! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
Balancing(the(Drone(Industry(
(Between((
Opportunities(and(Challenges(
(
Thesis(
MSc.!in!Business!Administration!
Entrepreneurship!&!Innovation!!
!
!
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Author( Teun!Corneel!Coumou! Student(number( 10653287! Date( 30D08D2015! Version( Final! Supervisor( Dr.!G.!T.!Vinig!(
Statement(of(originality((
! This!document!is!written!by!Student!Teun!Coumou!who!declares!to!take!full!responsibility!for! the!contents!of!this!document.!! ! I!declare!that!the!text!and!the!work!presented!in!this!document!is!original!and!that!no!sources! other!than!those!mentioned!in!the!text!and!its!references!have!been!used!in!creating!it.!! ! The!Faculty!of!Economics!and!Business!is!responsible!solely!for!the!supervision!of!completion! of!the!work,!not!for!the!contents.!Table(of(Contents(
Abstract!...!7!
1.! Introduction!...!8!
1.1.!
Problem!statement!...!9!
2.! Previous!Research!and!the!Drone!Industry!...!10!
2.1.!
The!Internet!of!Things!...!10!
2.2.!
Challenges!of!the!Internet!of!Things!...!11!
2.3.!
Disruptive!innovation!in!the!Internet!of!Things!...!12!
2.4.!
Drones!Safety!in!the!Internet!of!Things!...!12!
2.5.!
Drone!Privacy!challenges!in!the!Internet!of!Things!...!13!
2.6.!
Defining!the!balance!between!innovation!and!its!challenges!...!15!
2.7.!
The!drone!industry!...!16!
2.7.1.!
Emerging!of!commercially!available!drones!...!16!
2.7.2.!
Increasing!interest!and!investments!...!17!
2.7.3.!
Estimating!the!Size!of!the!drone!market!...!18!
2.8.!
Drone!Regulation!...!20!
2.9.!
Conceptual!framework!and!research!propositions!...!21!
2.9.1.!
Propositions!...!23!
3.! Methodology!...!24!
3.1.!
Case!selection!...!24!
3.2.!
Interview!participant!recruitment!...!24!
3.3.!
Data!collection!–!SemiDstructured!interviews!...!25!
3.4.!
Interview!questions!...!26!
3.5.!
Data!triangulation!and!Validation!...!26!
3.6.!
Data!analysis!...!26!
4.! Drone!cases!...!28!
4.1.!
Amazon!Prime!Air!...!28!
4.2.!
Alibaba!Drone!Delivery!...!29!
4.3.!
Drone!White!House!...!29!
4.4.!
Soccer!Match!Serbia!versus!Albania!...!30!
4.5.!
Drone!Journalism!...!30!
4.6.!
Drone!Video!of!Dom!Church!Tower!in!Utrecht!...!31!
4.7.!
Agriculture!in!the!Netherlands!...!32!
4.9.
!
Summary!interesting!aspects!...!34!
5.! Interview!results!...!35!
5.1.!
Using!drones!...!36!
5.1.1.!
Motivation!...!36!
5.1.2.!
Purposes!and!Flying!Areas!...!36!
5.2.!
Challenges!...!37!
5.2.1.!
Reputation!of!drones!...!37!
5.2.2.!
Privacy!...!38!
5.2.3.!
Safety!...!39!
5.3.!
Legislation!...!40!
5.3.1.!
Awareness!of!rules!...!40!
5.3.2.!
General!ideas!about!current!legislation!...!40!
5.3.3.!
Certification!and!business!exemption!process!...!41!
5.3.4.!
Differences!between!different!groups,!industries!and!type!of!drone!usage!...!42!
5.3.5.!
Influence!of!legislation!on!actual!drone!usage!...!43!
5.3.6.!
Comply!with!the!legislation!...!44!
5.3.7.!
Drone!registration!...!44!
5.3.8.!
Introduce!a!law!...!45!
5.4.!
The!Drone!industry!and!future!developments!...!45!
6.! Discussion!and!conclusion!...!47!
6.1.!
The!drone!market!and!drone!innovations!...!47!
6.2.!
Drone!innovations,!challenges!and!its!influence!on!drone!regulation!...!48!
6.3.!
The!influence!of!regulation!on!drone!innovations!and!applications!...!50!
6.4.!
Additional!found!relations!...!50!
6.5.!
Purposed!framework!...!51!
6.6.!
Conclusion!...!52!
7.! Further!research!and!limitations!...!53!
7.1.!
Further!research!...!53!
7.2.!
Limitations!...!53!
Literature!...!55!
Appendix!I!–!Invitation!email!to!potential!participants!...!65!
Appendix!II!D!Interview!Topic!List!...!66!
Appendix!IIID!Interview!Transcripts!...!69!
!
Table(of(Figures(
Figure!1!D!Increasing!drone!interest,!2007!–!2015!(relative)!...!17!
Figure!2!D!Increasing!VC!investments!in!drone!companies!...!17!
Figure!3!D!Reinforcing!loop!...!22!
Figure!4!D!Balancing!loop!...!22!
Figure!5!–!Conceptual!framework,!the!drone!innovation!as!influenced!by!the!industry!size!and! regulation!...!23!
Figure!6!–Proposed!causal!loop!diagram!of!the!drone!industry!...!51!
!Table(of(Tables(
Table!1!D!Interviewee!industries!...!25!
Table!2!D!Interviewee!characteristics!...!35!
! !Abstract((
The! market! of! commercially! available! drones! has! been! growing! rapidly! in! recent! years.! The! increase!in!drones!in!society!has!led!to!the!introduction!of!new!applications!for!these!drones.! However!the!increase!in!drone!usage!introduces!a!lot!of!positive!applications,!this!increase!in! usage!goes!accompanied!with!industry!challenges!including!privacy!and!safety!issues,!but!also! include! the! negative! image! of! drones! in! society.! How! these! challenges! influence! drone! innovations!and!applications!is!the!question!that!is!answered!in!this!thesis.!Finding!a!balance!in! providing!room!for!creating!new!applications!by!the!drone!industry,!and!on!the!other!hand!not! crossing! the! line! of! the! accompanied! industry! challenges! is! important! for! bringing! the! drone! industry!forward.!
Privacy!and!safety!challenges!for!the!drone!industry!are!discovered!through!the!study!of! previous! research.! By! analysing! eight! drone! cases! of! different! applications! and! conducting! thirteen!interviews!with!professional!and!hobbyist!drone!users,!these!challenges!are!validated! and! extended! with! the! image! that! drones! have! in! society.! The! challenge! of! increased! safety! issues!is!seen!as!the!biggest!challenge!of!all!three.!
There! is! found! that! the! legislation! is! indeed! influenced! by! the! privacy,! safety! and! the! image! of! drones.! Moreover,! the! legislation! has! a! negative! influence! on! new! applications! of! drones,! as! well! as! on! the! number! of! drone! users.! However! the! regulation! has! a! negative! influence!on!new!applications,!it!is!also!the!factor!that!can!create!a!balance!between!innovation! and! challenges! by! introducing! legislation! that! is! both! workable! for! the! drone! users! as! well! acceptable!for!the!general!public! ! Keywords:!drones,!industry!challenges,!privacy,!safety,!regulation,!innovation! ! ! ! !
1. Introduction(
The! emerging! trend! of! commercially! available! drones! introduces! new! opportunities! and! challenges!for!society.!Some!drone!innovations!might!safe!lives,!such!as!the!Ambulance!drone! that!was!founded!by!a!graduate!student!of!the!Technical!University!Delft!(Momont,!2014).!This! drone!has!a!defibrillator!on!board!to!respond!quicker!to!cardiac!arrest!patients!than!a!normal! ambulance! could.! This! could! increase! the! chance! of! survival! drastically.! On! the! other! hand,! drone!introduce!new!challenges!and!treats!as!could!be!seen!by!the!drone!that!was!found!in!the! early! morning! of! January! 26th! 2015! at! the! property! of! the! White! House! in! Washington! DC! (Acosta!&!Diamond,!2015).!However!this!did!not!result!in!a!direct!threat,!because!it!was!only!a! recreational!flown!drone,!it!clearly!raises!questions!about!security!and!how!safe!drones!are.!! ! Both!examples!give!a!view!of!what!is!possible!with!the!emerging!trend!of!commercially! available! drones.! These! drones! can! be! seen! as! a! radical! product! innovation! (Markides,! 2006)! with!which!a!lot!is!possible.!There!are!so!much!ideas!emerging!because!the!market!still!has!a! “free”!layer!were!there!is!few!to!no!clear!regulation!on!the!subject.!This!means!that!ideas!can! still!be!relatively!freely!be!introduced!since!they!are!not!held!back!by!regulation.!
! However!this!all!seems!very!positive,!innovative!progress!in!the!usage!of!drones,!there!is! also!a!possible!downside!to!the!use!of!drones!for!people.!This!downside!translates!into!privacy,! thrust! and! security! issues! that! can! be! caused! by! the! usage! of! drones! in! modern! society! (Volovelsky,!2014).!Drones!are!commercially!available,!and!can!be!flown!by!anybody;!also!the! purposes! of! drones! are! diverse.! A! couple! of! these! purposes! are:! surveillance,! emergence! response! and! journalism.! With! these! purposes! in! mind,! one! can! be! easily! threatened! in! their! privacy.!Because!of!these!possible!threats,!people!might!be!hesitant!in!using!drones,!or!not!in! favour! of! drones! being! used;! this! could! hold! back! the! progress! of! integration! of! drones! in! society.!
Drones!are!becoming!part!of!the!emerging!Internet!of!Things![IoT],!a!new!layer!in!the! Internet! were! more! and! more! everyday! objects! are! being! connected! and! machine! to! machine! communication! is! widely! emerging.! Roman,! Zhou,! &! Lopez! (2013)! describe! the! IoT! in! the! following!way!where:!!
