‹‡• ‘ˆ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘• ȋƒ• ˆ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ ‹ ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰ȌǤ  ˆƒ —Ž–› ”‡ˆ‡”•–‘ƒ’”‘’‡”–›‘” ‘’‡–‡ ‡ˆ‘”ƒ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ‹†‘ˆƒ –‹‘ǡ„—–‹•‘––Š‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ –Š‹• ƒ –‹‘ ‹–•‡ŽˆǤ Š‹• †‹•–‹ –‹‘ ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ‘‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ– Žƒ–‡” ‹ –Š‡ †‹• —••‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ˆƒ —Ž–‹‡•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–Š‡‹•–‹ „‡Ž‹‡ˆƒ†Š”‹•–‹ƒˆƒ‹–ŠǤ Žƒ–‹‰ƒ ‘ Ž—†‡•–Šƒ––Š‡ ‘ ‡’–‘ˆ™ƒ””ƒ–‹•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆ”‘Œ—•–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒ• ‡–‹‘‡† ƒ„‘˜‡ ƒ• ‹– ‹ Ž—†‡• –Š‡ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ ’”‘ ‡••‡•Ǥ Š‡ ‘ ‡’– ‘ˆ ™ƒ””ƒ–†‘‡•‘–”—Ž‡‘—–ƒ›”‘Ž‡ˆ‘”‡˜‹†‡ ‡‘”‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǡ„—––Š‡•‡Šƒ˜‡–‘„‡–ƒ‡ —’ ƒ• ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ’”‘ ‡•• ‰‘˜‡”‡† „› –Š‡ ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ ˆƒ —Ž–›Ž‡ƒ†‹‰–‘–Š‡’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ™ƒ””ƒ–Ǥ˜‡–Š‘—‰Š™‡Šƒ˜‡–‘†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š™ƒ””ƒ– ˆ”‘Œ—•–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ„‘–Š ƒ„‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‡’‹•–‡‹ •–ƒ–—•‘ˆŠ”‹•–‹ƒ„‡Ž‹‡ˆǤͳͲ Š‡ ‘ ‡’–‘ˆ™ƒ””ƒ– †‘‡•‹’Ž›–Šƒ–ƒ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ˆƒ —Ž–›™Š‹ Š‹•†ƒƒ‰‡†–‘ •‘‡‡š–‡–™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡–‘„‡”‡’ƒ‹”‡†ƒ†–Š—•”‡•–‘”‡†–‘‹–•’”‘’‡”ˆ— –‹‘ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘–Š‡†‡•‹‰’ŽƒǤ

(67) ˆ–Š‹• ƒ„‡†‘‡ǡ–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›ˆ‘”™ƒ””ƒ–‡†„‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹•ƒŽ•‘”‡•–‘”‡†Ǥ A simple example is the use of glasses to restore one’s visual perception. Š‹•ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š—•‹‰™ƒ””ƒ–ƒŽ•‘‡ƒ•–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ‹†•‘ˆ„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ›ƒ•’”‘’‡”Ž› „ƒ•‹ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ•‹–Š‡•‡•‡–Šƒ––Š‡›ƒ”‡‘–ˆ‘”‡†‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ‘–Š‡”„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•„›‡ƒ• ‘ˆƒ”‰—‡–•Ǥ‰‘‘†‡šƒ’Ž‡‹•ˆ‘”‡†„›‡‘”›„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•Ǥ

(68)  ƒ„‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Šƒ–

(69) Šƒ†‘”ƒ‰‡ Œ—‹ ‡™‹–Š›„”‡ƒˆƒ•–Ǥ

(70) ˆ›‡‘”›ˆ— –‹‘•’”‘’‡”Ž›ƒ•†‡• ”‹„‡†ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ–Š‹•„‡Ž‹‡ˆ ƒŠƒ˜‡™ƒ””ƒ–Ǥ

(71)  ‘—Ž†‘–ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ†‡”‹˜‡•— Š‘™Ž‡†‰‡ˆ”‘ƒ”‰—‡–•„ƒ•‡†‘ ‘–Š‡”’”‘’‡”Ž›„ƒ•‹ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ•Ǥ

(72) „‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Šƒ–

(73) •‡‡ƒ‡’–›‘”ƒ‰‡Œ—‹ ‡ ƒ‹›‹– Š‡ ™Š‹ Š‹–•‡Žˆ‹• ƒ ’”‘’‡”Ž›„ƒ•‹ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ„ƒ•‡†‘›˜‹•—ƒŽ’‡” ‡’–‹‘ǡ„—––Š‹• †‘‡•‘– ‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›‡ƒ–Šƒ–

(74)  ƒ’”‘˜‡„›™ƒ›‘ˆƒ”‰—‡––Šƒ––Š‡ ‘–‡–•Šƒ˜‡‡–‡”‡†› •–‘ƒ ŠǤ This brings us to Plantinga’s relationship to (classical) foundationalism. ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ƒ••— Š•–ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–™‡†‡”‹˜‡ ‡”–ƒ‹„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•„›™ƒ›‘ˆƒ”‰—‡–ˆ”‘ ‘–Š‡”ǡ’”‘’‡”Ž›„ƒ•‹ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ǤŠ‡“—‡•–‹‘–Š‡‹•™Šƒ–ƒ”‡’”‘’‡”Ž›„ƒ•‹ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ǫŠ‡ ƒ•™‡” ‘ˆ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹• ‹• –Šƒ– ‘Ž› –Š‘•‡ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• “—ƒŽ‹ˆ› ƒ• ’”‘’‡”Ž› „ƒ•‹  ™Š‹ Š‡‡–‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š”‡‡ ”‹–‡”‹ƒǣ–Š‡›ƒ”‡‡˜‹†‡––‘‘—”•‡•‡•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ–Šƒ– •‘‡–Š‹‰ Ž‘‘• ‰”‡‡Ȍǡ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ •‡ŽˆǦ‡˜‹†‡– ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ ʹΪʹαͶȌǡ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ‹ ‘””‹‰‹„Ž‡ ȋ–Š‡› ƒ’’‡ƒ”–‘—•™‹–Šƒ„•‘Ž—–‡ ‘˜‹ –‹‘ǡƒ•‹•–Š‡ ƒ•‡™‹–Š ‡”–ƒ‹‡–ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡•ǡ‡Ǥ‰Ǥˆ‡‡Ž‹‰ –‹”‡†ȌǤ Žƒ–‹‰ƒ †‘‡• ‘– †‡› ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹• ƒ• •— Šǡ „—– ”‹–‹ ‹•‡• Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹• ˆ‘” ‹–• •‡˜‡”‡ ”‡•–”‹ –‹‘• ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ ™Š‹ Š „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ‘—– ƒ• ’”‘’‡”Ž› „ƒ•‹ Ǥ ‡ƒ”‰—‡•–Š‹•‹–™‘™ƒ›•Ǥ ‹”•–‘ˆƒŽŽǡŠ‡•–ƒ–‡•–Šƒ– Žƒ••‹ ƒŽˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•‹• •‡ŽˆǦ”‡ˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽŽ›‹ ‘Š‡”‡–Ǥ

(75) ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ‹–†‘‡•‘–‡‡–‹–•‘™ ”‹–‡”‹ƒǤ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ . ͻWCBǡš‹Ǥ. ͳͲWCBǡʹͷʹǦͺǡʹͻͲǡ͵ʹͶǤ. 18.

