Ikawegi’lakw

Ikawegi’lakw*

(the)*Maker*of*Good*Things*

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By!

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Deanna!Nicolson!

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A!Project!Submitted!in!Partial!Fulfillment!of!the!Requirements!for!the!

Degree!of!

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MASTER!OF!EDUCATION!

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in!the!Faculty!of!Humanities,!Department!of!Linguistics!

and!Faculty!of!Education,!Indigenous!Education!

University!of!Victoria!

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©!Deanna!Nicolson,!2017!!

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All!rights!reserved.!!This!thesis!may!not!be!reproduced!in!whole!or!in!

part,!by!photocopy!or!other!means!without!the!permission!of!the!

author.

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Supervisory+Committee+

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Ikawegi’lakw*

(the)*Maker*of*Good*Things*

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By!

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Deanna!Nicolson!

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Supervisor!

Dr.!Suzanne!Urbanczyk,!Associate!Professor,!!

Department!of!Linguistics!

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Committee!Member!

Dr.!Patricia!Rosborough,!Assistant!Professor,!!

Department!of!Indigenous!Education!

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Abstract+

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This! project! is! about! archival! reconstruction.! ! It! focuses! on! records!

pertaining!to!the!Kwakwaka’wakw!people!of!the!Pacific!Northwest!Coast!of!British!

Columbia.!!Specifically,!this!project!focuses!on!digitizing!and!converting!a!collection!

of!‘Personal!Names!of!the!Kwakiutl’!recorded!by!George!Hunt!nearly!a!century!ago!

for!anthropologist!Franz!Boas.!!The!vast!amount!of!information!was!recorded!using!

an! outYdated! orthography! crafted! by! Boas! that! can! hardly! be! read! nor! can! it! be!

replicated! on! a! standard! computer! keyboard! today.! ! By! first! digitizing! and! then!

converting! this! data! into! a! more! recently! developed! and! widely! accepted! writing!

system! this! will! increase! accessibility! and! comprehensibility! for! Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw!

members.!!In!a!sense,!this!project!is!also!a!repatriation!project!–!the!return!of!the!

almost!one!hundred!year!old!material!from!a!crossYcontinental!institution.!!!

This! work! can! potentially! serve! as! a! foundation! for! indigenous! education!

curriculum!in!the!areas!of!language!and!culture!as!Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw!personal!names!

are!embedded!with!an!abundance!of!cultural!information.!!Each%name%reveals%a%rich%

rendition(of(Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw(history(and(genealogy.((In(addition,(these(traditional!

names!are!constructed!in!a!particular!way!that!combines!(oftentimes)!several!wordY

parts! that! each! carry! meaning! and! when! strung! together! construct! a! beautifully!

crafted!‘name’.!!In!all!actuality,!the!name!is!only!the!tip!of!the!iceberg!of!a!complex!

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Dedication*

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X̱usa̱mda’as!

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he’a̱m'niks'o’metłi'hayulis'ma̱lḵwalatł!

dłidłig̱a̱mes*sa̱n’s*naxwa!

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Acknowledgements+

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X̱usa̱mda’as!(Beverly!Lagis),!I!wish!to!acknowledge!you!auntie!Bev!for!always!having!

time,! answers! and! laughter! for! my! neverYending! questions! about! our! language.!!

Your!gentle!presence!and!participation!at!each!one!of!my!sons’!naming!ceremonies!

is!deeply!rooted!in!my!heart!and!will!never!be!forgotten.!!Your!loving!‘promise!to!

always! remember! everyone’s! traditional! names’! was! the! driving! force! behind! this!

work!and!inspires!me!to!do!the!same.!

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N"a̱gedzi! (Charlie! Dawson),! I! wish! to! acknowledge! you! for! opening! your! door! and!

your!heart!to!my!young!family!while!we!lived!in!Kingcome.!!You!will!be!remembered!

for! sharing! your! knowledge! about! family! connections! and! for! sharing! your!

knowledge!around!an!ancient!baby!naming!ceremony.!

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Maxwayala’galis! (George! Hunt),! I! wish! to! acknowledge! my! threeYtimes! great!

grandfather! for! the! vast! amount! of! information! documented! on! our! people,! the!

Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw.!

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K"esugwi’lakw- (Gloria- Nicolson),- I- wish- to- acknowledge- you- for- your- love-

and-support!and!of!course!for!your!knowledge!of!our!mother!tongue.!

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Tim! Powell! and! Brian! Carpenter! of! the! American! Philosophical! Society,! I! wish! to!

acknowledge!you!for!being!immensely!helpful!in!regards!to!accessing!the!archives’!

Franz!Boas/George!Hunt!material.!

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I! wish! to! acknowledge! my! supervisory! committee! Su! Urbanczyk! and$ T&łat̓łaḵuł$

(Trish!Rosborough)!for!everlasting!encouragement!and!patience!guiding!me!along!

my! academic! journey! as! I! work! towards! this! degree! in! Indigenous! Language!

Revitalization.!

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G̱wi’molas+(my!husband),!I!wish!to!acknowledge!you!for!being!‘ahead!by!a!century’!!

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Ha’malaga̱lis,+Tsa̱xw’id,!Yaḵał’a̱nala,#and#K'esugwi’lakw#(my#sons),#you!are!the!ones!

that!we!wished!for,!our!treasured!ones,!our!respected!ones.!!I!breathe!for!you!!

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Table+of+Contents+

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GEM̓ISA̱N*GWIXIDI*(THE*ROUTE*THAT*I*TOOK)* 9

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NUGWA’A̱M)(WHO)I)AM)* 10

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HEM̓A̱N*GAYUTŁI*(WHERE*I*AM*FROM)* 11

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KWAK$WALA&LANGUAGE* 13

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List+of+Figures+

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Figure!1:!!

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Figure!2:!!

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Figure!3:!!

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Figure!4:!

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List+of+Tables+

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Table!1:!

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Table!2:!

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Part+One:+Introduction+

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My!language,!Kwak$wala,!has!always!been!important!to!me!and!I!have!spent!

many!years!working!with!Kwakwaka’wakw!elders!to!conserve!our!language.!!Over!

these!years,!I!heard!many!elders!discuss!what!is!important!to!them!and!what!they!

would!like!to!see!our!young!people!do!moving!forward.!!Many!of!these!discussions!

revolved!around!traditional!names!and!the!importance!personal!names!carry.!!For!

Kwakwaka’wakw!people,!personal!names!can!represent!historic!kinship!ties!that!

weave!families!together.!!In!addition,!Kwakwaka’wakw!personal!names!can!also!

reflect!a!person’s!character!or!describe!the!relationship!they!have!to!their!family.!!

Consequently,!I!decided!to!do!this!project!because!many!of!my!elders!wanted!future!

generations!to!learn!from!our!names!because!they!can!teach!us!in!so!many!ways.!

Gem̓isa̱n*Gwixidi*(The*Route*That*I*Took)**

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For! this! work! I! rely! heavily# on# my# own# experiences# as# a# Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw!

person! who! grew! up! learning% Kwak*wala! in! elementary! school! and! in! community.!!

Later! in! life,! I! became! a! language! teacher! who! taught# Kwak(wala! in! the! Lilawagila!

School! in! Gwa’yi! (Kingcome! Inlet,! BC).! ! I! also! worked! on! numerous! language!

projects!for!the!Gwawa’enuxw!Tribe,!Kwikwasut’inuxw!Haxwamis!First!Nation,!and!

Nanwakolas! Cultural! Society! of! the! Kwakwaka’wakw! people.! ! During! that! time,! I!

created! language! resources! such! as! a! Kwak%wala! pocket! dictionary,! Kwak%wala!

learning(modules(and(Kwak1wala!language!learning!CDs.!!In!addition,!as!previously!

mentioned,! I! was! compelled! to! heed! to! the! advice! of! the! ninoxsola! (respected!

people)!of!the!Kwakwaka’wakw!who!expressed!desire!for!this!type!of!project!to!be!

done.!!I!feel!it!is!important!for!my

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project!to!be!shaped!by!my!ninoxsola!(respected!

people),! be! comprehensible! for! my! community,! and! will! supplement! my!

community’s!longYterm!goals.!

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Nugwa’a̱m+(Who+I+am)+

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I!carry!many!names.!!Can!I!tell!them!all?!!Yes.!!My!names!are!Deanna,!Dee,!

Mom! –! these! are! the! most! common.! ! If! you! were! to! call! me! by! any! of! my! English!

given!names,!I!would!instantly!be!reminded!of!three!grandmothers,!all!of!which!are!

no! longer! here.! ! One! who! was! more! like! a! mother! to! me,! she! showed! me! deep!

unconditional!love!and!we!laughed!a!lot.!!One!who!took!me!in!and!quizzed!me!with!

words! from! our! ancestral! language! and! made! me! fall! in! love! with! our! beat,! songs!

and! dances.! ! And! a! great! grandmother! who! I! have! never! met! but! being! her! great!

granddaughter! has! gotten! me! many! embraces! and! instant! acceptance! among! the!

Musg̱a̱makw! Dzawada̱’enux̱w, people., , Being, their, namesakes, has, brought, many,

wonderful! things! into! my! life! and! hearing! their! names! that! are! now! my! names,!

always!brings!back!many!wonderful!memories.!

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_{At! a! very! young! age,! my! Dawson! family! claimed! me! as! Ga̱lg̱a̱miłilakw." " My"}

Beans&family&deemed&me&as&their&t̓łaḵwagila’ogwa,)as)a)young)girl.))My)Cook)family)

also%bestowed%upon%me%the%name%t̓łaḵwagila’ogwa!as!a!young!woman.!!In!the!year!

2014!at!Alert!Bay,!I!was!very!honoured!to!begin!to!bear!the!name!Ikawegi’lakw,*a*

name% that% was% previously% held% by% my% late% maternal% grandmother.% % Most% recent,% I%

have% been% called% “Mrs.% G̱wi’molas”% amongst% the% Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw,% quite# simply#

because'I'am'the'wife'of'G̱wi’molas.''Carrying'these'traditional'names'is'an'honour;'

these!names!connect!me!to!my!ancestors,!my!culture!and!my!homelands.!

Nugwa’a̱m) Ikawegi’lakw.! ! Ikawegi’lakw! is! the! name! that! resonates! deeply!

with!me.!!Loosely!translated,!it!means!‘maker!of!good/beautiful!things’.!!I!also!like!to!

interpret!that!as!‘made!to!be!good’.!!For!me,!it!is!not!simply!a!name;!it!is!a!gentle!

reminder!of!a!good!way!to!be.!

Hem̓a̱n(Gayutłi*(Where*I*am*from)*

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I! am! Kwakwaka’wakw! and! my! genealogy! is! rooted! in! the! Kwagu’ł,!

