XIV workshop EHF, June 12-14, 1989

XIV workshop EHF, June 12-14, 1989

Citation for published version (APA):

Eindhoven University of Technology. Accelerator Laboratory (1989). XIV workshop EHF, June 12-14, 1989. Technische Universiteit Eindhoven.

Document status and date: Published: 01/01/1989

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XIV WORKSHOP

XI\!

\'"!ORKSHOP

EINDHOVEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

JUNE 12-14, 1989

PREFACE

Since the start in Trieste, October 1985, of workshops of the EHF Design

Group, in total fourteen of these meetings have tak.en place. By nature

the EHF has always been a very international endeavour, with workshops

in Italy, Germany, Switzerland and Holland, and with members and

inter-ested fact H ty users: of many more countries, including the United States

and Canada.

It was a privilage for the Accelerator Laboratory of the Eindhoven

University to be host of the 14th EHF Worl{shop; i t is the second time in

Eindhoven and in the Netherlands. Therefore we wanted again to include

in the program accei,erator activities in Hoiland, such as those of the

NIKHEF institute in Amsterdam, the KVI in Groningen, and the FEL project of Twente/Eindhoven Universities.

We hope and feel sure that these meetings provide opportunities for

international coLlaborations in science and technology on a high,

sophisticated level.

We like to thank. Frcmco Bradamante for acting as chairman during most

the workshop, and for creating an enthusiastic and active working

atmosphere.

Coby Ihmsma

SUMMARY

OF

TilE XIV WORKSHOP

m

TilE

EFH/89/49

june

19. 1989

EUROPEAN

HADRON

FACILITY

F. BRADAMANTE

1. INTRODUCTION

The XIV EHF Workshop took place at the Technical University of Eindhoven, the Netherlands, from 12 to 14 June 1989.

The main purpose o: the Workshop was to finalize the concept of accelera-tors elaborated at Legnaro, at the two previous EHF Workshops, on October 17-19, 1988 and on February 13-14, 1989.

In order to accelerate both 100 J1,Amp of protons and the heavy ion beams coming out of ALPI, a fast-cycling Pre-Booster (PB} has been considered, which can accelera:e protons to 1.2 GeV, or more, and heavy ions can be

injected from ALPI directly into the PB, in the case of protons a separate injector is necessary, consisting of a source, two RFQ's and a LINAC.

After acceleration in the pre-Booster, the beams can be stored in a First Holding Ring (FHR} of the same size. I t is also foreseen to use this storage ring to store, cool, and decelerate radioactive nuclei produced with the primary heavy ion beams. The design of these accelerators is such that they can be considered the first step for EHF, in the sense that both the proton beam and the heavy ion beams can be then injected into the EHF Booster and further accelerated to 9 GeV and 4.5 GeV/A respectively.

2. PLENARY SESSIONS

The whole day of Monday and Tuesday morning were devoted to plenary sessions. Table 1 gives the list of participants and table 2 the programme of the Workshop.

After a warm wellcorne from H. Hagedoorn, F. Bradamante reminded the aims of the Workshop and confirmed the schedule elaborated in Legnaro for the submission of a Proposal to INFN. A very interesting overview of the acce-lerator activities :in Holland then followed, as well as status reports from the other Hadron Faci 1 ities. Also the COSY machine was illustrated to the EHF community, H. Stockhorst giving the report, in replacement of K. Bongardt.

A.G. Ruggiero on Monday afternoon started the presentation of the homework made since the previous Workshop by illustrating the progress he had made on the lattice design of the PB, work done at Brookhaven, in collaboration with A. Dainelli and A. Lombardi. Based on this design, a remarkable amount of work had been done, on the mangets, on the polarization, on the RF system, on cooling, on the Linac, as from the programme of table 2. Very interesting hints for the magnets construction and wave-forms were given by Y.Y. Lee and M. Craddock, based on the experience of Brookhaven and TRIUMF.

3. REPORTS FROM TilE WORKING GROUPS

The activity of the working groups went on until 11.00 a.m. on Wednesday, when the conclusions were discussed in the Plenary Session. The reports

from the working groups are given as internal notes, and are listed in table 4 together with the reports illustrated on Monday.

The scenario which was illustrated by P. Lapostolle was considered quite appealing, already at the first stage. A conservative design with a 200 MeV Linac allows for the acceleration of ~ 50 MA of protons, but there was a feeling that by successive improvements one should be able to better fill

the magnets acceptance and eventually approach the full design current. Moreover, it was generally felt that a second stage in intensity requiring a second LINAC section, to raise the injector energy to ~ 450 MeV, was better exploited by raising also the PB energy to some 2-3 GeV. The design of the PB should account for this possibility.

Separate reports were given for bunch rotation and electron cooling, for the RF system, for the magnets system. In all cases satisfactory solutions were presented. Some problems on the lattice have been solved respectively. Also, cost estimates elaborated using the old EHF algorithms by

J.

Crawford

(who eventually was unable to attend the Workshop), were illustrated by G. Rees and stimulated much discussion.

M. Conte made a pledge for the acceleration of a-particles in the PB. to enhance the product ion of M-, but the general feeling was that economic M-catalysed fusion was not at reach: in any case, experts in the field have not considered EHF interesting enough in this respect.

At the end of the morning of Tuesday, a long general discussion made it clear that a few major problems were still open, and several parameters were still not agreed upon. Notably,

- the energy of the linac was still not agreed upon. Actually the whole business of staging was still an open point;

- the lattice had some unsatisfactory aspects; - the feasibility of the RF was questionable; - bunch rotation and stacking seemed incompatible; - cooling seemed at a technical limit.

