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(1)Turbulence in traffic at motorway ramps. Turbulence in traffic at motorway ramps and its impact on traffic operations and safety. Aries van Beinum. ISBN 978-90-73946-19-4. Aries van Beinum.

(2) ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ. ž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ’—ȱ›Š’ŒȱŠȱ –˜˜› Š¢ȱ›Š–™œȱŠ—ȱ’œȱ’–™ŠŒȱ ˜—ȱ›Š’Œȱ˜™Ž›Š’˜—œȱŠ—ȱœŠŽ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ. ›’ŽœȱŸŠ—ȱŽ’—ž–ȱ. ȱ.

(3) Dit proefschrift is mede tot stand gekomen met steun van SWOV – Instituut voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Verkeersveiligheid, Rijkswaterstaat, Witteveen+Bos en de TU Delft. Het proefschrift is ook verschenen in de TRAIL Thesis Series T2018/12, the Netherlands TRAIL Research School, ISBN 978-90-5584-243-8. Uitgave: SWOV-Dissertatiereeks SWOV – Instituut voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Verkeersveiligheid Postbus 93113 2509 AC Den Haag E: info@swov.nl I: www.swov.nl ISBN: 978-90-73946-19-4 © 2018 Aries van Beinum Alle rechten zijn voorbehouden. Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden verveelvoudigd, opgeslagen of openbaar gemaakt op welke wijze dan ook zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de auteur..

(4) Turbulence in Traffic at Motorway Ramps and its Impact on Traffic Operations and Safety. Proefschrift. ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Technische Universiteit Delft, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus Prof. dr. ir. T.H.J.J. van der Hagen, voorzitter van het College voor Promoties, in het openbaar te verdedigen op donderdag 20 december 2018 om 15:00 uur. door Ariën Sape VAN BEINUM Master of Science in Civil Engineering geboren in Heemstede.

(5) Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd door de: promotoren: Prof. ir. F.C.M. Wegman en Prof. dr. ir. S.P. Hoogendoorn copromotor: Dr. ir. H. Farah Samenstelling van de promotiecommissie: Rector Magnificus voorzitter Prof. ir. F.C.M. Wegman Technische Universiteit Delft, promotor Prof. dr. ir. S.P. Hoogendoorn Technische Universiteit Delft, promotor Dr. ir. H. Farah Technische Universiteit Delft, copromotor Onafhankelijke leden: Prof. dr. C. Antoniou Prof. dr. L. Elefteriadou Dr. T. Toledo Prof. dr. ir. J.W.C. van Lint Prof. dr. ir. B. van Arem. Technische Universität München, Duitsland University of Florida, Verenigde Staten Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Israël Technische Universiteit Delft Technische Universiteit Delft, reservelid.

(6) Preface. Early 2000, when I was performing the final internship of my secondary vocational education, I spent several months on the construction site of a new motorway. During this internship I was intrigued by the design of this project. At this point I could never have imagined that now, almost 19 years later, I would finish writing a dissertation that improves our knowledge regarding motorway design. During my (long) educational career I had the privilege of meeting many people with different backgrounds and points of view, based on different experiences. Someone told me that the most important thing is to listen, because one can learn from everyone. This I always kept in mind and I found it to be most certainly true. Given all that I have heard along the way, I tried to overcome the differences between science, engineering and practice regarding motorway design in this thesis. I am truly grateful to have had this opportunity. Performing this research wouldn’t have been possible without the support of sponsors. First of all I would express my gratitude to Rijkswaterstaat. Gerald and Alex, I am very grateful for your support from the start, for entrusting this responsibility to me and for your efforts to arrange the necessary funding at Rijkswaterstaat. I would like to thank Witteveen+Bos for giving me, as one of its employees, the opportunity to spend several days a week on this project. Otto and Karin, your moral support, your belief in me and your willingness to invest in my ambitions mean a lot to me. I would also like to thank the department of Transport & Planning of Delft University of Technology and SWOV for opening your doors for me. Fred, Serge and Henk, thank you for providing supervision and an inspiring research environment. I have always felt very welcome at your offices and much appreciated all the help I received from your colleagues. I would also like to thank the members of my committee. The meetings in which all of us were present may have been fewer than planned, but I enjoyed every one of them. Haneen, you have been a great supervisor! You have managed to make a scientist out of an engineer. You have put great effort in providing me with input and feedback, which I always appreciated. This helped me to think in a scientific manner and the progress I have made over the years is mostly because of you. Fred and Serge, you have both been.