“in# most# cases,# these# heterogeneous# entities,# ‘things’# (e.g.# Human# beings# and# computers,# books#and#cars,#appliances#and#food)#have#a#locatable,#addressable,#and#readable#counterpart#on# the# Internet.# They# can# open# a# communication# channel# with# any# other# entity,# providing# and# receiving#services#at#any#time,#any#place,#and#in#any#way.”!(Roman,!Zhou!&!Lopez,!2013,!p.!2266).!
The!IoT!faces!the!same!challenges!as!drones!in!a!way!that!the!emergence!of!the!IoT!is! hold! back! because! people! fear! for! their! privacy,! lack! trust! or! are! afraid! of! their! data! security! (Miorandi,! Sicari,! De! Pellegrini,! &! Chlamtac,! 2012).! Finding! a! balance! in! the! Iot! between!
are! a! part! of! the! IoT! and! form! one! specific! aspect! were! these! possible! issues! can! be! extreme! because!of!the!widely!availability!of!drones!and!their!possibilities.!!
! Multiple!authors!address!the!case!of!privacy!issues!with!drones!(Culver,!2014;!Finn!&! Wright,!2012;!Volovelsky,!2014)!and!how!these!issues!ought!to!be!regulated.!However,!research! in!the!balance!between!freedom!of!innovation!and!the!feeling!of!perceived!privacy!and!safety! with! drones! to! actually! bring! the! drone! forward! in! society! has! not! been! conducted.! Such! a! balance!is!one!of!the!important!aspects!to!make!it!possible!to!create!a!situation!were!drones!are! allowed! (enough)! to! keep! innovating! and! people! do! not! feel! threatened! so! much! by! them.! As! said!before,!this!balance!is!not!only!the!specific!situation!for!drones,!but!also!of!the!upcoming! IoT!in!general.!Thus,!finding!such!a!balance!for!the!drone!industry!might!help!in!making!the!first! step!of!finding!a!balance!for!the!IoT.! ! 1.1. Problem(statement( This!thesis!will!analyse!if!such!a!balance,!between!innovation,!regulation!and!perceived!privacy! and!trust!issues,!is!possible!to!make!progress!in!embedding!drones!in!society!and!maybe!finding! a! basis! for! such! a! balance! in! the! IoT.! The! following! Research! Question! [RQ]! will! address! this! problem!and!will!be!answered:!!
To# what# extend# does# legislation,# influenced# by# privacy,# and# public# safety,# challenges#innovation#development#–#the#case#of#microCdrones#in#the#Netherlands?#! !
Eight! drone! cases! will! be! studied,! and! thirteen! interviews! will! be! conducted! to! be! able! to! answer! the! RQ.! The! research! will! focus! on! the! Netherlands,! where! drones! are! widely! used! in! different! areas,! for! example! in! agriculture! and! by! police! and! fire! department! (Boom,! 2015b;! Pijpker,!2015).!While!the!case!studies!are!global!to!keep!diversity!high,!all! the! interviews! are! conducted!with!Dutch!participants.!By!the!use!of!cases!and!interviews,!rich!data!can!be!gathered! to! find! an! answer! to! such! a! new! topic! in! an! area! were! few! research! is! done! till! today.! The! objective! of! this! study! is! to! analyse! the! current! state! of! the! influence! of! the! challenges! via! legislation!on!the!drone!innovations!and!to!set!up!a!model!for!further!research.!
! The!following!chapter!will!outline!the!current!literature!on!the!IoT!and!the!challenges!of! drones.! Also,! the! current! state! of! the! industry,! its! past! growth! and! future! prospects! will! be! discussed.!The!approach!to!answering!the!RQ!will!be!explained!in!detail!in!chapter!3.!After!the! method!is!discussed,!in!chapter!4!the!eight!cases!and!the!general!interesting!aspects!about!the! drone! industry! from! the! cases! will! be! reviewed.! The! information! that! is! found! in! the! cases! is! then! used! in! the! interviews,! of! which! the! results! and! findings! are! set! apart! in! chapter! 5.! This! thesis!will!end!with!the!discussion!and!conclusion!of!the!research,!including!answering!the!RQ.! The!last!chapter!will!discuss!options!for!further!research,!and!the!limitations!of!this!research.!
2. Previous(Research(and(the(Drone(Industry(
This!chapter!will!discuss!previous!research!on!the!IoT!and!its!challenges.!Also,!how!drones,!that! in! the! future! might! become! a! part! of! the! IoT,! relate! to! these! challenges! will! be! described.! Besides!this,!the!drone!industry!will!be!analysed,!including!its!history!and!future!prospects.!At! the! end! of! this! chapter! a! conceptual! framework! will! be! introduced! and! propositions! will! be! stated.!
!
2.1. The(Internet(of(Things(
Today,!there!are!two!billion!people!using!the!Internet!around!the!world!for!all!different!kinds!of! goals! (Miorandi! et! al.,! 2012).! Some! are! browsing! the! Web! in! need! of! information;! others! are! sending! and! receiving! emails,! and! a! great! part! of! the! people! uses! the! Internet! for! accessing! social! and! multimedia! content.! These! are! just! some! of! the! tasks! that! are! possible! with! the! Internet.!With!the!Internet!becoming!a!global!accessible!network,!a!new!layer!of!the!Internet!is! emerging.! This! new! layer! is! the! IoT,! a! global! platform! that! makes! it! possible! for! “things”! to! communicate!with!each!other,!let!them!be!controlled!remotely,!and!let!them!sense!the!physical! world!(Atzori,!Iera,!&!Morabito,!2010;!Mattern!&!Floerkemeier,!2010;!Miorandi!et!al.,!2012).!
The! IoT! can! also! be! seen! as! a! vision! where! the! Internet! becomes! physical! by! extending! into! the! real! world! by! embracing! everyday! objects.! Some! examples! of! these! objects! are! electricity! meters,! electric! toothbrushes! and! photocopiers! that! are! being! “computerized”! and! upgraded! with! network! interfaces.! This! vision! of! the! IoT! comes! from! the! steady! advances! in! microelectronics,!communications!and!information!technology!that!has!been!going!on!in!recent! years!and!is!believed!to!continue!into!the!nearby!future!(Mattern!&!Floerkemeier,!2010).!These! advances!in!technology!make!it!possible!to!create!extremely!small!and!inexpensive!computers! (Fleisch,!2010),!that!are!needed!in!these!so!called!“smart”!objects!which!play!a!key!role!in!the! vision! of! the! IoT! (Mattern! &! Floerkemeier,! 2010).! These! “smart”! objects,! due! to! these! computers,!can!sense!their!surroundings!and!communicate!with!each!other,!and!people!through! the!Internet.!!
Related!to!these!“smart”!objects,!the!IoT!builds!on!three!pillars:!identifiable,!communicate! and! interact,! either! among! objects,! or! with! endDusers! in! the! total! network! (Miorandi! et! al.,! 2012).!This!means!that!everything!is!connected!with!everything!which!enables!the!possibility! that!the!real!world!can!be!“observed”!in!a!great!level!of!detail!and!at!negligible!cost!with!the!use! of!these!“smart”!objects!(Mattern!&!Floerkemeier,!2010).!Moreover,!the!nerve!ends!in!the!IoT! are!very!small,!often!even!invisible,!lowDend!and!also!low!energy!consumption!computers.!The! difference! with! the! nerve! ends! of! the! Internet! is! that! this! are! computers! with! a! high! capacity! work!station!and!mobile!phones!that!actually!need!access!to!a!power!supply!regularly!(Fleisch,!
These!soDcalled!nerve!ends!of!the!IoT!will!allow!for!the!physical!world!to!generate!data! automatically.!This!can!create!an!infrastructure!that!will!make!it!possible!to!measure!the!world! and!react!to!relevant!issues!which!can!create!optimized!processes!for!companies!(Fleisch,!2010;! Mattern! &! Floerkemeier,! 2010).! With! the! data! available! of! the! physical! world,! the! IoT! will! enable! large! amount! of! new! always! responsive! services! that! can! answer! to! users’! needs! (Miorandi!et!al.,!2012).!However!it!seems!that!the!IoT!provides!a!lot!of!new!opportunities,!the! IoT! will! also! have! a! high! impact! on! everydayDlife! of! potential! users! and! nonDusers! in! less! positive!ways!as!will!be!discussed!in!the!next!paragraph!(Atzori!et!al.,!2010).!
!
2.2. Challenges(of(the(Internet(of(Things(
The! type! of! data! that! is! collected! through! the! nerve! ends! of! the! IoT! can! be! categorized! as! “trusted”! data! (Fleisch,! 2010).! Moreover,! machine! sensing! is! often! a! silent! and! continuously! process! of! collecting! data,! this! makes! the! data! difficult! to! manipulate.! When! data! becomes! difficult!to!manipulate!is!becomes!“honest”!data.!For!most!end!goals,!like!managing!processes,! this!is!a!positive!aspect.!However,!the!more!sensors!are!monitoring!your!life,!and!knowing!the! world! around! you,! the! bigger! the! risk! becomes! that! third! parties! can! use! your! information! without! your! permission.! The! “right! to! be! forgotten”! becomes! questionable! since! objects! and! sensors!have!the!ability!to!gather!and!save!personal!information!for!an!endless!length!of!time! (Atzori!et!al.,!2010).!