Eventually, four working groups were set-up, according to table 3 by going back to the scheme illustrated in February but further optimization work will have to be done.

4. <DNQ.USIONS

As a conclusion, at the plenary session it was agreed to freeze the para-meters of the LINAC. PB and FHR and go on to spell out the Proposal.

Getting inspiration from Part B of the EHF proposal, homework was distri-buted as listed in table 5. The important milestone will be the next workshop of LEOCE, where all contributions should come with draft-versions of their sections, so that the Workshop can be dedicated to chapter-reading and proof-checking. Written texts should be sent to A. DAINELLI in Legnaro via electronic mail.

The dates of the Leece Workshop. October 9 to 14. are confirmed.

5.ACKN~

It has been very nice to be back in Eindhoven, two years after the first time a EHF Workshop was hold there. In particular everybody appreciated being again at the "Academisch Genootschap", and, thanks to a spectacular weather, being able to have a drink outside! For all this we are grateful

to H. Hagedoorn. and to his simpathy for our European project.

J.

Batman has made an enormous amount of work to organize the Workshop, practically all by himself. Not only, when everybody had finished working, he went on in collecting the material and organizing the editing of the Proceedings. I would like to express him my deepest appreciation for all

Botrnan, Dr. J.I.M. Bradarnante, Prof. F. Bruil, Drs. W.A. Cavenago, Dott. M. Cervellera, Dott. F. Conte, Prof. M. Craddock, Dr. M. Dainelli, Dott. A. Doornbos, Dr. J. Facco. Dot t . A. Fortuna. Dott. G. Gallucio, Dr. F. Genderen, Ir. W. van

Hagedoorn, Prof. dr. H.L. Haselhoff, Ir. E. Klein, Prof. H. Lapostolle, Prof. P. Lombardi, Dott. A. Masullo, Dr. M.R. Moisio, Dott. M.F. Pi sent, Dr. A.

Porcellato, Dott. A.M. Pusterla, Prof. M. Rees, Dr. G.

Regt, Ir. R.A. de Ruggiero, Dr. A.G. Schaffer, G. Schonauer, Dr. H. Schreuder, Dr. H. Stockhorst, Dr. H. Tecchio, Dott. L. Vaccaro, Prof. V. Voigt, Prof. M.J.A. de Vretenar, Dr. M. Weiss, Dr. M. Young Lee, Y. Table I List of participants EINDHOVEN TRIESTE EINDHOVEN LEGNARO LEGNARO GENOVA VANCOUVER LEGNARO VANCOUVER LEGNARO LEGNARO GENEVE EINDHOVEN EINDHOVEN TWENTE FRANKFURT NEUILLY LEGNARO NAPOLI LEGNARO GENEVE LEGNARO PADOVA OXON EINDHOVEN UPTON NY LOS ALAMOS GENEVE GRONINGEN JULICH TORINO NAPOLI EINDHOVEN GENEVE GENEVE UPTON NY

09.00 09.15 09.35 11.20 12.30 14.00 17.30 19.00 Table II PROGRAM Monday, June 12, 1989 Registration, coffee Wellcoming address Introductory remarks

Accelerator activities in Holland The microfel project

The '-factory for NIKHEF

The Eindhoven accelerator laboratory The superconducting cyclotron project Status reports on other facilities The TRIUMF KAON factory

The Advanced Hadron Facility The AGS booster

The

COSY

facility

Lunch in 'Bestuursgebouw'

The EHF pre-booster: Reports on homework Dynamics

Lattice topology

Beam transfer and targetry Magnets

Experience with AGS magnets Polarization

Poor-man bunch rotation Cooling RF Scenario Linac SC Linac Reception H. Hagedoorn F. Bradamante E. Haselhoff

J.

Batman M. de Voigt H. Schreuder M. Craddock G. Schaffer

Y.Y.

Lee H. Stockhorst A.G. Ruggiero A. Dainelli A. Lombardi M.F. Moisio

Y.Y.

Lee A. Pisent M. Conte L. Tecchio

v.

Vaccaro P. Lapostolle H. Klein M. Vretenar

09.00

Tuesday, June 13, 1989

Plenary session

EHF pre-booster as a muon source for mu-catalysed fusion

ILEC

Observed instabilities in ISIS Cost

New ideas for secondary KAON beams Megawatt klystron amplifiers; Add-on Linac sections; lay-out of

1.6 GeV compressor ring at LAMPF New thinking on magnet wave-forms

M. Conte R. de Regt G. Rees (J. Crawford), G. Rees j. Doornbos G. Schaffer M. Craddock General discussion and setting up of working groups

12.30 Lunch in 'Bestuursgebouw'

14.00 Parallel sessions, working group activity

17.30 Drink in cyclotronbuilding

18.30 Dinner in steakhouse DE '2' BERGEN, Keizersgracht 6, Eindhoven

09.00 13.00 14.30 19.30

Wednesday, Jw1e 14, 1989

Working group activity Plenary session

Reports from working groups Lunch, end of workshop

SCENARIO

&

LINAC

LATTICE, PAINTING

INJECfiON, EXTRACfiON

POLARIZATION

MAGNETS

&

POWER SUPPLIES

RF. INSTABILITIES Electron Cooling Stochastic Cooling Table 3 WORKING GROUPS LAPOSTOLLE. KLEIN,

LOMBARDI, VRETENAR, WEISS

REES. BOTMAN, DAINELLI • GALLUU.::IO, MASULLO,

PISENT, PUSTERLA, RUGGIERO, SCHONAUER

LEE. MOISIO, CRADDOCK. FORTUNA. CERVELLERA. :OOORNBOS

VAU.::ARO. CA VENAGO, CONTE. FAOOO. PORCELLATO, SCHAFFER, STc:x:KHORST, TEO:lUO

EHF/89/14 EHF/89/15 EHF/89/16 EHF/89/17 EHF/89/18 EHF/89/19 EHF/89/20 EHF/89/21 EHF/89/22 EHF/89/23 EHF/89/24 EHF/89/25 EHF/89/26 EHF/89/27 EHF/89/28 EHF/89/29 EHF/89/30 EHF/89/31 EHF/89/32 EHF/89/33 EHF/89/34 EHF/89/35 EHF/89/36 Table 4

List of EHF internal reports (updated)

W.