(7) a great inspiration by the way you think and approach problems. It was sometimes a challenge for me to manage the differences in your views and opinions, but in the end it helped me to approach problems from different angles. During the process I have had the privilege to work with different talented master students. Marco, Maarten, Matthijs, Erik and Afroditi, your efforts on investigating, programming and testing different research methodologies have helped me a lot. So thank you for your effort and your interest in my research. Furthermore, I enjoyed being part of your master thesis projects, and experience you developing form student into an engineer. The most exciting part of this research was the data collection and especially the three days of helicopter flights. Edwin, Jan and Kees, thank you for your efforts in this challenging project. It has been a privilege to work with professionals like you. And, of course, I thank my life companions, my darling wife and my wonderful son. Nadia, you have always been there for me, although my thoughts have not always been with you. I am really grateful for having you in my life and I thank you for your out-of-the-box ideas that have challenged me so many times. And Joah, thank you for your drawings in my note book. I was filled with joy every time I came across them. Outside of those who are mentioned above, were many other people who supported me. My dear family, friends, colleagues and roommates, thank you for your interest, motivation and moral support! Above all, I humbly thank my Lord, God almighty, who gave me the intellect to do this project, who stood by me to give me peace and comfort and who carried me in times I needed Him most. Aries van Beinum, October 2018.

(8) Š‹•Žȱ˜ȱŒ˜—Ž—œȱ. ŗǯ. —›˜žŒ’˜—ȱ ŗǯŗǯ Ž—Ž›Š•ȱŒ˜—ŒŽ™ȱ˜ȱž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ ŗǯŘǯ ž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ’—ȱŽœ’—ȱž’Ž•’—ŽœȱŠ—ȱ™›ŠŒ’ŒŽȱ ŗǯřǯ ˜Œžœȱ˜ȱ‘’œȱ‘Žœ’œȱ ŗǯŚǯ ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱŠ™™›˜ŠŒ‘ȱ ŗǯśǯ ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱŒ˜—›’‹ž’˜—œȱ ŗǯŜǯ ŽŠ’—ȱž’Žȱ. ş ŗŘ ŗś ŗŜ ŗŝ ŗş ŘŖ. Řǯ. ’Ž›Šž›Žȱ›ŽŸ’Ž ȱœž¢ȱ Řǯŗǯ —›˜žŒ’˜—ȱ ŘǯŘǯ ŠŒ”›˜ž—ȱ Řǯřǯ Ž‘˜˜•˜’Žœȱ˜ȱŒ˜••ŽŒȱŠŠȱ›Ž•ŠŽȱ˜ȱž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ ŘǯŚǯ Ž‘˜˜•˜’Žœȱ˜ȱŠœœŽœœȱ›Š’Œȱ˜™Ž›Š’˜—œȱ Řǯśǯ Ž‘˜˜•˜’Žœȱ˜ȱŠœœŽœœȱ›Š’ŒȱŠŽ¢ȱ ŘǯŜǯ ˜–™Š›’œ˜—ȱ˜ȱ’Ž›Ž—ȱ–Ž‘˜˜•˜’Žœȱ Řǯŝǯ ˜—Œ•žœ’˜—œȱŠ—ȱ›ŽŒ˜––Ž—Š’˜—œȱ. ŘŘ ŘŘ ŘŚ řŖ řř řś řŞ ŚŘ. řǯ. ŠŒ›˜œŒ˜™’ŒȱŒ‘Š›ŠŒŽ›’œ’Œœȱ˜ȱž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ řǯŗǯ —›˜žŒ’˜—ȱ řǯŘǯ ŠŒ”›˜ž—ȱ řǯřǯ ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱœŽž™ȱ řǯŚǯ ŠŠȱŒ˜••ŽŒ’˜—ȱŠ—ȱ™›˜ŒŽœœ’—ȱ řǯśǯ Žœž•œȱ řǯŜǯ ’œŒžœœ’˜—ȱ řǯŝǯ ˜—Œ•žœ’˜—œȱ. ŚŚ ŚŚ ŚŜ śŖ śŗ śŜ śş ŜŘ. Śǯ. ’Œ›˜œŒ˜™’ŒȱŒ‘Š›ŠŒŽ›’œ’Œœȱ˜ȱž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ Śǯŗǯ —›˜žŒ’˜—ȱ ŚǯŘǯ ’Ž›Šž›Žȱ›ŽŸ’Ž ȱ Śǯřǯ Ž‘˜ȱ ŚǯŚǯ Žœž•œȱ Śǯśǯ ’œŒžœœ’˜—ȱ ŚǯŜǯ ˜—Œ•žœ’˜—œȱ ȱ. ŜŚ ŜŚ ŜŜ ŝŘ ŝş şŗ şŘ. ȱ.