(76) Alvin Plantinga’s Aquinas / Calvin Model for Warranted Christian Belief. ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•‹–•‡Žˆ‹•ƒ„‡Ž‹‡ˆ–Šƒ–‹•‡‹–Š‡”‡˜‹†‡––‘–Š‡•‡•‡•ǡ‘”•‡ŽˆǦ‡˜‹†‡–ǡ‘” ‹ ‘””‹‰‹„Ž‡ˆ”‘‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǡ‘” ƒ„‡ƒ”‰—‡†ˆ‘”‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ‘–Š‡”„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•–Šƒ–‡‡– –Š‡•‡ ”‹–‡”‹ƒǤŠ‡’”‘„Ž‡‹•–Šƒ––Š‹•„‡Ž‹‡ˆ†‘‡•‘–•ƒ–‹•ˆ›–Š‡ ”‹–‡”‹ƒˆ‘”’”‘’‡”Ž›„ƒ•‹  „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• •’‡ ‹ˆ‹‡† „› Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ǡ –Š—• ”‡†‡”‹‰ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹• ‹ ‘Š‡”‡–Ǥ‡ ‘†Ž›ǡƒ†’‘•‹–‹˜‡Ž›ǡŽƒ–‹‰ƒ Žƒ‹•–Šƒ–Š‹•ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘™ƒ””ƒ–‡†–”—‡ „‡Ž‹‡ˆƒ•‘—–Ž‹‡†ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ•Š‘™•–Šƒ–ƒ›‘”‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ›ƒ•’”‘’‡”Ž›„ƒ•‹ •— Šƒ• ‡‘”›„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ǡ„‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹‘–Š‡”‹†•‡– ǤHence, Plantinga’s approƒ Š‹•‘ˆ–‡”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ ƒ•‘•‘ˆ–’‘”‘„”‘ƒ†’ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•Ǥͳͳ Having summarised Plantinga’s epistemology, we ‘™‘˜‡–‘–Š‡ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ –Š‹•‡’‹•–‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘–Š‡‹•ƒ†Š”‹•–‹ƒ„‡Ž‹‡ˆǤ ‘™†‘‡•–Š‹•Š‡Ž’Š‹–‘ •Š‘™–Šƒ––Š‡‹•ƒ†Š”‹•–‹ƒ„‡Ž‹‡ˆ ƒ„‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǫ ‡Šƒ†ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›ƒ”‰—‡†‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”–Šƒ– „‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹ ‘† ƒ„‡”‡‰ƒ”†‡†ƒ•’”‘’‡”Ž›„ƒ•‹ ǤͳʹŽƒ–‹‰ƒ‘™—•‡•–Š‹•™ƒ””ƒ–Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ‡’‹•–‡‘Ž‘‰›–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’Š‹• Žƒ‹ˆ—”–Š‡”–Šƒ––Š‡‹•‹‰‡‡”ƒŽƒ†Š”‹•–‹ƒ„‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ƒ„‡’”‘’‡”Ž›„ƒ•‹ „›•Š‘™‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡› ƒŠƒ˜‡™ƒ””ƒ–Ǥ†‹ˆ–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡ ™ƒ””ƒ–ǡ’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡‘–‹””ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ„‡Ž‹‡˜‹‰‹ ‘†ƒ†–Š‡–”—–Š•‘ˆ–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒˆƒ‹–ŠǤ Before we move on to Plantinga’s application of this way of thinking to theism and Š”‹•–‹ƒ „‡Ž‹‡ˆǡ ƒ ˆ‡™ ˆ—”–Š‡” ‘‡–• ‡‡† –‘ „‡ ƒ†‡ ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ †‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘•Ǥ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ†„‡Ž‹‡ˆƒ•—•‡†‹‡’‹•–‡‘Ž‘‰›Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›„‡‡†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ„‘˜‡Ǥ

(77) –•Š‘—Ž† „‡‘–‡†ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Šƒ–‘–Š‡”’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ›—•‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡–‡”•Ǥ

(78) ‘—” •‘ ‹‡–›ǡ™‘”†•Ž‹‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆƒ†ˆƒ‹–Š ‘‘Ž›‹’Ž›— ‡”–ƒ‹–›ƒ††‘—„–Ǥ

(79)  ‘–”ƒ•––‘ –Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ’—„Ž‹ ‹‘—”•‘ ‹‡–›ǡ–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ƒ•ƒ›—•‡–‡”••— Šƒ•„‡Ž‹‡ˆƒ†ˆƒ‹–Šƒ• ƒŽ‘•– •›‘›‘—•ǡ ƒ† ƒ• ‹’Ž›‹‰ ‡”–ƒ‹–›Ǥ Š‹• ‹• –Š‡ ƒ•‡ ‹ˆ –Š‡› ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ ƒŽ˜‹n’s definition of faith which states that faith is: “a firm and certain knowledge of God’s „‡‡˜‘Ž‡ ‡ –‘™ƒ”†• —•ǡ ˆ‘—†‡† —’‘ –Š‡ –”—–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ”‡‡Ž› ‰‹˜‡ ’”‘‹•‡ ‹ Š”‹•–ǡ both revealed to our minds and sealed upon our hearts through the Holy Spirit.”ͳ͵

(80) –Š‹• ƒ•‡ǡ ˆƒ‹–Š Ž‡ƒ”Ž› ‹’Ž‹‡• ‡”–ƒ‹–› ƒ† ‘™Ž‡†‰‡Ǥ Š‡ –Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ƒ• —•‡ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ ƒ• ƒ •›‘›ˆ‘”ˆƒ‹–Šǡ–Š‡–Š‹•™‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘ƒ’’Ž›–‘„‡Ž‹‡ˆǤ—–‹–•Š‘—Ž†„‡”‡‡„‡”‡†–Šƒ– ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘Žƒ–‹‰ƒ„‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹•‘–‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡––‘‘™Ž‡†‰‡Ǥ‡Ž‹‡ˆ”‡“—‹”‡•™ƒ””ƒ–‹ ‘”†‡”–‘“—ƒŽ‹ˆ›ƒ•‘™Ž‡†‰‡Ǥ As we will see later on, Plantinga also uses Calvin’s definition of faith ‰‹˜‡ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ ƒ†ƒ ‡’–•–Š‡‹ Ž—•‹‘‘ˆ‘™Ž‡†‰‡‹–Š‹•†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ǤŠ‹•‡ƒ•–Šƒ–Š‡—•‡•ˆƒ‹–Š‹ ƒ™ƒ›–Šƒ–‹ Ž—†‡•™ƒ””ƒ–‡†–”—‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆƒ†Š‡ ‡‘™Ž‡†‰‡Ǥ

