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Evaluation of pesticide leaching in lysimeter and field studies. Parent substances | RIVM

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Onderwerp : Erratum bij rapport 601506 007/2001

In het RIVM-rapport 601506 007, getiteld: 'Evaluation of pesticide leaching in lysimeter and field studies. Parent substances.’ is helaas een fout opgetreden in hoofdstuk 3.3.2 op pagina 22 in de 6e regel van de 4e alinea.

‘high’ moet worden vervangen door ‘low’.

U wordt geïnformeerd over deze fout om misverstanden bij de toepassing van de evaluatiemethode die in dit rapport wordt beschreven te voorkomen.

Hoogachtend,

dr. W.H. Könemann

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Referenties

GERELATEERDE DOCUMENTEN

Author: Runtuwene, Vincent Jimmy Title: Functional characterization of protein-tyrosine phosphatases in zebrafish development using image analysis Date: 2012-09-12...

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