The! “right! to! be! forgotten”! is! a! breach! in! ones! privacy,! next! to! this,! Lessig! (1999)! distinguishes!four!types!of!privacy.!The!first!type!is!privacy!as!empowerment,!which!means!that! people! have! the! power! to! control! the! publication! and! distribution! of! information! about! themselves.! The! second! type! is! privacy! as! utility,! which! is! quite! similar! to! the! “right! to! be! forgotten”!as!it!means!that!people!have!the!right!to!be!left!alone.!The!third!type!is!privacy!as! dignity,!which!means!that!there!is!no!unsubstantiated!suspicion!and!information!between!two! people.! The! last! type! is! privacy! as! a! regulating! agent,! which! means! that! the! decisionDmaking! elite!will!not!know!everything!about!people!to!keep!them!from!controlling!all!your!information.! These! four! types! of! privacy! can! be! violated! by! the! IoT! because! the! ability! of! third! parties! to! search! your! personal! data! and! monitor! your! behaviour! (Bohn,! Coroama,! Langheinrich,! &! Mattern,!2005).!
Two!potential!parties,!governments!and!businesses,!might!be!interested!in!the!personal! data! that! is! going! to! be! gathered! in! the! IoT! and! can! therefore! form! a! treat! for! ones! privacy! (Lessig,! 2006).! In! the! IoT! governments! might! be! able! to! create! a! complete! profile! of! ones! life! and!monitor!almost!every!step!you!take.!They!could!access!this!data!when!analysing!if!you!are! guilty!of!a!crime!and!can!therefore!make!it!a!crime!to!delete!your!personal!data,!which!conflicts! with!the!right!to!be!forgotten!(Atzori!et!al.,!2010).!Businesses!might!be!a!threat!to!ones!privacy!
because!the!firms!that!one!seem!to!trust!can!sell!their!personal!data!to!third!parties!or!other! businesses!that!one!does!not!trust.!This!makes!it!difficult!in!the!IoT!to!keep!your!data!private!for! businesses!you!have!no!interest!in,!or!do!not!trust.!
Considering!these!privacy!issues!of!the!IoT,!two!dualisms!can!be!made:!“security!versus! freedom”! and! “comfort! versus! data! privacy”! (Mattern! &! Floerkemeier,! 2010).! These! two! dualisms!indicate!the!idea!that!with!the!automated!unobtrusively!collected!information,!people! can!be!served!in!the!best!possible!way!to!their!personal!needs,!this!however!lead!to!a!reduced! data!privacy.!When!one!wants!more!security,!the!consequence!is!that!the!freedom!you!have!is! also!reduced!since!you!are!being!watched/monitored!everywhere.!! ! 2.3. Disruptive(innovation(in(the(Internet(of(Things( A!new!product!that!potentially!could!influence!the!IoT!after!further!innovation!is!the!emergence! of!commercially!available!drones.!Drones!are!a!disruptive!innovation!in!the!IoT,!and!these!kinds! of!innovations!have!their!own!characteristics.!Since!times!are!changing,!and!firms!start!to!come! up!with!complete!new!business!models!and!disruptive!new!products!Markides!(2006)!focused! on! the! matter! of! making! a! distinction! between! the! following! types! of! innovation:! disruptive! technologies,!disruptive!business!models!and!radical!product!innovation.!With!the!revolution!of! drones! in! mind,! this! thesis! will! focus! on! a! radical! product! innovation,! the! emerging! drone! market.!As!Markides!and!Geroski!(2005)!explain,!these!new!niche!markets!are!best!left!to!new! small,!startDup!firms!that!have!the!requisite!skills!and!also!the!right!attitudes!to!succeed.!Also,! these!markets!are!often!not!driven!by!demand,!but!create!demand.!! These!emerging!new!markets!of!radical!product!innovations!have!certain!characteristics! (Klepper!&!Simons,!1997):!despite!uncertainty!in!technology!and!products!these!new!created! markets!have!a!lot!of!new!entrants;!product!variety!in!the!young!market!is!very!high;!the!wave! of!new!entrants!is!followed!by!a!very!sizable!shakeout!hat!is!associated!with!a!dominant!design! in!the!market;!and!this!process!is!long,!therefore!the!structure!of!the!market!stays!remarkable! fluid.!! ! 2.4. Drones(Safety(in(the(Internet(of(Things(
It! could! be! possible! that! such! a! new! market! can! be! created,! because! regulation! is! not! yet! in! place,! since! the! market! was! never! there! before! to! be! regulated.! This! gives! room! for! different! innovative!products!and!concepts!of!drones.!To!start!this!section!about!drones,!it!needs!to!be! made!clear!that!there!are!different!types!of!drones,!from!drones!the!size!of!a!small!bug!to!the! size!of!a!passenger!aircraft!(Clarke,!2014b).!This!research!will!focus!on!microDdrones,!who!fit!in! the!range!between!0.1!kg!and!7!kg!and!are!commercially!available.!Next!to!this,!this!paper!will!
heavierDthanDair,! it! must! have! the! capability! of! sustained! and! reliable! flight,! there! must! be! no! human! on! board! (it! is! unmanned)! and! there! must! be! sufficient! degree! of! control! to! enable! performance!of!useful!functions.!
These!types!of!drones!can!be!used!for!multiple!goals.!They!can!improve!aerial!videoing! in! journalism! (Culver,! 2014),! be! used! by! the! government! for! surveillance! functions! (Finn! &! Wright,! 2012),! by! hobbyist! to! film! from! a! point! that! not! achievable! without! a! drone! (Clarke,! 2014b)! or! even! to! shorten! emergency! response! times! when! somebody! has! a! cardiac! arrest! (Momont,!2014).!A!document!prepared!for!the!European!Union!Commission!put!the!different! advantages!under!four!categories!(European!RPAS!Steering!Group,!2013).!The!first!category!is! civil! applications,! such! as! monitoring,! prevention! and! warning! of! crises! due! to! disasters,! for! example!floods,!earthquakes!or!nuclear!disasters.!The!second!category!is!defence.!Drones!could! be!used!for!routine!monitoring!activities!by!the!coast!guard!or!border!patrol.!The!third!category! is! about! environmental! applications,! including! the! potential! positive! uses! of! drones! for! protection!against!nuisances!that!influence!air!or!water!quality.!The!commercial!category!is!the! fourth!and!last,!this!includes!photography!of!real!estate,!trespassing!and!journalism.!These!four! categories!include!almost!all!potential!markets!but!exclude!one,!the!market!for!hobbyists!and! amateurs! (Clarke,! 2014b).! This! paper! will! especially! focus! on! the! categories! that! can! be! operated!with!microDdrones!that!are!commercially!available,!as!explained!above;!this!excludes! the!civil,!defence!and!environmental!applications.!However!these!applications!of!the!emerging! drone! market! within! the! IoT! can! have! positive! aspects! as! said! above,! there! are! also! possible! downsides.!As!with!the!IoT!itself,!drones!can!give!rise!to!privacy!challenges,!but!besides!privacy! also!raise!issues!about!public!safety!(Clarke,!2014b).!
As!stated!above,!drones!face!not!only!challenges!on!mental!and!data!level,!but!also!on! the!physical!level,!as!described!as!public!safety!(Clarke,!2014a,!2014b).!The!first!step!to!making! drones! safe! for! the! general! public,! and! making! sure! they! do! not! have! such! a! high! risk! for! incidents!are!regulations!about!the!quality!of!the!drones!itself!(Clarke,!2014a).!The!problem!as! Clarke! sees! it,! is! that! the! cheaper! drones! do! not! undergo! as! much! safety! checks! during! manufacturing!as!more!expensive!ones.!Therefore!they!are!prone!to!component!failure,!which! can! lead! to! incidents! when! they! are! flown! in! public! areas.! Next! to! this,! when! more! and! more! drones!are!being!flown!in!the!future,!without!clear!rules!or!legislation!the!chances!for!collisions! with!other!drones,!or!even!bigger!aircraft!increases.!
!
2.5. Drone(Privacy(challenges(in(the(Internet(of(Things(
Focusing!on!privacy!related!challenges!that!drones!imply!in!the!IoT,!different!authors!argue!that! using! drones! increase! these! privacy! challenges! and! issues! (Calo,! 2011;! Clarke,! 2014a,! 2014b;! Finn!&!Wright,!2012;!Volovelsky,!2014).!As!with!most!machines!/!endDnerves!of!the!IoT,!drones!
are!able!to!generate!lost!of!data!that!will!increase!threats!to!data!privacy.!This!however!is!not! the!only!type!of!privacy!that!is!challenged!by!the!increased!usage!of!drones.!!
Behavioural!privacy!is!a!type!of!privacy!that!is!especially!susceptible!of!being!violated!by! drones! (Clarke,! 2014a).! Behavioural! privacy! can! be! defined! as! the! freedom! of! someone! to! behave!in!any!way!they!wish,!without!being!observed!or!interfered!by!others.!Drones!have!the! ability! to! substantial! change! surveillance! capabilities.! Drones! can! offer! new! angels! for! visual! surveillance,! ground! level! congestion! is! no! issue! and! they! are! able! to! reduce! the! costs! for! surveillance.! Besides! this,! drones! can! do! this! in! a! covert! way! (Clarke,! 2014c).! With! covert! surveillance!individuals!do!not!know!they!are!being!watched,!and!this!can!lead!to!the!panoptic! effect,! were! the! same! individuals! have! the! fear! that! they! might! be! watched! at! any! time! and! therefore!change!their!behaviour!(Clarke,!2014a;!Finn!&!Wright,!2012;!Volovelsky,!2014).!Small! drones! have! the! capability! to! fly! into! areas! and! locations! that! otherwise! are! hard! to! access.! These! areas! could! initially! be! shielded! from! view,! but! still! be! accessed! by! drones! (Clarke,! 2014b).!Next!to!general! monitoring!or!spying!on!others!that!can!be!done!by!anybody,!Finn!&! Wright!(2012)!focus!on!the!possible!surveillance!applications!for!the!government.!They!argue! that!drones!are!very!well!suited!for!surveillance!because!of!the!relative!low!cost!compared!to! satellite! imaging! or! setting! up! fixed! cameras.! Also,! drones! give! the! possibility! to! do! covert! surveillance! were! the! subject! does! not! know! he! is! being! watched.! This! can! increase! privacy! challenges!when!there!are!no!clear!rules!the!government!should!follow.!!