(81) ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡƒ†ƒ‰ƒ‹ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ƒŽ˜‹ǡŽƒ–‹‰ƒ–Š‡ƒŽ•‘•ƒ›•–Šƒ–ˆƒ‹–Š‹˜‘Ž˜‡•‘”‡–Šƒ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ•–Š‡ cognitive aspect (as indicated by the phrase ‘revealed to our minds’). It also includes our affections (as indicated by the phrase ‘sealed upon our hearts’). All of this means that . ǤǤ Š‹•‡Ž–‘ǡ A Concise Encyclopedia of the Philosophy of Religion ȋ ”ƒ† ƒ’‹†•ǣ ƒ‡”  ƒ†‡‹ ǡʹͲͲʹȌǡͳͲ͸Ǣ–Š‡–‡”„”‘ƒ†ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•‹•–‘„‡’”‡ˆ‡””‡†ƒ•–Š‡”‡‹•‘–Š‹‰•‘ˆ– ƒ„‘—–ƒ‡š’ƒ†‡†•‡–‘ˆ’”‘’‡”Ž›„ƒ•‹ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ•Ǥ ͳʹPlantinga, A., ‘Reason and Belief in God,’ in: A. Plantinga and N. Wolterstorff (eds.), Faith and Rationality: Reason and Belief in Godȋ‘–”‡ƒ‡ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‘–”‡ƒ‡”‡••ǡͳͻͺ͵Ȍǡ’’Ǥͳ͸Ǧ ͻ͵.ȋŠ‡”‡ƒˆ–‡””‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•RBGȌǤ ͳ͵ƒŽ˜‹ǡInstitutes

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(84) ǡ‹‹ǡ͹ǡͷͷͳǤ ͳͳ. 19. 2.

(85) Chapter 2. Žƒ–‹‰ƒ†‘‡•‘–—•‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆƒ†ˆƒ‹–Š•›‘›‘—•Ž›Ǩ

(86) ’”‘’‘•‡–‘summarise Plantinga’s use of these various terms as follows by means of some simple ‘equations’:  Knowledge = true belief + warrant Faith = knowledge (or warranted true belief) + affections. 2.3 Application to Theism and Christian Belief. Š‡‡š–ƒŒ‘”•–‡’‹•–Šƒ–Žƒ–‹‰ƒƒ’’Ž‹‡•–Š‹•Ž‹‡‘ˆ–Š‹‹‰–‘–Š‡‹•‹‰‡‡”ƒŽƒ† Š”‹•–‹ƒ„‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ǥ ‘™†‘‡•Š‡†‘–Š‹•ƒ†™Šƒ–‹•Š‹•”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡ˆ‘”†‘‹‰–Š‹•ǫ • ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ‡–‹‘‡†ǡ Š‹• ’”‹ƒ”› ƒ‹ ‹• –‘ ‡šƒ‹‡ ‘„Œ‡ –‹‘• ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ˆƒ‹–ŠǤ Žƒ–‹‰ƒ †‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡• –™‘ –›’‡• ‘ˆ ‘„Œ‡ –‹‘•ǣ de facto ƒ† de jure ‘„Œ‡ –‹‘•Ǥ De facto ‘„Œ‡ –‹‘• ƒ”‡ ‘„Œ‡ –‹‘• –‘ –Š‡ –”—–Š ‘ˆ Š”‹•–‹ƒ „‡Ž‹‡ˆǤ Š‡•‡ ‘„Œ‡ –‹‘•ƒ”‡ƒ”‰—‡–•™Š‹ Š Žƒ‹–Šƒ–‡›‡Ž‡‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ„‡Ž‹‡ˆƒ”‡ˆƒŽ•‡Ǥ — Š Žƒ‹•ƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡„ƒ•‡†‘•‘‡‘–Š‡”’‹‡ ‡‘ˆƒŽŽ‡‰‡†‘™Ž‡†‰‡Ǥ‡šƒ’Ž‡‹•–Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆ‡˜‹ŽǤ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‹•‘„Œ‡ –‹‘ǡ–Š‡‘ —””‡ ‡‘ˆ‡˜‹Ž‹–Š‹•™‘”Ž† ƒ‘–„‡ •“—ƒ”‡†™‹–Š–Š‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆ–Šƒ– ‘†‹••‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›ƒŽŽǦ’‘™‡”ˆ—ŽǡƒŽŽǦ‘™‹‰ƒ†’‡”ˆ‡ –Ž› ‰‘‘†Ǥ–Š‡”‡šƒ’Ž‡•ƒ”‡–Š‡ƒŽŽ‡‰‡†Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‹’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡†‘ –”‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‹‹–›ǡ‘” –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡‡– –Šƒ– –Š‡ Š—ƒ ’‡”•‘ ‘ˆ ‡•—• ‘ˆ ƒœƒ”‡–Š ‹• –Š‡ •‡ ‘† ‡”•‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹˜‹‡”‹‹–›Ǥ De jure‘„Œ‡ –‹‘•ƒ”‡ƒ”‰—‡–• ‘” Žƒ‹•–‘–Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ ––Šƒ–ǡ‹””‡•’‡ –‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡ –”—–Š‘ˆŠ”‹•–‹ƒ„‡Ž‹‡ˆǡ–Š‹•„‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹••‘‡Š‘™‹””ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘”—Œ—•–‹ˆ‹‡†ǡ‘”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‰ƒ says: “not up to snuff from an intellectual point of view.”ͳͶšƒ’Ž‡•ƒ”‡–Š‡ Žƒ‹–Šƒ– „‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹ ‘†‹•Œ—•–™‹•Šˆ—Ž–Š‹‹‰ǡ‘”–Š‡ Žƒ‹–Šƒ–‹–‹•ƒ””‘‰ƒ––‘–Š‹–Šƒ–‘Ž›–Š‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ„‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹•–”—‡ƒ†ƒ›‘–Š‡”„‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹ ‘’ƒ–‹„Ž‡™‹–Š‹–‹•ˆƒŽ•‡Ǥ‘‡’”‘„Ž‡• ƒ „‡ ‡š’”‡••‡† „‘–Š™ƒ›•ǣ –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ ‘ˆ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ ‹ ƒ ƒŽŽǦ’‘™‡”ˆ—Žǡ ƒŽŽǦ‘™‹‰ ƒ† ’‡”ˆ‡ –Ž› ‰‘‘† ‘† ‹ ˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘ —””‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ‡˜‹Ž ƒ ƒŽ•‘ „‡ •‡‡ ƒ• ƒ ’”‘„Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‹””ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ‘–Š‡” †‹•–‹ –‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡•‡ –™‘ –›’‡• ‘ˆ ‘„Œ‡ –‹‘•Ǥ De facto ‘„Œ‡ –‹‘• ƒ”‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› •–”ƒ‹‰Š–ˆ‘”™ƒ”† ƒ† ƒ „‡ ‡šƒ‹‡† ‘ –Š‡ „ƒ•‹• ‘ˆ ‘–Š‡” ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘”‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǤDe jure‘„Œ‡ –‹‘•ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ”‡‘”‡ ‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‡†ƒ•–Š‡›ƒŽ•‘ ƒ††”‡••–Š‡’”‘ ‡••–Šƒ–‰‘‡•‘‹–Š‡‹†‘ˆ–Š‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡”ǣ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›‘”Œ—•–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‹• ‘‡ –‡†–‘ƒ’‡”•‘Ǥ

(87) –”ƒ‹•‡•“—‡•–‹‘••— Šƒ•ǣ‹••‘‡‘‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹Š‹•„‡Ž‹‡ˆǡ‘”‹• •‘‡‘‡Œ—•–‹ˆ‹‡†‹Š‘Ž†‹‰ƒ ‡”–ƒ‹„‡Ž‹‡ˆǫ Žƒ–‹‰ƒ Šƒ• ˆ‘ —•‡† Š‹• ™‘” ‘ ƒ††”‡••‹‰ –Š‡ ‹••—‡ ‘ˆ de jure ‘„Œ‡ –‹‘• –‘ Š”‹•–‹ƒ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ ƒ† Šƒ• ”ƒ‹•‡† –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ǣ ™Šƒ– ™‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ ‰‘‘† ‘” ˜ƒŽ‹† de jure ‘„Œ‡ –‹‘–‘Š”‹•–‹ƒ„‡Ž‹‡ˆǫͳͷƒ•— Šƒ‘„Œ‡ –‹‘„‡ˆ‘—†ǫ†‹ˆ–Š‡”‡‹•‘‡ǡ‹•–Š‡”‡ ƒ’‘••‹„Ž‡”‡•’‘•‡–‘ ‘—–‡”ƒ –‹–•— ‡••ˆ—ŽŽ›ǫ —„‡”‘ˆ Žƒ‹•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡’”‡•‡–‡†‹–Š‡’ƒ•–ƒ•de jure‘„Œ‡ –‹‘•™Š‹ Šǡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘Žƒ–‹‰ƒǡŠƒ˜‡–‘„‡†‹•‹••‡†ǡ‘” ƒ„‡ƒ•™‡”‡†”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›‡ƒ•‹Ž›ǤŠ‹• ƒ’’Ž‹‡• –‘ ‘„Œ‡ –‹‘• •’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ› ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ Œ—•–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘” ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ . ͳͶWCBǡ‹šǤ. ͳͷWCBǡšǢŽƒ–‹‰ƒ†‹• —••‡•–Š‹•“—‡•–‹‘ƒ–Ž‡‰–Š‹ƒ”–