Mamalilikala,! ‘Namg̱is,! ‘Nak’waxda’xw,! and! Musga̱makw! Dzawada’enuxw! of! the!

Kwakwaka’wakw! people.! The$ centre$ of$ Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw$ territory$ is$ the$ Queen$

Charlotte! Strait! on! the! Northwest! coast! of! British! Columbia.! ! In! terms! of! range,!

Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw&territory&extends!along!the!outer!coast!from!Smith!Sound!to!Cape!

Cook,! on! the! shores! of! Queen! Charlotte! Strait! and! the! inlets! leading! into! it.!!

Historically,! Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw' people! consisted! of! approximately! thirty! groups,!

which!are!usually!identified!as!“tribes”!and!each$tribe$has$its$own$territory,$village$

sites,& and& several& resource& sites.& & Although& the& Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw& may& have& once&

been! organized! into! approximately! thirty! traditional! groups,! the! process! of!

colonization!has!convoluted!Kwakwaka’wakw!identity!making!it!difficult!to!describe!

contemporary!Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw'people.''Many'of'the'Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw'tribes'have'

been!amalgamated!or!split!apart!by!the!government!of!Canada!into!fourteen!bands!

under!the!Indian(Act.!

Due! to! the! potlatch! ban! (1884Y1951),! it! has! been! challenging! for!

Kwakwaka’wakw! people! to! maintain! their! language! and! traditions! because! it! was!

illegal!under!Canadian!law!during!that!time!period!for!Kwakwaka’wakw!people!to!

practice!their!culture.!!In!addition,!Kwakwaka’wakw!people!were!forced!to!attend!

residential! schools,! which! punished! them! for! speaking! their! language,! and!

discouraged! them! from! learning! their! history! and! culture.! ! Therefore,! when!

Kwakwaka’wakw!people!entered!the!residential!school!system,!they!were!renamed!

and! given! English! names.! ! According! to! oral! history,! the! government! forced! all!

Kwakwaka’wakw! people! to! take! English! names! around! 1921

_{.! ! Subsequently,!}

English! names! became! the! norm! and! the! process! of! giving! traditional!

Kwakwaka’wakw! names! became! eroded.! ! Over! time,! many! names! became! lost! or!

forgotten!which!is!why!I!felt!it!was!important!to!do!a!project!on!Kwakwaka’wakw!

personal!names.!!

During! the! late! nineteenth! century! and! early! twentieth! century,!

anthropologist!Franz!Boas!and!George!Hunt!collected!a!vast!amount!of!information!

pertaining! to! Kwakwaka’wakw! culture! and! the! Kwak%wala! language.! ! However,! I!

found! this! information! difficult! to! access! and! also! difficult! to! read! and! decipher!

because! the! writing! system! used! by! Boas! and! Hunt! contained! many! unique!

characters,! which! was! incomprehensible! for! majority! of! Kwakwaka’wakw! people.!!

In!elementary!school,!I!was!taught!how!to!read!and!write!my!traditional!language!

using!orthography!created!by!the!U’mista!Cultural!Society!in!1981!and!this!writing!

system

_{!was$ modified$ to$ be$ able$ to$ transcribe$ the$ Kwak4wala$ language$ using$ a$}

standard! typewriter.! ! However,! all! of! the! work! by! Boas! and! Hunt! was! in! another!

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1_{!Personal!communication!with!Kwakwaka’wakw!elder!Glen!Johnson!(b.1918Yd.2002).!}

orthography!and,!when!I!was!young,!there!was!no!U’mista!conversion!chart!for!Boas!

orthography!that!I!could!utilize&to&read&the&Kwak/wala!in!Boas’!work.!!It!was!not!until!

recently! that! Adam! Werle! and! Marianne! Nicolson! created! a! conversion! chart!

(Nicolson!&!Werle,!2009).!!Consequently,!making!Boas!and!Hunt’s!names!list!more!

accessible! by! converting! into! U’mista! orthography! is! another! reason! I! felt! it! was!

important!to!do!this!project.!!!

Lastly,! the! material! collected! by! Hunt! for! Boas! is! extremely! difficult! to!

manage! and! organize! simply! because! of! the! enormous! amount! of! unpublished!

materials!collected!by!Hunt!and!the!countless!publications!by!Boas!pertaining#to#the#

Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw.(((Therefore,(another!goal!of!this!project!was!to!begin!to!remedy!

this! challenge! because! the! names! lists! created! by! Boas! acts! as! an! index! for! his!

material.!So!each!name!compiled!by!Boas!also!has!a!corresponding!citation!where!

the!name!can!be!found!which!I!will!explain!in!greater!detail!later!in!this!paper.!!

Kwak%wala+Language+

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The$ Kwak)wala! language! is! currently! not! in! a! healthy! state.! A! language!

revitalization! study! conducted! twenty! years! ago! by# Stan# Anonby# revealed# at# that#

time% there% were% approximately% two% hundred% fluent% Kwak5wala% speakers! (Anonby,!

1997).! ! This! number! equated! to! roughly! 4%! of! the! Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw' population.''

Anonby! resided! in! Alert! Bay! for! a! small# number# of# years# and# observed# the#

community.**His*recommendation*was*that*if*Kwak6wala*was*going*to*survive*as*a*

living! language! the! community! was! going! to! have! to! expand! their! revitalization!

efforts! beyond! elementary! school! instruction! and! into! the! homes.! ! Anonby! also!

warned!that!the!community!had!an!approximate!timeframe!of!15Y20!years!to!create!

a!new!generation!of!speakers.!

Nearly!twenty!years!later,!the!First!Peoples’!Heritage,!Language!and!Culture!

Council!published!its’!2014(Report(on(the(Status(of(B.C.(First(Nations(Languages.!!The!

report!includes!updated!information!regarding!B.C.#First#Nations’#language#statistics#

that$are$submitted$by$a$representative$of$the$First$Nations.$$The$most$recent$report$

indicates) that) of) a) total) Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw) population! of! 7,309,! 2.3%! are! fluent!

speakers,! 6.8%! are! semiYfluent! speakers! and! 10.6%! of! the! population! are! making!

efforts! to! learn! their! traditional! language.! ! The! report! does! not! categorize! the!

language!into!a!specific!level!of!endangerment!on!a!vitality/endangerment!scale;!it!

does!however!classify!all!of!B.C.!First!Nations!languages!as!“critically!endangered.”!

Consequently,! another! aim! for! this! project! is! to! provide# a# resource# that# can# aid#

Kwak%wala!language!revitalization.!!Next,!I!will!describe!the!project!in!greater!detail.!

Part+Two:+Project+Description+

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First! and! foremost,! this! project! is! an! archival! reconstruction! project.! It!

focuses! on! converting! existing! archival! records! of! Kwakwaka’wakw

_!personal!

names!that!were!collected!nearly!a!century!ago!by!George!Hunt!for!anthropologist!

Franz! Boas! into! a! framework! that! is! accessible! and! to! begin! to! suit! contemporary!

needs.!!In!a!way,!it!is!also!a!repatriation!project!because!it!reconnects!contemporary!

Kwakwaka’wakw! people! to! knowledge! that! was! documented! but! displaced! for!

nearly!a!century.!!!

The!intention!of!this!work!is!to!increase!accessibility!first!by!converting!the!

record! of! Kwakwaka’wakw! names! collected! by! Boas! into! a! Microsoft! Excel!

spreadsheet"making"the"index"easier"to"organize"and"manage.""The"personal"names"

collected'were'recorded'in'an'outYdated%orthography,%crafted%by%Boas%in%an%attempt%

to#accurately#transcribe#the#many#unique#sounds#of#the#indigenous#language#of#the#

Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw.( ( This! outYdated! orthography! needed! to! be! converted! into! an!

orthography! understood! and! used! by! contemporary+ Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw+ people.!

Consequently,! this! project! will! make! the! names! collected! by! Boas! more!

comprehensible!and!accessible!to!Kwakwaka’wakw!community!members,!who!are!

this!project’s!targeted!audience.!!

In!addition!to!being!an!archival!reconstruction!project,!this!work!can!serve%as%

a" foundation" for" Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw" education" curriculum" in" the" areas" of" language"

and( culture' because' traditional' Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw! names& are& embedded& with& an&

abundance( of( cultural( information.( ( Each( name( reveals( a( rich( rendition( of(

Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw' history' and' genealogy.' ' In' addition,' these' traditional' names' are'

constructed!in!a!particular!way!that!combines!(oftentimes)!several!wordYparts!that!

each!carry!meaning!and!when!strung!together!construct!a!beautifully!crafted!‘name,’!

which!I!will!provide!an!example!of!next.!

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Table! 1:# Example# of# a# traditional# Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw* personal* name* including* a* brief* breakdown*of*root*plus*suffixes,*gloss*and*loose*translations*of*wordgparts.*

Muḵwsi’stalisa̱mi’!

Mukw!

Ysi’sta!

Ylis!

Ya̱mi’!

(to!tie)!

(Yaround)!

(Yin!the!world)!

(Yfirst!of!its!kind)!

“The!first!to!potlatch!around!the!world”!

Note:!It!was!common!practise!for!gigagame’

_{!to!tie!long!strips!of!cedar!bark!around!}

the! top! of! long,! tall! stakes! and! drive! them! into! the! ground! outside! of! their! house!

fronts!to!signify!that!they!will!soon!be!givingYaway,!or!potlatching.!!This!particular!

Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw! name! could! very! easily! lose! significant! meaning! if! left! partly!

translated! to! “the! first! to! tie! around! the! world.”! ! With! cultural! knowledge! passed!

down! through! generations! and$ reYtold% by% James% King% a% Musg̱a̱makw%

Dzawada̱’enux̱w, elder," the" Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw" know" that" the" name" refers" to! being!

“the!first!to!potlatch!around!the!world.”!

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Table! 1! provides! a! breakdown! of! the! traditional! Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw! name:!

Muḵwsi’stalisa̱mi’.!!The!rows!depict!how!the!name!can!be!broken!down!into!its’!root!

with!suffixes!followed!by!a!gloss,!a!loose!English!translation!(shown!in!parenthesis).!

Consequently,! Kwakwaka’wakw! names! can! be! very! helpful! tool! in! teaching!

Kwak%wala!suffixes!as!many!names!are!constructed!using!multiple!suffixes.!!Next,!I!

will! describe! the! names! lists! created! by! Boas! and! the! process! I! implemented! in!

converting!these!lists!into!contemporary!orthography!and!format.!

Names*List*

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This!project!involved!the!retrieval!and!digitization!of!an!archival!record!titled!

“Personal! Names! in! Kwakiutl”!dated!1925.!!The!record!is!currently!housed!across!

the! continent! from! traditional! Kwakiutl! territory! in! the! archives! of! the! American!