Concerning!behavioural!privacy,!Volovelsky!(2014)!also!argues!that!drones!will!increase! the!use!of!biometric!data.!Biometric!data!uses!the!human!body!as!a!source,!with!elements!such! as!fingerprints,!iris!scans!and!facial!patterns.!Volovelsky!(2014)!states!that!especially!the!facial! recognition!technology!in!combination!with!drones!and!social!media!like!Facebook!can!increase! privacy! threats! because! drones! can! generate! data! in! areas! were! fixed! monitoring! cameras! cannot! reach.! With! all! the! data! that! thus! is! generated! a! persons! behaviour! could! be! studied! (behaviometrics)!which!could!lead!to!excessive!violations!of!ones!privacy.!
Continuing!on!behavioural!privacy!as!described!by!Clarke,!this!is!an!important!aspect!of! drones! being! used! for! journalism! goals! (Culver,! 2014).! Drones! can! improve! video! recordings! with!new!angels!or!record!areas!that!normally!were!not!as!easily!accessible.!Also,!drones!are!a! relative!cheap!option!compared!to!news!helicopters.!However,!individuals!should!be!reasonable! be! able! to! predict! if! his! or! her! actions! are! being! recorded.! When! manoeuvring! in! public,! one! cannot!expect!complete!privacy,!but!as!Culver!explains!it,!many!people!would!not!agree!with!an! allDday!live!stream!by!drones!of!what!is!happening!at!the!beach.!Culver!also!explains!that!there! are! differences! in! violated! privacy! when! something! happens! only! once,! or! longitudinal.! Most! people!would!feel!less!threatened!by!something!that!happens!once!compared!to!something!that!
individuals! or! maybe! even! search! property! by! drones,! there! need! to! be! made! clear! which! information!can!be!shared!with!the!government,!so!they!do!not!become!an!extended!arm!of!the! law!that!sells!their!information.!
Besides!behavioural!privacy,!Clarke!(2014a)!argues!that!a!new!dimension!of!privacy!is! needed! because! technologies! keep! improving! that! make! monitoring! easier,! this! dimension! he! called! ‘privacy! of! personal! experience’.! Drones! might! increase! the! possibilities! of! monitoring! experiences!of!whom!someone!communicates!with!or!visits.!!
!
2.6. Defining(the(balance(between(innovation(and(its(challenges(
As! the! above! text! explains! there! are! both! positive! and! negative! aspects! in! the! innovative! expanding!microDdrone!market.!Drones!have!the!possibility!to!safe!lives!as!the!ambulance!drone! shows!(Momont,!2014)!and!can!improve!journalism!videos!by!filming!from!new!angels!(Culver,! 2014).!However,!these!new!applications!of!drones!might!have!some!serious!negative!side!effects! for!the!general!user!and!nonDuser.!The!most!important!negative!factor!for!the!development!of! the!IoT!is!the!threat!to!privacy!and!safety!(Atzori!et!al.,!2010;!Clarke!&!Moses,!2014;!Mattern!&! Floerkemeier,!2010).!! To!keep!development!and!innovation!of!drones!going!forward!there!must!be!made!sure! that!people!will!feel!secure!enough!to!actually!keep!using!drones!or!at!least!agree!with!drones! being! used.! With! the! potential! increased! violation! of! privacy! and! safety! by! using! drones,! to! which! extend! should! this! technology! be! permitted! (Wright,! 2014)?! By! completely! banning! drones!to!fly,!this!innovation!with!a!lot!of!possibilities!could!be!killed.!Volovelsky!(2014)!states! that! the! perspective! on! possible! privacy! threats! of! using! drones! in! different! situations! very! much!depends!on!ones!perspective.!Journalists!might!have!a!positive!approach!to!recording!a! person!in!their!own!backyard!whereas!that!person!feels!threatened!by!this.!
The!different!authors!agree!on!the!fact!that!present!privacy!legislation!in!the!USA!and! EU! are! not! sufficient! for! the! potential! issues! with! drones! (Calo,! 2011;! Clarke,! 2014a,! 2014b;! Volovelsky,! 2014;! Wright,! 2014).! Drones! might! even! be! the! technology! that! has! such! a! great! impact! that! governments! need! to! rethink! their! very! nature! of! their! privacy! law! (Calo,! 2011).! More! over,! Volovelsky! (2014)! adds! that! governments! need! to! rush! to! change! their! privacy! legislation!to!prevent!major!privacy!issues.!He!also!states!that!aviation!authorities!might!not!be! the! most! suitable! ones! to! make! this! legislation,! because! next! to! operation! safety! regulations,! knowledge!about!privacy!is!necessary!to!make!a!new!set!of!rules!for!the!use!of!drones!in!public! airspace.! To! conclude! this! part,! Volovelsky! (2014)! states! that! it! is! impossible! to! determine! upfront!if!there!will!be!more!advantages!from!the!rising!drone!industry,!than!that!there!will!be! disadvantages.! For! this! reason! it! is! important! to! look! into! the! balance! between! the! drone! innovation!and!the!accompanied!challenges.!
!
2.7. The(drone(industry(
To! get! an! impression! of! how! big! of! an! issue! this! undefined! balance! between! innovation! and! challenges! is,! and! can! become,! the! development! of! the! drone! market! in! the! past! few! years! is! analysed.! This! will! give! an! indication! of! the! size! of! the! market! and! potential! impact! on! the! involved!parties.!Next!to!this,!there!will!be!tried!to!make!an!estimation!of!how!the!drone!market! can!grow!in!the!future.!
!
2.7.1. Emerging#of#commercially#available#drones#
Before! drones! became! commercially! available,! they! were! almost! exclusively! used! by! the! military!for!warfare!purposes.!America!has!been!a!forerunner!in!using!drones!during!war!after! the!attack!on!the!Twin!Towers!in!2001!(Bumiller!&!Shanker,!2011).!In!2011!they!owned!around! 7,000!aerial!drones!that!were!used!for!aerial!footage,!but!also!for!targeted!kills.!!
! When! drones! started! to! become! widely! used! by! the! military,! hobbyists! and! startDups! started! to! see! the! potential! for! the! general! public.! For! example,! in! 2010! on! the! Consumer! Electronics! Show! in! Las! Vegas,! USA! the! Parrot! AR! Drone! was! introduced! as! one! of! the! first! commercially! available! drones! that! was! controllable! with! an! iPhone! (CES,! 2010).! Although! a! company! that! before! worked! with! wireless! technologies! manufactured! this! drone,! multiple! hobbyists! and! entrepreneurs! were! working! with! drones! as! well.! Often! they! started! building! drones!as!a!hobby!to!later!start!a!drone!manufacturing!company.!An!example!is!Chris!Anderson,! former! writer! of! the! New! York! Times! and! editorDinDchief! of! Wired! magazine,! who! started! building!drones!in!his!living!room.!He!then!founded!a!website!for!doDitDyourself!drone!builders,! where!after!he!coDfounded!3D!Robotics!with!Jordi!Muñoz!in!2009,!now!one!of!the!three!biggest! companies!for!consumer!drones!(3D!Robotics,!2015a).!
! A! same! type! of! story! happened! in! China,! where! Frank! Wang,! at! the! time! a! graduate! student,!founded!DJI!in!2006.!DJI!was!one!of!the!first!companies!to!bring!powerful!small!drones! to!the!consumer!on!a!large!scale!for!a!relative!low!price!(Nicas!&!Murphy,!2014).!Now,!in!2015,! DJI! seems! to! be! the! leader! in! the! consumer! drone! market! with! a! revenue! in! 2014! of! around! $500!million!which!was!around!four!times!the!revenue!of!2013!(Popper,!2015a).!
! Following!these!stories,!there!can!be!concluded!that!the!drone!industry!is!emerging!fast.! Where! in! the! beginning! drone! makers! were! focussing! on! building! drones! with! no! special! improvements,! next! generations! of! drones! have! all! kinds! of! additions,! like! cameras! and! new! purposes! like! the! Ambulance! drone! mentioned! in! the! introduction! or! the! Solo! Drone! by! 3D! Robotics! that! has! the! ability! to! follow! the! operator! so! you! can! go! hands! free! (3D! Robotics,! 2015b).!!
2.7.2. Increasing#interest#and#investments#
With! Google! Trends! there! can! be! seen! that! interest! in! drones! is! fast! increasing! after! 2011! looking!at!the!search!terms!“drone”,!“drones”!and!“DJI”!(Figure!1).!However!the!search!terms!for! “drone”!and!“drones”!also!include!military!use!of!drones,!analysing!it!next!to!the!trend!of!DJI,!a! company!that!only!manufactures!commercially!available!drones,!the!same!trend!stays.!After!the! start! of! 2013! especially! the! interest! for! DJI! increased! due! to! the! launch! of! their! DJI! Phantom! drone,!their!first!entryDlevel!drone!for!the!general!public!(Popper,!2015a).! ! Figure(1(M(Increasing(drone(interest,(2007(–(2015((relative)
(
!!
Source:!Google.com,!2015! ! “Drone”! “Drones”! “DJI”! !!
