Constructing communities : clustered neighbourhood settlements of the Central Anatolian Neolithic ca. 8500-5500 Cal. BC

(1)

Constructing communities : clustered neighbourhood settlements of

the Central Anatolian Neolithic ca. 8500-5500 Cal. BC

Düring, B.S.

Citation

Düring, B. S. (2006, March 16). Constructing communities : clustered neighbourhood

settlements of the Central Anatolian Neolithic ca. 8500-5500 Cal. BC. Nederlands Instituut

voor het Nabije Oosten, Leiden. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/4340

Version:

Not Applicable (or Unknown)

License:

Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the

_{Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden}

Downloaded from:

https://hdl.handle.net/1887/4340

(2)

LI

ST OF FIGURES .

.

xi

LI

ST OF TABLES .

.

xi

v

ACKNOW LEDGEMENTS

.

xv

I

NTRODUCTI

ON

.

1 CHAPTER 1:

THE CENTRAL ANATOLI

AN NEOLI

THI

C

.

4

1.

1 LANDSCAPES AND CLI

MATES OF CENTRAL ANATOLIA .

.

4

1.

2 CLI

MATE AND VEGETATION OF CENTRAL ANATOLIA IN THE NEOLITHIC .

.

6

1.

2.

1 THE

RESEARCH HI

STORY OF THE CENTRAL ANATOLIAN NEOLITHIC

.

8

1.

2.

2 A SYNTHETI

C APPROACH .

.

11

1.

3.

1 THE

NEOLI

THIC OF CENTRAL ANATOLIA OR THE CENTRAL ANATOLIAN NEOLITHIC?

12

1.

3.

2 CHRONOLOGY AND TERMI

NOLOGY OF THE CENTRAL ANATOLIAN NEOLITHIC

.

16

1.

3.

3. SKETCH OF THE ACERAMI

C

NEOLI

THIC OF CENTRAL ANATOLIA

.

18

1.

3.

4 SKETCH OF THE CERAMI

C NEOLITHIC OF CENTRAL ANATOLIA .

.

20

1.

3.

5 SKETCH OF THE EARLY CHALCOLI

THIC OF CENTRAL ANATOLIA

.

21

1.

4.

1 THE

CLUSTERED NEI

GHBOURHOOD SETTLEMENTS

.

23

OF THE CENTRAL ANATOLIAN NEOLITHIC

CHAPTER 2:

SETTLEMENTS,

STRUCTURES AND SOCI

ETY .

.

26

2.

1.

1 CONCEPTUALI

SING MATERIAL CULTURE

.

26

2.

1 CONCEPTUALI

SING SETTLEMENTS .

.

28

2.

3.

1 ARCHAEOLOGI

CAL APPROACHES TO SETTLEMENTS

.

29

2.

3.

2 THE

CONFI

GURATION OF SETTLEMENTS

.

31

2.

3.

3 THE

CONTEXTUAL ANALYSI

S OF SETTLEMENTS

.

33

2.

3.

4 THE

TEMPORAL DI

MENSION OF SETTLEMENTS

.

36

2.

4.

1 SETTLEMENTS AND SOCI

ETY

.

38

2.

4.

2 THE

CONCEPT OF SOCI

ETY

.

38

2.

4.

3 HOUSEHOLDS

.

39

2.

4.

4 LI

NEAGE HOUSES .

.

43

2.

4.

5 COMMUNAL BUI

LDINGS

.

45

2.

4.

6 CLUSTERED NEI

GHBOURHOODS

.

46

2.

4.

7 LOCAL

COMMUNI

TIES

.

48

2.

4.

8 MI

CROCOSMOS IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT .

.

48 CHAPTER 3:

MATERI

AL I

SSUES OF LOAM BUI

LDI

NGS

.

52

3.

1.

1 REASONI

NG BY ANALOGY .

.

52

3.

1.

2 STUDI

ES OF VERNACULAR LOAM BUILDINGS .

.

53

3.

2.

1 REGI

ONAL VARIABILITY IN BUILDING TRADITIONS

.

55

3.

2.

2 RELATI

NG BUILDING FUNCTIONS AND TECHNOLOGY .

.

57

3.