Philosophical" Society" in" Philadelphia," Pennsylvania." " This" particular" collection"

consists'of'numerous'card'catalogue'boxes'of'traditional'Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw'personal'

names!(one!name!per!index!card)!hand!written!by!Franz!Boas.!!It!is!believed!that!

these!index!cards!were!used!in!the!early!stages!of!collecting!personal!names.!!!

The!index!card!collections!were!later!compiled!into!a!sixtyYnine!page!typed!

document.! ! The! typed! document! was! used! for! this! project.! ! Each! page! contains!

between! thirty! and! thirtyYfive! names! for! an! approximate* total* of* twentyYfive%

hundred'Kwakiutl'names'recorded'by'George'Hunt'during'his'documentation'work'

assisted'by'numerous'consultants'in'various'Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw'homelands.!

The! ‘names! list’! is! a! welcome! supplement! to! traditional! knowledge! and!

resources!that!the!Kwakwaka’wakw!have!today.!!Within!our!communities!exist!an!

abundance! of! cultural! information! such! as! oral! knowledge! that! has! been! passed!

down! for! generations,! ledger! books! recording! the! names! of! countless! potlatch!

attendees,! audio! and! video! recordings! as! well! as! people! in! our! community.!!

Together,!all!of!our!resources!can!aid!with!the!reconstruction!of!the!sophisticated!

traditional!naming!protocols!that!once!were!in!place.!

!

Figure*1:**Partial*scan*of*archival*record*depicting*traditional*Kwakwa̱ ka̱ ’wakw&* personal*names*including*references*and*notes.*

!

Figure!1!is#a#scanned#portion#of#one#page#included#in#the#‘Personal#Names#in#

Kwakiutl’* archival* record.* * It* shows* Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw* names* (underlined)* along*

with! brief! English! translations! if! available! (in! parenthesis).! ! Also! included! are!

multiple!references!to!numerous!Franz!Boas!publications!(e.g.,!M!730.8!would!refer!

to!page!no.!730,!line!8!of!The(Social(Organization(and(Secret(Societies(of(the(Kwakiutl(

Indians).! ! A! list! of! referenced! publications! found! throughout! the! names! list! is!

provided! below.! ! These! references! aim! to! provide! insight! into! translation,! history!

and!context!for!the!names!that!are!recorded!in!the!names!list.!!!

!

Abbreviation:!

Publication:!

!

S!

1895!Indianische!Sagen!von!der!NordY

Pazifischen!Kuste!Amerikas.!!Berlin:!A.!Asher.!

!

M!

1897!“The!Social!Organization!and!Secret!

Societies!of!the!Kwakiutl!Indians,”!Report!of!the!

United!States!National!Museum!for!the!Year!

Ending!1895.!

CIII!(or!C3)!

1905!Kwakiutl!Texts.!!(“Publications!of!the!Jesup!

North!Pacific!Expedition,”!Vol.!3.)!Leiden.!

!

R!

1921!Ethnology!of!the!Kwakiutl!(Bureau!of!

American!Ethnology,!ThirtyYfifth!Annual!Report,!

Parts!1!and!2.)!!Washington,!D.C.!!

!

H!

!

!

(not!known!at!this!time)!

!

Hs!

(not!known!at!this!time,!believed!to!be!Hunt!

Manuscripts)!

!

Ms! !

!

Manuscript!pages!

!

The!goal!for!this!project!was!to!breathe!life!back!into!the!nearly!one!hundred!

year!old!archival!record!titled!“Personal!Names!in!Kwakiutl”.!!Containing!more!than!

two! thousand! names! in! an! obsolete! orthography! it! is! very! important! to! have! this!

information! return! to! its! origin! and! aid! in! traditional! naming! practises! occurring!

today.!!In!order!for!this!to!happen!I!needed!to!digitize!the!material!and!convert!the!

contents!into!a!more!widely!used!writing!system.!!The!conversion!was!first!done!by!

hand! into! notebooks! and! then! I! created! a! spreadsheet! not! only! containing! the!

personal! names! but! also! containing! all! of! the! originally! documented! information!

along!with!it!(i.e.,!translations,!references,!notes,!etc).!

The! first! step! involved! for! this! project! was! to! gain! access! and! acquire! the!

material! from! the! American! Philosophical! Society! located! in! Philadelphia,!

Pennsylvania,!United!States.!!This!involved!contacting!and!developing!relationships!

with!library!staff.!!It!required!a!weeklong!trip!to!Philadelphia!to!identify!the!material!

and!request!to!have!them!scanned!into!digital!form.!

Second,! a! unique! keyboard! of! characters! was! created.! ! ‘New’! keyboard!

characters!were!needed!to!be!able!to!enter!the!outYdated!Boas!writing!system!into!a!

modern!day!computer.!!I!was!able!to!do!this!by!searching!and!downloading!fonts,!

screening! through! hundreds! of! characters! and! creating! keyboard! shortcuts! to! be!

able!to!accurately!and!digitally!depict!the!Boas!writing!system,!thus,!creating!‘new’!

characters.! ! It! is! important! to! note! that! this! was! a! great! challenge! as! there! is! no!

readily! available! font! for! the! Boas! writing! system! and! while! he! did! utilize! some!

characters! from! the! Roman! alphabet,! the! majority! of! characters! that! he! used! are!

rarely!used!today.!!!

!

Figure* 2:* * Partial* scan* of* “Personal* Names* in* Kwakiutl”* depicting* a* traditional) Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw*personal*name,*including*an*alternate*spelling*with*references.*

!

!

!

Figure!2!shows!a!traditional!name!and!alternate!spelling!(indented!and!listed!

beneath)! taken! from! the! ‘names! list’! transcribed! in! Boas! orthography.! ! It! is!

important! to! take! note! that! entering! the! characters! displayed! in! Figure! 2! onto! a!

digital! keyboard! would! not! transfer! accurately.! ! Below! is! an! example! of! how!

creating! the! unique! keyboard! of! characters! allows! a! much! more! accurate! digital!

transcription!of!the!archival!records.!

*

Table*2:* * Keyboard* shortcuts* formulated* to* enable* the* transfer* of* Boas’* orthography* onto* a* modern*day*keyboard.*

ë k· !!a!w î g· i ᵋ!l!a!kᵘ

Keyboard!Shortcuts!(keys):! Character!Produced:!

Number!of!Key!Strokes:!

[alt]!+![e],![;],!

_ë!

03!

[k],![alt]!+![.],![!],!

_k·!!

04!

[a],!

a!

01!

[w],!

w!

01!

[alt]!+![i],![n],!

_î!

03!

[g],![alt]!+![.],!

_g·!

03!

[alt]!+![i],![n],!

_i!

03!

[alt]!+![e],![‘],!

!

03!

[l],!

l!

01!

[a],!

a!

01!

[k],!

k!

01!

[alt]!+![u],![w]!

!

03!

!

Total!Key!Strokes:!

27!

!

Table! 2! outlines! the! newly! formulated! keyboard! characters! used! to! depict!

Boas’! orthography! as! accurately! as! possible.! ! The! first! column! shows! the! exact!

keyboard! keys! and! their! sequential! order! to! produce! the! unique! character!

represented!in!the!middle!column.!!Each!keyboard!key!is!contained!in!brackets![!].!!

Where!you!see!the!plus!symbol!(+)!it!is!an!indication!that!the!surrounding!keys!must!

to!be!pressed!at!the!same!time.!!Where!you!see!keys!separated!by!a!comma!(,)!those!

keys! were! pressed! following! the! previously! listed! key(s).! ! The! third! column!

indicates!the!number!of!keystrokes!needed!to!make!a!single!unique!character.!!The!

bottom! row! shows! that! there! were! twentyYseven! sequential! keystrokes! needed! to!

enter!this!particular!name.!!Compare!the!two!representations!of!the!same!name!in!

figure!2!and!table!2!and!see!that!they!appear!fairly!similar.!

There! were! more! than! two! thousand! Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw' names! along! with!

their! translations! and! references! entered! into! a! spreadsheet.! ! The! Microsoft! Excel!

program! was! chosen! simply! because! it! easily! accepted! and! displayed! all! of! the!

unique!characters!and!for!its!ability!to!organize!the!contents!in!a!variety!of!ways.!

Figure*3:**Image*of*Microsoft*Excel*Spreadsheet*created*to*digitize,*organize*and*manage*over* two* thousand! Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw' personal' names' –* columns* include:* Boas* orthography,* Reference(s)*and*U’mista*orthography.*

!

Figure! 3! shows! a! portion! of! the! Microsoft! Excel! spreadsheet! created! to!

digitally!house!the!contents!of!the!‘names!list’!that!was!started!nearly!a!century!ago.!!

Columns! A! and! B! include! the! original! file! name! and! page! numbers.! ! Column! C!

contains(the(Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw(personal(names(in!Boas!orthography!(as!accurately!

depicted!as!possible).!!Column!D!includes!the!list!of!references!included!with!each!

name! as! seen! in! the! original! ‘names! list’.! ! Column! E! represents! my! personal!

contribution!to!a!project!started!nearly!a!hundred!years!ago!by!my!ancestor!George!

Hunt!and!Franz!Boas.!!It!is!a!representation!of!the!same!names,!however,!the!names!

are! converted! into! the! U’mista! orthography! and! there! is! plenty! of! room! for!

additional! information! to! be! added! about! the! names.! ! The! spreadsheet! can! be!

viewed!in!Appendix!B.!

Personal*Names*

!

The!return!of!the!names!recorded!by!Hunt!and!Boas!nearly!a!century!ago!are!

a!great!supplement!to!cultural!knowledge!today.!!Names!are!considered!as!valuable!

property! and! are! given! as! presents! (Boas,! 1935).! ! Personal! names! connect! us! as!

individuals!to!our!ancient!history,!our!traditional!territories,!and!our!worldviews!as!

well! as! to! the! stories,! songs,! dances! and! supernatural! beings! that! retell! our! rich!

history.!!Traditional!names!also!connect!us!to!each!other.!!Each!name!is!masterfully!

constructed! with! roots! and! suffixes! and! can! serve! as! a! great! teaching! tool! for!

morphological! and! semantic! processes! in! our! traditional! language.! ! The! diagram!

below!illustrates!the!construction!of!numerous!traditional!names!based!on!one!root!

and!multiple!suffixes.!!

!

Figure* 4:* Diagram* of* traditional* Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw' personal' names,* one* root* and* three* possible*suffixes.*

!

In#our#language#t̓łaḵwa#translates#into#copper#while#the#three#provided#suffixes#each#

carry! separate! meaning! they! cannot! standYalone.! ! Combining! this! root! with! these!

particular!suffixes!creates!the!following!examples!of!ancient!(personal)!names:!

(1)!

T"łaḵwagila*! !

–!“Copper!Maker”!

(2)!

T"łaḵwadzi*! !