Bothe, Pre-Booster for ALPI-EHF-combined Projects

1~. Haselhoff, The microfel project J. Botman, The q,-factory for NIKHEF

M.

de Voigt, The Eindhoven accelerator laboratory

H.

Schreuder, The AGOR project

M. Craddock, The TRIUMF KAON factory

G. Schaffer, Some news on AHF

Y.

Lee, The AGS booster

H. Stockhorst, The Cooler Synchrotron CX>SY at the KFA. JUlich

A. Ruggiero. Prebooster dynamics A. Dainelli, Prebooster topology

A. Lombardi, Beam transfer and targetry

M. Moisio, Pre Booster/First Holding Ring Magnets Y. Lee, Experience with AGS magnets

M. Conte, et al. (Poor man) Bunch rotation

L. Tecchio, Cooling V. Vaccaro, RF cavities

P. Lapostolle, et al. Prebooster scenario, Multistage 1inac proposal

M. Vretenar, The SC Linac

F. Gallucio and A. Pisent, Polarization Capabilities of EHF Pre-Booster

M. Conte, EHF pre-booster as a muon source for muon-catalysed fusion

R.. de Regt, ILEC

EHF/89/37

J.

Crawford, Some cost estimates for a pre-booster version

EHF/89/38 ]. Doornbos, Secondary beams at KAON

EHF/89/39 G. Schaffer, Megawatt klystron amplifiers in L-band EHF/89/40 G. Schaffer, Cost of LAMPF Linac options

EHF/89/41 G. Schaffer, Some details on a 1.6 GeV compressor ring for LAMPF

EHF/89/42 M. Craddock and R. Baartman, Magnet waveforms EHF/89/43 H . Sh.. c onauer, T ransm1ss1on o . . fA 5u 0+

EHF/89/44 P. Lapostolle, Report from working group on Linac Layout EHF/89/45 G. Rees, Report from working group on Lattice

EHf/89/46 Y. Lee, Report from working group on Magnets EHF/89/47 V. Vaccaro, Report from working group on Cavities EHF/89/48 M. Cavenago, et al. Report from working group on Bunch

rotation and cooling

Table 5

HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENTS FOR TilE WRITE UP OF TilE PRO"PffiAL

1. INTRODUCfiON AND GOALS

2. SCENARIO 2.1.

2.2.

PROTONS HEAVY IONS

CONCEPTUAL DESIGN REPORT

RUGGIERO 3. SOURCES LA POSfOLLE/LOMBARDI 3. 1 . PROroN LINAC 3.1.1. 3.1.2. 3.1.3. 3.1.4. 3.1.5. 3.2. 3.2.1. 3.2.2. 3.2.3. 3.2.4. 3.2.5. 3.2.6.

NEGATIVE ION SOURCE RFQ's

DTL SCL

BEAM TRANSPORT

HEAVY ION BEAMS

NEGATIVE ION SOURCE TANDEM PRE-BUNCHING ALPI BEAM TRANSPORT PI INJECfOR 4. PRE -B(X)STER 4.0. 4.1. 4.2. 4.2.1. LATTICE POLARIZATION INJECfiON PROTON BEAM

4. 2. 2. 1. CHARGE EXCHANGE INJECfiON 4.2.1.2. SPACE-CHARGE CONSIDERATIONS STABILITY WEISS KLEIN WEISS VRITENAR BONGARDT FORTUNA SCARPA/BISOFFI CERVELLERA FAC!JJ FORTUNA MOISIO/CERVELLERA CAVENAGO DAINELLI PI SENT SCHONAUER REES VAU::ARO 4.2.1.2.1. TRANSVERSE SPACE CHARGE EFFECfS CONTE 4. 2. 1 . 2. 2. LONGITUDINAL SPACE CHARGE EFFECfS MASULLO

4.2.2.

HEAVY ION BEAMS

4.3.

MAGNETS AND POWER SUPPLY

4.4.

ACCELERATION AND F REQUIREMENTS

4.5.

VACUUM CHAMBER

5.

BEAM TRANSFER

5.1.

EXTRACTION FROM THE P. B.

5.2.

TRANSFER BETWEEN THE TWO RINGS

5.3.

INJECTION INTO F.H.R.

5.4.

TARGETS FOR HEAVY IONS

6.

PRE-HOlDING RING

6.1.

LATTICE AND REQUIREMENTS

6.2.

MAGNETS AND POWER SUPPLY

6.3.

PROTON MODE, RF REQUIREMENTS

6.4.

HEAVY ION MODE

6.4.1.

RF CAPTURE AND BUNCH ROTATION

AND STACKING

6.4.2.

ELECTRON COOLING

6.4.3.

STOCHASTIC COOLING

6.4.4.

DECELERATION

7.

BEAM EXTRACTION AND TRANSFER

7. 1 .

TRANSFER OF PROTON BEAM

7.2.

EXTERNAL TARGETS FOR H.I.

8. EXPERIMENI'AL FACILITIES

8.1.