1 BUI

LDING MATERIALS IN THE CENTRAL ANATOLIAN NEOLITHIC

.

58

3.

2 LOAM

SLABS

.

58

3.

3 LOAM

BRI

CKS

.

60

3.

4 STONE .

.

60

3.

5 MORTAR

.

60

3.

6 PLASTER

.

61

3.

7 TI

MBER .

.

61

3.

4.

1 BUI

LDINGS IN MOTION

.

63

3.

4.

2 CLOSURE AND FOUNDATI

ONS

.

64

3.

4.

3 W

ALL

CONSTRUCTI

ON

.

65

3.

4.

4 W

ALL AND FLOOR PLASTER

.

66

3.

4.

5 ROOF

CONSTRUCTI

ON AND MAINTENANCE .

.

67

(3)

viii

CHAPTER 4: THE AùIKLI HÖYÜK SETTLEMENT

.

72

4.1.1 G

EOGRAPHICAL

S

ETTING

.

72

4.1.2 RESEARCH HISTORY

.

72

4.1.3 STRATIGRAPHY AND CHRONOLOGY .

.

73

4.1.4 ARTEFACTS AND ECOFACTS

.

75

4.2.1 T

HE

A

ùIKLI

H

ÖYÜK

S

ETTLEMENT

.

76

4.2.2 THE

LOAM BUILDINGS

.

77

4.3.1 ROOMS OF LOAM BUILDINGS

.

78

4.3.2 BUILDING UNITS .

.

81

4.3.3 S

INGLE

R

OOM

U

NITS

.

81

4.3.4 M

ULTIPLE

R

OOM

U

NITS

.

82

4.4.1 THE

FEATURES IN THE LOAM BUILDINGS

.

83

4.4.2 HEARTHS

.

84

4.4.3 S

UB

-F

LOOR

B

URIALS

.

86

4.5.1 DEFINING DOMESTIC UNITS

.

89

4.6.1 BUILDINGS IN DIACHRONIC

PERSPECTIVE

.

93

4.7.1 NEIGHBOURHOODS

.

97

4.8.1 E

STIMATING THE

A

ùIKLI

H

ÖYÜK

P

OPULATION

.

101

4.9.1 THE

BUILDING COMPLEXES

.

101 4.10.1 THE

SPATIAL CONFIGURATION OF THE AùIKLI HÖYÜK SETTLEMENT

.

107 4.10.2 ACCESS

PATTERNS AT AùIKLI HÖYÜK

.

107 4.11.1 S

OCIAL

D

IMENSIONS IN THE

S

ETTLEMENT OF

A

ùIKLI

H

ÖYÜK

.

111 CHAPTER 5: THE CANHASAN III SETTLEMENT

.

114

5.1.1 GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING .

.

114

5.1.2 R

ESEARCH

H

ISTORY

.

114

5.1.3 S

TRATIGRAPHY AND

C

HRONOLOGY

.

115

5.1.4 ARTEFACTS AND ECOFACTS

.

115

5.2.1 THE

CANHASAN III SETTLEMENT .

.

116

5.2.2 T

HE

L

OAM

B

UILDINGS OF

C

ANHASAN

III

.

117

5.3.1 R

OOMS OF

L

OAM

B

UILDINGS

.

118

5.3.2 DEFINING BUILDING UNITS

.

119

5.4.1 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTIONS .

.

121

5.5.1 D

EFINING

D

OMESTIC

U

NITS

.

122

5.6.1 N

EIGHBOURHOOD

C

LUSTERS

.

123

5.7.1 ESTIMATING THE CANHASAN III POPULATION

.

124

5.8.1 THE

SPATIAL CONFIGURATION OF THE CANHASAN III SETTLEMENT

.

125

5.8.2 A

CCESS

P

ATTERNS AT

C

ANHASAN

III

.

126

5.8.3 M

OVING

T

HROUGH THE

C

ANHASAN

III S

ETTLEMENT

.

127

5.9.1 SOCIAL

DIMENSIONS IN THE CANHASAN III SETTLEMENT

.

127 CHAPTER 6: THE ÇATALHÖYÜK SETTLEMENT

.

130

6.1.1 G

EOGRAPHICAL

S

ETTING

.