–!“Great!Copper”!

(3)!

T"łaḵwagiladzi,!

–!“Great!Copper!Maker”!

(4)!

T"łaḵwagilakas’u!!

–!“True/Real!Copper!Maker”!

t̓łaḵwa!

Ygila!

Ydzi!

Ykas'u!

There!are!also!instances!where!the!same!suffix!can!be!added!to!numerous!different!

roots!thus!changing!the!name!slightly!yet!consistently.!

!

The! suffix! Ydzi! is! used! to! award! “greatness”! either! in! reference! to! size! or! stature.!!

Adding! Ydzi! to! the! following! names! changes! their! translation! slightly! yet!

significantly.!!

!

!

(5)!

T"łaḵwadzi!

!

“Great!Copper”!

!

!

(6)!

‘na̱gedzi!

!

“Great!Mountain”!

!

!

(7)!

_{g̱wa’ya̱mdzi! !}

“Great!Whale”!

Conclusion+

!

!

The! Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw' people! have! been! studied! extensively! by! academics!

since! 1885! when! Franz! Boas! began! his! research! on! First! Nations! people! living! on!

the! Northwest! Coast! of! British! Columbia.! ! Roughly! oneYquarter! of! Boas’! total!

publications! would! deal! wholly! or! in! part! with! the! Kwakwaka’wakw! (Rohner,!

1969).! ! It! is! also! believed! that! Boas! produced! roughly! ten! thousand! unpublished!

pages! regarding! the! Kwakwaka’wakw! (Berman,! 2002).! ! Most! of! Boas! and! Hunt’s!

Ydzi!

t̓łaḵwa!

'na̱ge!

work! is! held! at! the! American! Philosophical! Society! (APS),! American! Museum! of!

Natural! History! (AMNH),! and! National! Anthropological! Archives! (NAA).!!

Subsequently,! many! scholars! have! taken! an! interest! in! the! Kwakwaka’wakw! and!

produced!additional!works!such!as!To(Make(My(Name(Good:(A(Reexamination(of(the(

Kwakiutl( Potlatch( (Drucker! &! Heizer,! 1967),! Fighting( with( Property:( A( Study( of(

Kwakiutl( Potlatching( &( Warfare( (Codere,! 1950),! The( People( of( Gilford:( A(

Contemporary( Kwakiutl( Village( (Rohner,! 1967),! A( Kwakiutl( Village( and( School(

(Wolcott,!1967),!Smoke(From(Their(Fires:(The(Life(of(a(Kwakiutl(Chief((Ford,!1941),!

and! The(Potlatch(Papers:(A(Colonial(Case(History((Bracken,! 1997).! ! Although,! these!

works! are! beneficial! to! academic! researchers,! they! are! often! incomprehensible! to#

Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw' community' members' because' they' are' written' for' an! academic!

audience!and!one!must!have!specific!knowledge!in!the!context!in!which!each!work!is!

written!to!fully!understand!their!point!of!view!and!what!they!are!trying!to!convey.!!

Consequently,!my!main!goal!with!this!project!was!to!make!the!“personal!names!in!

Kwakiutl”!by!Boas!comprehensible!for!Kwakwaka’wakw!people!and!to!supplement!

the!longYterm!goals!of!Kwakwaka’wakw!people!by!building!a!foundation!for!future!

Kwakwaka’wakw!language!and!cultural!revitalization!projects.!

!

In!regards!to!the!development!of!this!project,!many!factors!were!significant!

which! I! will! outline! next.! ! First,! it! was! important! to! consult! with! the! ninoxsola!

(respected!people)!of!the!Kwakwaka’wakw!to!help!shape!the!concept!and!purpose!

of!my!work.!!Second,!it!was!very!beneficial!to!be!able!to!draw!on!a!lifetime!of!my!

own! experiences! as! both" a" learner" and" teacher" of" Kwak0wala! to! help! understand!

what!is!important!for!community!and!additionally,!why!it!is!important.!!Thirdly,!it!

was!imperative!to!reconnect!Boas!and!Hunt’s!work!to!Kwakwaka’wakw!people!by!

converting! the! names! lists! into! an! orthography! and! format! that! is! more!

comprehensible! and! accessible! in! Kwakwaka’wakw! communities.! ! Therefore,! by!

converting!Boas!and!Hunt’s!names!into!U’mista!orthography!it!instantly!makes!the!

work!more!comprehensible!because!most!Kwakwaka’wakw!children!are"taught"to"

read% and% write% Kwak,wala! in! U’mista! orthography.! ! Furthermore,! by! inputting! the!

names!into!a!Microsoft!Excel!spreadsheet!it!makes!the!material!more!accessible!and!

it!also!makes!the!information!easier!to!manage!for!future!projects!because!Microsoft!

Excel!spreadsheets!can!easily!be!imported!into!database!programs.!!

!

My! secondary! goal! with! this! project! was! to! reveal! how! Kwakwaka’wakw!

names! could! be! utilized! in! language! and! cultural! revitalization.! ! Since! most!

Kwakwaka’wakw! personal! names! are! constructed! with! multiple! suffixes,!

Kwakwaka’wakw!names!have!the!potential!to!be!a!great!teaching!tool!for!learning!

how! to! use! Kwak%wala! suffixes.! ! In! addition,! Kwakwaka’wakw! names! can! also! be!

useful! in! learning% the% semantics% of% the% Kwak2wala! language! as! they! are! embedded!

with!rich!cultural!information.!!

!

To! conclude,! it! is! very! important! that! the! work! academics! conduct! with!

Indigenous!knowledge!is!comprehensible!and!accessible!for!Indigenous!community!

members.! ! In! regards! to! the! Kwakwaka’wakw,! the! Kwak’wala! language! has! been!

studied! extensively! for! over! a! century! by! academics! and! Boas! and! Hunt! have!

produced!thousands!of!documents!written!in!the!Kwak’wala!language.!!However,!for!

the! most! part,! their! work! has! been! incomprehensible! and! inaccessible! to!

Kwakwaka’wakw! communities! mainly! because! it! is! written! in! an! archaic!

orthography.! ! Consequently,! Kwakwaka’wakw! people! have! not! been! able! to! fully!

utilize!Boas!and!Hunt’s!work!in!their!language!revitalization!efforts,!which!is!why!I!

feel!projects!such!as!this!one!are!important!because!it!reconnects!Kwakwaka’wakw!

people!to!their!ancestor’s!knowledge!and!allows!them!to!utilize!the!information!in!

contemporary!language!revitalization!efforts.!!

!

!

References++

!

Anonby,!S.!J.!(1997).!Reversing!Language!Shift:!Can!Kwak'wala!be!Revived?!(G.!C.!Jon!

Reyner,!Ed.)!Revitalizing(Indigenous(Languages!,!33Y52.!

!

Berman,!J.!(2002).!Unpublished!Materials!of!Franz!Boas!and!George!Hunt:!A!Record!

of!45!years!of!Collaboration.!(I.!K.!Fitzhugh,!Ed.)!Gateways:(Exploring(the(

Legacy(of(the(Jesup(Nothh(Pacific(Expedition,(1897X1902!,!181Y213.!

!

Boas,!F.!(1897).!The(Social(Organization(and(Secret(Societies(of(the(Kwakiutl.(

Washington:!Government!Printing!Office.!

!!

Boas,!F.!(1935).!Kwakiutl(Culture(as(Reflected(in(Mythology.!(a.!G.!E.!Stechert!and!co.,!

Ed.)!New!York:!The!American!Folklore!Society.!

!

Bracken,!C.!(1997).!The(Potlatch(Papers:(A(Colonial(Case(History.!Chicago!and!

London:!The!University!of!Chicago!Pres.!

!

Codere,!H.!(1950).!Fighting(with(Property:(A(Study(of(Kwakiutl(Potlatching(and(

Warfare.!Seattle!and!London:!University!of!Washington!Press.!

!

Drucker,!P.!A.!(1967).!To(Make(My(Name(Good:(A(Reexamination(of(the(Kwakiutl(

Potlatch.!Berkeley!and!Los!Angeles:!University!of!California!Press.!

!

First!Peoples'!Culture!Council.!(2014).!Report(on(the(status(of(B.C.(First(Nations(

languages.(Retrieved!August!10,!2017,!from!http://!

http://www.fpcc.ca/files/PDF/Language/FPCCYLanguageReportY141016Y

WEB.pdf!

!

Ford,!C.!S.!(1996).!Smoke(From(Their(Fires:(The(Life(of(a(Kwakiutl(Chief.!Prospect!

Heights,!Illinois:!Waveland!Press.!

!

Nicolson,!M.,!&!Werle,!A.!(2009).!An(investigation(of(modern(Kwak'wala(determiner(

systems.(Victoria,!BC:!University!of!Victoria.!

!

Rohner,!R.!(1969).!The(Ethnography(of(Franz(Boas:(Letters(and(Diaries(of(Franz(Boas.!

Chicago!and!London:!The!University!of!Chicago!Press.!

!

Rohner,!R.!(1967).!The(People(of(Gilford:(A(Contemporary(Kwakiutl(Village.!Ottawa:!

Queen's!Printer.!

!

Wolcott,!H.!F.!(1967).!A(Kwakiutl(Village(and(School.!New!York:!Holt,!Rinehart!and!

Winston.!

!

!

!

Appendix+A+

!

!

Grubb U’mista AP

A

IP

A

Boa

s

Grubb U’mista AP

A IP A E, ă e a 1–14 εn N ’n N 239–245 ā a a a _15–20 g· g g g 246–261 ē i i i 20a–25 k· k k k k 262–271 ä eh e e 26 k·! k’ K K k’ 272–289 ō, ă u u u 27–36 gw gw gw gv 290–296 â o o o 37–38 kw kw kw kv _297–302 y y y y j 39–51 k!w kw’ Kw Kv 303–309 ε_{y Y ’y Y j’ 52–55 G g g G, g 310–321} w w w w _56–71 Gw gw gw Gv, gv 322–329 ε_{w W ’w W 72–80 q k k q 330–340} h h h h _81–110 qw kw kw qv _341–344 b b b b _111–118 q! k’ K Q _345–363 p p p p _119–125 q!w kw’ Kw Qv _364–373 p! p’ P P 126–130 x· x x x x 374–378 m m m m 131–144 x̣w xw xw xv 379–381 ε_{m M ’m M 145–150 x x x X, x 382–388} d d d d 151–162 xw xw xw Xv, xv 389–391 t t t t 163–169 l f f f 392–404 t! t’ T T _170–179 ε_{l F ’f F 405–406} s s s s _180–190 ł fh l, ł l, ł 407–417 dz V V V dz 191–197 Ḷ df dl, dł r dl 418–424 ts ts ts c ts 198–205 L tf tl, tł z t 425–435 ts! ts’ Ts C t’s 206–226 L! tf’ Tl, Tł Z t’ 436–450 n n n n _227–238 ε _{7 ’ / —}

This chart compares equivalent phonetic symbols in the writing systems for Kwakwala used by Franz Boas, David Grubb, U’mista Cultural Society, general Americanist linguistic transcription (APA), and the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Page numbers refer to pages in Boas’s Kwakiutl Dictionary.