PROTON MODE

J.L-BEAM

8.2.

HEAVY IONS

9. RADIATION PROTECTION

9.1.

ACTIVE SHIELDING

9.2.

INDUCED RADIOACTIVITY

9.3.

RADIATION DAMAGE

9.4.

OTHER RISCS

DAINELLI

CERVELLERA (MOISIO)

VACCARO/PORCELLA TO

(GRIFFIN)

BOTMAN

LOMBARDI

SPOLAORE

CAVENAGO

CAVENAGO

ROSSI/ALVAREZ

DAINELLI/TEOCHIO

DAINELLI

CERVELLERA (MOISIO}

VACCARO

TEOCHIO

CONTE

TEOCHIO

CONTE

RUGGIERO

LOMBARDI

ROSSI/ ALVAREZ

MOSCHINI/RINDI

10. TilE <X>NTROL SYSTEM AND BEAM DIAGNOOTIC

11.

CIVIL ENGINEERING

12. BUIJGEf FSfiMATE AND SOIEDULE SUMMARY

11.1.

11.2. TIME SCHEDULE FOR CONSTRUCTION

11 . 3 . ACX::ELERA TOR R & D PROGRAMME

11.4. OPERATIONAL COST

Concepts of proposal to be sent to:

A. DAINELLI

V AXLNL: : DAINELLI DECNET

DAINELLI@VAXLNL.INFN.IT FAX: 39.49.641925

TEX files if possible

BITNEr

BENINCASA

TIVERON

RIBONI DAL PIAZ

EliF/89/14

PRE-B<nn'ER FOR ALPI -EliF-<X>MBINED PRO.)ECI'S

W. Bothe DESY-MKK

Hamburg, March 30, 1989

Pre-Booster (PB) for ALPI-EHF-Combined Projects

(Supplementary Notice to the Dipole 50 Hz Excitating System) Probable dates for the n = 36 dipoles are:

Number of windings per magnet Inductance per magnet

de-resistance per magnet 50 Hz-quality per magnet Max. current

(!

0.35 T) fvtin. current de current ac-current, peak N L/n r/n Q " I I . mJ.n

Io

A 20 2,6 mH 6

mn

120 1250 A 420 A 835

A

415

A

The impedance of all 36 bendings in series at 50 Hz is 29

,4n

and the total rms ac-vo1tage thereby is 8627 V and half this value against ground. This enables the performance of the excitation circuit with only~ group.

~Fundamental -~pan~

Size of choke L

1 and and capacitance

c

1 belonging to it .. <see circuit diagram) have to be determined. We define x

=

L

1/ Land choke current 11 (rms-value: I1). Then

we

get

r

1

=

10 (1 + 0.5/x)

Choke

_..

Max. stored energy ECH

=

l/2 L_{1 Ii}

equivalent 50 Hz size of the choke: , 50 -l P RCH

=

w

E • kf ;

w

=

.~ n • s

=

IT

/x

2 + 0.125 X + 0.5 .,-2

h

2 _{+ 0.125} Capacitor Bank

: correction factor for I

1 -j

l"'2

I 1

(1 + 0.5/x)

Max. stored energy ECl

=

1/2 L₁ (0.5 I0/x) 2

2 -equivalent 50 Hz capacitor size:

0.25/x

To flnd out the optimal investment costs 111e introduce a factor 2 as ratio of the price per kVA choke compared IIIith the price of kVA capacitor. Then the costs of L

1 and

c

1 as function of x yield

112

wti~

=

2/2

lx

2 + 0.125 (1 + 0,5/x) + 0.25/x IIIith a minimum for x

=

0,6.

With that 111e get

L1

=

56.2

mH;

PRCH :

18.4 MVA

PRC1

=

4.27 MVA

I₁ : 1530 A; Il : 960 A

2. Superposition of the 2nd Harmonic (1] The enclosed line diagram sho111s the function

sin wt + a. sin -1 n for

w

₌

21T X 50 s and a.1

₌

0.125 a.2

=

12;a

[ 2] a.3

=

12.9;a

[3] a.4

₌

0.25 2 wt It is obvious that a.

2 and a.3 yield similar shapes of the combined function, but 111ith a.

2 expenditure of additional equipment is lo111er. With the alternative a.

2 111e get

"' ... -2 e: : I

zl

I :. 5. BBxlD

as ratio of harmonic currrent to overall magnet current, neglecting the enlargement of the peak magnet current by superposition of the 2nd harmonic. We have to find the size of the additional choke L

2 (M2,

Lz

as ratio y

=

L2

/L.

Its maximum stored energy is:

A A A E : 1/2 L I2 ₊ 1/2 L' 12 + M 2 I ' I2 r 2 2

3 -M₂

=

L + L₂

=

L(l + y); L~: L (l+y)2 /y this yields E r l/2LI 2

Maximum store~ energy of capacitor

c

2:

Ec 2

=

1/2 Iz Li Li

=

L (1/y + 1) (see circuit diagram)

EC2

--.... =

l/2L I 2

l,+Y

y

Additionally stored energy of capacitor

C,

caused by the fundamental. without superposition: A A A A A 1/2 L I~= l/2 L I2 • 1~12

=

1/2 L 12 • 0.11 with superposition: A A 1/2 (L + L 2) I~= 1/2 L I 2 _{(l+y) • 0.11}

Therefore additionally stored energy

--

..

