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A critical analysis of the impact of water on the South African campaign in German South West Africa, 1914-1915

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(1)Historia͸ͳǡʹǡ‘˜‡„‡”ʹͲͳ͸’’ʹͻǦͷ͵. AcriticalanalysisoftheimpactofwaterontheSouthAfrican campaigninGermanSouthWestAfrica,19141915  EvertKleynhans    Abstract  Š‡ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒ ƒ’ƒ‹‰ ‹ ‡”ƒ ‘—–Š ‡•– ˆ”‹ ƒ ȋ Ȍ †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ‹”•– ‘”Ž† ƒ” †‡’‡†‡† Žƒ”‰‡Ž› ‘ –Š‡ ƒ ‡••ǡ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–› ƒ† ‘–”‘Ž ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ ™ƒ–‡” •‘—” ‡• ‹ –Š‡ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ”‡ƒǤ Š‡ ‹‘ ‡ˆ‡ ‡ ‘” ‡ ȋ Ȍ ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡† –Š‡ •–”ƒ–‡‰‹  ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡” „‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡ ‹˜ƒ•‹‘ ‘ˆ  ‹ ͳͻͳͶǡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‹– ™ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ‘™–Šƒ––Š‡”‡™‡”‡‘’‡”ƒ‡–™ƒ–‡”•‘—” ‡•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡”‘—–‡•‘ˆƒ†˜ƒ ‡‹–‘ –Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ ‡ƒ”• ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ ‡”ƒ •ƒ„‘–ƒ‰‡ ƒ† ’‘‹•‘‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡™ƒ–‡””‡ƒ‹‡†ƒ ‘•–ƒ– ‘ ‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ†‡ˆ‡ ‡’Žƒ‡”• –Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡ ƒ’ƒ‹‰ǡƒ†ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡™ƒ–‡”•—’’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ–™‡”‡ˆ‹–ˆ‘”„‘–ŠŠ—ƒ ƒ† ƒ‹ƒŽ ‘•—’–‹‘ „‡ ƒ‡ ƒ •–”ƒ–‡‰‹  ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‘ ‡”Ǥ Š‹• ‡ƒ– –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‡ˆ‡ ‡ ‘” ‡Šƒ†–‘ƒ†‘’–ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ‡ƒ•—”‡•–‘‡‡––Š‡‰”‘™‹‰†‡ƒ†ˆ‘” ™ƒ–‡”Ǥ‘”‡Š‘Ž‡•™‡”‡•—ƒ ”‘••–Š‡‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ”‡ƒƒ†‹ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡˆ”‡•Š™ƒ–‡” ™ƒ•–”ƒ•’‘”–‡†ƒ ”‘••–Š‡ƒŽƒŠƒ”‹‡•‡”–„›‘–‘”˜‡Š‹ Ž‡•ƒ†˜‹ƒ•Š‹’’‹‰ˆ”‘ ƒ’‡‘™Ǥ‘•‘‡‡š–‡–ǡ–Š‡’”‘˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ•ƒˆ‡†”‹‹‰™ƒ–‡”†‹ –ƒ–‡†–Š‡’ƒ ‡‘ˆ –Š‡‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ ƒ’ƒ‹‰‹ Ǥ  Keywords: ‹”•– ‘”Ž† ƒ”Ǣ ‡”ƒ ‘—–Š ‡•– ˆ”‹ ƒǢ ‹‘ ‡ˆ‡ ‡ ‘” ‡Ǣ ‘ˆˆ‡•‹˜‡‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǣ Ž‹ƒ–‡ƒ†–‡””ƒ‹Ǣ™ƒ–‡”Ǥ  Opsomming  ‹‡ —‹†Ǧˆ”‹ƒƒ•‡ ˜‡Ž†–‘‰ ‹ —‹–• —‹†™‡•Ǧˆ”‹ƒ ȋȌ –›†‡• †‹‡ ‡”•–‡ ²”‡Ž†‘‘”Ž‘‰™ƒ•‰”‘–‡†‡‡Ž•„‡Ã˜Ž‘‡††‡—”–‘‡‰ƒ‰–‘–ǡ†‹‡„‡•‹„ƒƒ”Š‡‹†˜ƒǡ‡ †‹‡„‡Š‡‡”‘‘”ƒŽŽ‡™ƒ–‡”„”‘‡‹†‹‡‘’‡”ƒ•‹‘‡Ž‡‰‡„‹‡†Ǥ‹‡‹‡˜‡”†‡†‹‰‹‰•ƒ‰ ȋȌŠ‡–†‹‡•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•‡„‡Žƒ‰˜ƒ„‡•‹„ƒ”‡™ƒ–‡”„‡•‡ˆǡ‘‰˜‘‘”†‹‡‹˜ƒŽ˜ƒ  ‹ ͳͻͳͶǡ ˜‡”ƒŽ ‘†ƒ– †‹– „‡‡† ™ƒ• †ƒ– †ƒƒ” ‰‡‡ •–ƒ†Š‘—†‡†‡ ™ƒ–‡”„”‘‡ Žƒ‰• †‹‡ ˜‡”•‡‹‡ ‹˜ƒŽ”‘‡–‡• ™ƒ• ‹‡Ǥ ‹‡ —‹†Ǧˆ”‹ƒƒ•‡ ‹Ž‹–²”‡   ˜‡”– Ž‡›Šƒ•ǡ ‹Ž ȋ–‡ŽŽȌǡ ‹• ƒ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡ ‹ –Š‡ Š ȋ‹ŽȌ ’”‘‰”ƒ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‹•–‘”›ǡ ƒ —Ž–›‘ˆ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‹‡ ‡ǡƒ––‡ŽŽ‡„‘• Š‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ ‹•”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹–‡”‡•–•‹ Ž—†‡‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‹„‘–Š–Š‡‘”Ž†ƒ”•Ǣ–Š‡ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ™‡ƒ–Š‡”ƒ†–‡””ƒ‹‘™ƒ”ˆƒ”‡Ǣ–Š‡š‹•ƒ†ŽŽ‹‡†ƒ”‹–‹‡‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘• ‹ –Š‡ •‘—–Š‡” ‘ ‡ƒ•Ǣ ƒ† –Š‡ ™‹†‡” ‹Ž‹‡— ‘ˆ ™ƒ” ƒ† •‘ ‹‡–› ‹ •‘—–Š‡” ˆ”‹ ƒǤ ‘–ƒ ––Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”ƒ–‡˜‡”–Ž‡›̷‰ƒ‹ŽǤ ‘  Howtocitethisarticle:ǤŽ‡›Šƒ•ǡDz ”‹–‹ ƒŽƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‘–Š‡‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ ƒ’ƒ‹‰‹ ‡”ƒ‘—–Š‡•–ˆ”‹ ƒǡͳͻͳͶǦͳͻͳ͸ǡHistoria͸ͳǡʹǡ‘˜‡„‡”ʹͲͳ͸ǡ’’ʹͻǦͷ͵Ǥ Š––’ǣȀȀ†šǤ†‘‹Ǥ‘”‰ȀͳͲǤͳ͹ͳͷͻȀʹ͵ͲͻǦͺ͵ͻʹȀʹͲͳ͸Ȁ˜͸ͳʹƒʹ Copyright:̹Š‡—–Š‘”ȋ•ȌǤ—„Ž‹•Š‡†—†‡”ƒ”‡ƒ–‹˜‡‘‘•––”‹„—–‹‘‹ ‡ ‡Ǥ. 29.

(2) Ž‡›Šƒ•ȂŠ‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‘–Š‡‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒƒ’ƒ‹‰‹ ‡”ƒ‘—–Š‡•–ˆ”‹ ƒ. „‡’Žƒ‡”•Š‡–†‡—”‰ƒƒ•‰‡˜”‡‡•†ƒ–†‹‡—‹–•‡ƒ‰–‡†‹‡„‡•‹„ƒ”‡™ƒ–‡”„”‘‡ ׈ •‘— •ƒ„‘–‡‡” ׈ •‘— ˜‡”‰‹ˆ–‹‰Ǥ —• Š‡– †‹‡ „‡•‹„ƒƒ”Š‡‹† ˜ƒ ˜‘Ž†‘‡†‡ ™ƒ–‡” ˜‘‘””ƒ†‡ǡ˜‹”‰‡„”—‹†‡—”‡•‡†‹‡”ǡ˜ƒ•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•‡‹Ž‹–²”‡„‡Žƒ‰‰‡™‘”†Ǥ‹‡ ™‡‡”ƒ‰‘‡•†ƒƒ”‘˜ƒÕƒƒ–ƒŽ‡–‘†‡•‰‡„”—‹ƒƒ‘†‹‡‰”‘‘–ƒƒ˜”ƒƒ‰ƒ ™ƒ–‡” –‡ „‡˜”‡†‹‰Ǥ Õ ƒ–ƒŽ „‘‘”‰ƒ–‡ ‹• ‰‡•‹ ‹ †‹‡ ‘’‡”ƒ•‹‘‡Ž‡ ‰‡„‹‡†ǡ ‡ ˜ƒ”• ™ƒ–‡”‹••‘••‡Žˆ•’‡”˜‘‡”–—‹‰‘‘”†‹‡ƒŽƒŠƒ”‹Ǧ™‘‡•–›ƒƒ‰‡”›‘ˆ˜ƒƒˆƒƒ’•–ƒ† ˜‡”•‡‡’Ǥ‹‡˜‡”•ƒˆˆ‹‰˜ƒ˜‡‹Ž‹‰‡†”‹™ƒ–‡”Š‡–•‘†‘‡†‡†‹‡’ƒ•˜ƒ†‹‡—‹†Ǧ ˆ”‹ƒƒ•‡˜‡Ž†–‘‰‹„‡’ƒƒŽǤ  Sleutelwoorde: ‡”•–‡ ²”‡Ž†‘‘”Ž‘‰Ǣ —‹–• —‹†™‡•Ǧˆ”‹ƒǢ ‹‡˜‡”†‡†‹‰‹‰•ƒ‰Ǣ ‘ˆˆ‡•‹‡™‡‘’‡”ƒ•‹‡•ǢŽ‹ƒƒ–‡–‡””‡‹Ǣ™ƒ–‡”Ǥ  Introduction  Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ ‡˜‡”Ǧ’”‡•‡– ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ „‡–™‡‡ ™ƒ”ˆƒ”‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ Š”‘—‰Š‘—– Š‹•–‘”›ǡ –Š‡ ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ ‡Ž‡‡–• ‘ˆ ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š› ȋ™‡ƒ–Š‡”ǡ Ž‹ƒ–‡ǡ –‡””ƒ‹ǡ •‘‹Ž ƒ† ˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘Ȍ Šƒ˜‡ •‡”˜‡† ƒ• †‡ ‹•‹˜‡ ˆƒ –‘”• ‹ –Š‡ ‘†— – ƒ† ‘—– ‘‡ ‘ˆ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘• ƒ– –Š‡ •–”ƒ–‡‰‹ ǡ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† –ƒ –‹ ƒŽ Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‘ˆ ™ƒ”Ǥͳ

(3)  ‡˜‡”› ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘• ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹  Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ • —‹“—‡ –‘ –Šƒ– ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ƒ”‡ƒ ‹–‡”ƒ – ™‹–Š ‘‡ ƒ‘–Š‡” –‘ ’”‘†— ‡ ƒ †‹•–‹ –‹˜‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰ ‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ Š‹• ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‡˜‹”‘‡– ‘’”‹•‡• ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ’Žƒ‹‰ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ‘ˆ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ ‡› ‡Ž‡‡–• ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘ǡ Ž‹ƒ–‡ǡ–‡””ƒ‹•–”— –—”‡ǡ —Ž–—”ƒŽˆƒ –‘”•ǡƒ†‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ† ‘ ‡ƒŽ‡–ǤʹŠ‡•‡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘•’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ—•‡ˆ—Ž–‘‘Žˆ‘”ƒƒŽ›•‹•™Š‡•–—†›‹‰–Š‡Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‹’ƒ – ‘ˆ Ž‹ƒ–‡ƒ†–‡””ƒ‹‘™ƒ”ˆƒ”‡Ǥ   Š‡ ‡–‡‹ƒŽ ‘‡‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹”•– ‘”Ž† ƒ” Šƒ• ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† ”‡‡™‡† ‹–‡”‡•– ‹ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒ ƒ† –Š‡ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡   ‹ –Š‹• ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ‘ˆŽ‹ –Ǥ ‡•’‹–‡ ƒ †‡ˆ‹‹–‡ ”‡•—”‰‡ ‡ ‹ ‹”•– ‘”Ž† ƒ” •–—†‹‡•ǡ –Š‡ ƒŒ‘” Š‹•–‘”‹‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽ™‘”•‘–Š‡ ‹”•–‘”Ž†ƒ””‡ƒ‹”ƒ–Š‡” ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹˜‡‹–Š‡‹” ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ƒ† ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› •’‡ƒ‹‰ ƒ „‡ –‡”‡† Dz†”— ƒ† –”—’‡–dz ‘” ƒ’ƒ‹‰ Š‹•–‘”‹‡•Ǥ͵Š‹•ƒ’’Ž‹‡•–‘ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”•™Š‹ Šˆ‘ —•‘–Š‡ˆ”‹ ƒ ƒ’ƒ‹‰•‘ˆ –Š‡™ƒ”ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›–Š‡‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ ƒ’ƒ‹‰‹ ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š—‡”‘—•„‘‘•.  ͳǤ ǤǤ‹–‡”•ǡ‡–ƒŽǡBattlingtheElements:WeatherandTerrainintheConductofWar ȋ ‘Š• ‘’‹•‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡƒ”›Žƒ†ǡͳͻͻͺȌǡ’ͳǢƒ† ǤǤǤ‹–ƒ† ǤǤ ƒ•‡ ˜ƒ ‡•„—”‰ǡ Dz— ‡•• ƒ† ƒ‹Ž—”‡ ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ ‘††‡” ‹˜‡” †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ‰Ž‘Ǧ‘‡” ƒ”ǣŠ‡

(4) ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ‡””ƒ‹dzǡScientiaMilitariaǡͶʹǡͶȋʹͲͳͶȌǡ’ͳͳͺǤ ʹǤ ǤǤ ‘”•‘ǡ Dz’‡”ƒ–‹‘

(5) ”ƒ“‹ ”‡‡†‘ǣ ‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘• ˆ‘” ‡•‡”– ƒ”ˆƒ”‡dzǡ‹Ǥ ǤƒŽƒƒ† ǤǤ ƒŽ‰ƒ‘ȋ‡†•ȌǡMilitaryGeography:FromPeacetoWar ȋ ”ƒ™Ǧ ‹ŽŽǡ ‘•–‘ǡ ʹͲͲͷȌǡ ’’ ͳͷͷȂͳͷ͸Ǣ ǤǤ ƒ ‘„•ǡ ǤǤ ƒ•‡ ˜ƒ ‡•„—”‰ ƒ† ǤǤǤ ‹–ǡ Dz‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‡‘‰”ƒ’Š› ‹ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒ ƒ– –Š‡ ƒ™ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ʹͳ•– ‡–—”›dzǡ SouthAfricanGeographicalJournalǡͺͶǡʹȋʹͲͲʹȌǡ’’ͳͻͷȂͳͻ͸Ǥ ͵Ǥ ǤŽƒ ǡRethinkingMilitaryHistoryȋ‘—–Ž‡†‰‡ǡ‘†‘ǡʹͲͲͶȌǡ’’ʹ͸ȂͷͻǤ . 30.