(9) śǯ. ’Œ›˜œŒ˜™’Œȱ–˜Ž••’—ȱ˜ȱž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ śǯŗǯ —›˜žŒ’˜—ȱ śǯŘǯ ŽŸ’Ž ȱ˜ȱ–’Œ›˜ȱœ’–ž•Š’˜—ȱ–˜Ž•œȱ śǯřǯ ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱ–Ž‘˜ȱ śǯŚǯ Žœž•œȱ śǯśǯ ’œŒžœœ’˜—ȱ śǯŜǯ ˜—Œ•žœ’˜—œȱŠ—ȱ˜ž•˜˜”ȱ. şś şś şŞ ŗŖŞ ŗŗś ŗŘř ŗŘŚ. Ŝǯ. ’Œ›˜œŒ˜™’Œȱœ’–ž•Š’˜—ȱŠ—ȱ›Š’ŒȱœŠŽ¢ȱ Ŝǯŗǯ —›˜žŒ’˜—ȱ ŜǯŘǯ ’Ž›Šž›Žȱ›ŽŸ’Ž ȱ Ŝǯřǯ Ž‘˜ȱ ŜǯŚǯ Žœž•œȱ Ŝǯśǯ ’œŒžœœ’˜—ȱ ŜǯŜǯ ˜—Œ•žœ’˜—œȱŠ—ȱ›ŽŒ˜––Ž—Š’˜—œȱ. ŗŘś ŗŘś ŗŘŝ ŗřř ŗŚŖ ŗŚŝ ŗŚŞ. ŝǯ. ˜—Œ•žœ’˜—œǰȱ›ŽŒ˜––Ž—Š’˜—œȱŠ—ȱ’œŒžœœ’˜—ȱ ŝǯŗǯ Š’—ȱ’—’—œȱŠ—ȱŒ˜—Œ•žœ’˜—œȱ ŝǯŘǯ ŽŒ˜––Ž—Š’˜—œȱ ŝǯřǯ ’œŒžœœ’˜—ȱ. ŗśŗ ŗśř ŗśŞ ŗŜŗ. ŽŽ›Ž—ŒŽœȱ. ŗŜś. ž––Š›¢ȱ. ŗŝŝ. Š–Ž—ŸŠ’—ȱ. ŗŞŗ. ž››’Œž•ž–ȱ’ŠŽȱ. ŗŞŝ. Ȭ’œœŽ›Š’Ž›ŽŽ”œȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ. ŗŞş.