-1/2 LI 2

0.11 y

Starting from the same assumption as per 1.), that is the kVA-price on a 50Hz-base, we introduce a factor :2 for the reactance coil and search for the minimum of l: E

=

f( y):

y

vJith that we get as equivalent 50 Hz-sizes: Heactance coil _{L2' M2' L'}

2 5.78 MVA

Capacitor

_cz

1.276 MVA

Capacitor

c

0.168 MVA.

Of course,

c

2 has to have 100 Hz as operating frequency and therefore 2.55 /ltVA, 100 Hz. We assumed, that there is no difference in costs. Besides we neglected the influence of the harmonic current on the cross-section of the primary

coil

of the main choke.

Active Power

Fundamental and DC reactive power, magnets dto Total choke

4

-2.53 MVA 4.27 MVA 6.80 MVA

Assuming an overall Q

=

100, the needed active ac power, 50 Hz is about 70 kW, de needs much more : 280-300 kW

Harmonic

With an estimated overall Q

=

150, 100 Hz the needed active power is about 20 kW

Costs kDM

Main choke 300

Capacitors, 50 Hz

Cabling and installation, equipment for cooling De power supply incl. switch gear etc.

Ac power supply II

Primary and servo systems and controls

Superposition system 100 Hz Choke

Capacitor Power supply

Cabling, primary and servo systems, controls, cooling

[1] W. Bothe: EHF-87-64 55 75 150 100 90 770 TOM 95 10 40 55 200

[2] J. Crawford: "Resonant Power Suppliesd Optimisation" EHF-87-68

[ 3] F ass and Praeg; "Shaped Excitation Current for Synchrotron Magnets" IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science (1984) P. 2856-58

Encl.: 1 line diagram 1 circuit diagram

0.0[+00

5.6[-03

1

.

1

E

--02

[J fl)

1

.

7

E

--02

2.2E-02

CD f"">'·

..

CJ 0

~

1-! I ""\j f\) f\) (S) w ..(:'. w

rJ

_; ... l'l 1'1 rq I I ('SJ Q

n

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L

_______

..

L ___________ t _______________ L ... _. __

""'

CD Ill

.

0

J

J!?

E

M IJHI/0

t

~\~-;_

~

vl

~ ~\ N ()\ <-'} ~I Ill I

'

lD rq

+

0 0

2 "'"

/farm onic

s

lJ

per-eos/tlon.

Prlhciple

c/rcu.ir c(JajrQm

Ftl]ured.,'

011/y

su~el'poS''<'I

t:JI.Iontttles

l.

J

~

l

Lz

l

L'z.

U

~M~2~---~---~

I I

I

U

₂ I

'----~

_ _ _ _ _ _ j

L

(hlogMtinrluctoncc))

L

1

(~,L/))

C

components

of

the-

f1:1naQhle11tl1/

l'esonaMce

clrevlc

L

₂

(1-Q

Lj)

c, .·

adclibonal

C'ornpo ne11f;

for

)

>

.SUperfJositlo"-lf

L,=:

M,:::

L/:

COfrlpe/'Jsatto/1

fot

Hz-

L

-fL.,

Campensatro,

COl1ses:

"') No

funclaPi~ntol

curret.t ;,

ci'ICuie

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1.;

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c.,_

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I= It::=I,_

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Ic=

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fJ=o

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EliF/89/15

TilE MlalOFEL PRO.)ECI'

*'

ltf1"fDDc..CC10fl

*

!»uf

FEL.

8.\s-tcs

*

e:.

SEirlf.

12£,u.nREI-E"~

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1 4 3 2

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T.ime: 19:08

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END of data

Size of· configuration

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10

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Homogeneous magnetic field (Z-dir.)

Lin. increasing B-field (z-dir.)

Beam Quality

Bunch data

Calculus

The following configuration was calculated:

BEAM QUALITY:

Radius:

0.50 em

Angular spread:

O.OE+OOOO

Energy: 90.0 keV

Energy spread•

o.o

keV

BUNCH PARAMETERS:

Length:

1.0 ns

current:

5.0 A

SETUP:

258

1

DATA (in MKS):

None

SimLength Diaphr

StPoa EndPos Freq Volt Phs

StPoa EndPos B

StPoa EndPoa BMax

Rad

AngSpr

En

EnSpr

Len Curr NOM

Meth Stepsize/Acc Red outD

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- The bunch contained 100 mels of 0.1 nc each

- Algorithm: 4th order Runge Kutta extrapolation. Timestep: 20.00 ps

- Data were saved after every 5000.0 mm

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'lliE EINDIK>VEN ACLH.F.RATOR LABORATORY

NlJC1.EAR PHYSICS TfXHNIQUES AT EINIIIOVEN UNIVERSI'IY OF TEnJN()L(X;Y (EUf)

11lE NETHERLANDS

Prof .Dr.Ir. H.L. Hagedoorn: Accelerator technology. Prof.Dr. JI.].A. de Voigt: Analysts techntques.

Prof.Dr.Ir. ].].A. de Goetj: R.adtonucHdes productton.

CONTENTS: 1. General overview, 2. Isochronous Low-Energy Qyclotron ILEC. 3. EUTERPE the EUf ring for protons and electrons, 4. Elemental analysis, 5. Production of radionuclides and Laser applications. 6. Detectors.

1 . GENERAL OVERVIEW

The activit i.es of the group "Nuclear Physics Techniques" of the

Department of Technical Physics of

EUT,

can be summarized briefly in four subjects as follows:

a) BEAM DYNAMICS of ACCELERATORS

- AVF CYCLOTRON p 3 - 30 MeV; d 3 - 15 MeV;

~e

6 - 30 MeV; 1Je 5 - 40 MeV

- 1989 ILEC. 3.0 MeV Isochronous Low-Energy cyclotron for protons - 1993 EUTERPE. Ting for 400 MeV electrons and SO MeV protons,

synchrotron radiation facility

Microtrons as in.fector EUTERPE, and Microfel free-electron laser (Twente University of Tec;hnology). b) ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS - PIXE; - SPIXE; - RBS -CERDA -DETECTORS

solid-state, medical and biological samples micro beam for position-sensitive analysis

(Euroball)

c) PRODUCTION of RADIONUCLIDES for medical applications - CYGNE a>MPANY - 123I;

- 81

Rb)B

1

~r

generators

15 18 +

d) USER APPLICATIONS

Doppler-free detection of stable and radio-isotopes of Rb and optical microwave double resonance spectroscopy.