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(89) ‘ˆWCBȋŠƒ’–‡”•͵ǦͷȌǤ. 20.

(90) Alvin Plantinga’s Aquinas / Calvin Model for Warranted Christian Belief. Žƒ–‹‰ƒ†‡ˆ‡†•–Š‹•˜‹‡™ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡•ƒ‡Ž‹‡•ƒ•’”‡•‡–‡†ƒ„‘˜‡‹–Š‡ ‘–‡š–‘ˆŠ‹• ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‡’‹•–‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡƒ† ƒ„‡•—ƒ”‹•‡†ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣͳ͸ —•–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‹ Ž—†‡•–™‘‡Ž‡‡–•‘””‡“—‹”‡‡–•ǤŠ‡ˆ‹”•–‹• –Šƒ–ƒ’‡”•‘‹• Œ—•–‹ˆ‹‡†–‘Š‘Ž†ƒ ‡”–ƒ‹„‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹ˆ–Š‡”‡‹••—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‡˜‹†‡ ‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‹•„‡Ž‹‡ˆǤŠ‡ •‡ ‘†‡Ž‡‡–‹•–Šƒ–‘ˆ‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‹‘‘”ȋ‘”ƒŽȌ†—–›Ǥ ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡‹†‡ƒ•‘ˆ‘ ‡ǡ–Š‡–™‘ ƒ”‡”‡Žƒ–‡†Ǥ‡‹•‘„Ž‹‰‡†–‘‰‹˜‡ƒ••‡–‘Ž›–‘–Šƒ–ˆ‘”™Š‹ Š›‘—Šƒ˜‡‰‘‘†”‡ƒ•‘•ǡ ‰‘‘†‡˜‹†‡ ‡Ǥͳ͹’’Ž›‹‰–Š‹•–‘Š”‹•–‹ƒ„‡Ž‹‡ˆǡƒde jure‘„Œ‡ –‹‘„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡ ‘ ‡’– ‘ˆŒ—•–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘™‘—Ž†„‡–Šƒ–ƒˆ–‡”‡š‡” ‹•‹‰–Š‡†—–›‘ˆ ƒ”‡ˆ—Ž‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡” †‘‡• ‘– Šƒ˜‡ ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ ‡˜‹†‡ ‡ ˆ‘” Š‹• „‡Ž‹‡ˆǤ Š‹• „”‹‰• —• „ƒ  –‘ –Š‡ ‘ ‡’– ‘ˆ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ȋ•‡‡ƒ„‘˜‡ȌǤŠ‡“—‡•–‹‘‹•™Š‡–Š‡”Š”‹•–‹ƒ„‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹•Œ—•–‹ˆ‹‡† ‹–Š‡•‡•‡–Šƒ–‹–•ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡•–Š‡ ‘†‹–‹‘•‘ˆ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ǤŽƒ–‹‰ƒƒ”‰—‡• ƒ‰ƒ‹ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Šƒ– Žƒ••‹ ƒŽˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•Šƒ••‡”‹‘—•’”‘„Ž‡• ȋ•‡‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ȌǤ‘”‡ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ•–Šƒ‘Ž›–Š‘•‡ƒ ‡’–‡†„› Žƒ••‹ ƒŽˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹• ƒ„‡Š‡Ž†‹–Š‡„ƒ•‹ ™ƒ› ƒ†–Š‹• ƒ‹ Ž—†‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ„‡Ž‹‡ˆǤŠ‡ ‘ Ž—•‹‘‹•–Šƒ––Š‡“—‡•–‹‘ƒ„‘—–Œ—•–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ƒ‘–„‡ƒ˜ƒŽ‹†de jure‘„Œ‡ –‹‘Ǥͳͺ Žƒ–‹‰ƒ‡š’Žƒ‹•ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•–Šƒ–”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›ƒ•†‡ˆ‹‡†‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–™ƒ›•ƒŽ•‘†‘‡• ‘–’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ˜ƒŽ‹†de jureƒ”‰—‡–ƒ‰ƒ‹•–Š”‹•–‹ƒ„‡Ž‹‡ˆǤͳͻ‘‡‘‡‹•‹””ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹ Š‘Ž†‹‰ ƒ ‡”–ƒ‹ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ ‹ˆ Š‹• ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ ˆƒ —Ž–‹‡• ƒ”‡ ‘– ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ ’”‘’‡”Ž›ǡ ‘” ƒ”‡ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰‹–Š‡™”‘‰‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ƒ„‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ‹” —•–ƒ ‡•ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ™Š‡ –Š‡› ”‡•—Ž– ˆ”‘ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ ’‘™‡”• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ ’”‘’‡”Ž›Ǥ Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ ‹• ™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‹• ƒŽ•‘ ƒ’’Ž‹‡• –‘ –Š‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ˆƒ‹–ŠǤ Žƒ–‹‰ƒ •—‰‰‡•–• –Šƒ– –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ƒ„‘—–”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹–› ‘‡• Ž‘•‡”–‘ƒ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›˜ƒŽ‹†de jure‘„Œ‡ –‹‘ǡ„—–†‘‡• ‘–›‡–”‡ƒ Š–Š‡Š‡ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ––‡”ǤŠ‹•„”‹‰•Žƒ–‹‰ƒ–‘ƒ‘”‡‹Ǧ†‡’–Š†‹• —••‹‘ ‘ˆŠ—ƒ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ˆƒ —Ž–‹‡•Ǥ Žƒ–‹‰ƒ ‘–‹—‡•Š‹••‡ƒ” Šˆ‘”–Š‡„‡•–ǡ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›˜ƒŽ‹† de jure‘„Œ‡ –‹‘–‘ Š”‹•–‹ƒ„‡Ž‹‡ˆ„›Ž‘‘‹‰ƒ––Š‡™‘”‘ˆ ”‡—†ƒ†ƒ”šǤŠ‡Žƒ––‡”ƒ”‰—‡•–Šƒ–”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• „‡Ž‹‡ˆ ‹• ’”‘†— ‡† „› †‹•‘”†‡”‡† ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ ’”‘ ‡••‡• ™Š‹ Š †‹•‘”†‡” ‹• †—‡ –‘ ƒ †›•ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽǡ’‡”˜‡”•‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ ”‡—†‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ› Žƒ‹•–Šƒ–”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•„‡Ž‹‡ˆ ‹•’”‘†— ‡†„›ƒ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡’”‘ ‡••‘–ƒ‹‡†ƒ––Š‡’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ–”—‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆǡ„—–ƒ –‹‰ ƒ•ƒ‡ Šƒ‹•‘ˆ’•› Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ™‹•ŠǦˆ—Žˆ‹Ž‡–Ǥ

