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Natuurlijk verpakt : milieueffecten van hernieuwbare, biologisch afbreekbare verpakkingen

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(1)Milieueffecten van hernieuwbare, biologisch afbreekbare verpakkingen. Natuurlijk verpakt. bioKennis.

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Ten opsigte van die laasgenoemde studie is die werkswyse van Koller in hierdie ondersoek gebruik. i) Eerstens word ʼn leksikale veld gedefinieer wat 40 lemmas (Afrikaans en

Accounting standards require companies to report share-based payments made to employees as expenses in their financial statements, but extant South African tax

Netherlands size: 3ha Bahnhof Oostkreuz Germany size: 2.6ha Ervaring.. Bouwstenen

The researcher utilised a qualitative research approach and a phenomenological design which allowed her to, with the use of an unstructured interview schedule, capture the

This study highlights that students behaviour/attitudes, institutional factors, background characteristics and language barriers influence students’ levels of engagement in learning