The layout of the experimental area is given in fig. 1 and shows the AVF cyclotron, the radionuclides production lines, the lines for scattering and (S)PIXE analysis and for spectroscopy in ion induced plasma's, the minicyclotron ILEC (Isochronous Low-Energy Cyclotron) and the future EUTERPE ring (Eindhoven University of TEchnology Ring for Protons and Electrons).

Fig. 1. Layout of the experimental area of "Nuclear Physics Techniques" at EUT.

The main properties of the AVF cyclotron and ILEC along with the transmission of the AVF cyclotron beam and microbeam properties for SPIXE are given below.

A VF CYCLOTRON ILEC 30 MeV p, d, a,

~e

3 MeV p 50J.LA 100 J.LA 4E/E = 0.3% fwhm ~ 0.1% fwhm e. = 20 mm mrad 10 mm mrad pole diam. 130 em 42 em

B

=

1.5 T 1.43 T

TRANSMISSION 100% 33% 8% 2% AE/E 0.3% 0.1% 0.05% 0.03%

MICROBEAM PROPERTIES for SPIXE

2 60 X 40 JJJil 60x20 20 X 15 10 X 10 ILEC 1 X 1 JJJil 2 150 nA 90 12 3 0.1 - 1 nA - - - + 20 J.LA 4JJ,A ( 1990)

2. ISOCHRONOUS LOW-ENERGY CYCLOTRON ILEC

dispersive

The "table-top" or minicyclotron has been designed [1] for a fixed proton energy of 3.0 MeV. Several experiments can be carried out, such as PIXE and SPIXE experiments, thereby relieving the AVF cyclotron. Especially for SPIXE analysis good beam qualities are required. As shown above, the emittance,energy resolution and output current of ILEC are expected to be superior to those of the AVF cyclotron. Therefore we aim at a spot size of 1 x 1

~m

2 of the microbeam from ILEC.

An

overview of ILEC is schematically shown in fig. 2. The ion source is mounted axially. The upper part of the magnet can be lifted hydraulically to create easy access to the vacuum ring chamber.

I

''r·

_1{,

I,

~

Fig. 2. Overview of ILEC

• ...

hlfW!"th-, _ . hlfW!"th-, . •. ,.~ '"'"' .. ~i<-l•lldoriu ... , ... h tdtvtl•blt·•""'""'

d·tdrtttOC' l:•ttuu~ t ~t·lfll.. jbti,.·Uil

The pole tops are flat with four straight sectors 33 mm apart at the hills, and 50 mm at the valleys. The field in the small gap is 1.8 tesla, and 1.2 tesla elsewhere. A double-Dee high frequency system is employed. The second harmonic Dees are installed in the valleys over 50° and the sixth harmonic

0 ~

Dees over 30 in the spaces between the hills. The 2 harmonic frequency is "' 2 x 22 MHz

=

44 MHz. The energy gain is 100 keV per turn, in total 30 turns.

The sixth harmonic Dees at 132 MHz (voltage U₆) are added to create "flat-top" acceleration, which increases the stability. This is Illustrated in fig. 3. The cyclotron is now in the phase of being tested. The first extracted beam is expected in the coarse of 1989.

0 ..

,

.

135

.

180

.

&i~

_\ll

A~

\J

\J

Fig. 3.

oul

Flat-top acceleration in ILEC. The second harmonic

u

2 + sixth harmonic

u6

(given in a) provide a flat-topped

u2

+

u6

(in c).

The Il.EC pa.rame ter s are SUJII'IIar i zed in the tab 1 e be 1 ow. Il.EC PARAMETERS

Magnet system RF system

4-fold symmetric field with straight sectors, flat valleys and tapered hills.

2 coupled second harmonic dees:

Valley angle

Average magn. field Field flutter

Hill pole gap Valley pole gap Extraction radius Pole radius Field stability Ampere turns Current Power consumption Weight Constr. material Correction coils Dee angle Gap vo 1 tage Total power consumption Vacuum system Working pressure Oil diffusion pump Rotary pump Vacuum chamber length width heigth material Extraction system Electrostatic deflector Horizontal aperture

5r::P

1.43 T 0.2 33 - 36 rmn 50rmn 17 em 20 em 2·10-4 50.000 140 A 6.3 kW 3 tons Steel 37 2•4•2

<

20 kW

-5

10 torr 3000 1/s 20 m31h 1200 rmn 720 rmn 125 rmn aluminium Dee angle Gap voltage Dee gap.width Voltage stability Frequency Freq. stability Drive Coupling Q-value Fine tuning Coarse tuning Vertical aperture 500 36 kV Srmn

<

10-4 43.5

±

0.5

MHz

10-7 :(10 kW class AB capacitive 2300 capacitive movable short 15 rmn

2 separate sixth harmonic dees:

0

<

40 (r-dependent)

~ 4.0 kV Dee gap width Q-value

Vertical aperture Ion source

Self heated cathode (Bennet type) Anode material Cathode material Mounting Cooling 6rmn 500 15 rmn PIC source copper tantalum axially water & air

50 kV/cm 4rmn

nd

3. EUTERPE. the EUT ring £or protons and electrons

This ring £or up to 81 MeV protons and 400 MeV electrons has been designed [2] for the purpose of beam dynamics studies and for the production or synchrotron radiation. The lattice layout is shown in fig. 4.