(6) Ž‡›Šƒ•ȂŠ‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‘–Š‡‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒƒ’ƒ‹‰‹ ‡”ƒ‘—–Š‡•–ˆ”‹ ƒ. Šƒ˜‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†‘–Š‹• ƒ’ƒ‹‰ǡͶ‘Ž›ƒˆ‡™’”‘‹‡–™”‹–‡”•ƒ†Š‹•–‘”‹ƒ•Šƒ˜‡ ‘•—Ž–‡†–Š‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ƒ” Š‹˜ƒŽƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ™Š‹ Šˆ‘ —•‡•‘–Š‡‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ ƒ’ƒ‹‰‹–Š‹•ˆ‘”‡” ‡”ƒ ‘Ž‘›ǤŠ‡•‡†‘ —‡–•ƒ”‡”‡ƒ†‹Ž›ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ––Š‡ ‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ‡ˆ‡ ‡‘ —‡–ƒ–‹‘‡–”‡ȋ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›” Š‹˜‡•Ȍ‹”‡–‘”‹ƒǤ‡•’‹–‡ –Š‹•ǡ –Š‡ ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‘ˆ ™”‹–‡”• ƒ† Š‹•–‘”‹ƒ•ǡ „‘–Š ƒƒ–‡—” ƒ† ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽǡ Šƒ˜‡ ”‡•‘”–‡†–‘•‹’Ž›”‡’Š”ƒ•‹‰ƒ†”‡Ǧ ‹” —Žƒ–‹‰‹†‡ƒ•ƒ† ‘ ‡’–•‡ƒƒ–‹‰‹–Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ‹•–ƒ ‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ Š‹•–‘”‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ͳͻʹͲ• ƒ† ͳͻ͵Ͳ•Ǥ ‡”Šƒ’• ‹– ‹• –Š‹• —†—‡”‡Ž‹ƒ ‡‘’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›’—„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•Ž‡†–‘–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽƒ’ƒ–Š› ˆ‘”‡™ƒ” Š‹˜ƒŽ”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤŠ‹•‹•’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›–Š‡ ƒ•‡ˆ‘”–Š‡Žƒ–‡•–™‘”•™Š‹ ŠŠƒ˜‡ ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†‘–Š‹• ƒ’ƒ‹‰Ǥ   Š‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆ Ž‹ƒ–‡ƒ†–‡””ƒ‹‘–Š‡ ƒ’ƒ‹‰‹ Šƒ•”‡ ‡‹˜‡†˜‡”› Ž‹––Ž‡• Š‘Žƒ”Ž›ƒ––‡–‹‘ǤŠ‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‘–Š‹• ƒ’ƒ‹‰ ‡”‡Ž› ƒ‡ „”‹‡ˆ ‡–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡” †—”‹‰ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒˆ‡™‘ˆ–Š‡†‘‹†‡‡††‹• —••–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‹‰”‡ƒ–‡”†‡’–Šǡ ƒ†–Š‡•‡™‘”•†‡•‡”˜‡ Ž‘•‡”ƒ––‡–‹‘Ǥ  

(7) ƒ˜ƒ†‡”ƒƒ‰™ƒ•–Š‡ˆ‹”•–‹Ž‹–ƒ”›Š‹•–‘”‹ƒ–‘’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†ƒƒŽ›•‹• ‘ˆŠ‘™–Š‡•Š‘”–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‹’ƒ –‡†‘–Š‡ ƒ’ƒ‹‰‹ Ǥ ‡ˆ‹”•–‡–‹‘‡† –Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ Ž‹ƒ–‡ƒ†–‡””ƒ‹‘™ƒ”ˆƒ”‡‹Š‹•ʹͲͲͷ Šƒ’–‡”ǡDzƒ–‡”ƒ†  ‘Ž‘‰› ‘ˆ ƒ”ˆƒ”‡ ‹ ‘—–Š‡” ˆ”‹ ƒdzǡ ƒ Šƒ’–‡” ‹ African Water Histories: Transdisciplinary Discourses.ͷ ‡”‡ Š‡ ƒ”‰—‡• ‘˜‹ ‹‰Ž› –Šƒ– Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ ‘•– ‘ˆ  ͶǤ Š‡•‡ „‘‘• ‹ Ž—†‡ǡ „—– ƒ”‡ ‘– Ž‹‹–‡† –‘ǣ Ǥ ƒ’•‘ǡ World War I in Africa: The ForgottenConflictamongtheEuropeanPowersȋ

(8) ǤǤƒ—”—•ǡ‘†‘ǡʹͲͳ͵ȌǢ Ǥǯ‰‡ǡ UrgentImperialService:SouthAfricanForcesinGermanSouthWestAfrica,1914–1915 ȋ•Šƒ–‹ —„Ž‹•Š‹‰ǡ ‹˜‘‹ƒǡ ͳͻͻͳȌǢ Ǥ ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•ǡ Springboks, Troepies and Cadres: Stories of the South African Army, 1912–2012 ȋƒˆ‡Ž„‡”‰ǡ ƒ’‡ ‘™ǡ ʹͲͳʹȌǢ Ǥ Ǥ ‘ŽŽ›‡”ǡTheCampaigninGermanSouthWestAfrica,1914–1915ȋ ‘˜‡”‡–”‹–‡”ǡ ”‡–‘”‹ƒǡͳͻ͵͹ȌǢ Ǥ Ǥ”‡™ǡBothaTreksȋŽƒ ‹‡Ƭ‘ǡ Žƒ•‰‘™ǡͳͻ͵͸ȌǢ Ǥ–”ƒ Šƒǡ TheFirstWorldWarinAfricaȋšˆ‘”†‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡ‡™‘”ǡʹͲͲ͹ȌǢ

(9) Ǥ Ž‡‡•‘ǡ The Unknown Force: Black, Indian and Coloured Soldiers through Two World Wars ȋ•Šƒ–‹—„Ž‹•Š‹‰ǡ‹˜‘‹ƒǡͳͻͻͶȌǢ ‡‡”ƒŽ–ƒˆˆǡTheUnionofSouthAfricanandthe Great War, 1914–1918: Official History ȋ ‘˜‡”‡– ”‹–‡”ǡ ”‡–‘”‹ƒǡ ͳͻʹͶȌǢ ǤǤ. ”—†Ž‹‰Šǡ Fighting their Own War: South African Blacks and the First World War ȋƒ˜ƒ”‡••ǡ ‘Šƒ‡•„—”‰ǡͳͻͺͺȌǢǤƒ••‘ǡSpringboksontheSomme:SouthAfrica and the Great War, 1914–1918 ȋ‡‰—‹ǡ ‘Šƒ‡•„—”‰ǡ ʹͲͲ͹ȌǢ Ǥ ƒ••‘ǡ WW1 and the People of South Africa ȋƒˆ‡Ž„‡”‰ǡ ƒ’‡ ‘™ǡ ʹͲͳͶȌǢ ǤǤ ƒ›‡” ƒ† ǤǤ ǯŠƒ—‰Š‡••›ǡHowBothaandSmutsConqueredSouthWestAfricaȋ‹’‹ǡ‘†‘ǡ ͳͻͳ͸ȌǢǤ”—‹•‡ǡLouisBotha’sWar:TheCampaigninGermanSouthWestAfrica,1914– 1915 ȋ‡‰—‹ǡ ‘Šƒ‡•„—”‰ǡ ʹͲͳͷȌǢ Ǥ –‡Œ•ƒŽǡ The Horns of the Beast: The Swakop RiverCampaignandWorldWarIinSouthWestAfrica,191415ȋ ‡Ž‹‘Ƭ‘ǡ‘Ž‹Š—ŽŽǡ ʹͲͳͶȌ ƒ† Ǥ ‘—œ‡•ǡ The Great Silence: From Mushroom Valley to Delville Wood, SouthAfricanForcesinWorldWarOneȋ—†ƒ›‹‡•‘‘•ǡ ‘Šƒ‡•„—”‰ǡʹͲͳͶȌǤ ͷǤ

(10) Ǥ Ǥ ƒ †‡” ƒƒ‰ǡ Dzƒ–‡” ƒ†  ‘Ž‘‰› ‘ˆ ƒ”ˆƒ”‡ ‹ ‘—–Š‡” ˆ”‹ ƒdzǡ ‹ ǤǤǤ ‡’‡ŽŠ‘ˆˆ ȋ‡†ǤȌǡ African Water Histories: Transdisciplinary Discourses ȋ‘”–ŠǦ‡•– ‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡƒ†‡”„‹ŒŽ’ƒ”ǡʹͲͲͷȌǤ. 31.

(11) Ž‡›Šƒ•ȂŠ‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‘–Š‡‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒƒ’ƒ‹‰‹ ‡”ƒ‘—–Š‡•–ˆ”‹ ƒ. –Š‡ ‘ˆŽ‹ –‹•‘—–Š‡”ˆ”‹ ƒŠƒ•„‡‡™ƒ‰‡†ƒ”‘—†–Š‡ƒ ‡••–‘™ƒ–‡”Ǥƒ–‡”ǡŠ‡ ‡’Šƒ•‹•‡•ǡ ”‡ƒ–‡†ˆ‘—”†‹•–‹ –‡˜‹”‘‡–•‘ˆ™ƒ”ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ •‹–Š‡”‡‰‹‘ǤŠ‡ ‘•– ‹’‘”–ƒ– ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ǡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ’—”’‘•‡• ‘ˆ –Š‹• ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ǡ ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ƒ”‹† ƒ† •‡‹Ǧƒ”‹† ”‡‰‹‘•‘ˆ•‘—–Š‡”ˆ”‹ ƒƒ†‘ˆ ‘—”•‡–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰‡˜‹”‘‡–‘ˆ  ‘’”‹•‡† „‘–Š –Š‡ ƒŽƒŠƒ”‹ ƒ† ƒ‹„ †‡•‡”–•Ǥ ƒ †‡” ƒƒ‰ ƒŽ•‘ ƒŽŽ—†‡• –‘ –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‹–Š‡  ƒ’ƒ‹‰‹Š‹•ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ǡDzŠ‡ƒ––Ž‡‘ˆƒ†ˆ‘–‡‹ǡ ʹ͸ ‡’–‡„‡” ͳͻͳͶǣ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‡ˆ‘” ƒ† –Š‡ ‡”ƒ ‘—–ŠǦ‡•– ˆ”‹ ƒ ƒ’ƒ‹‰ǡ ͳͻͳͶȂͳͻͳͷdz,͸  ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• Š‹• „‘‘ ‡–‹–Ž‡†ǡ A Military History of ModernSouthAfrica.͹‘–Š–Š‡•‡™‘”•’”‘˜‹†‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ–Š‘—‰Šƒ––‹‡•Ž‹‹–‡†ǡ †‹• —••‹‘ ‘ –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡” ‹ –Š‡ ’Žƒ‹‰ •–ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹˜ƒ•‹‘Ǣ –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ ’”‘˜‹•‹‘‹‰ –”‘‘’• ƒ† ƒ‹ƒŽ• ™‹–Š ™ƒ–‡”Ǣ ƒ† –Š‡ ‡”ƒ ƒ––‡’–•–‘’‘‹•‘–Š‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡™ƒ–‡”•‘—” ‡•ƒ•–Š‡›ˆ‡ŽŽ„ƒ –‘–Š‡‹”Ž‹‡•Ǥ 

(12) Š‹•†‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘ǡDzƒ‘‡—˜”‡ƒ”ˆƒ”‡‹–Š‡‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒƒ’ƒ‹‰‹. ‡”ƒ ‘—–Š ‡•– ˆ”‹ ƒ †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ‹”•– ‘”Ž† ƒ”dzǡͺ –‘‹‘ ƒ” ‹ƒ ƒŽ•‘ †‹• —••‡•–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”†—”‹‰–Š‡ ƒ’ƒ‹‰Ǥ ‡ˆ‘ —•‡•’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›‘–Š‡ ‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†–Š‡”‡ ‘—”•‡–‘ƒ‘‡—˜”‡™ƒ”ˆƒ”‡–Š”‘—‰Š‘—– –Š‡ ƒ’ƒ‹‰ǡ „—– Š‡ †‘‡• •–ƒ–‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡”ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹  Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡”Š‘Ž‡• Šƒ† ƒ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‘ –Š‡ ‘†— – ‘ˆ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘• †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ’ƒ‹‰ Ȃ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ƒ‘‡—˜”‡ ™ƒ”ˆƒ”‡ –Š‡‘”› ’‘‹–‘ˆ˜‹‡™Ǥ  

