De watervoetafdruk: instrument voor overheden en bedrijven

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De watervoetafdruk

Een instrument voor overheden en bedrijven

Arjen Hoekstra

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The total water footprint of a consumer in the Netherlands

► 1% of the water footprint is at home

26 litre/day (32% blue, 68% grey)

► 95% of the water footprint lies abroad

► 99% of the water footprint is ‘invisible’,

related to the products bought in the supermarket

86% agricultural products, 13% industrial products

[Hoekstra & Mekonnen, 2012]

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95% of the water footprint lies outside the Netherlands

soybean

Global water footprint of Dutch consumption

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Cotton for export

1989 2008

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Flowers from Kenya

Decline of lake level in Lake Naivasha

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Production

Globalization of water

Water consumption and pollution related to production for export; water is not factored into

the price of traded commodities

Consumption

Water saving, but also water dependency

TRADE

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- ► The water footprint concept - ► Water footprint of a product

► Water footprint of nations ► Water footprint of business

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The water footprint

concept

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► 2002

introduction

of the concept (in science)

1

st

_{global water footprint assessment}

► 2004

2

nd

_{global water footprint assessment}

► 2007

start uptake of the concept by ngo’s, companies, govt’s

► 2008

foundation of the

Water Footprint Network

► 2011

publication of the

Global Water Footprint Standard

► 2012

3

rd

_{global water footprint assessment}

launch of online

Water Footprint Assessment Tool

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► the

volume

of fresh water used to produce the product, summed over the

various steps of the

production chain

.

► when

and

where

the water was used:

a water footprint includes a

temporal and spatial dimension

.

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Green water footprint

► volume of rainwater

evaporated

or incorporated into product

Blue water footprint

► volume

of surface or groundwater evaporated

or

incorporated into product

Grey water footprint

► volume of

polluted water.

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Direct water footprint Indirect water footprint

Green water footprint Green water footprint

Blue water footprint Blue water footprint

Grey water footprint Grey water footprint

W ate r co ns um pti on W ate r po llu tio n [Hoekstra et al., 2011] Return flow Water withdrawal The traditional statistics on water use

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Grey water footprint

•  volume of polluted freshwater that associates with the

production of a product in its full supply-chain.

•  calculated as the volume of water that is required to

assimilate pollutants based on ambient water quality standards.

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Grey water footprint

Process

Freshwater body

Load = Effl ×c_effl- Abstr × c_act Substance intake

= Abstr × c_act

Substance output = Effl ×c_effl

Critical load = R × (cmax - cnat)

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The water footprint

of a product

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sugar crops 200 vegetables 300 starchy roots 400 fruits 1000 cereals 1600 pulses 4000 poultry 4000 pork 6000 beef 15000

Global average water footprint (litre/kg)

[Mekonnen & Hoekstra, 2010]

The water footprint of food products

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[Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]

Food

► 1300 kg of grains

(wheat, oats, barley, corn, dry peas, soybean, etc) ► 7200 kg of roughages

(pasture, dry hay, silage, etc) Water

► 24000 litres for drinking ► 7000 litres for servicing

99% 1%

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[Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]

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The two major factors

Feed conversion 0 20 40 60 80 in du st ria l mi xe d gr azi ng in du st ria l4 mi xe d gr azi ng in du st ria l mi xe d gr azi ng

poultry pork beef

kg #fe ed# (dr y# m as s) /k g# out put

Concentrate feed in total feed dry matter

0 20 40 60 80 100 in du st ria l mi xe d gr azi ng in du st ria l5 mi xe d gr azi ng in du st ria l mi xe d gr azi ng

poultry pork beef

%

► feed conversion

improves from

grazing to industrial systems.

► but at the cost of more

high-nutrient

concentrate feed

with a

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Meat versus vegetarian diet

Meat diet kcal/day litre/kcal litre/day Vegetarian

diet kcal/day litre/kcal litre/day

Animal

origin 950 2.5 2375 Animal origin 300 2.5 750

Vegetable

origin 2450 0.5 1225 Vegetable origin 3100 0.5 1550 Total 3400 3600 Total 3400 2300

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Meat versus vegetarian diet

Meat diet kcal/day litre/kcal litre/day Vegetarian

diet kcal/day litre/kcal litre/day

Animal

origin 950 2.5 2375 Animal origin 300 2.5 750

Vegetable origin 2450 0.5 1225 Vegetable origin 3100 0.5 1550 Total 3400 3600 Total 3400 2300 Industrialised countries:

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0" 2000" 4000" 6000" 8000" 10000" 12000" 14000" 16000" 18000" 20000" Su gar "b ee t" Su gar "c an e" Po tato es " Cas sav a" Mai ze " Bar le y" Ry e" Ri ce " W he at" Sor ghum " O il" pal m " Rap es ee d" G ro un dn uts " So yb ean s" Sunﬂow er "" Se ed"c oGon" Grey" Blue" Green" W ate r"f oo tp rin t"( litr e" of "w ate r"p er "li tr e" of "b io fu el )" _BioKethanol" _Biodiesel"

► coherent

energy-water strategies?

Car driving on bio-ethanol from sugar beet:

20-300 litre/km

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The spatial distribution of the water footprint of humanity

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The spatial distribution of the water footprint within Europe

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41% of the water footprint of European consumers is outside Europe soybean coffee soybean wheat cotton cotton, industrial products

wheat, sunflower seed, cotton, industrial products soybean, sunflower seed cotton coffee cocoa cotton

Europe: the world s largest virtual water import region

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[Hoekstra et al., 2011]

Consumption

Export

Pr

od

uc

tio

n

= + Internal water footprint Water footpr. of national consumption External water footprint Virtual water budget = = + + + + = = = + Virtual _water export Water use for export Virtual water import for

re-export Water footprint within nation Virtual water import

Im

po

rt

Focus of traditional water use statistics

(and within that focus a limitation to blue water withdrawals)

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Global average water footprint

► global water footprint

reduction targets?

► a Kyoto protocol

for water?

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► WTO trade rules?

National virtual water balances

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Northwest Northeast Huang-huai-hai North-central North China Yangtze Southeast Southwest South-central South China 26 13 13 14 26 13 13 10 Import =2 Import =1 Export =2 Import =3 Export =1 Import =8 Import₌₈ Export =7 Export =9 Import =6 Unit: Gm3/yr

52

Gm3_/yr

[Ma et al., 2006; Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]

► revisit large

water transfer projects?

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► an international

water pricing protocol? ►_{water rights} minimum

Number of months with blue water scarcity > 100%

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Future under growth and climate change

Water scarcity

Net virtual

water export

Net virtual

water import

China Northern Europe, Japan India South America Mexico,

North & South Africa, Middle East, Southern Europe USA, Australia [Hoekstra, 2012] Central Africa

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The water footprint

of business

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The Coca Cola Company

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Water footprint of a 0.5 litre PET-bottle coke

as produced in the Dongen factory, the Netherlands 0.44 litre water content

27.6 litre for sugar

5.3 litre for PET bottle and closure

3.0 litre for other ingredients & overheads ___________________

36 litre total

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Water risks for business

•  Physical risk

•  Reputational risk •  Regulatory risk •  Financial risk

Water opportunity for business

•  frontrunner advantage •  corporate image

Corporate social responsibility

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•  From focus on own operations to

supply-chain thinking

•  From focus on water withdrawals to

considering consumptive water use

•  From securing the right to abstract to

assessing environmental & social implications of the company’s direct & indirect water use

•  From meeting ‘emission permits’ to

assessing the company’s contribution to pollution

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Industry

► Towards full water recycling in industries: zero blue water footprint

► Towards full recycling of materials and heat: zero grey water footprint

Water footprint reduction: what can we do?

Agriculture

► Make rainwater more productive: lower green water footprint

► Towards supplementary or deficit irrigation & application of precision irrigation techniques: lower blue water footprint

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•  Shared terminology & calculation standards

– Global Water Footprint Standard

•  Product transparency

– water footprint reporting / disclosure – labelling of products

– certification of businesses

•  Quantitative footprint reduction targets

– benchmarking

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► product labeling?

► certification of industries?

► water disclosure?

► global water footprint reduction targets?

► a Kyoto protocol on water? ► WTO trade rules?

► an international water pricing protocol? ► minimum water rights?

► coherent energy-water strategies?

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Mission: Promoting sustainable, equitable and efficient water use through

development of shared standards on water footprint accounting and guidelines for the reduction and offsetting of impacts of water footprints.

Network: bringing together expertise from academia, businesses, civil society,

governments and international organisations.

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Overview of partners Water Footprint Network

Partners by category XL company 30 Large company 10 Medium company 23 Small company 33 Government 10 International organisation 9 Academic Institute 29

Civil society / ngo 25

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