Fig. 4.

Extracted proton beam Septum --''--'n...ILITTrrrnlt---1

Euterpe

400 MeV e 61 MeV p Microtron 70 MeV e 2 meter

Layout of a 4-fold lattice structure or EUTERPE.

The injection is carried out with 3 MeV protons £rom ILEC or with 70 MeV electrons from a microtron. RF cavities provide acceleration up to the maximum energies of 81 MeV protons and 400 MeV electrons. An undulator and a wiggler can be installed for special production or synchrotron radiation. The important parameters are given below.

Circumference Energy protons Energy electrons RF protons EUI'ERPE PARAMETERS RF electrons

Harmonic number (e-) Cavity voltage (e-) Dipole field

Dipole radius Current 200 rnA

Energy loss/turn

{M)

Critical wavelength

{M}

Energy spread AEIE {M}

Pulse length Hor. emittance Hor. beam dimension

Injection: protons from !lee.

40m 3 - 81 MeV 70 - 400 MeV 0.6 - 2.9 MHz 75 MHz - T = 13.3 ns 10

{MM)

20 kV 0.25 - 1.4 T 0.955 m 2.4 keY 8.27 nrn - 150 eV 3.5 10-4 3.4 e m - 113 ps. 3 degr. RF -9 3.5 10 mrad 40J..Ull

electrons from a 70 MeV Race track microtron

{M)

Chasman-Green mode, 400 MeV electrons

{M*) electrons at v

=

c in 40 m take 133 ns

The characteristic synchroton radiation spectrum at the dipoles (X

=

8.27

c

nm) is given in fig. 5, along with a possible spectrum for a superconducting wiggler of 10 T (X _c

=

1.17 nrn). In that case the maximum of the spectrum would be shifted from - 1 keY. This would provide useful radiation for XRF up to 3.2 keY.

The radiation in the broad wavelength region from visible light to the far UV into the soft X-ray region has many applications. The applications can be found in atomic. plasma, solid-state, molecular and surface physics as well as in material science. biology and chemistry. One may consider Compton photon conversion by interaction of electrons with 0.124 eV photons of a 00

2 laser. This will generate X-rays for XRF with energies ranging from 0.1 to 100 keV, depending on the operating energy of the storage ring.

One of the possibilities to consider is to develop an asymmetric undulator to generate circular polarized light. Then magnetic dipole transitions with

Amy

=

+1 and -1 can be distinguished, which enables to investigate magnetic properties of materials.

The presently proposed facility seems particularly suited for photo-emission research in the UV and far UV region. Here is the maximum of

the emission spectrum and not many other sources are readily available.

L:. .._ "0 )r "0 c: ttl J:l ~ 0 .-; C> c: "0

,

1... E ...,; -. Vl c: 0

....

0 L:. Cl. Fig. 5.

photon energy (eV)

104 1012 1010 EUTERPE 400 MeV 100 mA wave (nm l

Characteristic synchroton spectrum at EUTERPE dipoles of 1.4 T and at a superconducting wiggler of 10 T.

4. ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS

The main methods are (S)PIXE, RBS and CERDA (coincident elastic recoil detection analysis). With PIXE a broad field of interest is covered such as biology, medicine, agriculture and material science. With RBS analyses are made of nitrides, borides, etc. in samples of interest at plasma

deposi-tion, solid-state physics or surface physics. In the case of thin foils

(<

20 ~) CERDA can be applied and concentration and depth profiling of

light elements, such as hydrogen can be carried out. I will present the example of Pt analysis with SPIXE in view of cancer research and H-profi-ling with CERDA for plasma deposition.

4.1. SPIXE analysis of cis-Pt in rat tumors

The drug cis-Pt (cis-diaminodichloroplatinum or cDDP) is used in chemotherapy to kill tumor cells. Unfortunately also healthy tissue is destroyed. The treatment aims at an optimum destruction of the tumors and minimum damage of healthy tissue. Therefore it is important to determine

quantitatively the absorption of cis-Pt in tumors, its location and

concentration over the tumor with respect to healthy tissue.

A

project is carried out in collaboration with the Dutch cancer research institute, the "Antoni van Leeuwenhoekhuis" to analyse cis-Pt in tumors of rats by SPIXE. The injected dose is about 5 mg cDDP per kg tissue and the rat tumors have a size ranging from a few to 8 mm. The injections of the drug are performed in two very different ways:

intrave-nous (i.v.) to transport the drug via the blood and intraperitoneal (i.p.) whereby the drug is injected nearby the tumor. In the first case the drug enters the tumor via bloodvessels from the interior and in the second case from outside. It is obviously important that the drug is distributed over the whole tumor, but the outer part seems more important.

_J

₁₀

3

w

z

z

<( I

10

2

u

... (/)

1-z

:::J 0

10

1

u

Fig. 6.

100

150

•200

250

CHANNEL

300

350

400

X-ray spectrum produced by a 3.5 MeV micro-beam in a tumor of a rat, treated with the drug cis-Pt.

After preparation, thin samples of a few mm in size are scanned with the microbeam [3] of 3.5 MeV protons from the AVF cyclotron. The spot size varies from 20 to 50 J.U11 and datapoints are taken 50 J.U11 or more (up to

500 J.Un) apart. Each datapoint (pixel) demands on the average ~ 10 min. measuring time with a 10

nA

beam current. In fig. 6 a spectrum is shown of one pixel.