Appendix*B

source page Boas/Hunt reference u'mista

W*1a.1201 2 Aadōł R*800.18 a’aduł

W*1a.1201 2 aiʹk·!awg·iᵋlakᵘ 3166.1 (ai)k̕awgi’lakw W*1a.1201 2 Aëk·!oqâ R*1223.22,*Ms*111.4 (ai)k̕uḵo

W*1a.1201 2 Ayaġa 35*696.51 Aya$a

W*1a.1201 2 ayāʹga Ms*2412.6

W*1a.1201 2 aōʹmak·ᴇn 3147.6,*3151.18,*3161.11,*3162.27,*3166.13A’u’mak%n W*1a.1201 2 aōmak·ᴇn R*800.20*(300.20?)

W*1a.1201 2 aōʹmak·in 3166.24,*3170.22

W*1a.1201 2 aōᵋmōł 3148.34 A’u’muł

W*1a.1201 2 aōmōł 63.22:*C3,*R*939.27,*1386.9,*C3*62.21

W*1a.1201 2 aōdzaġâlas R*962.27 A’udza$olas

W*1a.1201 2 aōʹdziᵋlä lag·îlis Ms*107.13,*C3*165.3,*C3*260.19A’u’dzi’lelag%lis

W*1a.1201 2 âʹwats!ē Ms*64.1 A’wa&i

W*1a.1201 2 âᵋwaxalag·îlis 215.22,*C3*214.21,*M*347,*350A’wa'alag%lis

W*1a.1201 2 ăwālasᴇlał 31.5 (walas%lał

W*1a.1201 2 awăʹlasᴇlał C2*p.*487

W*1a.1201 2 aᵋwāʹlasᴇlał 3158.34,*3166.36

W*1a.1201 2 ăwālask·înis R*973.72 A’walask%nis

W*1a.1201 2 awāʹlask·înis 3154.17,*3155.23 W*1a.1201 2 aᵋwāʹlask·înis 3171.9,*3174.31

W*1a.1201 2 āʹwidē C2*p.*486,*M*362.30 A’widi

W*1a.1201 2 āwidē C3*277.19

W*1a.1201 2 āʹᵋwit 3145.33,*3157.13

W*1a.1201 2 aᵋwēʹt 3166.6

W*1a.1201 2 awîlgâlas R*962.28,*HS*179 Awilgolas

W*1a.1201 2 abāyaa C3*17.16 Abaya’a

W*1a.1201 2 āʹpetaẋᵘ x.166.21

W*1a.1201 2 ămaʹya--lasōᵋ Ms*85.86.4 A’pitaxw

W*1a.1201 2 aᵋmāwaᵋyus R*811.4 (ma’ya'%lasu’

W*1a.1201 2 āᵋmawayōs C3*349.23 A’mawa’yus

W*1a.1201 2 āᵋmāʹwaᵋyōs 3145.21 W*1a.1201 2 aᵋmāwîyas R*1086.33 W*1a.1201 2 aᵋmāʹwaᵋyus 3147.27,*3170.44 W*1a.1201 2 āʹmaᵋwayus 3171.7,*3171.4 W*1a.1201 2 a māʹᵋwayus 3173.21,*3173.11

W*1a.1201 2 amāʹx·ᵋidayū p.*485.23,*notes*M552 Ama’x’idayu W*1a.1201 2 āmax·âg·ila R*1030.94,*3154.14 (maxogila W*1a.1201 2 amaʹx·âg·ila 3150.14

W*1a.1201 2 amāʹx·âg·ila 3149.16,*3150.45 W*1a.1201 2 aᵋmax·âg·ila R*864.72

W*1a.1201 2 Amāxŭlał C3*77.22 Ama'w%lał W*1a.1201 2 Amāxŭlał R*853.91

W*1a.1201 2 āmāẋŭlał 3153.28,*31.57.38 W*1a.1201 2 ăᵋmāxūlał C3*237.14

W*1a.1201 2 aᵋmāʹẋŭlał 3160.11,*3164.7,*3168.5,*3173.20,*3168.3,*3173.14 W*1a.1201 2 aᵋmāʹẋwax·sag·ila C2*p.*337 A’ma’xwa'sagila

W*1a.1201 2 aᵋmēʹḶᴇs C2*p.*473 A’mi’dł%s

W*1a.1201 2 ămyaxᴇlasōᵋ R*982.68 (mya'%lasu’

W*1a.1201 2 āʹmᵋyaxᴇxstēxa Pᴇxaʹla Ms.*46,*(2384)*.*5 (’m’ya'%'sti'a

W*1a.1201 2 ămyaxēd R*982.69

W*1a.1201 2 ăʹmyaxēʹt Ms.*85.86.5 (mya'id | a’mya'i’t

W*1a.1201 2 ada C3*25.4 Ada

W*1a.1201 2 ādag·iᵋlakᵘ C3*101.25 Adagi’lakw

W*1a.1201 2 ādag·īᵋlakᵘ R*797.31 W*1a.1201 2 āʹdag·iᵋlakᵘ 3152.3

W*1a.1201 2 ādag·îlis R*798.2 Adag%lis

W*1a.1201 2 ādag·îlisġa R*798.2 Adag%lis$a

W*1a.1201 2 ādaġa R*797.31,*C3*107.8 Ada$a

W*1a.1201 2 adāġałoł R*800.18 Ada$ałuł | ada$ałoł

W*1a.1201 2 ādaxalis R*797.2 Ada'alis

W*1a.1201 2 ādaxalisġa R*797.2 Ada'alis$a

W*1a.1201 2 ādēᵋstala R*801.3 Adi’stala

W*1a.1201 2 ādēᵋstālaġa R*801.3 Adi’stala$a

W*1a.1201 2 ātāʹlats!eg·ał C2*P.*447 Ata’la)sigał

W*1a.1201 2 anāʹxēm 3162.8 Ana’'im

W*1a.1201 2 aʹnxᵋanwîsaġamēᵋ C2*P.473 A’n'’anw%sa$%mi’

W*1a.1201 2 aʹnxᵋwët 3168.3 A’nx’wit | %n'’wid | %nx’widi

W*1a.1201 2 ănxᵋwīd R*838.46

W*1a.1201 2 anẋᵋwīde 3148.1

W*1a.1201 2 aʹnxᵋwīt 3151.12,*3163.37

W*1a.1201 2 ak·ilayuġwa C3*25.2 Akilayu$wa

W*1a.1201 2 agwilaġᴇmēᵘ C3*31.10 Agwila$%mi’

W*1a.1201 3 Ăġēs R*796.9 ($is

W*1a.1201 3 axᵋaxᵘnē R*1192.79 A'’a'wni

W*1a.1201 3 ălāg·îmīł R*797.19,*1097.89 (lag%mił

W*1a.1201 3 ălāʹk·ila 3169.34 (la’kila

W*1a.1201 3 ălāk·ilayuġwa R*797.17 (lakilayu$wa W*1a.1201 3 alak·ilayugwa C3*27.20

W*1a.1201 3 ălak·ilayugwa R*1075.33,*1095.40 W*1a.1201 3 ălāʹk·ilaōġwa Ms.*686

W*1a.1201 3 alēʹᵋwas x.80 Ali’was

W*1a.1201 3 ălēʹwatsᴇmē g·ōʹkwa Ms.*55.56.5 (li’wats%mi gu’kwa W*1a.1201 3 alēᵋwinoxwiᵋlakᵘ R*1253 Ali’winu'wi’lakw W*1a.1201 3 alēʹxulałit (p.33.*line6.)

W*1a.1201 3 ăleẋwälałit Ms.*61,*62.2 W*1a.1201 3 āleẋwalałit Ms.*61.8

W*1a.1201 3 ałᵋalx# R*890.20 Ał’al'a | ał’al'i

W*1a.1201 3 āłᵋnᴇkūla R*1265.94 Ał’n%kw%la

W*1a.1201 3 aʹlabāla p.*488,*bottom*line*notes,*M*573A’labala

W*1a.1201 3 āLanᴇm R*933.11 Atłan%m

W*1a.1201 3 ālēᵋstalīdzᴇmġa R*1099.36 Atłi’stalidz%m$a W*1a.1201 3 alōtᴇmdālag·îls R*1195.22 Alut%mdalag%ls

W*1a.1201 3 aʹLoLᴇlala (p.*150,*line*34035) A’tłutł%lala | a’tłotł%lala W*1a.1201 3 aʹLoLᴇlâla (p.*241,*3334)*same*person

W*1a.1201 3 ᴇʹlxabâᵋō (p.*25,*line*15*etc.) A’l'abo’i

W*1a.1201 3 ᴇL!ᴇnbʹᴇlas R*800.36 ()ł%nb’%las

W*1a.1201 3 ᴇlᵋᴇlkūlas R*971.*30 (l’%lkw%las

W*1a.1201 3 ᴇlgünᵋwēᵋ 35th*B.A.E.*802.12 (lgw%n’wi’ W*1a.1201 3 ᴇʹlaxsâʹyuġwa C2*p*492 A’lxlso’yu$wa W*1a.1201 3 ᴇaleẋᵘsiwalis 35th,*714.26 (’alixwsiwalis

W*1a.1201 4 ᴇwanuẋᵘ C3*287021 Iwanuxw | i’wanukw

W*1a.1201 4 ēʹwanukᵘ 3153.4,*3154.7,*3166.3,*3169.43

W*1a.1201 4 ewanukᵘ C3*289.1

W*1a.1201 4 ᴇwanuẋᵘdzē C3*p.*8,*11,*25,*C3*279.21,*R*987.72,*R1285Iwanuxwdzi W*1a.1201 4 eʹwanuẋᵘdzē 3150.44

W*1a.1201 4 ᴇʹwaġit C2,*p.*472 I’wa$it

W*1a.1201 4 ᴇʹwala 3165.1 I’wala

W*1a.1201 4 ᴇwüłt!āla R*1193.85 Iwuł)ala

W*1a.1201 4 ᴇᵋwołt!ăla 3148.19

W*1a.1201 4 ᴇg·aq!wāla R*876.48 Ega*wala

W*1a.1201 4 ᴇk·!awig·iᵋlakᵘ R*1097.91 E+awigi’lakw W*1a.1201 4 ᴇʹk·!awig·iᵋlakᵘ R*801.20