! Continuing!on!this!emerging!interest!in!the!consumer!drone!industry,!Venture!Capitalists![VC]! are! increasingly! investing! in! drone! companies.! Figure! 2! shows! the! increasing! trend! of! investments!in!drone!deals!after!the!start!of!2013.!In!2014,!VC!invested!a!total!of!$108!million! across! 29! deals! compared! to! 8! deals! in! 2013! with! a! total! of! around! $50! million! (CB! Insights,! 2015a).!In!2015!the!number!of!deals,!as!well!as!the!amount!of!Dollars!invested!increased!again! (CB! Insights,! 2015b).! Companies! that! was! invested! in! included:! Airware,! 3D! Robotics! and! Xaircraft!(Thompson,!2015).!!
Figure(2(M(Increasing(VC(investments(in(drone(companies(
!!
Source:!CB!Insights,!2015b!However! interest! in! the! drone! industry! was! quickly! increasing,! in! 2014! most! business! drone! operators! in! the! USA! found! the! regulations! not! clear! (Drone! Analyst,! 2014).! Next! to! this,! knowledge!about!the!regulations!seemed!to!fluctuate.!Moreover,!companies!indicated!that!they! would! increase! the! growth! of! their! business! if! the! regulation! would! allow! it! (Drone! Analyst,! 2014).!This!shows!that!interest!in!the!emerging!drone!market!was!high!but!the!industry!seemed! to!be!influenced!by!regulation.!
! With! this! rising! interest! in! drones,! also! the! innovations! with! drones! were! quickly! increasing.!Such!as!the!previous!indicated!Ambulance!Drone!that!has!the!ability!to!save!peoples! lives! (Momont,! 2014)! and! also! new! applications! such! as! the! package! delivery! systems! of! Amazon!and!Alibaba!are!good!indicators!of!new!innovations!(“Amazon!unveils!futuristic!plan:! Delivery!by!drone,”!2013;!Kelion,!2015).!But,!also!different!applications!are!introduced,!such!as! inspections! of! aircraft! and! electricity! lines! (New! Scientist,! 2015;! Williams,! 2015).! Companies! seem!eager!to!develop!new!applications!with!drones!since!there!is!a!general!increase!in!interest! in!drones.!
!
2.7.3. Estimating#the#Size#of#the#drone#market#
With! the! still! increasing! interest! in! the! drone! industry! in! mind,! it! is! however! still! difficult! to! make! precise! estimates! of! the! size! of! the! market! since! many! companies! are! private! and! not! willing! to! share! selling! numbers.! Several! estimates! by! different! websites! and! companies! are! made,!as!well!as!projections!for!the!future!but!differ!on!a!large!scale.!!
! To! start! of,! Andrew! Amato! from! DroneLife.com! tried! to! estimate! the! number! of! sold! units!of!the!biggest!consumer!drone!companies!in!the!industry!at!the!moment!(Amato,!2015).! He! states! that! getting! complete! and! accurate! numbers! of! the! size! of! the! industry! is! a! nearly! impossible!task!and!that!he!used!the!average!price!of!drones!that!the!companies!has!to!offer!for! his!estimation.!Taking!this!side!note!into!account!he!estimated!the!sold!units!of!DJI!in!2014!at! around!416.000!(Amato,!2015).!For!the!sales!of!DJI!Amato!used!information!from!Ben!Popper!of! The!Verge!who!estimated!sales!in!2014!for!DJI!at!$500!million!and!in!2013!around!$125!million! (Popper,!2015a).!Next!to!this,!Popper!forecasts!that!sales!of!DJI!will!double!in!2015!and!would! reach!$1!billion.! ! Amato!continued!to!estimate!numbers!for!Parrot!and!3D!Robotics.!Were!in!2013!Parrot! supposed!to!have!sold!180.000!units,!and!in!2014!530.000!units!(Amato,!2015).!Numbers!about! 3D! Robotics! were! almost! solely! based! on! statements! of! the! CEO.! When! those! statements! are! correct,!the!sales!of!3d!Robotics!in!2014!should!have!been!around!$20!million!with!the!number! of!units!reaching!27.000!(Amato,!2015).!!
consumer! drone! (Dillow,! 2014).! He! states! that! DJI! claims! to! own! 50%! of! the! market! in! 2014.! Mike! Winn,! the! CEO! of! Drone! Deploy! estimates! that! DJI! owns! between! 60%! and! 70%! of! the! market! (Lomas,! 2015).! However! these! numbers! differ,! it! seems! clear! that! DJI! is! leading! the! consumer!drone!industry.!
! Mike!Blades,!a!senior!industry!analyst!in!the!area!of!aerospace!and!defence!working!for! Frost!&!Sullivan,!made!an!estimation!for!2014!of!$720!million!in!sales!(Booth,!2014).!Next!to! this,!he!claims!that!would!correspond!with!around!2.4!billion!sold!units.!Blades,!also!predicts! that!sales!would!double!in!2015!with!as!result!that!the!complete!drone!industry!would!reach! $1.44! billion.! Were! Popper! estimated! that! DJI! alone! would! already! reach! $1! billion! in! sales,! there!seems!to!be!a!gap!between!these!two!estimations!for!the!same!company.!
! Consumer!Electronics!Association![CEA]!in!America!also!did!research!into!the!size!of!the! drone! market.! They! estimated! in! 2014,! that! the! drone! market! would! reach! a! total! global! revenue!in!2015!of!$130!million!with!400.000!sold!units!(CES,!2014).!Compared!to!the!previous! estimations,!all!concluding!that!DJI!alone!would!have!sold!around!400.000!units!in!2014,!this! seems! like! a! low! estimation.! The! Teal! Group! forecast! for! the! drone! industry! is! a! completely! different!estimation!with!a!statement!that!the!expenditures!in!2014!already!reached!$6.4!billion! and!are!expected!to!reach!$11.5!billion!in!the!next!years!up!to!2025!(Teal!Group,!2014).!
! In! contrast! to! these! high! numbers! of! Teal! Group,! Mary! Meeker! from! Kleiner! Perkins! Caufield!Byers,!a!Venture!Capitalist!in!Silicon!Valley,!who!produced!her!Internet!Trend!reports! for!the!past!16!years,!has!estimated!lower!numbers.!!She!stated!that!the!market!size!for!drones! increased!from!less!than!$250!million!in!2013,!to!$750!million!in!2014!and!forecasts!that!it!will! grow!quickly!in!2015!to!$1.75!billion!(Meeker,!2015).!Next!to!this,!she!looked!at!the!increase!in! drone!unit!shipments,!which!she!stated!increased!a!million!from!2013!reaching!1.5!million!at! the!end!of!2014.!She!expects!the!number!of!shipments!to!increase!even!faster!in!2015!that!as!a! result!at!the!end!of!the!year!4.3!million!units!would!have!been!sold.!For!the!numbers!of!2014! she!seems!to!be!in!line!with!Mike!Blades,!but!in!large!contrast!with!the!estimations!of!the!CEA.! Next! to! numbers! about! the! size! of! the! drone! market,! Meeker! states! that! the! USA! owns! the! largest!part!of!the!global!drone!market!with!35%!in!2014.!Europe!is!a!close!second!with!30%!of! the!total!global!consumer!market.!
! Discussing!a!news!article!on!the!website!sUASnew.com!by!Colin!Snow!where!he!covers! different! industry! forecast! reports! seems! a! must! (Snow,! 2015).! In! his! article! Snow! discusses! drone!industry!reports!with!estimations!for!the!future!by!different!companies,!and!shows!that! estimations! vary! widely! and! most! seem! well! out! of! reach! of! reality.! This! is! in! fact! the! same! conclusion!that!can!be!made!according!to!the!numbers!discussed!above.!Next!to!these!numbers,! Snow! states! three! arguments! that! can! influence! these! estimations.! First! of! all,! because! of! the! lack!of!history!of!the!market,!because!it!is!such!a!new!industry,!forecasts!are!difficult.!Without!
history!data,!forecasts!are!based!on!similar!markets!or!a!proxy!is!used.!Second,!the!commercial! drone!market!will!be!a!controlled!market!in!the!sense!that!regulations!by!the!government!will! decide! what! will! be! possible! or! legal,! and! what! not.! The! products! of! startDups! who! receive! investments!now,!might!take!years!to!be!used!legally!and!can!therefore!slow!down!the!growth! of!the!industry.!However,!it!seems!that!startDups!now!also!do!not!wait!for!the!government!to!set! the! rules.! Third! and! last,! projections! of! the! commercial! and! or! consumer! market! are! difficult! because! there! is! no! clear! distinction! between! the! drones! being! used.! The! quality! of! the! consumer! drones! is! increasing! so! quickly! that! a! lot! of! these! drones! are! being! used! for! commercial! purposes.! Therefore! it! is! difficult! to! make! a! clear! distinction! between! the! two! markets.!!
! !
2.8. Drone(Regulation(
However! the! forecast! numbers! differ! on! a! wide! scale,! a! general! trend! can! be! seen! in! the! estimations! of! the! future! market! size.! If! the! regulation! does! not! hinder! or! forbid! the! drone! market,!a!fast!growth!of!the!market!should!be!possible!(Snow,!2015).!An!example!of!restricted! innovation! in! the! drone! industry! is! Amazon! who! wanted! to! introduce! their! drone! delivery! system! “Amazon! Prime! Air”,! the! project! was! however! grounded! by! the! Federal! Aviation! Administration! [FAA]! (Vincent,! 2014).! However! the! FAA! does! now! make! exceptions! for! commercial! drone! activities,! including! testing! for! drone! delivery! systems! by! Amazon,! strict! rules!do!apply!(FAA,!2015b;!Simpson,!2015).!!Up!until!the!15th!of!June!in!2015,!556!petitions!for! commercial! drone! usage! by! all! kinds! of! companies! have! been! granted! by! the! FAA! were! operations! are! expected! to! be! low! risk! and! in! controlled! environment.! Each! case! is! looked! at! individually! if! it! will! be! granted.! Some! rules! for! commercial! drone! flights! are! that! the! drone! must!be!operated!in!the!line!of!sight!of!the!operator,!a!maximum!altitude!of!400!feet,!stay!clear! from!nonDparticipation!persons,!vehicles!and!structures!and!the!pilot!in!command!must!have!an! operator!certification!(“Section!333!Authorization!Letter,”!2015).!Looking!at!these!rules,!there! can!be!expected!that!operating!a!drone!delivery!system!for!Amazon!will!be!difficult.!!
