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The rise and demise of Scope magazine: a media-historical perspective

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Publisher: Routledge

Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK

Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies

Publication details, including instructions for authors and

subscription information:

http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/recq20

The rise and demise of Scope

magazine: A media-historical

perspective

Johannes Froneman

Version of record first published: 03 Mar 2011.

To cite this article: Johannes Froneman (2011): The rise and demise of Scope magazine: A

media-historical perspective, Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies, 32:1, 49-65

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02560054.2011.545565

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