(13)  Š‹• „‘‘ A Doctor’s Diary in Damaraland,ͻ ‡”› ƒŽ‡” ’”‘˜‹†‡• ƒ ˆ‹”•–Ǧ Šƒ† ƒ ‘—– ‘ˆ Š‹• ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡• ƒ• ƒ †‘ –‘” †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ’ƒ‹‰ ™Š‹Ž‡ ƒ––ƒ Š‡† –‘ –Š‡‘”–Š‡” ‘” ‡Ǥ ‡‘ˆˆ‡”•ƒ’‡”•‘ƒŽ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘‘–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ǡƒ† –Š‡ ‹’ƒ – –Šƒ– ‹–• • ƒ” ‹–› Šƒ† ‘ –Š‡ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘• ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ‘ –Š‡ ‡†‹ ƒŽ ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ’ƒ‹‰Ǥ ‘–Š‡”  †‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‹ –Š‹• ‹•–ƒ ‡ „› ”‹ ‡Ž’‘”–ǡ ‹• Dz‘• ƒ† —ŽŽ‡–•ǡ ‘ˆˆ‹• ƒ† ”—– Š‡•dzǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒŽ•‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡• •‘‡ ‘‡–‘–Š‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‘–Š‡ ƒ’ƒ‹‰ǡͳͲƒ•†‘‡•Š‹ŽŽ‹’‡Šƒǯ•ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ǡ Dz‡–™‡‡ ƒ–‡”„‡”‰ ƒ† ƒ†˜‡Ž†ǣ  ˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ ‘ –Š‡ ‡”ƒǦ ‡”‡”‘ ƒ” ‘ˆ ͳͻͲͶǤdzͳͳ ‡Šƒ †‡• ”‹„‡• –Š‡ ‹–‡”’Žƒ› „‡–™‡‡ ™ƒ”ˆƒ”‡ ƒ† –Š‡  ͸Ǥ

(14) Ǥ Ǥ ƒ †‡” ƒƒ‰ǡ DzŠ‡ ƒ––Ž‡ ‘ˆ ƒ†ˆ‘–‡‹ǡ ʹ͸ ‡’–‡„‡” ͳͻͳͶǣ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‡ˆ‘” ƒ† –Š‡ ‡”ƒ ‘—–ŠǦ‡•– ˆ”‹ ƒ ƒ’ƒ‹‰ǡ ͳͻͳͶȂͳͻͳͷdzǡ First WorldWarStudiesǡͶǡʹȋʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ ͹Ǥ

(15) Ǥ Ǥƒ†‡”ƒƒ‰ǡAMilitaryHistoryofModernSouthAfricaȋ ‘ƒ–ŠƒƒŽŽǡƒ’‡‘™ǡ ʹͲͳͷȌǤ ͺǤ Ǥ ƒ” ‹ƒǡDzƒ‘‡—˜”‡ƒ”ˆƒ”‡‹–Š‡‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒƒ’ƒ‹‰‹ ‡”ƒ‘—–Š‡•– ˆ”‹ ƒ†—”‹‰–Š‡ ‹”•–‘”Ž†ƒ”dzǡ†‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒǡʹͲͳͷǤ ͻǤ Ǥ ǤǤƒŽ‡”ǡADoctor’sDiaryinDamaralandȋ†™ƒ”†”‘Ž†ǡ‘†‘ǡͳͻͳ͹ȌǤ ͳͲǤ Ǥ‡Ž’‘”–ǡDzǮ‘•ƒ†—ŽŽ‡–•ǡ‘ˆˆ‹•ƒ†”—– Š‡•ǯǣš’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘†›ǡ‹† ƒ† Žƒ ‡• ‘ˆ Ǯ’”‹‰„‘ǯ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒ ‘Ž†‹‡”• ‹ –Š‡ ‹”•– ‘”Ž† ƒ”dzǡ  †‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘ǡ–‡ŽŽ‡„‘• Š‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡʹͲͳͷǤ ͳͳǤ ǤǤ‡ŠƒǡDz‡–™‡‡ƒ–‡”„‡”‰ƒ†ƒ†˜‡Ž†ǣ˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡‘ –Š‡ ‡”ƒǦ ‡”‡”‘ ƒ” ‘ˆ ͳͻͲͶdzǡ ‹ German Historyǡ ͵ʹǡ Ͷ ȋʹͲͳͶȌǤ ‘” ‘”‡ ‘ –Š‡. ‡”ƒǦ ‡”‡”‘ ƒ” •‡‡ Ǥ ƒ‡Šƒǡ The Scramble for Africa, 1876–1912 ȋ„ƒ —•ǡ. 32.

(16) Ž‡›Šƒ•ȂŠ‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‘–Š‡‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒƒ’ƒ‹‰‹ ‡”ƒ‘—–Š‡•–ˆ”‹ ƒ. ‡˜‹”‘‡– —•‹‰ –Š‡ ™ƒ” ƒ• ƒ Ž‡• –Š”‘—‰Š ™Š‹ Š –‘ •–—†› –Š‹• ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘Ǥ ‡ ƒ”‰—‡•–Šƒ–ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡ ‡”ƒ•™ƒ‰‡†‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ™ƒ”ˆƒ”‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡ ‡”‡”‘ „›†‡›‹‰–Š‡ƒ ‡••–‘™ƒ–‡”ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡ƒ––Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‡”„‡”‰ǡ–Š‡›–‘‘•—ˆˆ‡”‡† ˆ”‘–Š‡‡š–”‡‡Š‡ƒ–ǡ•Š‘”–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ƒ††‹•‡ƒ•‡ǤŠ‡ƒ—–Š‘”ƒ‡•‹– Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ– –Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰‡˜‹”‘‡–‘ˆ ™ƒ•Šƒ”•Šǡƒ†–Š‡ Ž‹ƒ–‡ƒ†–‡””ƒ‹ Šƒ†ƒ†‹•–‹ –‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘‹Ž‹–ƒ”›‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ   ’ƒ”– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ™‘”• ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ‘ –Š‡ ‹’ƒ – ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡” •Š‘”–ƒ‰‡• ‘ –Š‡ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒ ƒ’ƒ‹‰ ‹  †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ‹”•– ‘”Ž† ƒ”Ǥ Š‹• ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ƒ‹• –‘ ˆ‹ŽŽ –Š‡ ‰ƒ’ „› ƒƒŽ›•‹‰ Š‘™ ™ƒ–‡” ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†   ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘• –Š”‘—‰Š‘—– ͳͻͳͶ ƒ† ͳͻͳͷǤ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ ‹– ‡š’Ž‘”‡• –Š‡ ’‘‹•‘‹‰ ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡”•—’’Ž‹‡•„›–Š‡ ‡”ƒ•‹ƒƒ––‡’––‘ŠƒŽ––Š‡‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ‘ˆˆ‡•‹˜‡•Ǥ

(17)  †‘‹‰ •‘ǡ –Š‡ ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ — ‘˜‡”• ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒ ƒ’ƒ‹‰ ™Š‹ Š Šƒ˜‡ ”‡ ‡‹˜‡†Ž‹––Ž‡‘”‘• Š‘Žƒ”Ž›ƒ––‡–‹‘–Š—•ˆƒ”Ǥ  Themilitaryoperatingenvironment:anappreciation  —”‹‰—‰—•–ͳͻͳͶǡ–Š‡”‹–‹•Š‰‘˜‡”‡–”‡“—‡•–‡†–Š‡‹‘‘ˆ‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ–‘ ‹˜ƒ†‡ ƒ† ƒ’–—”‡–Š‡Šƒ”„‘—”•‘ˆò†‡”‹–œ„— Š–ƒ†™ƒ‘’—†ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ• –Š‡ ™‹”‡Ž‡•• •–ƒ–‹‘• ƒ– ‹†Š‘‡ǡ ™ƒ‘’—† ƒ† ò†‡”‹–œ„— Š–Ǥ Š‡ ‘–‹—‡† ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡™‹”‡Ž‡•••–ƒ–‹‘•†—”‹‰–Š‡™ƒ”™ƒ•ƒ–Š”‡ƒ––‘„‘–Š–Š‡”‹–‹•Šƒ† ‡–‡–‡•Š‹’’‹‰‹–Š‡•‘—–Š‡”‘ ‡ƒ•ǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›ƒ†‡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘’‘••‹„Ž‡ „‡–™‡‡‡”Ž‹ƒ†–Š‡ ‡”ƒ™ƒ”•Š‹’•‘–Š‡Š‹‰Š•‡ƒ•ǤŠ‡”‹–‹•Š‘‹––‡‡‘

(18) ’‡”‹ƒŽ ‡ˆ‡ ‡ ȋ

(19) Ȍ †‡•‹‰ƒ–‡† ‹–• ”‡“—‡•– –‘ –Š‡ ‹‘ ƒ• Dz—”‰‡–

(20) ’‡”‹ƒŽ •‡”˜‹ ‡dzǡƒ†‘ͳͲ—‰—•–ǡ‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒˆ‘”ƒŽŽ›ƒ‰”‡‡†–‘‹˜ƒ†‡ ƒ†‡‡–ƒŽŽ –Š‡ ”‡“—‹”‡† ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•Ǥ ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”› •—’’‘”– ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‹˜ƒ•‹‘ ™ƒ• ‰”ƒ–‡† ‹ ‡’–‡„‡”ǡƒ†‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽŽ›‡–‡”‡†–Š‡™ƒ”‘ͳͶ‡’–‡„‡”ͳͻͳͶǤͳʹŠ‡ •–ƒˆˆ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”•ƒ––Š‡‡ˆ‡ ‡ ‡ƒ†“—ƒ”–‡”•‹”‡–‘”‹ƒ–Š‡Šƒ†–‘ƒ‡Š—””‹‡†’Žƒ• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‹˜ƒ•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡”ƒ ‘Ž‘›Ǥ Š‡•‡ ’Žƒ• ™‡”‡ „ƒ•‡† ‘ •–”ƒ–‡‰‹  ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡ ‡”‡’‘”–•‘–Š‡ ‘Ž‘›ǡ™Š‹ Š‹’ƒ”–ˆ‘ —•‡†‘–Š‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆ Ž‹ƒ–‡ƒ† –‡””ƒ‹‘–Šƒ–’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”‹Ž‹–ƒ”›‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒ†‹–•’”‘Œ‡ –‡†‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‘‹Ž‹–ƒ”›‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥͳ͵   ›‡’–‡„‡”ͳͻͳͶǡ–Š‡ Šƒ††‡ˆ‹‡†–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰‡˜‹”‘‡–‘ˆ.  ƒ• ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•Ǥ Š‡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ „‘—†ƒ”‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Ž‘› ™‡”‡ ˆ‹š‡† —’‘ †‹•–‹ –  ‘†‘ǡ ʹͲͳʹȌǢ ƒ† Ǥ Ž‡›ǡ SouthWest Africa under German Rule, 1894–1914 ȋ ‡‹‡ƒ†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘‘•ǡ‘†‘ǡͳͻ͹ͳȌǤ ͳʹǤ –”ƒ ŠƒǡTheFirstWorldWarinAfricaǡ’’͸͵–͸ͶǢƒ†ǤǤŽ‡›Šƒ•ǡDz‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ

(21) ˜ƒ•‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡”ƒ ‘—–Š ‡•– ˆ”‹ ƒ ȋ‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒȌǡ ͳͻͳͶȂͳͻͳͺdzǡ ‹ International Encyclopedia of the First World War ȋ ”‡‹‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–¡–ǡ ‡”Ž‹ǡ ʹͲͳͷȌǡ ƒŽ•‘ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ‘Ž‹‡ǣ Š––’ǣȀȀ‡ › Ž‘’‡†‹ƒǤͳͻͳͶǦͳͻͳͺǦ ‘Ž‹‡Ǥ‡–Ȁ”‡‰‹‘•Ȁ‘—–Š‡”̴ˆ”‹ ƒ ͳ͵Ǥ ƒ†‡”ƒƒ‰ǡDzƒ–‡”ƒ† ‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆƒ”ˆƒ”‡‹‘—–Š‡”ˆ”‹ ƒdzǡ’’ͳͳͺȂͳʹͲǢƒ† ǤǤŠ‹–‘”‡ǡDz‡””ƒ‹

(22) –‡ŽŽ‹‰‡ ‡ƒ†—””‡–‹Ž‹–ƒ”›‘ ‡’–•dzǡAmericanJournal ofScienceȋ”ƒ†Ž‡›‘Ž—‡Ȍǡʹͷͺȋͳͻ͸ͲȌǡ’’͵͹͸Ȃ͵͹͹Ǥ. 33.