W*1a.1201 4 ᴇk·!axḶa R*799.45 E+a'dła

W*1a.1201 4 ᴇk·!ālaliłiᵋlakᵘ R*1077.74 I+alaliłi’lakw W*1a.1201 4 ᴇʹk·!alaläłiᵋlakᵘ C2*p.*456

W*1a.1201 4 ᴇk·!ālalLsᴇmēg C2*p.*456 E+alalis%mig W*1a.1201 4 ᴇk!·ēgᴇlag·!la 35th*676.65 E+ig%lagila W*1a.1201 4 ᴇx·ᵋᴇgâʹlaġᴇmēᵋ x.3,*title Ex’%go’la$%mi’ W*1a.1201 4 ᴇʹx·ᵋᴇgâlagᴇmēᵋ 146.37

W*1a.1201 4 ᴇx·ag·Lʹd R*1141.37 Ixagi’d

W*1a.1201 4 ᴇʹx·ᵋik·ilag·ēᵋ C2*p.*101 E’x’ikilagi’ W*1a.1201 4 ᴇʹx·batsa (p.104,*line*34) Exbatsa W*1a.1201 4 ᴇx·sokwiᵋlakᵘ R*1251,*1250 Exsukwi’lakw W*1a.1201 4 ᴇx·ts!ᴇmalag·îlis R*1271.50 Ix)s%malag%lis W*1a.1201 4 ᴇx·ts!ᴇmalaliłiᵋpakᵘ R*1069.48 Ix)s%malaliłi’pakw

W*1a.1201 4 ᴇx·ts!ᴇmił R*1275.38 Ix)s%mił

W*1a.1201 4 ᴇx·ts!ᴇmġa R*1267.46 Ex)s%m$a

W*1a.1201 4 âʹwadalag·îlis 3152.2 O’wadalag%lis

W*1a.1201 4 âᵋwat 3144.13,*3152.33,*R*1087.48,*Ms.*89,*89a.6 W*1a.1201 4 âʹᵋwāst!ᴇgalag·îles 3144.12 O’was)%galag%lis

W*1a.1201 4 âʹwâgwila 3164.27 O’wogwila

W*1a.1201 5 âwaxᴇlag·îlis C3*133.30,*C3*13.13,*R*945.58,*35th*788.15,*M.*347Owa'%lag%lis W*1a.1201 5 âwaxᴇlag·îlis ...R*1088.67

W*1a.1201 5 âwaxᴇlagᴇles 3147.24 W*1a.1201 5 âwaxᴇlag·îles 3144.1 W*1a.1201 5 âᵋwaxalag·îlis C3*243.31 W*1a.1201 5 âwaxălag·îlis R*1343.6

W*1a.1201 5 âʹgwila 3151.37,*3153.18,*3172.58,*R*1075.29,*M.*347.30O’gwila | ogwi’la

W*1a.1201 5 âgwiᵋla C3*15.6

W*1a.1201 5 âgwilayuġwa 35th*B.A.E.*802.3 Ogwilayu$wa

W*1a.1201 5 âʹgwilagᴇmēᵋ 3144.6,*3154.10,*R*821.15 O’gwilaga’mi’ | o’gwila$%mi’ W*1a.1201 5 âlᵋmᴇmōʹgwis 3169.4 Ol’m%mu’gwis | ol’n%mu’gwis

W*1a.1201 5 âl sīʹwid M.*348.30 Ol si’wid

W*1a.1201 5 ōmaēłiᵋlakᵘ R*1038.79 Uma’iłi’lakw

W*1a.1201 5 ōᵋmaēłīᵋlakᵘ C3*105.20

W*1a.1201 5 ōᵋmasqwapᴇlag·îlis R*811.4 U’masḵwap%lag%lis

W*1a.1201 5 ōᵋmag·îyēġa C3*237.15 U’mag%yi$a

W*1a.1201 5 ōᵋmag·ilis (p.*133,*line*12) U’mag%lis W*1a.1201 5 ōᵋmagʹîlis C3*341.15,*R*801.18,*1356.80

W*1a.1201 5 ōᵋmag·îlis 3170.24 W*1a.1201 5 ōmag·îlis R*10300601 W*1a.1201 5 ōʹmag·îlis 3163.3

W*1a.1201 5 ōᵋmag·îlisġa R*801.18 U’mag%lis$a

W*1a.1201 5 ōʹᵋmaġasᴇmaᵋē (p.*133,*line*4) U’ma$as%ma’i

W*1a.1201 5 ōmaq!ōłᴇla R*966.27 Uma*uł%la

W*1a.1201 5 ōmaxt!ălaLēᵋ C3*221.23,*R*803.40 Uma')alatłi W*1a.1201 5 ōᵋmaxt!ā#laLē x.*36.*title,*R*1093.1

W*1a.1201 5 ōᵋmaxt!ālaLēᵋ 35th*784.5,*R*1387.23

W*1a.1201 5 ōᵋmalałᴇmēᵋ C2*p.*97 U’malał%mi’

W*1a.1201 5 ōʹᵋmāł C2*p.*207.*C2.*p.*191 U’mał | u’ma’ał W*1a.1201 5 ōʹᵋmeał p.*322,*title

W*1a.1201 5 ōʹᵋmaLᴇmēᵋ C2*p.*93 U’matł%mi’

W*1a.1201 5 ōʹmpdzä Ms.*85.86.5 U’mpdze

W*1a.1201 5 ōʹmxᵋet 3154.2 U’mx’it | u’mx’id

W*1a.1201 5 ōʹmx·ᵋid p.*429,*line*29,*p.*59,*line1,*C3*63.13

W*1a.1201 5 ōmx·ᵋīd R*1001.79

W*1a.1201 5 ōmx·īd C3*17.1,*C3*5.7,*(or*5.1?)

W*1a.1201 5 ōnxᵋwīt 3155.5 Un'’wit

W*1a.1201 5 ōsᴇgᵘ 45.46,*Ms*(16).8,*R*804.60 Us’%gw

W*1a.1201 6 ōstōʹᵋwa C2*p.*491 Ustu’wa

W*1a.1201 6 ōdzēᵋstaʹlis 3168.2,*M*348.30 U’dzi’sta’lis W*1a.1201 6 ōʹdzestālis 3148.38

W*1a.1201 6 ōgwilaġᴇmēᵋ R*1001.81 Ugwila$%mi’

W*1a.1201 6 ōʹxsᴇm C3*p*89 U’'s%m

W*1a.1201 6 ōlalahahë C3*p*207 U’lalahahe

W*1a.1201 6 yᴇᵋwōʹnoxᵘ 3145.29 Y%’wu’nu'w

W*1a.1201 6 yᴇmġwas R*801.21 Y%m$was

W*1a.1201 6 yᴇnēʹdᴇkūmēᵋ 3166.15 Ya’ni’d%kwa’mi’

W*1a.1201 6 yîkwîł C2*p.*473 Y%kwił

W*1a.1201 6 ᵋyîlis R*827.38 ‘y%lis

W*1a.1201 6 yîx·āġᴇmēᵋ C3*155.16 Y%xa$%mi’

W*1a.1201 6 yîx·āʹgᴇmēᵋ x224.4,*C2*p.*486 W*1a.1201 6 yîx·aġᴇmēᵋ R*1121.1

W*1a.1201 6 yaēx·aġᴇmē 35th*B.A.E.,*803.20 Ya’ixa$%mi

W*1a.1201 6 yāʹyats!āł 3151.36 Ya’ya)sał

W*1a.1201 6 yayāʹg·adalał 3164.9 Yaya’gadalał

W*1a.1201 6 yāʹyag·alas 3150.40,*3155.7,*3157.8,*3160.26,*3161.18Ya’ya$alas W*1a.1201 6 yāʹyaġālas 3164.12,*3169.31,*3170.28

W*1a.1201 6 yāyaġalas C3*201.4

W*1a.1201 6 ᵋyāʹᵋyak·ilagas Ms*55.56.7 ‘ya’yakilagas W*1a.1201 6 ᵋyāʹᵋyak·ilaga Ms*44,*46.2 ‘ya’yakilaga

W*1a.1201 6 yāʹyaġoL!ālas 3148.9 Ya’yagu)łalas

W*1a.1201 6 yaʹyagoL!āʹlas 3144.5,*3146.34,*3149.14,*3168.18ya’yagot̓ła’las W*1a.1201 6 yāyagōL!āʹlas 3166.16

W*1a.1201 6 yāyaxwᴇᵋya 35th*675.61 Yaya'w%’ya

W*1a.1201 6 yāyaxūyēġa 35th*713.6 Yaya'w%yi$a

W*1a.1201 6 yāsᴇkᵘ C3*101.1,*R*800.19 Yas%kw

W*1a.1201 6 yāʹg·adalał C2,*p.*484 Ya’gadalał

W*1a.1201 6 ᵋyāᵋg·ēdᴇnōł R*799.49 ‘yo’gida’nuł

W*1a.1201 6 ᵋyāg·is R*796.21 ‘yagis

W*1a.1201 6 yāgis R*1222.11

W*1a.1201 7 ᵋyāk·ᴇwas R*886.16 ‘yak%was | yak%’was

W*1a.1201 7 yăʹk·ᴇᵋwas 3152.17 W*1a.1201 7 yāʹk·ăwas 3163.42

W*1a.1201 7 yāk·âyugwa R*858.6 Yakw%yu$wa

W*1a.1201 7 ᵋyāk·âyuġwa C3*13.7

W*1a.1201 7 ᵋyāʹk·âxaᵋlaʹs p.*382.16 ‘yako'a’la’s

W*1a.1201 7 yāʹk·oᵋwas 3158.23 Ya’k%’was

W*1a.1201 7 yāʹġᴇsālas 3166.7 Ya’$%salas

W*1a.1201 7 yāʹġᴇxsālas 3146.36,*3157.12,*3164.17,*3175.84Ya’$%'salas W*1a.1201 7 yāʹġᴇxsᵋālas 3171.16

W*1a.1201 7 yāʹġid M*362.30 Ya’$id

W*1a.1201 7 yāʹġwis p*484.31 Ya’$wis

W*1a.1201 7 yāġwis R*1001.78

W*1a.1201 7 yāqᴇyalīsᴇon R*903.51 Yaḵ%ayalis%mi

W*1a.1201 7 yāʹgayāʹla 3173.11 Ya’ḵaya’la

W*1a.1201 7 yāʹqaᵋlas 3145.7 Ya’ḵa’las W*1a.1201 7 yāqaxᴇlag·îlis C3*79.9 Yaḵa'%lag%lis W*1a.1201 7 yāqałᵋᴇnāla R*800.21,*C2*p.*473,*3156.3,*3158.2,*3160.40,*Yaḵał’%nala W*1a.1201 7 yāqałᵋᴇnāla ...3161.2,*3170.43,*3173.12,*3173.18,*3174.46 W*1a.1201 7 yāʹqałᵋᴇnāʹla 3168.26