(91) „‘–Š ƒ•‡•ǡ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•„‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹••‡‡ƒ• ‹””ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ• ‹– ‹• ‘– ’”‘†— ‡† „› ’”‘’‡”Ž› ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ ˆƒ —Ž–‹‡• ƒ‹‡† ƒ– ’”‘†— ‹‰–”—‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•Ǥ ‘”†‹‰–‘ƒ”šƒ† ”‡—†ǡ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ˆƒ —Ž–‹‡•ƒ”‡ƒ–™‘”ǡ„—– –Š‡› †‘ ‘– ‡‡– –Š‡ ”‹–‡”‹ƒ ”‡“—‹”‡† –‘ ’”‘†— ‡ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡Ǥ

(92)  ‘–Š‡” ™‘”†•ǡ –Š‡ ‘„Œ‡ –‹‘• ‘ˆ ”‡—† ƒ† ƒ”š ƒ „‡ ”‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡† ƒ• –Šƒ– ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• „‡Ž‹‡ˆ ‹• ‹””ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ „‡ ƒ—•‡‹–Žƒ •warrant‹–Š‡™ƒ›ƒ•†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ„‘˜‡ǤŠ‹•Ž‡ƒ†•Žƒ–‹‰ƒ–‘•–ƒ–‡–Šƒ––Š‡ ‘Ž›’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›˜ƒŽ‹†de jure“—‡•–‹‘‹•™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡‹•–‹ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹‰‡‡”ƒŽƒ†Š”‹•–‹ƒ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ƒŠƒ˜‡™ƒ””ƒ–ǤŠ‡‡š–•–‡’in Plantinga’s project ‹•–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡–‘ ƒ††”‡••–Š‹•“—‡•–‹‘Ǥ‘‡•–Š‡‹•–‹ ƒ†•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ›Š”‹•–‹ƒ„‡Ž‹‡ˆŠƒ˜‡™ƒ””ƒ–ǡƒ†‹ˆ . ͳ͸WCBǡŠƒ’–‡”•͵ƒ†ͶǤ ͳ͹KCBǡͳʹǦ͵Ǥ. ͳͺWCBǡŠƒ’–‡”͵Ǥ ͳͻWCBǡŠƒ’–‡”ͶǤ. 21. 2.