(23) Ž‡›Šƒ•ȂŠ‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‘–Š‡‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒƒ’ƒ‹‰‹ ‡”ƒ‘—–Š‡•–ˆ”‹ ƒ. ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• ™Š‹ Š ƒ‹†‡† ‹ ‹–• †‡ˆ‡ ‡Ǥ Š‡ ”ƒ‰‡ ƒ† —‡‡ ‹˜‡”• ˆ‘”‡† –Š‡ •‘—–Š‡” ƒ† ‘”–Š‡” „‘—†ƒ”‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Ž‘› ”‡•’‡ –‹˜Ž‡›ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ”—‰‰‡†–Žƒ–‹  ‡ƒ ‘ƒ•–Ž‹‡ƒ††‡•‘Žƒ–‡‡š’ƒ•‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŽƒŠƒ”‹‡•‡”–™‡”‡–Š‡ ™‡•–‡”ƒ†‡ƒ•–‡”„‘”†‡”•Ǥ

(24) –™ƒ•”‡ ‘‰‹•‡†–Šƒ––Š‡–‡””ƒ‹ƒ†Œ‘‹‹‰–Š‡•‘—–Š‡”ǡ ‡ƒ•–‡”ƒ†™‡•–‡”„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•™ƒ•ƒ”‡†„›‹Š‘•’‹–ƒ„Ž‡ǡ™ƒ–‡”Ž‡••ǡƒ”‡ƒ•†‡˜‘‹† ‘ˆ ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ ƒ† •’ƒ”•‡Ž› ’‘’—Žƒ–‡†Ǥ ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ ‹– ™ƒ• ƒ ˆ‘”‡‰‘‡ ‘ Ž—•‹‘ –Šƒ–ƒ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ƒ†˜ƒ ‡ƒ ”‘••–Š‡•‡”‡‰‹‘•™‘—Ž†„‡–‘—‰ŠǤͳͶ

(25) –™ƒ•ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡†–Šƒ– –Š‡”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›Ž‹‡•™‡”‡–Š‡Ž‹ˆ‡Ž‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘Ž‘›ǡƒ†–Š‡•‡™‡”‡‘ˆ–‡—•‡†–‘–”ƒ•’‘”– ™ƒ–‡” ƒ ”‘•• –Š‡ ˜ƒ•–ǡ ™ƒ–‡”Ž‡•• •–”‡– Š‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ „‡Ž–Ǥ Š‡ ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ† ‡š–‡†‡† ˆ”‘ •—‡„ ‹ –Š‡ ‘”–Š –‘ ƒŽˆ‘–‡‹ ‹ –Š‡ •‘—–Šǡ ™‹–Š –™‘ ’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž Ž‹‡• ‘‡ –‹‰ò†‡”‹–œ„— Š–™‹–Š‡‡Š‡‹Ǣƒ†™ƒ‘’—†™‹–Šƒ”‹„‹„Ǥͳͷ   Š‡ ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽ ƒ† Ž‹ƒ–‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰ ‡˜‹”‘‡–™‡”‡–Š‡‘•– ”— ‹ƒŽ†‡–‡”‹ƒ–•™Š‡–Š‡‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ‰‡‡”ƒŽ•–ƒˆˆ ™ƒ•’Žƒ‹‰–Š‡ ƒ’ƒ‹‰Ǥ‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡‘—–„”‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ”ǡ ™ƒ•”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•ƒ Sandbüchse,‘”Dz•ƒ†„‘šdzǡ„›ƒ ‡”ƒ ‘‡–ƒ–‘”ǡ—‰‡‹ Š–‡”Ǥ ‹•ƒƒŽ‘‰›‘ˆ–Š‡ –‡””‹–‘”›™ƒ•‘–‡–‹”‡Ž›™”‘‰ǡƒ•Š‹ŽŽ‹’‡Šƒ ‘””‡ –Ž›ƒ”‰—‡•Ǥͳ͸  Š‡ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒ •–ƒˆˆ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”• ™‡”‡ ™‡ŽŽ ƒ™ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‹ƒ–‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘•–Šƒ–™‡”‡—‹“—‡–‘–Š‡‡‹‰Š„‘—”‹‰ ‘Ž‘›„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›Šƒ†ƒ ‡•• –‘˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡”‹–‹•Š‹Ž‹–ƒ”›”‡’‘”–•‘–Š‡–‡””‹–‘”›ǤŠ‡•‡”‡’‘”–•’”‘˜‹†‡†ƒ —”ƒ–‡ǡ —’Ǧ–‘Ǧ†ƒ–‡ ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡ ‡ ‘ –Š‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽǡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽǡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ǡ ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽ ƒ† Ž‹ƒ–‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘†‹–‹‘• ‹ –Š‡ ‘Ž‘› •‘ –Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰ ‡˜‹”‘‡– ‘ˆ. ™ƒ•ƒ††”‡••‡†ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡• ƒ” ‹–›‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ǤŠ‡”‡’‘”–•ƒŽ•‘Ž‹•–‡†ƒŽŽ–Š‡ ‘™™ƒ–‡”•‘—” ‡•‹–Š‡ ‘Ž‘›ǤŠ‡”‡™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘•‘‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘” –Š‡‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ•–‘ ‘•—Ž–ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘Š‘™–Š‡• ƒ” ‹–›‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡”Šƒ†‹’ƒ –‡†‘‹Ž‹–ƒ”›‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•†—”‹‰–Š‡ ‡”ƒǦ ‡”‡”‘™ƒ”‘ˆͳͻͲͶǤͳ͹

(26) †‡‡†ǡ –Š‡ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒ •–ƒˆˆ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”• ™‡”‡ ™‡ŽŽ ‹ˆ‘”‡† ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ‘„•–ƒ Ž‡• –Š‡  ͳͶǤ ƒ †‡” ƒƒ‰ǡ DzŠ‡ ƒ––Ž‡ ‘ˆ ƒ†ˆ‘–‡‹dzǡ ’’ ͳͶ͵ȂͳͶͶǢ ‡‡”ƒŽ –ƒˆˆǡ The Union of SouthAfricaandtheGreatWarǡ’’ͳͲ–ͳʹǢƒ† ǤǤ˜ƒǤ”—™‡”ǡSouthWestAfrica: TheDisputedLandȋƒ•‹‘ƒŽ‡‘‡Šƒ†‡Žǡ‘”–Ž‹œƒ„‡–Šǡͳͻ͸͸Ȍǡ’’͵ȂͺǤ ͳͷǤ ƒ †‡” ƒƒ‰ǡ A Military History of Modern South Africaǡ ’ ͻͷǢ ƒ† ‡Šƒǡ Dz‡–™‡‡ƒ–‡”„‡”‰ƒ†ƒ†˜‡Ž†dzǡ’ͷͶͳǤ ͳ͸Ǥ ‡ŠƒǡDz‡–™‡‡ƒ–‡”„‡”‰ƒ†ƒ†˜‡Ž†dzǡ’ ͷ͵͹Ǥ ‘”†‹‰–‘‡Šƒǡ—‰‡ ‹ Š–‡”ǡ™Š‘‡š’”‡••‡†• ‡’–‹ ‹•‘˜‡”–Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ‘ˆ ‡”ƒ›ǯ•ˆ‹”•– ‘Ž‘›ǡ™ƒ•–Š‡ ˆ‹”•– –‘ —•‡ –Š‡ –‡” SandbüchseǤ ‡‡ Ǥ ‡””ˆ—”–Šǡ Fürst Bismarck und die KolonialpolitikȋǤ”‡™‡†–̵•ƒ Šˆ‘Ž‰‡”ǡ‡”Ž‹ǡͳͻͲͻȌǤ ͳ͹Ǥ Š‡ ȋȌ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ” Š‹˜‡• ȋŠ‡”‡ƒˆ–‡” Ȍ ‘†‘ǡ ƒ” ˆˆ‹ ‡ ȋŠ‡”‡ƒˆ–‡” Ȍ ͵͵ȀͶͳ͸ǡ Dz‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‡’‘”– ‘ ‡”ƒ ‘—–ŠǦ‡•– ˆ”‹ ƒǡ ͳͻͲ͸dzǢ ǡ  ͵͵ȀͶͳ͸ǡ Dz‹Ž‹–ƒ”›‡’‘”–‘ ‡”ƒ‘—–ŠǦ‡•–ˆ”‹ ƒǡͳͻͲ͸dzǡ††‡†—

(27) ǡƒ›ͳͻͲͺǢǡ  ͵͵ȀͶͳ͸ǡ Dz‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‡’‘”– ‘ ‡”ƒ ‘—–ŠǦ‡•– ˆ”‹ ƒǡ ͳͻͲ͸dzǡ ††‡†—

(28)

(29) ǡ  –‘„‡” ͳͻͳͲǢ ǡ  ͵͵Ȁ͸͸͸ǡ Dz‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‡’‘”– ‘ ‡”ƒ ‘—–ŠǦ‡•– ˆ”‹ ƒǡ ͳͻͳ͵dzǡ ƒ”–

(30) Ǥ ‡‡ ƒŽ•‘ Ǥ ––™‡‹Ž‡”ǡ Dz‹‡ ‹‡†‡”• ŠŽƒ‰•˜‡”Š¡Ž–‹••‡ ˜‘ ‡—–• ŠǦ ò†™‡•–ƒˆ”‹ƒdzǡ  †‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ò•–‡” ‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ ͳͻͲ͸Ǣ Ǥ Š‡„‘ ǡ Deutsch SüdwestAfrika ȋ‹‡–”‹ Š ‡‹‡”ǡ ‡”Ž‹ǡ ͳͺͻͺȌǢ ƒ† Ǥ Š‡„‘ ǡ Deutschlands PflichteninDeutschSüdwestafrikaȋ‹‡–”‹ Š‡‹‡”ǡ‡”Ž‹ǡͳͻͲͶȌǤ . 34.

(31) Ž‡›Šƒ•ȂŠ‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‘–Š‡‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒƒ’ƒ‹‰‹ ‡”ƒ‘—–Š‡•–ˆ”‹ ƒ. ‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡–‘ˆƒ ‡‹–Š‡ –Š‡ƒ–”‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹– ‹• ƒŽ•‘ –”—‡ –‘ •ƒ› –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ƒ †‡ˆ‹‹–‡ ƒ—ƒŽ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ™ƒ–‡” •‘—” ‡• ‹ –Š‡ ‡”ƒ ‘Ž‘› Ȃ ƒ† –Š‡ Žƒ  ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡” ™ƒ• †‡•–‹‡† –‘ ’”‘˜‡ ‡š–”‡‡Ž›’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹ ™‹–Š”‡‰ƒ”†–‘–Š‡’Žƒ‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ ƒ’ƒ‹‰Ǥͳͺ . Š‡ ‡”ƒ ‘Ž‘›Šƒ†‘’‡”‡‹ƒŽ”‹˜‡”•ƒ’ƒ”–ˆ”‘–Š‘•‡‘‹–•‘”–Š‡” ƒ† •‘—–Š‡” „‘—†ƒ”‹‡•Ǥ Š‡ ”‡ƒ‹‹‰ ™ƒ–‡” ‘—”•‡• ™‡”‡ ‘Ǧ’‡”‡‹ƒŽ ƒ† „‡ ƒ‡‰—•Š‹‰–‘””‡–•ˆ‘”•Š‘”–’‡”‹‘†•ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡ƒ””‹˜ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ—ƒŽ”ƒ‹•ǤŠ‡•‡ ™ƒ–‡” ‘—”•‡• Ȃ –Š‡ ’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ „‡‹‰ –Š‡ —‹•‡„ǡ ™ƒ‘’ǡ ‰ƒ„ǡ ‘‹’ǡƒ–ƒ‘ƒ†. ”‡ƒ– ‹•Š ‹˜‡”• Ȃ ‡‹–Š‡” †”ƒ‹‡† ‹–‘ –Š‡ –Žƒ–‹   ‡ƒǡ –Š‡ ”ƒ‰‡ ‹˜‡” ‘” –Š‡ ƒŽƒŠƒ”‹‡•‡”–ǤŠ‡‹–‡”‹‘”‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—–”›”‡ƒ‹‡†‘•–Ž›ƒ”‹†ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡’ƒ••‹‰‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ”ƒ‹•Ǥͳͻ .  Figure1:RainfallDistributionMapofGermanSouthWestAfricaʹͲ   ͳͺǤ ƒ†‡”ƒƒ‰ǡDzƒ–‡”ƒ† ‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆƒ”ˆƒ”‡‹‘—–Š‡”ˆ”‹ ƒdzǡ’ͳʹͲǢƒ†ƒ†‡” ƒƒ‰ǡAMilitaryHistoryofModernSouthAfricaǡ’ͻ͸Ǥ ͳͻǤ ”‹–‹•Š ‘”‡‹‰ ˆˆ‹ ‡ǡ German African Possessions, Volume 18, No. 112: South West Africaȋ ǤǤ–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”›ˆˆ‹ ‡ǡ‘†‘ǡͳͻʹͲȌǡ’ͶǢƒ†”—™‡”ǡSouthWestAfricaǡ’’ ͺȂͻǤ ʹͲǤ Ǥ–‡”ƒ†Ǥƒ—ǡNamibianWaterResourcesandtheirManagement:APreliminary Historyȋƒ–‹‘ƒŽ” Š‹˜‡•‘ˆƒ‹„‹ƒǡ‹†Š‘‡ǡͳͻͻͲȌǡ’͵Ǥ . 35.