It! seems! that! small! businesses! do! however! still! operate,! even! if! they! do! not! have! an! exemption! for! their! business! (McNeal,! 2015).! Moreover,! at! the! beginning! of! 2015! knowledge! about!the!drone!regulation!in!the!USA!differed!on!a!wide!scale.!!
! The!guidelines!for!flying!a!drone!for!hobby!purposes!in!the!USA!are!quite!similar!to!the! rules! discussed! for! professional! usage! above.! However,! the! drone! operator! does! not! need! permission! from! the! FAA! when! the! drone! is! flown! recreational,! and! also! an! operator! certification!is!not!required!(FAA,!2015a).!!
flown!for!recreational!purposes,!which!are!purposes!were!no!money!is!earned!with!flying!the! drone! in! any! way! (Rijksoverheid,! 2015a).! However,! special! rules! could! apply! from! municipalities.!The!drone!should!be!in!sight!of!the!operator!at!all!times!and!it!should!stay!clear! from!people!masses!and!from!residential!areas!with!a!distance!of!150m.!The!maximum!allowed! height!of!the!drone!is!120m!above!the!ground!and!the!drone!should!only!be!flown!during!day! time! (Rijksoverheid,! 2015a).! As! long! as! the! drone! is! operated! for! private! purposes! only,! and! within!these!limits,!photos!and!videos!can!be!made.!!
When! the! drone! is! operated! for! commercial! purposes,! exemption! issued! by! the! Dutch! government! was! needed! until! the! beginning! of! July! this! year! (Inspectie! Leefomgeving! en! Transport,!2015).!This!long!process!consisted!of!several!steps!to!get!your!business!approved!to! operate!professionally!with!a!drone.!However,!since!the!first!of!July!new!rules!for!professional! use!were!introduced!(Rijksoverheid,!2015b).!A!business!now!needs!a!RPAS!Operator!Certificate! (ROC)! that! consists! of! a! drone! pilot! certificate,! a! drone! tested! for! its! airworthiness! and! an! approved!Operations!Manuel!by!the!Inspection!Environment!and!Transport!of!the!Ministry!of! Infrastructure!and!Environment.!Besides!that,!the!same!rules!apply!as!for!private!purposes!with! some! exemptions.! For! example,! for! business! purposes,! industrial! and! maritime! areas! can! be! approached!up!to!50!m!horizontally!(“Regeling!op!afstand!bestuurde!luchtvaartuigen,”!2015).!!
!
2.9. Conceptual(framework(and(research(propositions(
Following!the!lines!from!the!literature!and!the!drone!industry!a!conceptual!framework!will!help! to!visualize!the!relations!between!the!main!factors!that!together!influence!the!drone!industry! and! innovation.! These! main! factors! are! (a)! the! number! of! drones! used! by! Professionals! and! Hobbyists,!(b)!new!drone!applications!and!innovations!and!(c)!the!drone!regulation!that!can!be! influenced! by! Privacy! and! Public! Safety! challenges.! The! conceptual! framework! is! constructed! using!the!principles!of!causal!loop!diagrams!(Senge,!1990),!since!an!innovation!is!an!on!going! process.!To!design!a!model!that!fits!with!the!system!of!the!drone!industry,!the!two!most!basic!of! flows!to!create!a!causal!loop!diagram!will!be!explained!below.!! ! First!of!all,!a!system!can!consist!of!a!reinforcing#loop!where!an!original!condition!creates! a!response!that!increases!the!original!condition!with!a!potential!delay.!Moreover,!as!long!as!the! original!condition!keeps!increasing!or!decreasing,!the!reaction!will!increase!or!decrease!as!well,! and! will! then! have! a! increasing! or! decreasing! effect! on! the! original! condition! after! a! possible! delay.!This!way!the!original!condition!grows,!or!slinks!exponentially!(Figure!3).!
!
Figure(3(M(Reinforcing(loop(
!
!
Source:!(Galanakis,!2006)!
!
Second,! a! system! can! also! consist! of! a! balancing#loop,! where! after! a! while! a! balance! is! found! between! the! original! condition! and! the! response! it! evokes! (Figure! 4).! Because! the! original! condition!is!checked!with!a!desired!condition!and!the!difference!that!exist,!the!corrective!action! might! be! more! adequate.! To! make! this! system! work,! the! delays! are! critical! part! to! provide! enough!time!for!the!system!to!stabilize.!! ! Figure(4(M(Balancing(loop( !
!
Source:!(Galanakis,!2006)!!
The!visualisation!of!the!drone!industry!in!a!conceptual!framework!was!made!using!these!two! types!of!systems!(Figure!5).!The!central!part!of!this!study!is!the!drone!innovation!and!how!this! is!influenced!by!different!factors.!For!this!reason!this!building!block!of!the!framework!is!located! in! the! centre.! The! drone! market! size,! and! the! regulation! will! both! influence! the! drone! innovation! and! its! applications.! However,! the! drone! innovation! will! also! influence! the! drone! market! size! and! the! regulation! on! itself.! The! three! factors! thus! lead! to! two! feedback! loops:! a! reinforcing!loop!with!the!drone!market!size!and!the!drone!innovation,!and!a!balancing!loop!with! the!drone!innovation!and!the!regulation!of!it.!! These! relations! will! be! explained! in! more! detail! with! the! composition! of! the! propositions!that!belong!to!the!conceptual!framework.!!
!
Figure(5(–(Conceptual(framework,(the(drone(innovation(as(influenced(by(the(industry(size(and(regulation( !!
! 2.9.1. Propositions#1. An! increasing! drone! industry! size! will! increase! the! number! of! drone! innovations/! applications.! 2. An!increasing!number!of!drone!innovations!will!increase!the!drone!industry!size.! ! From!studying!the!drone!industry!and!its!development!in!recent!years!there!is!seen!that!there!is! an!increased!interest!in!drones,!an!increasing!drone!market,!as!well!as!increased!investments!in! new!drone!companies.!Combining!these!factors!lead!to!the!assumption!that!an!increasing!drone! market!will!lead!to!increasing!numbers!of!drone!innovations!/!applications!and!that!these!drone! innovations!/!applications!will!lead!to!increased!interest!and!thus!a!larger!drone!market!as!a! result!(Propositions!1!&!2).!! ! 3. An!increasing!number!of!drone!innovations!will!increase!the!regulation!on!drones.!
4. An! increased! drone! regulation! will! decrease! the! possibilities! for! new! drone! innovations/! applications.!
!
As!Volovelsky!(2014)!and!Wright!(,2014)!indicate,!the!regulations!are!not!ready!to!take!on!the! increasing! drone! innovation! yet! since! the! new! challenges! this! innovation! introduces,! such! as! privacy! and! safety.! This! can! be! translated! to! the! idea! that! increased! innovations! and! applications!of!drones!will!lead!to!more!regulations!and!also!to!the!idea!that!new!regulations! should!give!guidance!for!new!innovations!and!might!even!limit!these!(Propositions!3!&!4).! !
3. Methodology(
This! thesis! aims! to! find! the! influence! of! challenges! such! as! privacy! and! public! safety! on! the! drone!innovation.!With!the!use!of!cases!and!semiDstructured!interviews!information!about!these! topics! is! collected.! The! cases! about! drones! have! the! ability! to! show! some! good! real! world! examples!of!challenges!and!possibilities!of!drones!that!are!then!be!used!during!the!interviews.! With! the! use! of! semiDstructured! interviews,! detailed,! qualitative! information! is! collected! that! has!the!possibility!to!generate!explanations!and!descriptions!of!the!topics!of!interest!for!the!RQ.! While! drone! cases! generate! good! examples! of! real! world! challenges! and! possibilities! with! drones,! semiDstructured! interviews! generate! detailed,! qualitative! information! that! have! the! possibility!to!provide!explanations!and!descriptions!of!the!topics!studied! (Miles!&!Huberman,! 1984).!For!this!thesis!this!combined!method!of!using!cases!and!interviewees!is!the!best!way!of! approaching! the! RQ! (Saunders,! Lewis,! &! Thornhill,! 2012).! In! the! format! of! using! a! semiD structured! interview! format,! there! are! preDdetermined! questions,! but! the! interviewer! has! the! options!to!alter!the!order!of!the!questions,!or!add!or!alter!questions!where!this!is!appropriate.!! ! 3.1. Case(selection( While!new!drone!innovations,!ideas!and!incidents!are!widely!available,!there!was!searched!for! cases!about!drones!that!could!be!studied!from!multiple!sources!and!related!to!one!or!multiple! propositions!of!the!conceptual!model.!This!method!let!to!usage!of!eight!cases!that!led!to!a!good! reflection!of!drone!usage!and!possible!issues,!and!where!the!information!could!be!checked!to! ensure!its!authenticity!so!no!false!information!was!used.!These!eight!cases!included!new!drone! applications! (4x),! cases! with! special! implications! for! privacy! and/or! safety! (2x),! and! applications! that! were! hindered! by! the! regulation! (2x).! All! cases! showed! incidents! or! new! applications!of!drones!that!could!have!some!mayor!impact!on!the!drone!industry.!The!general! themes! and! interesting! aspects! of! the! drone! industry! that! were! identified! by! the! use! of! these! different!cases!were!then!validated!during!the!interviews.!