130

6.1.2 THE

LOCATION OF ÇATALHÖYÜK .

.

133

6.1.3 ÇATALHÖYÜK AND OTHER SETTLEMENTS

.

134

6.1.4 RESEARCH HISTORY

.

135

6.1.5 E

XCAVATION

M

ETHODS

.

136

6.1.6 REFLEXIVE METHOD AT ÇATALHÖYÜK

.

138

6.1.7 EXCAVATION AREAS AND BUILDING DESIGNATIONS .

.

140

6.1.8 STRATIGRAPHY .

.

142

6.1.9 A

BSOLUTE

D

ATING AT

Ç

ATALHÖYÜK

.

145 6.1.10 T

HE

Ç

ATALHÖYÜK

D

ATABASE

.

147 6.1.11 CHIPPED STONE INDUSTRIES

.

154 6.1.12 POTTERY

.

154

(4)

ix

6.1.14 OTHER

ARTEFACTS

.

156 6.1.15 BOTANICAL REMAINS

.

157 6.1.16 F

AUNAL

R

EMAINS

.

158

6.2.1 T

HE

Ç

ATALHÖYÜK

S

ETTLEMENT

.

159

6.2.2 THE

LOAM BUILDINGS

.

160

6.2.3 FOUNDING A ÇATALHÖYÜK BUILDING

.

160

6.2.4 CONSTRUCTING A ÇATALHÖYÜK BUILDING .

.

162

6.2.5 B

UILDINGS IN

M

OTION

.

164

6.2.6 THE

USELIFE OF BUILDINGS

.

165

6.3.1 ROOMS OF ÇATALHÖYÜK .

.

166

6.3.2 D

EFINING

B

UILDING

U

NITS AT

Ç

ATALHÖYÜK

.

170

6.4.1 S

PATIAL

D

ISTRIBUTIONS IN

B

UILDINGS

.

174

6.4.2 THE

COMPARTMENTALISATION AND ORIENTATION OF INTERIOR SPACE .

.

176

6.4.3 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTIONS ON THE MICRO-SCALE

.

178

6.4.4 S

PATIAL

D

ISTRIBUTION OF

F

EATURES IN THE

1960

S

A

RCHIVES

.

179

6.4.5 I

NTERIOR

C

OMPARTMENTS

, B

ENCHES

,

AND

S

CREEN

W

ALLS

.

180

6.4.6 HEARTHS AND OVENS

.

184

6.4.7 STORAGE FEATURES

.

186

6.4.8 POSTS AND BUTTRESSES .

.

187

6.4.9 T

HE

Ç

ATALHÖYÜK

I

MAGERY

.

191 6.4.10 WALL

PAINTINGS

.

192 6.4.11 MOULDED FEATURES, INSTALLATIONS AND INCORPORATIONS .

.

195 6.4.12 T

HE

S

UB

-F

LOOR

B

URIALS

.

201

6.5.1 I

NTERPRETING

Ç

ATALHÖYÜK

B

UILDINGS

.

211

6.5.2 DEFINING DOMESTIC UNITS

.

211

6.5.3 THE

INTERIOR CONFIGURATION OF LIVING ROOMS

.

214

6.5.4 BUILDING CLASSIFICATIONS

.

216

6.6.1 B

UILDINGS IN

D

IACHRONIC

P

ERSPECTIVE

.

218

6.7.1 NEIGHBOURHOODS

.

229

6.8.1 ESTIMATING THE POPULATION OF ÇATALHÖYÜK

.

234

6.9.1 THE

SPATIAL CONFIGURATION OF THE ÇATALHÖYÜK SETTLEMENT

.

235

6.9.2 A

CCESS

P

ATTERNS AT

Ç

ATALHÖYÜK

.

236

6.9.3 THE

EXTERIOR SPACES OF THE ÇATALHÖYÜK SETTLEMENT

.

240

6.9.4 MOVING THROUGH THE ÇATALHÖYÜK SETTLEMENT .

.

243 6.10.1 S

OCIAL

D

IMENSION IN THE

Ç

ATALHÖYÜK

S

ETTLEMENT

.

245 CHAPTER 7: THE ERBABA SETTLEMENT

.