(32) Ž‡›Šƒ•ȂŠ‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‘–Š‡‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒƒ’ƒ‹‰‹ ‡”ƒ‘—–Š‡•–ˆ”‹ ƒ. Š‡”‡™‡”‡–™‘†‹• ‡”‹„Ž‡”ƒ‹›•‡ƒ•‘•‹ ǤŠ‡”‡‰—Žƒ””ƒ‹•–›’‹ ƒŽŽ› „‡‰ƒ–‘ˆƒŽŽ†—”‹‰ ƒ—ƒ”›ƒ† ‘–‹—‡†‹–‘’”‹Žǡ™Š‹Ž‡‡ƒ”Ž‹‡””ƒ‹•ˆ‡ŽŽƒ•‡ƒ”Ž› ƒ• ‡’–‡„‡” ‹ •‘‡ ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ Š‡ ”ƒ‹• ƒŽ•‘ –‡†‡† –‘ „‡ ‡””ƒ–‹  ƒ† †‹ˆˆ‡”‡† ˆ”‘ ›‡ƒ”–‘›‡ƒ”Ǥ••— Šǡ’‡”‹‘†‹ †”‘—‰Š–•ǡ‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽˆŽ‘‘†•ƒ†•‡˜‡”‡•—”ˆƒ ‡™ƒ–‡” ”—Ǧ‘ˆˆ™‡”‡ƒŽŽ ‘‘‹–Š‡–‡””‹–‘”›ǤŠ‡•‡ ‘†‹–‹‘•Šƒ†ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹’ƒ –‘ –Š‡’Žƒ‹‰ˆ‘”‹Ž‹–ƒ”›‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‡”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ™ƒ•— ŠŠ‹‰Š‡”‹–Š‡‘”–Š‡ƒ•–‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Ž‘›ǡ ™‹–Š ƒ •–‡ƒ†› †‡ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ• ‘‡ ‘˜‡† •‘—–Š™ƒ”†•ƒ†™‡•–™ƒ”†•–‘–Š‡ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ„‡Ž–ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡ͳȌǤʹͳ  Š‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ƒ—ƒŽ ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡”ǡ ‡–”ƒŽ ƒ† •‘—–Š‡” ’ƒ”–• ‘ˆ. ǡ –ƒ‡ ‘˜‡” ƒ –‡ ›‡ƒ” ’‡”‹‘† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ͳͻͲ͵ȀͳͻͲͶ •‡ƒ•‘ –‘ –Š‡ ͳͻͳʹȀͳͻͳ͵ •‡ƒ•‘ǡ ™ƒ• ”‡ ‘”†‡† ƒ• Ͷͺ͵ǡ ͵ͷ͵ ƒ† ͳ͸ʹ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥʹʹ Š‡•‡ ˆ‹‰—”‡• ƒ”‡ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –‘‘ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹•‡† –‘ „‡ —•‡ˆ—Ž ƒ† „‡ ‘‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹  ™Š‡ ’Žƒ‹‰ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ „‡Ž–ǡ ˆ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† ˆƒ” Ž‡•• –Šƒ –Š‡•‡ ’”‘Œ‡ –‡†—„‡”•ǤŠ‡ƒ—ƒŽ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ•–ƒ–‹•–‹ •ˆ‘”–Š‡’”‹ ‹’ƒŽŽ‘ ƒŽ‹–‹‡•‹  ˆ”‘ͳͻͳʹȀͳͻͳ͵–‘ͳͻͳͶȀͳͻͳͷ ‘ˆ‹”•–Š‹•ȋ•‡‡ƒ„Ž‡ͳȌǤ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ–Š‡Š‡‹‰Š– ‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ‹›•‡ƒ•‘ ‘‹ ‹†‡†™‹–Šƒ’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ‡š–”‡‡Ž›Š‹‰Š–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•™Š‹ Š‹ –—”Ž‡†–‘Žƒ”‰‡Ǧ• ƒŽ‡‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥʹ͵

(33) •—ǡ•—”ˆƒ ‡™ƒ–‡”•‘—” ‡•™‡”‡• ƒ” ‡ƒ† ’”‘˜‹†‡† ‘Ž› Ž‹‹–‡† ƒ‘—–• ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡”Ǥ Š‡ Ž‹ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Ž‘› ™ƒ• Š‡ƒŽ–Š›ǡ ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š –Š‡ Ž‹‹–‡† ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ ƒ† ƒ ‡•• –‘ ™ƒ–‡” ’”‡˜‡–‡† ƒ› Žƒ”‰‡Ǧ• ƒŽ‡ ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ˆ‘” ‡•ǤʹͶ       .  ʹͳǤ ‡ŠƒǡDz‡–™‡‡ƒ–‡”„‡”‰ƒ†ƒ†˜‡Ž†dzǡ’ͷ͵ͺǢ”—™‡”ǡSouthWestAfricaǡ’ͻǢ ƒ†‹–‡”•‡–ƒŽǡBattlingtheElementsǡ’ʹͷͲǤ ʹʹǤ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‡ƒ–Š‡” ‡”˜‹ ‡ǡ ‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‹„”ƒ”›ǡ ”‡–‘”‹ƒǡ ȋŠ‡”‡ƒˆ–‡” Ȍǡ ‹Ž‡ ͻͻͲͲǡ ‘—–Š ‡•– ˆ”‹ ƒ —ƒŽ ‡’‘”–•ǡ ͳͻͳͳȂͳͻ͵Ͳǡ Dz ƒŠ”‡•„‡”‹ Š– ò„‡”†ƒ•‡–‡‘”‘Ž‘‰‹• Š‡‡‘„ƒ Š–—‰•™‡•‡‹•ò†™‡•–ƒˆ”‹ƒ‹• Š‡ Š—–œ‰‡„‹‡– ˆò” †‹‡ ‡‹– ˜‘ ͳ —Ž‹ ͳͻͳʹ „‹• ͵Ͳ —‹ ͳͻͳ͵dzǢ ǡ ‹Ž‡ ͻͻͲͲ ‘—–Š ‡•– ˆ”‹ ƒ —ƒŽ ‡’‘”–• ͳͻͳͳȂͳͻ͵Ͳǡ Dz ƒŠ”‡•„‡”‹ Š– ò„‡” †ƒ• ‡–‡‘”‘Ž‘‰‹• Š‡ ‡‘„ƒ Š–—‰•™‡•‡ ‹ •ò†™‡•–ƒˆ”‹ƒ‹• Š‡  Š—–œ‰‡„‹‡– ˆò” †‹‡ ‡‹– ˜‘ ͳ —Ž‹ ͳͻͳͳ„‹•͵Ͳ —‹ͳͻͳʹdzǤ‡‡ƒŽ•‘ǡ ‹Ž‡ͻͻͲͲǡ‘—–Š‡•–ˆ”‹ ƒ—ƒŽ‡’‘”–•ǡ ͳͻͳͳȂͳͻ͵Ͳǡ Dz ƒŠ”‡•„‡”‹ Š– ò„‡” †ƒ• ‡–‡‘”‘Ž‘‰‹• Š‡ ‡‘„ƒ Š–—‰•™‡•‡ ‹ •ò†™‡•–ƒˆ”‹ƒ‹• Š‡ Š—–œ‰‡„‹‡–ˆò”†‹‡‡‹–˜‘ ͳ —Ž‹ ͳͻͳͲ „‹•͵Ͳ —‹ͳͻͳͳdzǤ  —„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹‰—”‡•‹–Š‡•‡•‘—” ‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡”‡Ǧ™‘”‡†„›–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”–‘ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡ –Š‡•‡•–ƒ–‹•–‹ •Ǥ ʹ͵Ǥ ”—™‡”ǡSouthWestAfricaǡ’’ͻǤ ʹͶǤ ‡‡”ƒŽ –ƒˆˆǡ The Union of South Africa and the Great Warǡ ’’ ͳͲ–ͳʹǢ ǡ  ͵͵ȀͶͳ͸ǡDz‹Ž‹–ƒ”›‡’‘”–‘ ‡”ƒ‘—–ŠǦ‡•–ˆ”‹ ƒǡͳͻͲ͸dzǡ††‡†—

(34)

(35)  –‘„‡” ͳͻͳͲǢ ƒ† ǡ  ͵͵Ȁ͸͸͸ǡ Dz‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‡’‘”– ‘ ‡”ƒ ‘—–ŠǦ‡•– ˆ”‹ ƒǡ ͳͻͳ͵dzǡ ƒ”–

(36) Ǥ . 36.

(37) Ž‡›Šƒ•ȂŠ‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‘–Š‡‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒƒ’ƒ‹‰‹ ‡”ƒ‘—–Š‡•–ˆ”‹ ƒ. Locality. 1912/1913. 1913/1914 1914/1915 Average CoastalBelt Lüderitz ͳͲǤͶ ͳ͵Ǥ͹ ͳ͸ǤͲ 13.4mm Swakopmund ͺǤʹ ͸Ǥ͸ ʹʹǤͳ 12.3mm SouthernParts Warmbad ͻͶǤ͵ ͺʹǤ͵ ͸͵Ǥͷ 80.0mm Keetmanshoop ͷͶǤͳ ͳ͵͸Ǥͳ ͺ͹Ǥ͸ 92.6mm Gibeon ͸͸Ǥ͹ ͹͵Ǥ͹ ͺ͹Ǥͳ 75.8mm CentralParts Rehoboth ʹʹͷǤ͵ ͳͲͶǤͳ ʹʹͻǤͻ 186.4mm Gobabis ͶͶ͹Ǥͺ ʹͳͷǤͶ ͵ʹʹǤ͵ 328.5mm Windhoek ʹͶͶǤͺ ʹ͵ͷǤʹ ͵͵͸Ǥ͸ 272.2mm NorthernParts Grootfontein ͹ͷͳǤͺ Ͷ͸ͻǤͻ ͵ͺ͵Ǥͷ 535.1mm Tsumeb ͹͵ͺǤ͸ Ͷ͸ͳǤ͹ ͶͶ͸Ǥͷ 548.9mm Outjo ͷͶͲǤͺ ͵ͺͺǤ͸ ʹ͹͵Ǥ͵ 400.9mm  Table1:AnnualRainfallStatisticsforGermanSouthWestAfrica,19121915ʹͷ    Š‡ †‹• —••‹‘ ƒ„‘˜‡ Ž‡ƒ”Ž› †‡‘•–”ƒ–‡• –Š‡ ƒ —–‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ”ƒ‹ ƒ† ™ƒ–‡”‘–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰‡˜‹”‘‡–‘ˆ Ǥ

(38) –™ƒ•‹’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡–‘•–”ƒ–‡‰‹•‡ ‘ –Š‡ ƒƒ‰‡‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡”ƒ ‘Ž‘›ǯ• ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ™ƒ–‡” •‘—” ‡• „‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡ ‘—–„”‡ƒ ‘ˆ ™ƒ”Ǥ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽŽ› –Š‡ –‡””‹–‘”›ǯ• ™ƒ–‡” •‘—” ‡• ƒ”‡ †‹˜‹†‡† ‹–‘ •‡˜‡ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•ǣ ”ƒ‹ ƒ† ‰”‘—†™ƒ–‡”Ǣ †ƒ•Ǣ ’—’‡† ™ƒ–‡” ˆ”‘ „‘”‡Š‘Ž‡•Ǣ ƒ”–‡•‹ƒ ™ƒ–‡”Ǣ™ƒ–‡”ˆ”‘”—‹‰”‹˜‡”•Ǣˆ”‡•Š™ƒ–‡”‰ƒ‹‡†„›†‡•ƒŽ‹ƒ–‹‘Ǣƒ†™ƒ–‡”™‘ –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ •‘—” ‡•Ǥʹ͸

(39)  –Š‡ ‡”ƒ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ ‡”ƒ ȋͳͺͻͷȂͳͻͳͷȌǡ–Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡ƒ†‰”‘—†™ƒ–‡””‡•‘—” ‡•”‡ƒ‹‡†’”‡ ƒ”‹‘—•Ǥƒ –‹˜‡ ”ƒ‹™ƒ–‡” ƒƒ‰‡‡– ’”‘‰”ƒ‡ ™ƒ• ‹’Ž‡‡–‡† –‘ “—‡ Š –Š‡ Dz–Š‹”•–dz ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰”‘™‹‰•‡––Ž‡”‡ ‘‘›ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š†”‹ŽŽ‹‰„‘”‡Š‘Ž‡•”‡ƒ‹‡†–Š‡’”‹ƒ”›‘†‡‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡” ’”‘˜‹•‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ ‘Ž‘›ǡ ‘–Š‡” ‡ƒ•—”‡• ™‡”‡ ‹–”‘†— ‡† –‘ Š‡Ž’ ƒƒ‰‡ –Š‡ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ‰”‘—†™ƒ–‡”Ǥ Š‡•‡ ‹ Ž—†‡† •‹‹‰ Žƒ”‰‡ ™‡ŽŽ• ‹ ”‹˜‡” „‡†•ǡ „—‹Ž†‹‰ ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ•ƒ†•–‘”ƒ‰‡†ƒ•ǡ–Š‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ‰”‘—†™‡‹”•ƒ†–Š‡Šƒ”‡••‹‰ ‘ˆ•’”‹‰•ƒ†ˆ‘—–ƒ‹•Ǥʹ͹   ‡–™‡‡ ͳͺͻͷ ƒ† ͳͻͳͶ –Š‡ ‡”ƒ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ‘•–”— –‡† ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– ͷͲͲ ˆƒ” †ƒ• ‹ Ǥ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ™‡”‡ ‘ˆ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›Ǥ ‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡ ‘—–„”‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ”ǡ•‡˜‡ƒŒ‘”†ƒ• Š‡‡•Šƒ†„‡‡’Žƒ‡†ǡ™Š‹ Š‹ Ž—†‡†–Š‡ ‹•Š‹˜‡”‡””ƒ ‹‰ Š‡‡ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡‡ƒƒ—™–‡†ƒ’”‘Œ‡ –Ȃ–Š‡Žƒ––‡”™‹–Š ƒ ’Žƒ‡† ƒ’ƒ ‹–› ‘ˆ ͹Ͳ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ ͵Ǥʹͺ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ „‘”‡Š‘Ž‡• ”‡ƒ‹‡† –Š‡ ’”‹ƒ”› ™ƒ–‡” •—’’Ž› ˆ‘” ˆƒ”‡”•ǡ ƒ† ˆ‘” ”‡•‹†‡–• ‹ –‘™• ƒ† ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•Ǥ Š‡ †”‹ŽŽ‹‰ ‘ˆ  ʹͷǤ ‹‘ˆˆ‹ ‡‘ˆ‡•—•ƒ†–ƒ–‹•–‹ •ǡOfficialYearbookoftheUnionandofBasutoland, BechuanalandProtectorateandSwaziland,No.5,1922ȋ ‘˜‡”‡–”‹–‡”ǡ”‡–‘”‹ƒǡ ͳͻʹ͵Ȍǡ’ͻͶͶǤ ʹ͸Ǥ –‡”ƒ†ƒ—ǡNamibianWaterResourcesandtheirManagementǡ’’ʹȂ͵Ǥ ʹ͹Ǥ –‡”ƒ†ƒ—ǡNamibianWaterResourcesandtheirManagementǡ’’ͷȂͳͷǤ ʹͺǤ –‡”ƒ†ƒ—ǡNamibianWaterResourcesandtheirManagementǡ’’ʹ͸ȂͷͷǤ . 37.