W*1a.1201 7 yāqałᵋᴇnāla C3*199.5,*35th*717.88

W*1a.1201 7 yāqałᵋᴇnlis C3*183.6,*M*350.30 Yaḵał’%nlis W*1a.1201 7 yaqałᵋᴇnlis R*836.11

W*1a.1201 7 yaʹqałᵋᴇnlis 3144.20,*3162.10 W*1a.1201 7 yāqałᵋᴇnlis

W*1a.1201 7 yāgołᵋᴇnlis C3*63.10

W*1a.1201 7 yaqałᵋᴇnlidzē R*806.37 Yaḵał’%nlidzi W*1a.1201 7 yāʹqałᵋᴇnlidzē 3174.5

W*1a.1201 7 yāwałᵋānlidzē C3*71.8

W*1a.1201 7 yāgīla 3152.4 Ya’gila

W*1a.1201 7 yāʹgēla 3148.5,*3149.12,*3155.41,*3158.9,*3163.18,*3168.14,* W*1a.1201 7 yāʹgēla ...3175.12

W*1a.1201 7 yāgēʹla 3155.15,*3160.7,*3163.32

W*1a.1201 7 yāqosᴇlag·îlis C3*135.18 Yaḵus%lag%lis W*1a.1201 7 yāʹqostâlag·îlis 3148.8 Ya’ḵustolag%lis W*1a.1201 7 yāʹqostâʹlag·îlis 3169.3

W*1a.1201 7 yāqostōd R*978.91 Yaḵustud

W*1a.1201 8 yāqōḶas C3*15.1,*35th785.22,*R*795.2 Yaḵudłas

W*1a.1201 8 yāqoḶas 3144.4,*3145.10,*3146.6,*3148.22,*3148.37,*3149.4,* W*1a.1201 8 yāqoḶas ...3150.3,*3152.2,*3152.12,*3153.23,*3154.2,*3155.39,* W*1a.1201 8 yāqoḶas ...3156.1,*3157.8,*3157.13,*3158.3,*3158.9,*3158.13,* W*1a.1201 8 yāqoḶas ...3159.14,*3160.6,*3161.30,*3162.12,*3163.15,* W*1a.1201 8 yāqoḶas ...3164.5,*3164.18,*3165.6,*3165.16,*3166.1,*3166.2,* W*1a.1201 8 yāqoḶas ...3168.6,*3174.4,*3171.34,*3173.57,*3175.77 W*1a.1201 8 yāʹġoḶas C2*473,*109

W*1a.1201 8 yāqoḶasᴇmēᵋ C3*135.30,*R*798.18 Yaḵudłas%mi’ W*1a.1201 8 yāʹqoḶasᴇmēᵋ 3150.12,*3157.18,*3168.9

W*1a.1201 8 yāʹqoḶaʹsᴇmēᵋ 3153.4

W*1a.1201 8 yāqoḶadzē R*797.34,*35th*786.3 Yaḵudładzi W*1a.1201 8 yāʹqoḶadzē 3152.1

W*1a.1201 8 yāʹqoḶēt 3165.1 Ya’ḵudłit

W*1a.1201 8 yāqoLāpasᴇmēᵋ C3*199.4 Yaḵutłapas%mi’ W*1a.1201 8 yāq!ᴇntᴇyēg·ᴇlakᵘ R*877.74 Ya*%nt%yigi’lakw W*1a.1201 8 ᵋyāʹx·ᵋyak·îlīł C2*p*37 ‘ya’x’yakilił

W*1a.1201 8 yax·st!ał C2*p*415 Yaxs)ał

W*1a.1201 8 yāx·ᴇn R*798.5 Yax%n

W*1a.1201 8 yaʹxyiqaʹlag·ᴇlis M*572 Ya’'yiḵa’lag%lis

W*1a.1201 8 yaxyāġas C3*26302 Ya'y%$as

W*1a.1201 8 yāʹxyᴇġas 3155.40,*3158.7,*3159.33,*3161.32,*3163.7 W*1a.1201 8 yāʹxyîġēs (n.*226,*25)

W*1a.1201 8 yaxsᵋāʹlag·îlis 3166.12 Ya's’a’lag%lis

W*1a.1201 8 yāxnᴇʹkŭlas 3173.2 Ya'n%’kw%las

W*1a.1201 8 yāʹxnᴇkūʹlas 3166.26 W*1a.1201 8 yaxnāʹkūlas 3171.22

W*1a.1201 8 yāxLᴇn C3*35.28,*35th*791.3,*1349.15 Ya'tł%n | ya’'wtł%n W*1a.1201 8 yāʹxᵘLᴇn 3144.18,*3149.10,*3154.3,*3155.10,*3155.14,*3156.1,* W*1a.1201 8 yāʹxᵘLᴇn ...3158.5,*3159.9,*3161.15,*3164.21,*3173.6,*3174.52 W*1a.1201 8 y·aʹẋᵘLᴇn 3155.14

W*1a.1201 8 yāʹxᵘLᴇndzē 3164.13,*3174.37 Ya’'wtł%ndzi

W*1a.1201 8 yaẋwaxanowîł R*1189.10 Yaxwa'anuwił | yaxwa'anowił

W*1a.1201 8 yāʹlag·ilîs C2*p.*483 Ya’lag%lis

W*1a.1201 8 yałᴇla R*798.36 Yał%la

W*1a.1201 8 yäyaqōL!alas R*87907 Yeyaḵu)łalas

W*1a.1201 8 yämadzalas R*1268.68 Yemadzalas

W*1a.1201 9 yäqᴇsēʹlas R*883.35 Yeḵ%si’las

W*1a.1201 9 yäʹgᴇᵋwit 3171.2 Ye’ḵ%’wit | ye’ḵawit

W*1a.1201 9 yäʹqawit 3144.11,*3147.23,*3154.21,*3154.35

W*1a.1201 9 yäʹqāwît 3155.12

W*1a.1201 9 yäʹqawīt 3153.16,*3156.27,*3157.4,*3157.36

W*1a.1201 9 yäʹqaᵋwīt 3160.15,*3161.13,*3162.11,*3164.3,*3164.19,* W*1a.1201 9 yäʹqaᵋwīt ...3165.42,*3174.35

W*1a.1201 9 yäʹqowid C3*199.7,*23.11 Ye’ḵawid W*1a.1201 9 yäʹqᴇᵋwīt 3171.2

W*1a.1201 9 yäqawīdalał C3*79.21 Yeḵawidalał

W*1a.1201 9 yäʹqaᵋwilas 3159.11 Ye’ḵa’wilas

W*1a.1201 9 yäʹqawēʹlas 3164.22 W*1a.1201 9 yäʹqaLᴇlas 3159.14

W*1a.1201 9 yäʹgâlas 3160.25,*3162.23,*C3*99.17 Ye’golas W*1a.1201 9 yä gâʹlag·îlis 3159.15,*3165.39 Yeḵo’lag%lis W*1a.1201 9 yäʹqok!wāʹlag·îlis 3155.35,*3159.31,*3164.39,*R*849.304,*M*351.30Ye’ḵu+wa’lag%lis W*1a.1201 9 yäʹqōk!wāʹlag· ·îlis 3170.23

W*1a.1201 9 yäqok!wālag·îlis R*1085.16

W*1a.1201 9 yäqoḶad·zē C3*68.32 Yeḵudładzi

W*1a.1201 9 yäʹqoLᴇlas 3150.14,*3154.30,*3158.12,*3162.8,*3164.12,*Ye’ḵutł%las W*1a.1201 9 yäʹqoLᴇlas ...3164.28,*3168.12,*3173.20

W*1a.1201 9 yägōʹLᴇlas 3153.24,*3160.16

W*1a.1201 9 yäʹqoLᴇaʹsᴇmēᵋ 3146.9,*3164.1,*R*1360.10 Ye’ḵutł%’a’s%mi’ W*1a.1201 9 yäʹqoLᴇlasᴇmēᵋ M*562.30,*M362.30

W*1a.1201 9 yäquk!wālag·îlis C3*199.7 Yeḵu+walag%lis

W*1a.1201 9 yäʹqoL!ēʹqᴇlas 3148.30,*3158.24,*R*939.66,*C3*57.9,*135.19*(?),*Ye’ḵu)łiḵ%las | yeḵu)łig%las W*1a.1201 9 yäʹqoL!ēʹqᴇlas ...201.4*(?)

W*1a.1201 9 yäqoLegᴇlas 3160.16

W*1a.1201 9 yēmask·asᵋŏ Q!ŏmogwa R*870.23 Yimaskas’u *umugwa W*1a.1201 9 yëʹmadzᴇlas p.*425.35 Ye’madz%las | ye’madzalas W*1a.1201 9 yëʹmadzālas p.*429.34

W*1a.1201 9 yâẋyâxēsᵋnaga R*1193.80 Yoxyo'is’na,a

W*1a.1201 9 yōẋŭyagwas R*913.82 Yuxw%yagwas

W*1a.1201 10 wᴇxēʹdag!āʹnakᵘ 3149.21 W%'i’daga’nakw | w%'i’da+a’nakw

W*1a.1201 10 wa C3*205.28 Wa

W*1a.1201 10 wāyats!ᴇwīd R*938.99 Waya)s%wid | wa’yats%wit W*1a.1201 10 wāʹyatsᴇwit 3149.7

W*1a.1201 10 wāʹyats!ōł 3148.13,*3151.26 Wa’ya)suł W*1a.1201 10 wāyats!ōłīᵋlakᵘ R*797.5,*1079.3 Waya)sułi’lakw W*1a.1201 10 waōʹxuts!axsᴇmalaga p.*318,*title Wa’u’'u)sa's%mala$a

W*1a.1201 10 wāʹwᴇnġᴇnoł 3159.17 Wa’w%n$%nuł

W*1a.1201 10 wâʹwaēnag 3157.22 Wa’wa’inag

W*1a.1201 10 wāwanaġadzōᵋ R*899.66 Wawana$adzu’

W*1a.1201 10 wāwalaxᴇlag·iᵋlakᵘ R*1022.21 Wawala'%lagi’lakw

W*1a.1201 10 wāʹwalē C2*p.*487 Wa’wali

W*1a.1201 10 wā wałk·în C3*119.1,*Ms*3152.27,*R*795.1,*1090.18,*1348.14Wawałk%n

W*1a.1201 10 wāwałk·ineġa R*795.1 Wawałk%ne$a

W*1a.1201 10 wāwäsēmił R*945.37 Wawesimił

W*1a.1201 10 wāwîyāk·īla R*856.53 Wawiyakila

W*1a.1201 10 wāʹwig·ustâlag·ilitsᴇᵋwa dāʹbᴇnd(in*song,*p.*13,*line*1),*ex.*Footnote*2*at*p.*12Wa’wigustolagilits%’wa da’b%nd W*1a.1201 10 wāʹwixēma C2*p.*837 Wa’wi'ima | we’wi'ima