!
3.2. Interview(participant(recruitment(
The! inDdepth! interviews! were! conducted! with! business! owners! that! work! with! drones! in! different!industries!and!with!people!that!fly!drones!for!a!hobby.!With!a!sample!that!existed!of! multiple! participants! from! different! industries! including! hobbyist! drone! users! gave! the! confidence!that!the!sample!was!representative!for!these!industries.!The!industries!were!mainly! selected!from!the!industries!of!the!cases;!the!participants!were!then!contacted!via!email.!This! email! explained! the! purpose! of! the! study! and! asked! for! participation! (Appendix! I).! With! the! usage! of! the! purposive! sampling,! and! a! high! response! rate! for! this! research! (61%),! enough!
total,!were!two!interviews!included!two!participants!from!the!same!company,!till!the!point!no! new! information! was! added! by! next! interview.! The! identity! will! be! kept! private! for! all! participants!due!to!confidentiality!reasons.!!
!
3.3. Data(collection(–(SemiMstructured(interviews(
After! approval! of! participation! was! received,! a! meeting! was! scheduled! for! the! interview.! The! manner! of! conducting! the! interview,! as! well! as! the! location! if! chosen! to! do! the! interview! in! person,! was! decided! by! the! participants! to! match! their! convenience.! All! interviews! were! conducted! in! July! and! most! participants! were! from! the! Amsterdam! area.! The! two! interviews! that! were! conducted! in! person! were! held! in! Amsterdam.! During! the! interviews! only! the! interviewer!and!the!participant(s)!were!present.!
! At! the! start! of! the! interview! all! participants! were! asked! for! permission! to! record! the! interview!(Saunders!et!al.,!2012).!None!of!the!participants!refused,!and!to!make!sure!accurate! information! was! gathered,! the! participants! were! ensured! that! all! data! would! be! processed! anonymous.!! ! The!participant!industries!ranged!from!selling!drones!and!agriculture!to!journalism!and! video/photo!applications!(Table!1).! ! Participant( Type(of(use(/(Industry( Professional!1! Photo/video! Professional!2! Varies!(mostly!photo/video)! Professional!3! Agriculture! Professional!4! Agriculture! Professional!5! Journalism! Professional!6.1! Drone!shows!&!video! Professional!6.2! Drone!shows!&!video! Professional!7! Drone!shop!&!web!shop! Professional!8.1! Photo/video! Professional!8.2! Photo/video! Hobbyist!1! Photo/video! Hobbyist!2! Flight!practise!&!video! Hobbyist!3! Drone!builder!&!video! Hobbyist!4! Photo/video! Hobbyist!5! Photo/video! Table(1(M(Interviewee(industries( !
3.4. Interview(questions(
During!the!interviews!an!interview!protocol!was!used!as!a!guideline!(Appendix!II).!A!different! protocol!was!used!for!professionals!and!hobbyists!since!professionals!are!required!to!get!their! business! and! drone! certified,! and! hobbyists! are! not.! At! the! beginning! of! each! interview! there! was!asked!for!a!general!introduction!by!the!participants.!
! Next!to!this,!the!first!subject!was!the!type!of!drone!the!participants!used,!and!if!they!felt! contend!with!its!possibilities.!The!interviews!proceeded!with!questions!about!their!motivation! for! using! drones! and! their! opinion! on! the! drone! innovation! in! general.! Next! to! this! the! participants!were!questioned!about!their!thought!on!possible!challenges!that!emerge!with!the! drone! revolution! in! the! Netherlands.! Also,! their! views! on! the! regulation! and! further! wishes! about! the! regulation! were! discussed.! To! the! end! of! the! interview! two! future! scenarios! were! proposed,! one! were! drone! usage! would! be! reduced! by! strict! regulation,! and! the! other! were! drone!usage!would!increase!because!regulation!would!allow!more.!!The!participants!were!then! asked!which!one!they!thought!would!be!most!likely!to!happen.!!
! The! participants! were! given! the! opportunity! to! add! any! additional! information! at! the! end!of!the!interview.!
!
3.5. Data(triangulation(and(Validation(
Using! data! triangulation! will! ensure! highly! credible! by! using! different! sources! of! information! (Saunders! et! al.,! 2012).! First,! interesting! aspects! and! scenarios! of! the! drone! industry! were! observed!with!the!use!of!the!cases.!With!the!use!of!the!interviews,!these!general!patterns!could! then!be!validated!with!the!use!of!information!from!the!interviews.!!
! By! using! a! broad! diversity! in! drone! users,! with! regard! to! their! business! type,! the! variation!of!the!data!was!maximized.!This!improves!the!generalizability!of!the!research!findings.! By! studying! different! types! of! users:! hobbyist! and! professionals,! as! well! as! professionals! that! are! not! licenced! and! thus! are! operating! illegally,! there! was! ensured! that! information! was! gathered!for!different!types!of!usage.!This!leads!to!a!reasonable!degree!of!internal!validity,!as! diversity!in!the!data!gives!the!possibility!to!create!a!basis!in!reaching!a!conclusion.!!
!
3.6. Data(analysis((
After!collecting!the!data!from!the!thirteen!interviews!and!transcribing!these!(Appendix!III),!the! data! was! analysed! in! three! steps.! First,! the! raw! data! was! simplified! with! the! process! of! data! reduction.! Using! data! reduction! will! result! in! more! analysisDrich! data! (Miles! &! Huberman,! 1984).!Second,!the!data!was!coded!using!Nvivo.!The!starting!codes!were!the!variables!as!found! in!the!literature,!and!the!themes!from!the!cases.!Extra!nodes!were!then!added!if!they!became!
analysed! if! different! types! of! users! share! the! same! opinions,! or! have! similar! views! on! the! different!topics.!! The!results!of!both!the!cases!and!the!interviews!are!discussed!in!next!two!chapters.!! ! ! !
(
4. Drone(cases(
This! chapter! will! describe! eight! cases! on! drones! that! occurred! in! the! recent! past.! From! new! innovations! and! applications! to! incidents! regarding! safety! and! privacy.! This! chapter! is! concluded! with! the! founded! interesting! aspects! form! the! cases! that! can! be! used! in! the! interviews!for!illustration!and!discussion.!
!
4.1. Amazon(Prime(Air(
On!December!1st!2015!Amazon!CEO!Jeff!Bezos!introduced!a!new!method!of!delivery!(“Amazon! details!drone!delivery!plans,”!2015,!“Amazon!unveils!futuristic!plan:!Delivery!by!drone,”!2013).! Amazon! was! planning! to! develop! their! Prime! Air! delivery! service,! or! in! other! words,! a! drone! delivery! system.! With! this! project! it! seemed! liked! the! future! had! arrived! early.! Although! Amazon! had! big! plans,! the! regulation! in! the! USA! made! it! impossible! for! Amazon! to! fly! their! drones,!or!even!test!them!(Thompson,!2014).!As!for!all!drone!operations!for!companies!in!the! USA,!there!were!heavy!restrictions!(Pagliery,!2014).!As!reaction!to!these!restrictions,!Amazon! decided! to! develop! their! drone! delivery! plan! abroad,! Australia,! the! U.K.! and! Canada! where! legislation!was!more!lenient!(Nicas!&!Bensinger,!2014;!Reader,!2015).!!
! When! the! USA! changed! their! legislations! on! commercial! drone! usage! in! April! 2015,! Amazon!was!allowed!to!test!drones!after!applying!for!exemption!on!some!limiting!rules!(Levin! &!Soper,!2015;!Simpson,!2015).!However!this!was!a!step!forward,!their!drone!delivery!system! testing! was! still! restricted.! Visual! contact! had! to! be! maintained! with! the! drone! at! all! times,! drones! could! also! not! be! operated! in! (crowed! areas)! or! within! close! perimeter! of! buildings! (Simpson,! 2015).! This! has! some! mayor! implications! for! their! drone! operations.! For! now! it! seems!impossible!to!deliver!packages!with!drones!in!the!city!because!of!these!restrictions.!More! over,! drone! package! delivery! in! general! seems! impossible! because! of! the! rule! that! the! drone! needs!to!be!operated!within!visual!range.!
! Some!interesting!aspects!about!the!case!of!Amazon!Prima!Air!is!that!however!it!does!not! seems! legal! or! possible! to! implement! drone! delivery! in! the! USA! in! the! near! future,! they! keep! working!on!their!delivery!project,!in!the!USA!and!abroad.!There!are!also!still!a!lot!of!questions! about!how!Amazon!wants!to!operationalize!their!delivery!system!(Paul,!2015;!Sheffield,!2015).! Delivery!on!a!porch,!or!in!the!back!yard!seems!easy,!but!what!if!you!live!on!the!3th!floor!of!an! apartment! building! in! the! middle! of! the! city,! or! if! the! GPS! of! the! drone! messes! up! the! exact! location!since!they!might!not!be!able!to!verify!the!street!name!/!house!number?!With!patents!of! Amazon,! there! can! be! indicated! what! possibilities! there! will! be,! from! delivering! to! specific! locations,! to! tracking! your! GPS! in! your! smart! phone! to! deliver! the! package! to! you! (“Amazon! details!drone!delivery!plans,”!2015).!!
4.2. Alibaba(Drone(Delivery(
Taobao! undertook! another! drone! delivery! project! on! the! other! side! of! the! world! at! the! beginning! of! February! this! year,! Taobao! is! part! of! the! Alibaba! Group! (Kelion,! 2015).! The! company! was! granted! permission! to! do! a! threeDday! trial! of! delivering! tea! to! 450! customers.! During! the! deliveries! the! drones! were! flown! behind! the! view! of! the! operators,! which! under! recreational! conditions! is! not! allowed! (“Operations! of! Unmanned! Aircraft! Systems! (UAS),”! 2015).! However! the! delivery! service! seems! very! similar! to! Amazon,! there! are! some! major! differences!(Kelion,!2015).!!