(40) Ž‡›Šƒ•ȂŠ‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‘–Š‡‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒƒ’ƒ‹‰‹ ‡”ƒ‘—–Š‡•–ˆ”‹ ƒ. „‘”‡Š‘Ž‡•„‡ ƒ‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‹•‡†‹ͳͻͲ͸ǡƒ†–™‘†”‹ŽŽ‹‰•“—ƒ†•™‡”‡”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘” †”‹ŽŽ‹‰ „‘”‡Š‘Ž‡• ‹ –Š‡ ‘”–Š ƒ† •‘—–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Ž‘›Ǥ Š‡•‡ —‹–• ‘’‡”ƒ–‡†—†‡” –Š‡•—’‡”˜‹•‹‘‘ˆƒ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–ƒ† ‘—Ž††”‹ŽŽ—’–‘ͳͲͲ„‘”‡Š‘Ž‡•’‡”›‡ƒ”Ǥ”–‡•‹ƒ •’”‹‰•ƒŽ•‘•—’’Ž‡‡–‡†–Š‡‘–Š‡”•‘—” ‡•‘ˆ‰”‘—†™ƒ–‡”Ǥʹͻ   —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ–Š‡‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ†‡ˆ‡ ‡’Žƒ‡”•™‡”‡ƒ™ƒ”‡–Šƒ––Š‡–‘™•‘ˆ ™ƒ‘’—† ƒ† ò†‡”‹–œ„— Š– ™‡”‡ „‘–Š ‡–‹”‡Ž› †‡’‡†‡– ‘ ™ƒ–‡” •—’’Ž‹‡• ’”‘†— ‡† „› –Š‡ ’—’‹‰ •–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ– ™ƒ‘’—† ƒ† –Š‡ ™ƒ–‡” ‘†‡•‡”• ƒ– ò†‡”‹–œǤ—––‘‰‡–Š‡”ǡ–Š‡•‡• Š‡‡•’”‘˜‹†‡†„ƒ”‡Ž›‡‘—‰Š†”‹‹‰™ƒ–‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‹Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•‘ˆ–Š‡–™‘–‘™•ƒ†–Š‡‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ•–ƒˆˆ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”•”‡ ‘‰‹•‡†–Šƒ––Š‡› ™‘—Ž† •–”—‰‰Ž‡ –‘ •—’’‘”– ƒ Žƒ”‰‡ ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ˆ‘” ‡• ™‹–Š ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ ™ƒ–‡” •—’’Ž‹‡•Ǥ  ƒ†˜ƒ ‡ ƒ ”‘•• –Š‡ ™ƒ–‡”Ž‡•• ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ „‡Ž– ™‘—Ž† ‡ƒ –Šƒ– –Š‡  ™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡–‘–”ƒ•’‘”–™ƒ–‡”–‘–Š‡•‘Ž†‹‡”•ƒ––Š‡ˆ”‘–Ž‹‡‡‹–Š‡”„›‘—–‡† –”ƒ•’‘”– ‘” ƒ‹‰ —•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ› Ž‹‡Ǥ ‘‹‰ •‘ ™‘—Ž† •—’’Ž‡‡– –Š‡ ™ƒ–‡” ‰ƒ‹‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡‘™™ƒ–‡”Š‘Ž‡•ƒ†•’”‹‰•‹–Š‡ ‡”ƒ ‘Ž‘›Ǥ‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡™ƒ”ǡ –Š‡ ‡”ƒ ‘Ž‘› ‘ˆ–‡ ”‡Ž‹‡† ‘ ™ƒ–‡” „‡‹‰ •Š‹’’‡† ˆ”‘ ƒ’‡ ‘™ „› –ƒ •–‡ƒ‡”• –‘ ò†‡”‹–œ„— Š–Ǥ Š‡ ™ƒ–‡” ™ƒ• –Š‡ –”ƒ•’‘”–‡† ‹Žƒ† ƒ• –Š‡ ‡‡† ”‡“—‹”‡†Ǥ͵Ͳ Š‡ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒ •–ƒˆˆ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”• ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡† –Š‡ ˆƒ – –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘–”‘Ž ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡” •‘—” ‡• ™‘—Ž† „‡ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡› ˆƒ –‘”• ‹ –Š‡ •— ‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒ ƒ’ƒ‹‰ǡƒ†–Š‡‹”’Žƒ•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹˜ƒ•‹‘–Š—•‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡†–Š‡•‡ —”‹‰‘ˆƒ ‡••–‘ ™ƒ–‡”•‘—” ‡•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–”‘—–‡•‘ˆƒ†˜ƒ ‡Ǥ  TheinfluenceofwaterontheSouthAfricanmilitaryoperations  Š‡ ’Žƒ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‹˜ƒ•‹‘ ‘ˆ  ™ƒ• ˆ‹ƒŽ‹•‡† „› –Š‡ •–ƒˆˆ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”• ƒ– ‡ˆ‡ ‡ ‡ƒ†“—ƒ”–‡”•‘ʹͳ—‰—•–ͳͻͳͶǤ

(41) –ƒŽŽ‘™‡†ˆ‘”–Š”‡‡•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ ‘Ž—•–‘ ‘˜‡”‰‡ ‘–Š‡ ‘Ž‘›Ǥ‘Ž‘‡ŽǤǤ‡˜‡•ƒ†Š‹•Ǯǯ ‘” ‡ǡ™Š‹ Š ‘’”‹•‡†ͳʹͲͲ”‹ˆŽ‡•ƒ† •‹š‰—•ǡ™ƒ•–‘Žƒ†ƒ–ò†‡”‹–œ„— Š–ƒ† ƒ’–—”‡–Š‡™‹”‡Ž‡••‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ǡ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡‘›ƒŽƒ˜›™‘—Ž††‡•–”‘›‘–Š‡”‡••‡–‹ƒŽ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ƒ–™ƒ‘’—†„›ƒ˜ƒŽ „‘„ƒ”†‡–Ǥ —”–Š‡” •‘—–Šǡ ”‹‰Ǥ ‡Ǥ ǤǤ —‹ ƒ† Š‹• Ǯǯ ‘” ‡ǡ ‘’”‹•‹‰ ͳ ͺͲͲ ”‹ˆŽ‡• ƒ† ‡‹‰Š– ‰—•ǡ ™‘—Ž† Žƒ† ƒ– ‘”– ‘ŽŽ‘–Š ƒ† ƒ†˜ƒ ‡ ‘ –Š‡ ‡”ƒ „‘”†‡”Ǥ‘–Š‡‡ƒ•–ǡ–‘ŽǤ Ǥƒ”‹–œƒ†Š‹•Ǯǯ ‘” ‡ǡ ‘’”‹•‹‰ͳͲͲͲ”‹ˆŽ‡•ǡ™‘—Ž† ‹˜ƒ†‡ ™‹–Š’‹‰–‘ƒ•‹–•„ƒ•‡‘ˆ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ͵ͳ  ʹͻǤ ǡ  ͵͵Ȁ͸͸͸ǡ Dz‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‡’‘”– ‘ ‡”ƒ ‘—–ŠǦ‡•– ˆ”‹ ƒǡ ͳͻͳ͵dzǡ ƒ”–

(42) Ǣ ƒ† –‡”ƒ†ƒ—ǡNamibianWaterResourcesandtheirManagementǡ’’͸͵Ȃ͸ͷǤ ͵ͲǤ ǡ  ͵͵ȀͶͳ͸ǡ Dz‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‡’‘”– ‘ ‡”ƒ ‘—–ŠǦ‡•– ˆ”‹ ƒǡ ͳͻͲ͸dzǢ ǡ  ͵͵ȀͶͳ͸ǡ Dz‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‡’‘”– ‘ ‡”ƒ ‘—–ŠǦ‡•– ˆ”‹ ƒǡ ͳͻͲ͸dzǡ ††‡†—

(43) ǡ ƒ› ͳͻͲͺǢ ǡ  ͵͵ȀͶͳ͸ǡ Dz‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‡’‘”– ‘ ‡”ƒ ‘—–ŠǦ‡•– ˆ”‹ ƒǡ ͳͻͲ͸dzǡ ††‡†—

(44)

(45) ǡ  –‘„‡” ͳͻͳͲǢ ǡ  ͵͵Ȁ͸͸͸ǡ Dz‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‡’‘”– ‘ ‡”ƒ ‘—–ŠǦ ‡•– ˆ”‹ ƒǡ ͳͻͳ͵dzǡ ƒ”–

(46) Ǥ ‡‡ ƒŽ•‘ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ” Š‹˜‡• ƒ† ‡ ‘”†• ‡”˜‹ ‡ ‘ˆ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒǡ”‡–‘”‹ƒȋŠ‡”‡ƒˆ–‡”Ȍǡ—–•ƒ’‡”•ȋͳȌǡ‘š ͳͳʹǡƒŒ‘”Ǧ ‡‡”ƒŽǤǤ Š‘’•‘ǡ Dz‡’‘”– ‘ ƒ ‹•‹– –‘ ‡”ƒ ‘—–Š ‡•– ˆ”‹ ƒ ‹ ––‡†ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ‹• š ‡ŽŽ‡ ›–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘”Ǧ ‡‡”ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡‹‘‘ˆ‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒdzǡʹͲȂʹ͹ƒ” ŠͳͻͳͷǤ ͵ͳǤ –”ƒ ŠƒǡTheFirstWorldWarinAfricaǡ’͸ͻǢƒ†Ž‡›Šƒ•ǡDz‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ

(47) ˜ƒ•‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡”ƒ‘—–Š‡•–ˆ”‹ ƒȋ‹‘‘ˆ‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒȌdzǤ. 38.

(48) Ž‡›Šƒ•ȂŠ‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‘–Š‡‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒƒ’ƒ‹‰‹ ‡”ƒ‘—–Š‡•–ˆ”‹ ƒ. ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡’Žƒˆ‘”–Š‡‹˜ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ •—ˆˆ‡”‡†ˆ”‘•‡˜‡”ƒŽˆŽƒ™•™Š‹ Š ™‡”‡ †‡•–‹‡† –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ †‹•–‹ – ‹’ƒ – ‘ –Š‡ ‘’‡‹‰ •ƒŽ˜‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ƒ’ƒ‹‰Ǥ ‹”•–ǡ –Š‡ –Š”‡‡ ˆ‹‰Š–‹‰ ‘Ž—• ™‡”‡ –‘ „‡ †‡’Ž‘›‡† ƒ ”‘•• ƒ ˜ƒ•– ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ”‡ƒ •–”‡– Š‹‰ ‘˜‡” ƒ ƒ” Š ‘ˆ ͻͲͲ ‹Ž‘‡–”‡• ˆ”‘ ò†‡”‹–œ„— Š– –‘ ’‹‰–‘ǤŠ‹•‡ƒ––Šƒ–Žƒ–‡”ƒŽ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ˆ‘” ‡•™‘—Ž†„‡ƒŽ‘•– ‹’‘••‹„Ž‡ †—‡ –‘ Žƒ”‰‡ ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹  †‹•–ƒ ‡•Ǣ Šƒ”•Š –‡””ƒ‹Ǣ ’‘‘” ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡Ǣƒ†–Š‡†‹˜‹†‡† ‘ƒ†Ǥ‘–Š‡”‡””‘”‘ˆ’Žƒ‹‰™ƒ•–Š‡†‡ ‹•‹‘ –‘ ‘–”‘Ž ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘• ‡–”ƒŽŽ› ˆ”‘ ‡ˆ‡ ‡ ‡ƒ†“—ƒ”–‡”• ‹ ”‡–‘”‹ƒǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ†‡ ƒ”‡ˆ—Ž –‹‹‰ ƒ† ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒ ‘ˆˆ‡•‹˜‡ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘• ˜‹”–—ƒŽŽ› ‹’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ͵ʹ    ͳ͸ ‡’–‡„‡” –Š‡ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒ ’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– ƒ’’”‘˜‡† –Š‡ ‹˜ƒ•‹‘ ‘ˆ. Ǥ–Š‡‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽˆ”‘–‡˜‡–•‘™‘˜‡†•™‹ˆ–Ž›Ǥ‘Ž‘‡Ž‡˜‡••— ‡••ˆ—ŽŽ› ‘ —’‹‡† ò†‡”‹–œ„— Š– ™‹–Š Š‹• ˆ‘” ‡ ‘ ͳͺ ‡’–‡„‡” ƒ† ƒ ‘—–‡† ˆ‘” Š‹• ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡• ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ ‘›ƒŽ ƒ˜› „‘„ƒ”†‡† ™ƒ‘’—†Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‡˜‡• ™ƒ• —ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ‘˜‡ ‹Žƒ† „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ ”‡–”‡ƒ–‹‰ ‡”ƒ ˆ‘” ‡• Šƒ† †‡•–”‘›‡†–Š‡”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›Ž‹‡–‘—•Ǥ͵͵ͳʹ‡’–‡„‡”ǡ ‡‡”ƒŽ—‹Šƒ†‘”†‡”‡†Š‹• –”‘‘’•–‘‘ —’›–Š‡Š‹‰Š‰”‘—†ƒ†„‘”†‡”’‘•–•ƒ–ƒƒǯ•”‹ˆ–ǡ ‘—•”‹ˆ–ǡƒ†. —†‘—• „‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡ ‹˜ƒ•‹‘ ‘ˆ  ‘‡ ‡†Ǥ ‡ Šƒ† ’Žƒ‡† –‘ ‹˜ƒ†‡  ˆ”‘ ƒ ”‘•• –Š‡ ”ƒ‰‡ ‹˜‡” ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ†˜ƒ ‡ ‘ ‡‡Š‡‹ ˜‹ƒ ƒƒǯ• ”‹ˆ–ǡ ƒ”„ƒ† ƒ† ƒŽˆ‘–‡‹Ǥ Š‡ „‹‰‰‡•– ‘„•–ƒ Ž‡ –‘ —‹ǯ• ’Žƒ‡† ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘• ”‡ƒ‹‡†ƒ ‡••–‘•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–™ƒ–‡”ˆ‘”Š‹•ˆ‘” ‡ƒŽ‘‰Š‹•’”‘’‘•‡†”‘—–‡‘ˆƒ†˜ƒ ‡Ǥ ‡ –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘”†‡”‡† ƒ •ƒŽŽ ˆ‘” ‡ ‘ˆ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒ –”‘‘’• –‘ ‘ —’› ƒ† Š‘Ž† –Š‡ ™ƒ–‡”Š‘Ž‡•ƒ–ƒ†ˆ‘–‡‹‘ͳͻ‡’–‡„‡”™Š‹Ž‡Š‡ŠƒŽ–‡†ƒ–ƒƒǯ•”‹ˆ––‘ƒ™ƒ‹– –Š‡ƒ””‹˜ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡‡ ‡••ƒ”›•—’’Ž‹‡•ƒ†”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹˜ƒ•‹‘Ǥ͵Ͷ   ‡ˆ‡ ‡ ‡ƒ†“—ƒ”–‡”•ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ’”‡••—”‡†Š‹–‘‘ —’›ƒ†ˆ‘–‡‹‹ˆ‘” ‡ ƒ† Šƒ•–‡ Š‹• ƒ†˜ƒ ‡ ‘ ƒ”„ƒ†Ǥ ƒ †‡” ƒƒ‰ ƒ”‰—‡• –Šƒ– –™‘ ’‹‡ ‡• ‘ˆ ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡ ‡ Šƒ† ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡† –Š‡ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒ †‡ ‹•‹‘ –‘ ”‘•• –Š‡ ˆ”‘–‹‡” Šƒ•–‹Ž›Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ™ƒ• •‘‡ • ƒ– ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‡”ƒ –”‘‘’• ™‡”‡ †‡•–”‘›‹‰ ™ƒ–‡”Š‘Ž‡•ƒ†™‡ŽŽ•‘–Š‡‹”•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡„‘”†‡”ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡‘–Š‡”’‹‡ ‡‘ˆ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ’‘‹–‡†–‘–Š‡ ‘ˆ‹”‡† ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Schutztruppen‘–Š‡‡ƒ•–‡”„‘”†‡”‘ˆ. Ǥ͵ͷ  ʹ͸ ‡’–‡„‡”ǡ ƒ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒ ˆ‘” ‡ —†‡” –Ǥ ‘Ž Ǥ ”ƒ– •—ˆˆ‡”‡† ƒ ”—•Š‹‰ †‡ˆ‡ƒ– ƒ– ƒ†ˆ‘–‡‹ ƒ– –Š‡ Šƒ†• ‘ˆ ‘Ž Ǥ ˜‘ ‡›†‡„”‡  ƒ† Š‹• SchutztruppenǤ‘Ž‘‡Ž ‡›†‡„”‡ ƒ†‡‰‘‘†—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡–‡””ƒ‹ǡŠ‹•‹–‡”‹‘”Ž‹‡•‘ˆ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†Š‹••—’‡”‹‘”ˆ‘” ‡•ƒ–ƒ†ˆ‘–‡‹–‘ ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‡ƒ††‡ˆ‡ƒ––Š‡ ‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ•Ǥ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡƒ”‹–œ ƒ—•‡†‰”‡ƒ– ‘ ‡”™Š‡Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž‡†–‘•‡†—‹ ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–• ƒ† ‘’‡Ž› •—’’‘”–‡† –Š‡ ‡”ƒ• „› •Šƒ”‹‰ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘  ͵ʹǤ ƒ†‡”ƒƒ‰ǡDzŠ‡ƒ––Ž‡‘ˆƒ†ˆ‘–‡‹dzǡ’’ͳͶͺȂͳͶͻǤ ͵͵Ǥ ƒ” ‹ƒǡ Dzƒ‘‡—˜”‡ ƒ”ˆƒ”‡dzǡ ’’ ͶͻȂͷͳǢ ƒ† ƒ †‡” ƒƒ‰ǡ A Military History of ModernSouthAfricaǡ’’ͻ͹ȂͻͺǤ ͵ͶǤ ǤǤ ƒ”™‹ ǡ DzŠ‡ ƒ––Ž‡ ‘ˆ ƒ†ˆ‘–‡‹ǣ Š‡ ‘Ž‡ ƒ† ‡‰ƒ › ‘ˆ ƒŒ‘” ‡‡”ƒŽ ‹” ‡”›‹•‘—‹dzǡScientiaMilitariaǡ͵ͶǡʹȋʹͲͲ͸Ȍǡ’’͹͵Ȃ͹ͷǤ ͵ͷǤ ƒ†‡”ƒƒ‰ǡDzŠ‡ƒ––Ž‡‘ˆƒ†ˆ‘–‡‹dzǡ’’ͳͶͻȂͳͷͲǤ. 39.