(93) Chapter 2. •‘ǡ™Šƒ–‹•–Š‡•‘—” ‡‘ˆ™ƒ””ƒ–ǫ‘‰‹˜‡ƒ”‡•’‘•‡–‘–Š‹•“—‡•–‹‘‹•–Š‡‡š–ƒŒ‘” •–‡’ƒ†–Š‡•—„Œ‡ –‘ˆ–Š‡‡š–’ƒ”–‹WCBǤ . 2.4 The Basic A/C Model. Žƒ–‹‰ƒ ’”‘ ‡‡†• –‘ •Š‘™ ˆ‹”•– ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ –Šƒ– –Š‡‹•–‹  „‡Ž‹‡ˆ ‹ ‰‡‡”ƒŽǡ ‹ˆ –”—‡ǡ ƒ Šƒ˜‡ ™ƒ””ƒ–Ǥ ‘”–Š‹•’—”’‘•‡ǡŠ‡Šƒ•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†™Šƒ–Š‡ ƒŽŽ•–Š‡„ƒ•‹ “—‹ƒ•ȀƒŽ˜‹ȋȀȌ ‘†‡ŽǤ

(94) –‹•‹’‘”–ƒ–to let Plantinga explain what he means by the word ‘m‘†‡Žǡ’ as this ƒ Šƒ˜‡ •— Š ƒ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ ‡ƒ‹‰•ǣ “The rough idea is this: to give a model of a ’”‘’‘•‹–‹‘‘”•–ƒ–‡‘ˆƒˆˆƒ‹”•S‹•–‘•Š‘™how it could be–Šƒ–‹•–”—‡‘”ƒ –—ƒŽǤŠ‡‘†‡Ž ‹–•‡Žˆ™‹ŽŽ„‡another’”‘’‘•‹–‹‘ȋ‘”•–ƒ–‡‘ˆƒˆˆƒ‹”•Ȍǡ‘‡•— Š–Šƒ–‹–‹• Ž‡ƒ”ȋͳȌ–Šƒ–‹–‹• ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ƒ† ȋʹȌ –Šƒ– ‹ˆ ‹– ‹• trueǡ –Š‡ •‘ ‹• –Š‡ –ƒ”‰‡– ’”‘’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ ”‘ –Š‡•‡ –™‘ǡ ‘ˆ course, it follows that the target proposition is possible.”ʹͲ

(95)  –Š‹• ƒ•‡ǡ –Š‡ „ƒ•‹  Ȁ ‘†‡Ž ‹• ƒ ‘†‡Ž ‘ˆ –Š‡‹•–‹  „‡Ž‹‡ˆ Šƒ˜‹‰ ™ƒ””ƒ– ȋŽƒ–‡”ǡ Žƒ–‹‰ƒ ™‹ŽŽ ’”‡•‡– –Š‡ ‡š–‡†‡†Ȁ‘†‡Žƒ•ƒ‘†‡Žˆ‘”•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ›Š”‹•–‹ƒ„‡Ž‹‡ˆŠƒ˜‹‰™ƒ””ƒ–ȌǤ

(96) ˆ–Š‡•‡ ‘†‡Ž•ƒ”‡„‘–Š’‘••‹„Ž‡ƒ†–”—‡ǡ–Š‡–Š‡‹•–‹ „‡Ž‹‡ˆƒ†Š”‹•–‹ƒ„‡Ž‹‡ˆ ƒ„‡’‘••‹„Ž‡ ƒ†–”—‡Ǥ ‘–Š‡” ‹’‘”–ƒ– ’”‡Ž‹‹ƒ”› ’‘‹– ‹• –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰Ǥ •‹‰ –Š‡ ‘ ‡’– ‘ˆ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ƒ• ™ƒ””ƒ–‡† –”—‡ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ ‹’Ž‹‡• –Š‡ –”—–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ ‹ “—‡•–‹‘ ƒ• ƒ ‡ ‡••ƒ”› ‘†‹–‹‘Ǥ

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