W*1a.1201 10 wāwūnġᴇnōł R*1110.29 Waw%n$%nuł

W*1a.1201 10 ᵋwāʹᵋwiᵋlapălasoᵋ M*350.30 -a’-i’lap%lasu’ W*1a.1201 10 wābidōᵋ C3*101.27,*R*797.32 Wabidu’ W*1a.1201 10 ᵘwābidōᵋ C3*68.32

W*1a.1201 10 wahēnoxᵘ R*1381.5 Wahinu'w | wabinu'w

W*1a.1201 10 wābᴇtŏfs R*799.64 Wab%tus | wab%tułs

W*1a.1201 10 wāʹᵋmis 3170.33 Wa’mis

W*1a.1201 10 wāʹ is 3173.1,*C3*97.13

W*1a.1201 10 wādᴇmālaġa R*1028.58 Wad%mala$a

W*1a.1201 10 wādanᴇm 35th*728.10 Wadan%m

W*1a.1201 10 wāʹtaᵋlas (informant,*p.*295) Wa’ta’las W*1a.1201 10 wanēd C3*227.27,*R*1256.3 Wanid

W*1a.1201 11 wāʹnedᴇnuł 3153.8 Wa’nid%nuł

W*1a.1201 11 wāʹne danuł 3152.17

W*1a.1201 11 wāʹnōkumēg·iᵋlakᵘ p*397,*title Wa’nukw%migi’lakw W*1a.1201 11 wāʹnumgilayuġwa C2*p.*456 Wa’n%mgilayu$wa W*1a.1201 11 waʹnukᵘ 3149.23,*3153.29,*3159.15,*3160.2,*C2*3,*C3*61.1,*Wa’nukw W*1a.1201 11 waʹnukᵘ ...R*811.27

W*1a.1201 11 ᵋwāʹsałaaas 3159.2,*3159.10 .a’sała’as W*1a.1201 11 Wâsałaas C3*99.31

W*1a.1201 11 ᵋwaʹdzē ...3164.24,*3174.66,*M*347.30,*M*358.30

W*1a.1201 11 Wadzid R*796.30 Wadzid

W*1a.1201 11 Wādzidalaġa R*796.30 Wadzidala$a

W*1a.1201 11 wāʹtsowik·a C2*p.*97 Wa’tsuwiga

W*1a.1201 11 ᵋwāʹg·idis 3164.4,*3164.14 .a’gidis W*1a.1201 11 wag·idid 35th*779.2,*R*1088.81 Wagidid W*1a.1201 11 ᵋwāʹgidēs 3169.3,*R*1108.76,*1113.97

W*1a.1201 11 ᵋwāʹk·as 3160.10,*3168.11,*3173.33 .a’kas W*1a.1201 11 wāʹk·as p.*426,*title,*C3*37.23,*R*1223.22,*1092.54 W*1a.1201 11 wāk·adzē C3*103.22,*C3*67.15,*M*352.30Wakadzi

W*1a.1201 11 wāk·adzo C3*67.15 Wakadzu

W*1a.1201 11 waġalōs R*800.33 Wa$alus

W*1a.1201 11 waġedayō R*796.2* Wa$idayu

W*1a.1201 11 wāġedayuġwa R*796.2 Wa$idayu$wa

W*1a.1201 11 wāʹxᴇwīdaġᴇmēᵋ 3169.41 Wa’'%wida$%mi’ W*1a.1201 11 wāxap!alasōᵋ R*1121.2,*1139.85 Wa'a/alasu’

W*1a.1201 11 ᵋwāʹxᵋēt 3151.42 .a’'it

W*1a.1201 11 wāʹxᵋēd (p.*104,*line*36) Wa’'’id W*1a.1201 11 wāʹxᵋīd C2*p.*442

W*1a.1201 11 wāʹxowit C2*p.*472 Wa’'uwit

W*1a.1201 11 wāʹxwid C2*85 Wa’'wid

W*1a.1201 11 wāʹxᵋwaxŭliᵋyaġa Ms*177.4 Wa’'’wa'w%li’ya$a W*1a.1201 11 ᵋwāʹlas 3144.7,*3146.32,*3147.16,*3149.18,*3153.12,*.a’las W*1a.1201 11 ᵋwāʹlas ...3159.3,*3159.34,*3160.4,*3160.38,*3162.6,* W*1a.1201 11 ᵋwāʹlas ...3164.18,*3172.48,*R*821.13

W*1a.1201 11 ᵋwāʹlasᵋnᴇmōʹgwis 3162.d,*R*804.41 .a’las 0%mu’gwis

W*1a.1201 11 Wa’'s$%mlis

W*1a.1201 12 ᵋwālasnān R*79709,*830.6 .alasn%n

W*1a.1201 12 ᵋwāʹlas kwāx·îlanōʹkūmēᵋ3162.3,*3171.9,*3174.60,*C3*73.20,*C2*485.a’las kwax%lanu’kw%mi’ W*1a.1201 12 ᵋwālas kwāx·îlanokŭmēᵋ C3*111.18,*R*803.39

W*1a.1201 12 ᵋwāʹlasLala 3160.5 .a’lastłala

W*1a.1201 12 ᵋwāʹlasLāla 3159.7,*3159.8,*R*799.60,*1093.63,*C3*101.21 W*1a.1201 12 ᵋwāʹlaġᴇmg·iᵋlakᵘ 3146.5 .a’la$%mgi’lakw

W*1a.1201 12 wālebâᵋyē R*799.63 Walibo’yi

W*1a.1201 12 walebâᵋyē R*1253 W*1a.1201 12 wālibâᵋyĕ R*803.35 W*1a.1201 12 walibâᵋyĕ R*1388.56 W*1a.1201 12 wâlibâᵋyĕ Ms*107.4 W*1a.1201 12 wāʹłᴇᵋwēt 3170.19 Wa’ł%’wit W*1a.1201 12 wāʹłᴇᵋwīt 3148.1,*3152.15 W*1a.1201 12 wāʹłᵋwī 3155.8 Wa’ł%wi

W*1a.1201 12 wāłᴇwid R*796.32,*C3*9.16 Wał%wid

W*1a.1201 12 wāłaġanᴇm R*795.15 Wała$an%m

W*1a.1201 12 wāłaġānᴇmġa R*795.15 Wała$an%m$a

W*1a.1201 12 wāłâlas 3160.15,*3161.9 Wało’las W*1a.1201 12 wałâlas R*822.44

W*1a.1201 12 wałâʹlas 3155.74,*3172.42 W*1a.1201 12 ᵋwāʹłâlas 3164.3

W*1a.1201 12 wałâlag·iᵋlakᵘ Wałolagi’lakw

W*1a.1201 12 wä xᴇldᴇkᵘ R*1380.69 We'%ld%kw

W*1a.1201 12 wäʹḶĕd 3160.5 We’dłid

W*1a.1201 12 wäʹḶīt C3*152.35,*3159.16,*3167.24 We’dłit

W*1a.1201 12 wäʹḶĕd C3*41.15

W*1a.1201 12 wäḶīd C3*7.11

W*1a.1201 12 wäʹLᴇmaxalas C2*p.*486 We’tł%ma'alas

W*1a.1201 12 wäʹLaxᴇlas 3153.36 We’tła'%las

W*1a.1201 12 wēʹdzēg!wāʹlasoᵋ 3170.32 Wi’dzigwa’las1 | wi’dzi’+wa’lasu’

W*1a.1201 12 wēgwaᵋnākŭla p.*2.1 Wigwa’nakw%la

W*1a.1201 12 wēʹqaē C2*477 Wi’ḵa’i

W*1a.1201 12 wäʹqaē C2*455

W*1a.1201 12 wēʹxᵋwŭgâʹġămēᵋ Ms*183.7 Wi’'’w%go’g’a’mi’ W*1a.1201 12 wīʹoxᵋwᴇqâʹgᴇmēᵋ 3149.18 Wi’u'’w%ḵo’$%mi’

W*1a.1201 12 ᵋwīwᴇxᵘdzᴇq R*1386.14 .iw%'wdz%ḵ

W*1a.1201 12 wīʹwag·ēsawēᵋ C2*p.*113 Wi’wagisawi’

W*1a.1201 12 wīwä qēᵋ R*957.30 Wiweḵi’

W*1a.1201 13 wīwamasġᴇm C3*95.15 Wiwamas$%m

W*1a.1201 13 wīwŭnx C3*275.19 Wiw%n'

W*1a.1201 13 wītâlâł R*799.44 Witoloł

W*1a.1201 13 wīsadzē R*798.30 Wisadzi

W*1a.1201 13 ᵋwīdzēq! wälasōᵋ R*898.44,*3170.32,*C2*69.68,*M*339.idzi* walasu’

W*1a.1201 13 Wīna R*797.32 Wina

W*1a.1201 13 wīʹnak·! îlᴇm Ms*230.13 Wi’na+%l%m

W*1a.1201 13 wīnaġa R*799.58 Wina$a

W*1a.1201 13 wīnaxʹwīnaġᴇmēᵋ R*897.38 Wina'’wina$%mi’ W*1a.1201 13 winâʹlag·ilîs C2*p.*484 Wina’lag%lis W*1a.1201 13 wīʹnalag·îlis Ms*32.11

W*1a.1201 13 wīʹnalag·îlisa Ms*301.13 Wi’nalag%lisa W*1a.1201 13 wīnēᵋstalīs R*801.25 Wini’stalis

W*1a.1201 13 wīg·îlis C3*113.3 Wig%lis

W*1a.1201 13 wīk·!ŏʹt!sa (p.*150,*line*36) Wi+u)%sa

W*1a.1201 13 wīgwīłba wāk·as R*860.36 Wigwiłba wakas W*1a.1201 13 wīʹqwemeLalagilas M*568,*577 Wi’ḵw%mitłalag%lis W*1a.1201 13 wīxᵋwŭqāġᴇmēᵋ C3*77.23 Wi'’w%ḵa$%mi’ W*1a.1201 13 wīʹᵋlᴇnkolaᵋg·ilîs C3*77.23 Wi’l%nkw%la’g%lis W*1a.1201 13 ᵋwīᵋᴇnkūlag·îlis (p.*118,*line*35)

W*1a.1201 13 ᵋwīlᴇnkūlag·îlis R*987.78

W*1a.1201 13 wīlx·stasīlayūġwa R*797.9,*1086.35 Wilxstasilayu$wa W*1a.1201 13 wīʹłtsēstaʹla C2*p.*482