(49) Ž‡›Šƒ•ȂŠ‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‘–Š‡‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒƒ’ƒ‹‰‹ ‡”ƒ‘—–Š‡•–ˆ”‹ ƒ. ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‘ –Š‡ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒ †‹•’‘•‹–‹‘• ƒ”‘—† ƒ†ˆ‘–‡‹Ǥ͵͸  ͻ  –‘„‡” ƒ”‹–œ™‡–‹–‘‘’‡”‡„‡ŽŽ‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆŠ‹•ˆ‘” ‡ƒ–’‹‰–‘ǤŠ‹•‘˜‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† –Š‡ ”‡•‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‘–Š‡” ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”• ƒ† ‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡   †—”‹‰ ‡’–‡„‡”‹’”‘–‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ†‡ ‹•‹‘–‘‹˜ƒ†‡–Š‡‡‹‰Š„‘—”‹‰ Ǥ ‘‘ ƒˆ–‡”™ƒ”†•ǡ ‡ˆ‡ ‡ ‡ƒ†“—ƒ”–‡”• ™ƒ• ˆ‘” ‡† –‘ ƒŽŽ ƒ ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡ ŠƒŽ– –‘ ƒŽŽ ‘ˆˆ‡•‹˜‡‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•‹ Ǥ”‡–‘”‹ƒ”‡ƒŽ‹•‡†–Šƒ–‹–ˆ‹”•–‡‡†‡†–‘”‡‘”‰ƒ‹•‡–Š‡  ƒ††‡ƒŽ™‹–Š–Š‡ƒŽŽǦ‘—–ˆ”‹ƒ‡”‡„‡ŽŽ‹‘–Šƒ–™ƒ•ˆ‡•–‡”‹‰‹•‹†‡‹–•„‘”†‡”• „‡ˆ‘”‡‹– ‘—Ž†”‡Ǧˆ‘ —•‘–Š‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡‹˜ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ Ǥ͵͹   › ƒ—ƒ”›ͳͻͳͷ–Š‡ˆ”‹ƒ‡”‡„‡ŽŽ‹‘Šƒ†„‡‡•— ‡••ˆ—ŽŽ› ”—•Š‡†‹–Š‡ ‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡ ˆ‘ —• ‘ ‡ ‘”‡ •Š‹ˆ–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‘“—‡•– ‘ˆ Ǥ Š‡ ‹‹•–‡” ‘ˆ †‡ˆ‡ ‡ǡ ‡‡”ƒŽ ǤǤ ȋ ƒȌ —–• †‡ ‹†‡† –‘†”ƒ™ —’ ƒ ‡™ ’Žƒ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‹˜ƒ•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡”ƒ ‘Ž‘›Ǥ ‡†‡ ‹†‡†–‘—•‡™ƒ‘’—†ƒ†ƒŽ˜‹•ƒ›ƒ••–ƒ‰‹‰ƒ”‡ƒ• ˆ‘”ƒ†‹”‡ –ƒ†˜ƒ ‡‘‹†Š‘‡Ǥ ‡‡”ƒŽǤȋ‘—‹•Ȍ‘–Šƒǡ–Š‡‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ’”‹‡ ‹‹•–‡”ǡ –Š‡ ƒ••—‡† –Š‡ ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ ‘ƒ† ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒ ‹˜ƒ•‹‘ ™Š‹ Š ‡•—”‡†—‹–›‘ˆ ‘ƒ†ƒ–„‘–Š–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ†‹Ž‹–ƒ”›•’Š‡”‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ’ƒ‹‰Ǥ ƒ —–• „‡Ž‹‡˜‡† –Šƒ– •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ ƒ––ƒ • ƒŽ‘‰ ˆ‘—” †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ƒš‡• ™‘—Ž† †‡› –Š‡. ‡”ƒˆ‘” ‡•–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‹–‡”‹‘”Ž‹‡•‘ˆ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡ ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ–Š‡‹”–”‘‘’•ǡƒ†‡•—”‡–Š‡ ǯ•‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•— ‡••Ǥ ‡‡”ƒŽ•‘–Šƒƒ†—–• ƒŽ•‘ ƒ‹‡† –‘ †‡•–”‘› –Š‡ Schutztruppen ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‹‡Ž†ǡ ƒ† ‹ †‘‹‰ •‘ ’”‡˜‡– ƒ ‰—‡””‹ŽŽƒ ƒ’ƒ‹‰ˆ”‘‡•—‹‰Ǥ͵ͺ  ‘—”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆ‘” ‡• ‘˜‡”‰‡†‘ ‹‡ƒ”Ž› ƒ—ƒ”›ͳͻͳͷǤ

(50) –Š‡‘”–Šǡ —†‡”–Š‡’‡”•‘ƒŽ ‘ƒ†‘ˆ‘–Šƒǡ–Š‡‘”–Š‡” ‘” ‡‘’‡”ƒ–‡†ˆ”‘ƒŽ˜‹•ƒ› ƒ† –Š”‡ƒ–‡‡† –Š‡ ‡”ƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ƒ† ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ •‡ƒ– ƒ– ‹†Š‘‡Ǥ Š‡ ‘”–Š‡” ‘” ‡™ƒ•–Š‡’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒˆ‘” ‡‹–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†Ǥ†‡”–Š‡ ‘ƒ†‘ˆ–‘Ž ǤǤǤ ‡””ƒ‰±ǡ –Š‡ ƒ•–‡” ‘” ‡ ‘’‡”ƒ–‡† ˆ”‘ —”—ƒ ƒ† ™ƒ• –ƒ•‡† ™‹–Š –Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰ –Š‡ ‡ƒ•–‡” „‘”†‡” ‘ˆ  –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ ƒ†˜ƒ ‡ ƒ ”‘•• –Š‡ ƒŽƒŠƒ”‹ ‡•‡”–Ǥ Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ ‘” ‡ ™ƒ• ‘ƒ†‡† „› ”‹‰Ǥ ‡Ǥ ‹” Ǥ  ‡œ‹‡ ƒ† ™ƒ• –ƒ•‡† –‘ ‘˜‡ ˆ‘”™ƒ”† ˆ”‘ ò†‡”‹–œ„— Š– ˜‹ƒ —• –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ •–”ƒ–‡‰‹  ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ† Œ— –—”‡ ƒ– ‡‡Š‡‹ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ –Š”‡ƒ–‡ ‡‡–ƒ•Š‘‘’Ǥ Š‡ ‘—–Š‡” ‘” ‡ǡ —†‡” –Š‡ ‘ƒ†‘ˆ‘Ž ǤǤ˜ƒ‡˜‡–‡”ǡ™‘—Ž†–Š”‡ƒ–‡–Š‡•‘—–Š‘ˆ ˆ”‘–Š‡‹” „ƒ•‡•ƒ–’‹‰–‘ƒ†‘”–‘ŽŽ‘–ŠǤ͵ͻ     ͵͸Ǥ ƒ”™‹ ǡ DzŠ‡ ƒ––Ž‡ ‘ˆ ƒ†ˆ‘–‡‹dzǡ ’’ ͹͵Ȃ͹͹Ǥ ‡‡ ƒŽ•‘ ǤǤ ƒ”™‹ ǡ Dz‡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ––Ž‡ ‘ˆ ƒ†ˆ‘–‡‹ǣ Š‡ ‹”•– Šƒ•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡”ƒ ‘—–Š ‡•– ˆ”‹ ƒ ƒ’ƒ‹‰ǡ —‰—•– –‘ ‡’–‡„‡” ͳͻͳͶdzǡ  †‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ ƒ’‡‘™ǡʹͲͲ͵Ǥ ͵͹Ǥ ƒ” ‹ƒǡDzƒ‘‡—˜”‡ƒ”ˆƒ”‡dzǡ’’ͷ͸Ȃ͸͵Ǥ ͵ͺǤ ƒ†‡”ƒƒ‰ǡDzŠ‡ƒ––Ž‡‘ˆƒ†ˆ‘–‡‹dzǡ’ͳͷͷǤ ͵ͻǤ –”ƒ Šƒǡ The First World War in Africaǡ ’ ͺʹǢ ”‡™ǡ Botha Treksǡ ’ ͸ͲǢ ƒ† ƒ” ‹ƒǡ Dzƒ‘‡—˜”‡ƒ”ˆƒ”‡dzǡ’͸ͶǤ. 40.

(51) Ž‡›Šƒ•ȂŠ‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‘–Š‡‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒƒ’ƒ‹‰‹ ‡”ƒ‘—–Š‡•–ˆ”‹ ƒ. ”–‹ŽŽ‡”›.  Northern Force Central Force Southern Force Eastern Force Total. ‘—–‡†.