The Pt-Lp

1 line at 11.071 keV would have been obscured by the strong Se-Ka2 and Ka₁ lines at 11.222 keV. The application of aGe absorber with the K-edge at 11.103 keV, however, cuts down theSe line and leaves the Pt line unchanged. The Ge absorber introduces a few lines: the

Ka

and Kp lines as indicated. With this method and proper calibrations we can determine quantitatively the Pt concentration in each pixel down to a ppm. The spectrum shows the presence of various other elements, which are determined at the same time. A two dimensional scan of a 3 x 3 mm2 part of a rat tumor is shown in fig. '7, for platinum, zinc, iron and copper concentrations (ppm). In the following table concentrations of cDDP in a rat tumor are given as a function of distance from the periphery (mm). The injection was

12 mg/kg 1. v. and 1. p .

distance from i.v. L.:Q_,_

periphery (mm) (ppm) (ppm)

0.1 11

±

3 36

±

2

1.0 19

±

7 37

±

3

1.5 24

±

6 29

±

4

2.2 25

±

6 25

±

2

In this particular case it is concluded that both injections cause the same concentration in the center of the tumor (25 ppm) but that i.p. injection brings a factor of 3 higher concentration in the periphery. Over many samples, however, it appears that i.p. injection brings less concentration in the center of tumors than t.v. Further investigations are in progress.

-I

Fig. 7. Two dimensional concentrations of platinum, zinc, iron and copper

2

in a 3 x 3 mm rat tumor treated with cis-Pt. X-ray spectra were

produced by a 3.5 MeV proton micro beam in a SPIXE measurements, using aGe absorber to cut down disturbing Se lines.

4.2. CERDA of hydrogen on titanium

It is well known that with RBS it is impossible to detect light elements in a heavy matrix. With CERDA, however, it is even possible to detect hydrogen, if the foils are thin enough.

As a demonstration of the possibilities of the method of CERDA [4] I present the results of a test experiment on a 20 ~ thick Ti foil contaminated on both sides with thin films of carbon hydrides. The set up is sketched schematically in fig. 8. Protons with an energy of 16 MeV from the AVF cyclotron were scattered in two forward solid-state Si detectors. When scattered on hydrogen the angle between the recoil hydrogen and the

0

scattered proton is exactly 90 .

One detector was fixed at e1

=

30°, the other one at e2

=

60° could be moved if desired (fig. 8). A gate was generated to indicate that a proton

scattering on hydrogen reached the detector at e

1

=

30°. The gate contained an energy condition on the 30° detector around 12 MeV (the calculated energy of protons scattered at e1

=

30°). The pulses of the two detectors were added and fed into the analyser.

Proton spectra are shown in fig. 9 with e

2 = 58.5° 59.7°, 60° and 61°. Note that scattering on hydrogen at the back side (B) is free from straggling through the Ti foil. in contrast to scattering on the front side of that foil (F).

Fig. 8. Protons of 16 MeV are elastically scattered on hydrogen in thin films on the front side F and the back side B of a 20 ~ Ti foil.

0 0 It is seen that only at

e

2

=

59.7 and 60 two sharp peaks are present. The large peak corresponds to B scattering and has an energy of 16 MeV. The second {lower) peak to the left corresponds to F scattering and has a lower energy. due to the energy loss in the 20 ~ Ti foil. The large broad structure at the left corresponds to the energy gate on the

around 12 MeV and is caused by scattering at Ti in the foil.

detector

0 0

At

e

2 = 58.5 and 61

0

the condition for scattering at hydrogen (90 )

is not fulfilled and the B peak has disappeared. The F peak. however, remains because of stragling and the resulting angular spread. The yield of the F and B peaks are plotted as a function of

a

2 in fig. 10.

B

59.7' so

F

15 \.A.A.

M

~

\1\ 0 L-~---L~~u-~~~~~~~ 0 400 450 500 channel 550 600 400 450 500 550 600 75 60 15 0 400 Fig. 9. v... 450 channel 60'

8

F

,~)l,

500 channel 550

6f

so

F

15 600 oL...-L..---l..~!:!Wi!!.lCII!t..a.!.:::...:oc,_,,._._ ... 400 450 500 550 600 channel

Added pulses of two detectors at

a

1

=

30° and

a

2 as indicated.

due to scattered protons and recoiling H nuclei from the front F and back B of a Ti foil.

The width of the F peak is a measure for straggling. Hence this method offers a sensitive possibility to determine the angular straggling through thin films of material.

It is illustrated here that with CERDA one may detect small concentrations of hydrogen in a sensitive way, in contrast to RBS.

In future we hope to combine the above techniques with channeling for investigations of crystalline substances.

5

4

,.\

,..._

t

_I N I +

,

Cl _I

•

_•

I

~3

_B'

I

I

I

a:

_I

I

•

w I

~2

l \ ::::t:: I c c \

a:

·c \ ·c -w

F

c

-Q_,

/ I _\ 0 c ,c

_\

c \ / I \

0

54

56

58

60

62

DEGREES

( 8.2.)

Fig. 10. Areas of the peaks due to proton scattering on H at the front F and back B of a Ti foil (see fig.S).

5. PRODUCTION OF RADIONUCLIDES AND LASER APPLICATIONS

A large fraction of the beam time of the AVF cyclotron is devoted to the production of radionuclides for medical diagnostics [5]. This production, the processing and commercial activities as well as the related research is carried out by the company CYGNE. One of the important radionuclides is 123I. Its application has been developed for the first time by this company. It replaces the commonly used radionuclide 1311 for investigation of the thyroid, thereby reducing the radiation dose of the