! First! of! all,! Alibaba! is! doing! a! trial! with! deliveries! to! real! customers,! delivering! real! products!(Russell,!2015).!Regulating!parties!approved!this!delivery!trial,!were!regulators!in!the! USA!only!permit!Amazon!to!do!testing,!and!no!real!deliveries!to!consumers.!However,!another! difference! between! Amazon! and! Alibaba! is! that! the! tea! that! Alibaba! is! delivering! does! not! represent!the!typical!packages!that!need!to!be!delivered!(Choudhury,!2015).!Moreover,!Alibaba! is!delivering!in!a!very!specific!area!during!the!trial,!in!three!cities,!the!size!of!a!couple!of!city! blocks.! This! cannot! be! seen! as! a! real! test! of! the! range! of! the! drone,! which! Alibaba! earlier! announced!to!be!around!10km!(Choudhury,!2015).!!
! As! with! Amazon,! Alibaba! faces! the! same! challenges! regarding! how! to! deliver! their! packages.!However,!this!case!illustrates!that!regulation!on!drones!can!accelerate!or!slow!down! an! innovation.! In! the! USA! the! drone! delivery! services! seem! to! be! difficult! to! operationalize,! when!China!seems!to!allow!more!innovative!drone!services.!!
!
4.3. Drone(White(House(
Early!morning!on!January!26th!2015!a!drone!was!found!on!the!grounds!of!the!White!House!in! Washington!DC!(Acosta!&!Diamond,!2015).!There!was!first!speculated!about!a!theorist!attack,! and! with! this! the! unsafe! aspects! of! drones! were! discussed! in! the! USA.! After! the! government! employee!who!operated!the!drone!saw!the!news!the!next!day,!he!called!himself!in!to!the!Secret! Service!(Acosta!&!Diamond,!2015).!The!employee!had!lost!control!of!the!drone,!after!which!it! flew! behind! the! reach! distance! of! the! controls.! He! did! not! know! what! had! happened! to! the! drone,!a!DJI!Phantom,!till!he!woke!up!the!next!morning.!Also,!he!admitted!that!he!was!under!the! influence!of!alcohol!when!flying!the!drone!(Welker!&!Rafferty,!2015).!Forensic!research!found! that!the!drone!was!not!operating!under!his!control!when!it!crashed,!next!to!this,!the!man!is!not! facing!criminal!charges,!but!could!be!fined!by!the!FAA!(Eng!&!Williams,!2015).!
! When! there! was! feared! for! a! theorist! attack,! in! the! end! it! was! “just”! an! accident.! As! reaction!to!this!uncontrolled!flight!in!Washington!DC!DJI!made!a!firmware!update!that!included! a!no!fly!zone!in!Washington!DC!to!prevent!this!from!happening!again!(Popper,!2015b).!Within!
these!no!fly!zones!operators!are!not!able!to!fly!their!drone.!However,!when!the!GPS!function!on! the!drone!is!not!used,!the!drones!can!still!be!flown!in!these!no!fly!zones.!
! This!case!is!a!good!example!of!how!small!drones!could!be!used!for!hostile!actions,!since! they!are!so!hard!to!track.!Also,!this!case!shows!how!unsafe!drones!could!be!when!control!is!lost! and!the!operator!has!no!clue!were!his/her!drone!has!stranded.!Next!to!this,!this!case!questions! the! opinion! if! not! everybody! should! be! licensed! to! operate! a! drone,! with! theoretical! and! practical!exams!for!both!consumer!and!commercial!usage.!!
!
4.4. Soccer(Match(Serbia(versus(Albania(
The! qualification! football! game! between! Serbia! and! Albania! for! EURO! 2016! on! the! 14th! of! October!2014!was!stopped!due!to!an!action!with!a!drone!(Mackey,!2014).!Previous!to!the!game! there!was!already!tension!between!the!supporters!of!both!countries!since!the!countries!have!a! recent! war! history! together! (Payne,! 2014),! Albania! supporters! had! been! banned! from! the! stadium,! but! still! the! tension! escalated! when! a! drone! appeared! in! the! stadium! carrying! a! provocative!flag!(Ames!&!Ibrulj,!2014).!The!flag!showed!two!Albanian!nationalists!and!a!map!of! ‘Greater! Albania’,! an! area! that! lies! within! today’s! Kosovo,! Albania,! Montenegro,! Serbia,! Macedonia!and!northern!Greece!(Ames,!2014).!When!one!of!the!Serbia!players!caught!the!flag,! the! situation! escalated! very! quickly.! On! the! pitch! a! brawl! between! players,! supporters! and! officials! started! which! led! to! the! decision! made! by! the! referee! Martin! Atkinson! to! stop! the! match.!
! Not!only!in!the!stadium!things!got!out!of!control,!also!in!cities!in!Albania!supporters!who! had! been! watching! the! game! on! big! screens! got! into! cars! and! honked! all! night! burning! flags.! There!is!suspected!by!the!Serbian!press!that!the!brother!of!Albanian!Prime!Minister!Edi!Rama,! Olsi! Rama,! for! causing! the! troubles! (Gilbert! &! Bacchi,! 2014;! “Serbia! Blames! Albanian! PM’s! Brother!for!Football!Chaos,”!2014).!The!office!of!Serbian!Prima!Minister!Vucic!told!CNN!that!Olsi! Rama! operated! the! drone.! However,! Rama! denies! that! he! was! the! operator,! and! said! he! was! disgusted! by! the! accusation! at! his! address! (“Albanian! prime! minister’s! brother! ‘disgusted’! by! drone!allegations,”!2014).!!
! With! this! case! it! becomes! clear! that! drones! do! not! only! have! some! business! opportunities! but! are! also! able! to! take! provocative! behaviour! to! a! next! level.! One! of! the! difficulties! is! that! the! operator/owner! of! the! drone! is! hard! to! identify! since! the! drone! can! be! operated!from!a!distance.!!!!
!!
4.5. Drone(Journalism(
already! operating! three! hexacopters! for! a! while! to! capture! stunning! aerial! videos! for! storytelling! (Collins,! 2014),! journalist! in! the! Netherlands! are! “fighting”! for! rules! that! would! make!it!easier!for!them!to!use!drones!(López,!2015).!Journalists!needed!to!get!licensed,!drones! registered,! and! even! then! ask! permission! to! fly! in! advance! to! the! correct! governmental! departments.!As!can!be!expected,!this!is!not!workable!when!breaking!news!is!happening,!then! there!is!no!time!to!ask!for!exemption!to!use!a!drone!(Tillaart,!2014).!!
! On! April! 14th! this! year! René! Oudshoorn! planned! to! make! footage! of! the! pier! in! Scheveningen!to!start!a!process!against!the!state,!to!show!that!the!rules!for!journalist!are!not! workable!(López,!2015).!This!action!was!stopped!by!police!officers!who!would!otherwise!arrest! Oudshoorn,! and! give! him! a! fine! (Jager,! 2015b).! However,! next! to! him! another! operator! was! allowed!to!fly!his!drown!because!it!was!flown!for!private!purposes.!This!case!was!used!by!the! Dutch!Association!for!Journalist!to!show!the!Dutch!state!that!the!legislation!regarding!drones!in! journalism!has!to!be!modified!(“Journalistenvereniging!wil!vrij!gebruik!van!drones!afdwingen,”! 2015).!
! At!the!moment!of!this!incident,!the!government!was!already!busy!planning!to!implement! new! rules! regarding! commercial! drone! usage! in! the! Netherlands! (“Soepeler! regels! voor! ‘mini! drones’!in!de!maak,”!2015).!From!the!first!of!July,!commercial!drone!users!can!do!a!theoretical! and!practical!exam!after!which!they!will!receive!a!brevet!and!a!license!to!fly!their!drone.!This! will! also! replace! the! necessity! to! get! an! exemption! for! every! time! the! operator! wants! to! fly! a! drone.! From! October! 1st! the! rules! for! commercial! and! recreational! drone! flights! the! same! for! drone!below!4!kg!(“Soepeler!regels!voor!‘mini!drones’!in!de!maak,”!2015).!Drones!like!the!DJI! Phantom! fall! in! this! category! and! are! therefore! usable! for! journalist.! Where! rules! for! these! ‘miniDdrones’! make! it! easier! to! fly! them,! the! restrictions! of! where! and! how! you! can! fly! them! become!stricter.!There!should!be!a!horizontal!distance!between!the!drone!and!groups!of!people! or!buildings!of!minimum!50!m,!the!drone!is!not!allowed!to!fly!above!100!m!or!be!at!a!distance! further!than!100!m!from!the!operator.!The!hexacopters!as!used!by!the!BBC!(Collins,!2014),!or! even!octocopters!will!have!a!weight!above!4!kg!and!are!therefore!still!subject!to!excessive!rules! to!get!licensed.! ! This!case!shows!that!if!legislation!about!new!innovations,!in!this!case!drones,!is!not!clear! or! does! not! look! sufficient! for! the! users,! people! try! and! undertake! action! to! force! the! government! to! think! about! the! rules! and! maybe! change! them.! It! also! shows! that! the! Dutch! government!is!trying!to!improve!the!legislation!about!drones.!
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4.6. Drone(Video(of(Dom(Church(Tower(in(Utrecht(
Jelte!Keur!made!a!video!of!the!Dom!Church!Tower!in!Utrecht!that!he!published!on!November! 18th! 2014! (Noorloos,! 2014).! The! video! was! quickly! viewed! a! 100,000! times,! and! gave! a!