(52) ˆƒ–”›. †‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡. Total 20869 men 10871 men 9186 men 2476 men 43402 men. ͹Ͷͳ. ͳʹ͹͹͵. ͷͺ͸Ͷ. ͳͶͻͳ. ͷ͹ͷ. ͵ͺͷͺ. ͷͷͺ͵. ͺͷͷ. ͳͳ͹. ͺͶ͵ͺ. ͓͓͓. ͸͵ͳ. ͶͲ. ʹͲͳ͸. ͓͓͓. ͶʹͲ. 1473 men. 27085 men. 11447 men. 3397 men.  Table2:SummaryofTroopsintheFieldon15March1915ͶͲ .  Š‡‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘• ‘†— –‡††—”‹‰–Š‡•‡ ‘†‹˜ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ. ǡ „‡‰ƒ ‹ ƒŽŽ ‡ƒ”‡•– †—”‹‰ ‡„”—ƒ”› ͳͻͳͷǤ › ‹†Ǧƒ” Šǡ ƒ† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ”‡‡™‡† ‘ˆˆ‡•‹˜‡‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•—†‡”™ƒ›ǡ–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ‹‘–”‘‘’•‘ƒ –‹˜‡ •‡”˜‹ ‡ ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‹‡Ž† ”‡ƒ Š‡† ‹–• ’‡ƒ ƒ– Ͷ͵ͶͲʹ ‡Ǥ ˆ –Š‡•‡ ʹ͹Ͳͺͷ ™‡”‡ ‘—–‡† ‹ˆƒ–”›ȋ•‡‡ƒ„Ž‡ʹȌǤŠ‡ Žƒ— Š‡†ƒ—„‡”‘ˆƒ––ƒ •ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ˆ‘—”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ƒš‡• ‘ˆ ƒ†˜ƒ ‡ ƒ† ƒ’–—”‡† •‘‡ ‡› ‡”ƒ –‘™• „‡–™‡‡ ƒ” Š ƒ† —‡ ͳͻͳͷǤ Š‡•‡ ™‡”‡ǣ —• ȋ͵ͳ ƒ” ŠȌǢ ƒŽˆ‘–‡‹ ȋͷ ’”‹ŽȌǢ ƒ„—• ȋʹͲ ’”‹ŽȌǢ ‹„‡‘ ȋʹ͹’”‹ŽȌǢƒ”‹„‹„ȋͷƒ›ȌǢ‹†Š‘‡ȋͳʹƒ›ȌǢƒ†ƒ—–‘‹ȋ͸ —Ž›ȌǤŠ‡’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ „ƒ––Ž‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ’ƒ‹‰ ™‡”‡ ˆ‘—‰Š– ƒ– ‹‡–Ǧˆ‘”–‡ ƒ† ƒƒŽ•™ƒ–‡” ȋʹͲ ƒ” ŠȌǢ ƒ„—•ȋʹͲ’”‹ŽȌǢ”‡‘’’‹‡•ȋʹ͸’”‹ŽȌǢ ‹„‡‘ȋʹ͸Ȃʹ͹’”‹ŽȌǢƒ†–ƒ˜‹ˆ‘–‡‹ȋͳ —Ž›ȌǤŠ‡ ‡”ƒˆ‘” ‡••—””‡†‡”‡†ƒ––ƒ˜‹ˆ‘–‡‹‘ͻ —Ž›ͳͻͳͷǤͶͳ   Š‡ ‡š—• „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ƒ ‡•• –‘ ƒ† •—’’Ž› ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡”ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•‘—–Ž‹‡†ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ™‡”‡‹–”‹•‹ ǡ–‘•ƒ›–Š‡Ž‡ƒ•–ǤŠ‡ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•™‡”‡ ”‡Ž‹ƒ–‘™ƒ–‡”ƒ†–‘•‘‡‡š–‡–ǡ™ƒ–‡”†‹ –ƒ–‡†–Š‡’ƒ ‡ƒ†• ‘’‡‘ˆƒŽŽ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ƒ†˜ƒ ‡•™‹–Š‹ ǤŠ‡†ƒ‹Ž›™ƒ–‡””ƒ–‹‘’‡”•‘Ž†‹‡”†—”‹‰–Š‡ ƒ’ƒ‹‰™ƒ• ͸Ǥͺ Ž‹–”‡•ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ Š‘”•‡• ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† ͵ͳǤͺ Ž‹–”‡• ’‡” †ƒ›ǤͶʹ Š‡   ”‡“—‹”‡† ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ʹͻͷͳ͵͵Ž‹–”‡•‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”’‡”†ƒ›–‘‡‡–‹–•Ž‘‰‹•–‹ ƒŽ”‡“—‹”‡‡––‘‹–• –”‘‘’• ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‹‡Ž† ƒŽ‘‡ ȋ•‡‡ ƒ„Ž‡ ͵ȌǤ

(53)  ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ʹ͹Ͳͺͷ ‘—–• ”‡“—‹”‡† ƒ ˆ—”–Š‡”ͺ͸ͳ͵ͲʹŽ‹–”‡•‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”’‡”†ƒ›ǤŠ‡ –Š—•Šƒ†–Š‡‹‡•‡”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ ƒ –‘–ƒŽ ‘ˆ ͳͳͷ͸Ͷ͵ͷ Ž‹–”‡• ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡” ’‡” †ƒ› –‘ ‡‡– –Š‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ ”‡“—‹”‡‡–•‘ˆ‹–•ˆ‘” ‡•‹–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†ǤŠ‹•’‡”Šƒ’•‡š’Žƒ‹•™Š›‘ˆ–Š‡ͳ͵͵†ƒ›•–Š‡   •’‡– ‘ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘• ‹ ǡ ‘Ž› ʹͶ †ƒ›• ‘’”‹•‡† ƒ –—ƒŽ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘˜‡‡–•Ǥ Š‡ ”‡ƒ‹‹‰ ͳͲͻ †ƒ›• ™‡”‡ †‡˜‘–‡† –‘ ƒ ——Žƒ–‹‰ •—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– Ž‘‰‹•–‹ ƒŽ •—’’Ž‹‡•ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ ™ƒ–‡”•—’’Ž‹‡•ǡ –‘ ‘–‹—‡ –Š‡ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒ  ͶͲǤ ‡‡”ƒŽ–ƒˆˆǡTheUnionofSouthAfricaandtheGreatWarǡ’͸ͲǤ ͶͳǤ ‡‡”ƒŽ–ƒˆˆǡTheUnionofSouthAfricaandtheGreatWarǡ’’ʹͻ–ͷͶǡ͸ͲǢƒ†ƒ†‡” ƒƒ‰ǡDzŠ‡ƒ––Ž‡‘ˆƒ†ˆ‘–‡‹dzǡ’ͳͷͺǤ ͶʹǤ ǡ—–•ƒ’‡”•ȋͳȌǡ‘šͳͳʹǡŠ‘’•‘ǡDz‡’‘”–‘ƒ‹•‹––‘ ‡”ƒ‘—–Š ‡•– ˆ”‹ ƒ ‹ ––‡†ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ‹• š ‡ŽŽ‡ › –Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘”Ǧ ‡‡”ƒŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒdzǡʹͲȂʹ͹ƒ” ŠͳͻͳͷǤ. 41.

(54) Ž‡›Šƒ•ȂŠ‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‘–Š‡‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒƒ’ƒ‹‰‹ ‡”ƒ‘—–Š‡•–ˆ”‹ ƒ. ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ƒ†˜ƒ ‡‹–‘–Š‡Š‹–‡”Žƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘Ž‘›ǤŠ‹•™ƒ•„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ Ž‹‡• ‘ˆ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ ™‡”‡ •–”‡– Š‡† –‘ ƒ ƒš‹— ‘™‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ˆ‘—” •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ ƒ†˜ƒ ‡•‹–‘‘—–ŠǦ‡•–ˆ”‹ ƒǤͶ͵   ‘”–Š‡” ‡–”ƒŽ ‘—–Š‡” ƒ•–‡” Total ‘” ‡ ‘” ‡ ‘” ‡ ‘” ‡ ‘–ƒŽ ʹͲͺ͸ͻ ͳͲͺ͹ͳ ʹͲͺ͸ͻ ͻͳͺ͸ 43402 ”‘‘’• men ƒ–‡”ƒ–‹‘• ͳͶͳͻͲͻ ͹͵ͻʹ͵ ͸ʹͶ͸ͷ ͳ͸ͺ͵͸ 295133 ’Ȁ†ƒ› Ž‹–”‡• Ž‹–”‡• Ž‹–”‡• Ž‹–”‡• litres p/day •–‹ƒ–‡† ͳʹ͹͹͵ ͵ͺͷͺ ͺͶ͵ͺ ʹͲͳ͸ 27085 ‘—–• horses ƒ–‡”ƒ–‹‘• ͶͲ͸ͳͺͳ ͳʹʹ͸ͺͶ ʹ͸ͺ͵ʹͺ ͸ͶͳͲͻ 861302 ’Ȁ†ƒ› Ž‹–”‡• Ž‹–”‡• Ž‹–”‡• Ž‹–”‡• litres p/day TotalWater 548090 196607 330793 80945 1156435 Needed litres litres litres litres litres p/day p/day p/day p/day p/day p/day  Table3:WaterRequirementsoftheUnionTroopsintheField,15March1915ͶͶ   ‘‡‡––Š‡‡˜‡”‰”‘™‹‰™ƒ–‡”†‡ƒ††—”‹‰–Š‡  ƒ’ƒ‹‰ǡ–Š‡  Šƒ†–‘”‡Ž›‘ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ‡–Š‘†•–‘•—’’Ž‡‡–‹–•™ƒ–‡”‡‡†•ǤŠ‡‡›ƒ†˜ƒ ‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡” ƒ† ‡–”ƒŽ ‘” ‡•ǡ ˆ”‘ ™ƒ‘’—† ƒ† ò†‡”‹–œ„— Š– ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǡ ™‡”‡ ”‡Ž‹ƒ– ‘ –Š‡ ™ƒ–‡” ’”‘˜‹†‡† „› –Š‡ ™ƒ–‡” ’—’‹‰ •–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ– ™ƒ‘’—†ƒ†–Š‡™ƒ–‡” ‘†‡•‡”ƒ–ò†‡”‹–œ„— Š–„—––‘‰‡–Š‡”–Š‡›™‡”‡‘Ž› ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆƒŽ‹‹–‡†•—’’Ž›‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”’‡”†ƒ›ǤͶͷ

(55) ˆƒ –ǡƒŒǤ ‡ǤǤǤŠ‘’•‘Ȃ–Š‡ ”‹–‹•Š ‘ˆ–Š‡‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›‘ƒ†Ȃ ‘ Ž—†‡†–Šƒ–™ƒ–‡”™ƒ•–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆƒš‹‡–›‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ’ƒ‹‰ǤŠ‡–Š‡ ‡”ƒˆ‘” ‡•”‡–”‡ƒ–‡†ˆ”‘™ƒ‘’—†ǡ –Š‡›†‡•–”‘›‡†–Š‡™ƒ–‡”–ƒ•ǡ™Š‹ Š’Žƒ ‡†ƒˆ—”–Š‡”„—”†‡‘–Š‡™ƒ–‡”•—’’Ž‹‡•Ǥ  Šƒ–‡ƒ•—”‡•™‡”‡–ƒ‡–‘ƒŽŽ‡˜‹ƒ–‡–Š‡•Š‘”–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ǫˆ–‡”‡š–‡•‹˜‡ †‹‰‰‹‰ –Š‡ „”ƒ ‹•Š ™ƒ–‡” ˆ‘—† ‹ –Š‡ „‡† ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™ƒ‘’ ‹˜‡” ƒ—‰‡–‡† –Š‡ ™ƒ–‡” •—’’Ž› ƒ– ™ƒ‘’—†Ǥ Š‡ –‘‘ǡ –Š‡ ˆ”‡•Š ™ƒ–‡” •Š‹’’‡† ˆ”‘ ƒ’‡ ‘™ ™ƒ• ‹š‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ „”ƒ ‹•Š ™ƒ–‡” –‘ ƒ‡ ‹– ‘”‡ ’‘–ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ —”‹‰ ‡„”—ƒ”› ƒ† ƒ” Š‘ˆͳͻͳͷǡ‰‘‘†”ƒ‹•ˆ‡ŽŽ‹–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—–”›ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠ‡Ž’‡†–‘‡ƒ•‡–Š‡ ’”‘˜‹•‹‘ ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡”Ǥ —”‹‰ ƒ” Š ͳͻͳͷ –Š‡ ’—’‹‰ •–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ– ò†‡”‹–œ„— Š– ’”‘†— ‡† ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž› ʹͳͺͲͲͲ Ž‹–”‡• ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡” ’‡” †ƒ›ǡ ™‹–Š ƒ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ •–‘”ƒ‰‡ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›‘ˆ͵͵ͳͲͲͲŽ‹–”‡•Ǥ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡Š‘’•‘‡’‘”–‘ˆƒ” Šͳͻͳͷǡ†”ƒˆ–‡†  Ͷ͵Ǥ ƒ” ‹ƒǡDzƒ‘‡—˜”‡ƒ”ˆƒ”‡dzǡ’ͳͳ͹Ǥ ͶͶǤ Š‹• –ƒ„Ž‡ ™ƒ• ‘’‹Ž‡† ˆ”‘ ‡‡”ƒŽ –ƒˆˆǡ The Union of South Africa and the Great Warǡ’͸ͲǢƒ†ǡ—–•ƒ’‡”•ȋͳȌǡ‘šͳͳʹǡŠ‘’•‘ǡDz‡’‘”–‘ƒ‹•‹––‘. ‡”ƒ ‘—–Š ‡•– ˆ”‹ ƒ ‹ ––‡†ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ‹• š ‡ŽŽ‡ › –Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘”Ǧ ‡‡”ƒŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹‘‘ˆ‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒdzǡʹͲȂʹ͹ƒ” ŠͳͻͳͷǤ ͶͷǤ ǡǡ͵͵ȀͶͳ͸ǡDz‹Ž‹–ƒ”›‡’‘”–‘ ‡”ƒ‘—–ŠǦ‡•–ˆ”‹ ƒǡͳͻͲ͸dzǤ. 42.

(56) Ž‡›Šƒ•ȂŠ‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‘–Š‡‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒƒ’ƒ‹‰‹ ‡”ƒ‘—–Š‡•–ˆ”‹ ƒ. ƒˆ–‡” ‡‡”ƒŽ Š‘’•‘ǯ• ˜‹•‹– –‘ ǡ –Š‡ †ƒ‹Ž› ‘•—’–‹‘ ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡” ƒ– ò†‡”‹–œ„— Š–™ƒ• ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡†ƒ–͵ͷͷͲͲͲŽ‹–”‡•ǤŠ‹•ˆ‹‰—”‡‹•ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ•Ž‹‰Š–Ž›Žƒ”‰‡” –Šƒ–Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –‡†—„‡”‹ƒ„Ž‡͵ǤͶ͸

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