(10) ŗǯ. —›˜žŒ’˜—ȱ. ȃ‘Žȱ –˜Ž›—ȱ Žœ’—ȱ ˜ȱ –˜˜› Š¢œȱ ’œȱ ‘Žȱ ›Žœž•ȱ ˜ȱ Šȱ ™›˜›Žœœ’ŸŽȱ ŽŸŽ•˜™–Ž—ȱ ’—ȱ ‘’œ˜›¢ǰȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱ˜ŒŒž››Žȱ™›’–Š›’•¢ȱŠœȱŠ—ȱ’—Ž›ŠŒ’˜—ȱ‹Ž ŽŽ—ȱŒ‘Š—’—ȱ›Š—œ™˜›Š’˜—ȱ —ŽŽœȱŠ—ȱŽŒ‘—’ŒŠ•ȱŒŠ™Š‹’•’’Žœȱ˜ȱ–ŽŽȱ‘˜œŽȱ—ŽŽœǯȱ‘Žȱ’›œȱ Š¢ȱ˜ȱ›Š—œ™˜›ȱ Šœȱ ‹¢ȱ˜’—ȱ˜—ȱ˜˜ǰȱ ‘Ž›Žȱ’—ȱœ˜–ŽȱŒŠœŽœȱŠ—’–Š•œȱ Ž›ŽȱžœŽǯȱ‘Žȱ’—ŸŽ—’˜—ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ ‘ŽŽ•ȱ –ŠŽȱ’ȱ™˜œœ’‹•Žȱ˜ȱžœŽȱŒŠ››’ŠŽœǯȱ˜›ȱŠȱ•˜—ȱ’–Žǰȱ˜—•¢ȱ›ŠŸŽ•ȱ›˜Šœȱ Ž›ŽȱžœŽǯȱ —ȱ‘Žȱ –’•Žȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ŗŝ‘ȱ ŒŽ—ž›¢ȱ ‘Žȱ ’›œȱ ™ŠŸŽȱ ›˜Šœȱ  Ž›Žȱ ‹ž’•ȱ ’—ȱ ‘Žȱ Ž‘Ž›•Š—œǯȱ —ȱ ‘ŽœŽȱ›˜Šœȱ‘ŽȱŒ˜—œ›žŒ’ŸŽȱŽ•Ž–Ž—ȱ Šœȱ‘Žȱ–˜œȱ’–™˜›Š—ȱŠœ™ŽŒǯȱ Š”’—ȱŒŠ›Žȱ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ Ž˜–Ž›’Œȱ Šœ™ŽŒȱ œŠ›Žȱ Š›˜ž—ȱ ŗşŘŖȱ ’—ȱ Œ˜ž—›’Žœȱ  ’‘ȱ Šȱ ŒŽ›Š’—ȱ Ž›ŽŽȱ ˜ȱ –˜˜›’£Š’˜—ǯȱ Žšž’›Ž–Ž—œȱ ›ŽŠ›’—ȱ Š•’—–Ž—ǰȱ Œ›˜œœȱ œŽŒ’˜—ǰȱ ‹ŽŠŒ˜—œȱ ŽŒǯȱ  Ž›Žȱ ŽŸŽ•˜™Žǰȱ ˜ȱ Ž—œž›Žȱ ›Š’Œȱ •˜ ȱ Š—ȱ ›˜Šȱ œŠŽ¢ǯȱ —ȱ ™›ŽœŽ—ȱ ’–Žȱ Š—ȱ Š’’˜—Š•ȱ Ž–™‘Šœ’œȱ’œȱ™•ŠŒŽȱ˜—ȱ‘Žȱ’—Ž›Š’˜—ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ›˜Šȱ’—˜ȱ’œȱŽ—Ÿ’›˜—–Ž—ǯȄȱ ȱ ‘’œȱ Œ’Š’˜—ȱ ’œȱ ›Š —ȱ ›˜–ȱ ‘Žȱ ’›œȱ žŒ‘ȱ ž’Ž•’—Žȱ ˜›ȱ Žœ’—’—ȱ –˜˜› Š¢œDZȱ‘Žȱȃ’Œ‘•’“—ȱŸ˜˜›ȱ‘Žȱ— Ž›™Ž—ȱŸŠ—ȱž˜œ—Ž• ŽŽ—ȄŗȱǻǼȱ ǻ’“”œ ŠŽ›œŠŠǰȱ ŗşŝśǼȱ Š—ȱ ’ȱ ’ŸŽœȱ Šȱ ‹›’Žȱ ŽœŒ›’™’˜—ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ™›˜›Žœœȱ ’—ȱ ‘’œ˜›¢ȱ ˜ȱ ›Š—œ™˜›Š’˜—ȱ ’—›Šœ›žŒž›Žȱ ŽŸŽ•˜™–Ž—ȱ ž—’•ȱ ŗşŝśǯȱ ‘ŽœŽȱ ŽŸŽ•˜™–Ž—œȱŠ•œ˜ȱ•Žȱ˜ȱŒ‘Š—Žœȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ›˜Šȱ—Ž ˜›”ǯȱ‘Ž›Žȱ‘Ž›ŽȱžœŽȱ˜ȱ ‹Žȱ ˜—•¢ȱ ˜—Žȱ ¢™Žȱ ˜ȱ ›˜Šȱ ’—ȱ ‘Žȱ ™Šœǰȱ —˜ ŠŠ¢œȱ ‘Ž›Žȱ ’œȱ Šȱ ž—Œ’˜—Š•ȱ ŒŠŽ˜›’£Š’˜—ȱ˜ȱ›˜Šœȱ ’‘’—ȱ‘Žȱ›˜Šȱ—Ž ˜›”ǰȱ ‘Ž›Žȱ ˜ȱ–Š“˜›ȱž—Œ’˜—œȱ Š›Žȱ’œ’—ž’œ‘Žȱ˜›ȱ›Š’ŒDZȱ˜ȱ•˜ ȱŠ—ȱ˜ȱŽ¡Œ‘Š—Žǯȱ‘ŽœŽȱŠ›ŽȱŸŽ›¢ȱ’Ž›Ž—ȱ ž—Œ’˜—œǰȱ Š—ȱ ‘Ž¢ȱ ŽŠŒ‘ȱ ›Žšž’›Žȱ Šȱ œ™ŽŒ’’Œȱ ’—›Šœ›žŒž›Žǰȱ Šȱ œ™ŽŒ’’Œȱ Žœ’—ȱ Š—ȱœ™ŽŒ’’ŒȱžœŽȱ›Žšž’›Ž–Ž—œȱ˜ȱ–Š”ŽȱœŠŽǻ›Ǽȱ›˜Šȱ›Š’Œȱ™˜œœ’‹•ŽȱǻŽ–Š—ȱ ŽȱŠ•ǯȱŘŖŖŞǼǯȱ ȱ ’‘’—ȱ ‘Žȱ ŒŠŽ˜›’£Š’˜—ȱ ˜ȱ ›˜Šœǰȱ Šȱ –˜˜› Š¢ȱ ž•’•œȱ ‘Žȱ ž—Œ’˜—ȱ ˜ȱ ŠŒ’•’Š’—ȱ ›Š’Œȱ •˜ ǯȱ ˜ȱ ‘’œȱ Ž—ȱ ‘Žȱ ȱ ǻ ȱ ŘŖŖŖǼȱ Ž’—Žœȱ Šȱ –˜˜› Š¢ȱŠœDZȱȃȱ’Ÿ’Žȱ‘’‘ Š¢ȱ ’‘ȱž••ȱŒ˜—›˜•ȱ˜ȱŠŒŒŽœœȱŠ—ȱ ˜ȱ˜›ȱ–˜›Žȱ•Š—Žœȱ ˜›ȱ ‘Žȱ Ž¡Œ•žœ’ŸŽȱ žœŽȱ ˜ȱ ›Š’Œȱ ’—ȱ ŽŠŒ‘ȱ ’›ŽŒ’˜—ǯȱ ˜˜› Š¢œȱ ™›˜Ÿ’Žȱ ž—’—Ž››ž™Žȱ •˜ ǯȱ ‘Ž›Žȱ Š›Žȱ —˜ȱ œ’—Š•’£Žȱ ˜›ȱ œ˜™ȬŒ˜—›˜••Žȱ ŠȬ›ŠŽȱ ’—Ž›œŽŒ’˜—œǰȱ Š—ȱ ’›ŽŒȱ ŠŒŒŽœœȱ ˜ȱ Š—ȱ ›˜–ȱ Š“ŠŒŽ—ȱ ™›˜™Ž›¢ȱ ’œȱ —˜ȱ ™Ž›–’Žǯȱ ŒŒŽœœȱ ˜ȱ Š—ȱ ›˜–ȱ ‘Žȱ –˜˜› Š¢ȱ’œȱ•’–’Žȱ˜ȱ›Š–™ȱ•˜ŒŠ’˜—œǯȱ™™˜œ’—ȱ’›ŽŒ’˜—œȱ˜ȱ•˜ ȱŠ›ŽȱŒ˜—’—ž˜žœ•¢ȱ œŽ™Š›ŠŽȱ ‹¢ȱ Šȱ ›Š’œŽȱ ‹Š››’Ž›ǰȱ Š—ȱ ŠȬ›ŠŽȱ –Ž’Š—ǰȱ ˜›ȱ Šȱ Œ˜—’—ž˜žœȱ ›Š’œŽȱ –Ž’Š—ǯȱ ™Ž›Š’—ȱ Œ˜—’’˜—œȱ ˜—ȱ Šȱ –˜˜› Š¢ȱ ™›’–Š›’•¢ȱ ›Žœž•ȱ ›˜–ȱ ’—Ž›ŠŒ’˜—œȱ Š–˜—ȱ ŸŽ‘’Œ•Žœȱ Š—ȱ ›’ŸŽ›œȱ ’—ȱ ‘Žȱ ›Š’Œȱ œ›ŽŠ–ȱ Š—ȱ Š–˜—ȱ ŸŽ‘’Œ•Žœǰȱ ›’ŸŽ›œǰȱ Š—ȱ ‘Žȱ Ž˜–Ž›’ŒȱŒ‘Š›ŠŒŽ›’œ’Œœȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ–˜˜› Š¢Ȅǯȱ ȱ ŗ. ȱ. ȱ›Š—œ•ŠŽDZȱȃ ž’Ž•’—Žȱ˜›ȱ‘ŽȱŽœ’—ȱ˜ȱ–˜˜› Š¢œȄȱ. ş.