248

7.1.1 GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING .

.

248

7.1.2 RESEARCH HISTORY

.

249

7.1.3 S

TRATIGRAPHY AND

C

HRONOLOGY

.

249

7.1.4 A

RTEFACTS AND

E

COFACTS

.

250

7.2.1 THE

ERBABA

SETTLEMENT

.

251

7.2.2 THE

STONE BUILDINGS OF ERBABA .

.

252

7.3.1 R

OOMS OF

S

TONE

B

UILDINGS

.

253

7.3.2 D

EFINING

B

UILDING

U

NITS AT

E

RBABA

.

254

7.4.1 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTIONS AT ERBABA

.

255

7.5.1 DEFINING DOMESTIC UNITS

.

256

7.6.1 E

STIMATING THE

E

RBABA

P

OPULATION

.

256

7.7.1 T

HE

S

PATIAL

C

ONFIGURATION OF THE

E

RBABA

S

ETTLEMENT

.

257

7.7.2 ACCESS

PATTERNS AT ERBABA

.

257

(5)

x

CHAPTER 8: THE CANHASAN I SETTLEMENT

.

260

8.1.1 G

EOGRAPHICAL

S

ETTING

.

260

8.1.2 R

ESEARCH

H

ISTORY

.

260

8.1.3 STRATIGRAPHY AND CHRONOLOGY .

.

261

8.1.4 ABSOLUTE DATING AT CANHASAN I

.

264

8.1.5 A

RTEFACTS AND

E

COFACTS

.

264

8.2.1 T

HE

C

ANHASAN

I S

ETTLEMENT

.

265

8.2.2 THE

CANHASAN I BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES .

.

267

8.3.1 THE

LOAM BUILDINGS OF CANHASAN I

.

270

8.3.2 R

OOMS OF

L

OAM

B

UILDINGS IN

L

AYERS

2B

AND

2A .

.

273

8.3.3 B

UILDING

U

NITS AT

C

ANHASAN

I

IN

L

AYER

2B

.

274

8.4.1 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTIONS IN LAYER

2B AT CANHASAN I

.

275

8.5.1 DEFINING DOMESTIC UNITS

.

277

8.6.1 E

STIMATING THE

C

ANHASAN

I P

OPULATION

.

278

8.7.1 T

HE

S

PATIAL

C

ONFIGURATION OF THE

C

ANHASAN

I S

ETTLEMENT

.

278

8.8.1 SOCIAL

DIMENSIONS IN THE CANHASAN I SETTLEMENT

.

280 CHAPTER 9: CONSTRUCTING COMMUNITIES IN THE CENTRAL ANATOLIAN

NEOLITHIC

.

282

9.1.1 COMMUNITY AND SOCIETY

.

282

9.1.2 C

OMMUNITY AND

S

OCIETY IN

A

RCHAEOLOGY

.

286

9.1.3 S

OCIAL

C

OMPLEXITY AND THE

N

EAR

E

ASTERN

N

EOLITHIC

.

288

9.2.1 THE

CONSTITUTION OF SOCIETY

.

291

9.3.1 HOUSEHOLDS IN THE CENTRAL ANATOLIAN NEOLITHIC

.

293

9.3.2 L

INEAGE

H

OUSES IN THE

C

ENTRAL

A

NATOLIAN

N

EOLITHIC

.

299

9.3.3 C

LUSTERED

N

EIGHBOURHOODS IN THE

C

ENTRAL

A

NATOLIAN

N

EOLITHIC

.

301

9.3.4 COMMUNAL BUILDINGS IN THE CENTRAL ANATOLIAN NEOLITHIC

.

303

9.3.5 LOCAL

COMMUNITIES AND BEYOND IN THE CENTRAL ANATOLIAN NEOLITHIC

.

306

9.4.1 C

ONSTRUCTING

C

OMMUNITIES IN THE

C

ENTRAL

A

NATOLIAN

N

EOLITHIC

.

311 CONCLUSION

.

315 BIBLIOGRAPHY

.

319 SAMENVATTING .

.

359

Constructing communities : clustered neighbourhood settlements of the Central Anatolian Neolithic ca. 8500-5500 Cal. BC