(11) ¢ȱœŽ™Š›Š’—ȱŸŽ‘’Œ•Žœǰȱ‘Šȱ–˜ŸŽȱŠȱŠȱ‘’‘ȱœ™ŽŽȱŠ—ȱ’—ȱ˜™™˜œ’—ȱ’›ŽŒ’˜—œǰȱ Šȱ–˜˜› Š¢ȱ’œȱ›Ž•Š’ŸŽ•¢ȱœŠŽȱǻŽ–Š—ȱŽȱŠ•ǯȱŘŖŖŞǼǯȱŽŒŠžœŽȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ‘’‘ȱ›ŠŸŽ•ȱ œ™ŽŽœȱ ˜—ȱ –˜˜› Š¢œǰȱ ’ȱ ’œȱ ’–™˜›Š—ȱ ‘Šȱ ‘Žȱ Žœ’—ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ›˜Šȱ ’œȱ ™›Ž’ŒŠ‹•Žȱ ˜›ȱ ’œȱ žœŽ›œǯȱ ‘’œȱ –ŽŠ—œȱ ‘Šȱ ‘Žȱ Žœ’—ȱ —ŽŽœȱ ˜ȱ œž™™˜›ȱ ‘Žȱ žœŽ›ȂœȱŽ¡™ŽŒŠ’˜—œȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ›˜Šǯȱ‘ŽȱŽœ’—ȱ˜ȱŠ••ȱ›˜ŠȱŽ•Ž–Ž—œȱ—ŽŽȱ˜ȱ‹Žȱ’—ȱ •’—Žȱ ’‘ȱ‘ŽœŽȱŽ¡™ŽŒŠ’˜—œȱŠ—ȱœ‘˜ž•ȱ‘Ž›Ž˜›Žȱ‹Žȱž—’˜›–ȱ‘›˜ž‘˜žȱ‘Žȱ –˜˜› Š¢ȱ—Ž ˜›”ȱǻŽ–Š—ȱŽȱŠ•ǯȱŘŖŖŞǼǯȱ˜ȱœŽŒž›Žȱž—’˜›–’¢ȱ’—ȱ–˜˜› Š¢ȱ Žœ’—ǰȱ ’“”œ ŠŽ›œŠŠȱ ǻ‘Žȱ Š’˜—Š•ȱ ˜Šœȱ ž‘˜›’¢ȱ  ’‘’—ȱ ‘Žȱ žŒ‘ȱ ’—’œ›¢ȱ ˜ȱ —›Šœ›žŒž›Žȱ Š—ȱ ŠŽ›ȱ Š—ŠŽ–Ž—Ǽȱ œŠ›Žȱ ˜ȱ ŽŸŽ•˜™ȱ –˜˜› Š¢ȱ Žœ’—ȱ ž’Ž•’—Žœȱ ’—ȱ ‘Žȱ ŗşŝŖœȱ ǻ’“”œ ŠŽ›œŠŠȱ ŗşŝśǼǯȱ ‘ŽœŽȱ ž’Ž•’—Žœȱ  Ž›Žȱ ™Š›•¢ȱ ‹ŠœŽȱ ˜—ȱ ‘Žȱ ȱ ž’Ž•’—Žœǰȱ œžŒ‘ȱ ŠœDZȱ ‘Žȱ ȃ˜•’Œ¢ȱ Ž˜–Ž›’ŒȱŽœ’—ȱ ’‘ Š¢œȄȱ‹¢ȱ‘Žȱ–Ž›’ŒŠ—ȱœœ˜Œ’Š’˜—ȱ˜ȱŠŽȱ ’‘ Š¢ȱ ’Œ’Š•œȱ ǻ Ǽȱ Š—ȱ ‘Žȱ ȃ ’‘ Š¢ȱ Š™ŠŒ’¢ȱ Š—žŠ•Ȅȱ ǻ Ǽȱ ‹¢ȱ ‘Žȱ ›Š—œ™˜›Š’˜—ȱ ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱ ˜Š›ȱ ǻǼǯȱ ‘Ž›ȱ Ž¡Š–™•Žœȱ Š›Žȱ ‘Žȱ ȃ’Œ‘•’—’Ž—ȱ û›ȱ’Žȱ—•ŠŽȱŸ˜—ȱž˜‹Š‘—Ž—ȄȱǻȱŘŖŖŞǼȱ ’—ȱ Ž›–Š—¢ǰȱŠ—ȱ‘ŽȱȄŽœ’—ȱ Š—žŠ•ȱ˜›ȱ˜ŠœȱŠ—ȱ›’ŽœȄȱǻȱŗşşŚǼȱ’—ȱ ›ŽŠȱ›’Š’—ǯȱ ȱ Žœ’—ȱ ž’Ž•’—Žœȱ ž’Žȱ Žœ’—Ž›œȱ ’—ȱ ‘Ž’›ȱ  ˜›”ȱ Š—ǰȱ Šœȱ Šȱ ›Žœž•ǰȱ•’–’ȱ ‘Ž’›ȱ œ˜•ž’˜—ȱ œ™ŠŒŽȱ ˜ȱ Šȱ ŒŽ›Š’—ȱ Ž¡Ž—ǯȱ ‘Žȱ ›Š’˜—Š•Žȱ ’œȱ ˜ȱ ™›ŽœŽ—ȱ Šȱ ›ŽŒ˜—’£Š‹•Žȱ ›˜ŠȱŽœ’—ȱ˜ȱ›˜ŠȱžœŽ›œȱŠ—ȱ˜ȱ‹ž’•ȱ›˜ŠȱžœŽ›ȱŽ¡™ŽŒŠ’˜—œȱŠ‹˜žȱ‘Žȱ›˜Šȱ Œ˜ž›œŽȱ ‘›˜ž‘ȱ Œ˜—œ’œŽ—Œ¢ȱ Š—ȱ Œ˜—’—ž’¢ȱ ˜ȱ ›˜Šȱ Žœ’—ȱ Ž•Ž–Ž—œȱ ’—ȱ Œ˜–‹’—Š’˜—ȱ  ’‘ȱ ›Š’Œȱ ›ž•Žœȱ Š—ȱ ›Žž•Š’˜—œȱ ǻŽ–Š—ȱ Žȱ Š•ǯǰȱ ŘŖŖŞǼǯȱ œȱ Šȱ ›Žœž•ȱ ›˜Šȱ žœŽ›œȱ  ’••ȱ –Š”Žȱ –˜›Žȱ Œ˜››ŽŒȱ Š—ȱ œŠŽȱ ŽŒ’œ’˜—œǰȱ Š—ȱ ‘žœȱ •Žœœȱ Ž››˜›œȱ ’—ȱ ›Š’Œǯȱ ‘’œȱ  ’••ȱ ›Žœž•ȱ ’—ȱ •˜ Ž›ȱ ›’œ”œǯȱ ‘’œȱ Š™™›˜ŠŒ‘ȱ ’œȱ ŽŸŽ—ȱ –˜›Žȱ ’–™˜›Š—ȱ’—ȱŠȱ‘’‘ȱœ™ŽŽȱŽ—Ÿ’›˜—–Ž—ǰȱŠœȱ’œȱ‘ŽȱŒŠœŽȱ˜—ȱ–˜˜› Š¢œǯȱ ȱ ›’’—Š••¢ǰȱ‘ŽȱžŒ‘ȱž’Ž•’—Žœȱ Ž›Žȱ˜—•¢ȱžœŽȱ‹¢ȱ’“”œ ŠŽ›œŠŠǰȱ˜ȱœ‘Š›Žȱ ’—˜›–Š’˜—ȱ ›ŽŠ›’—ȱ Žœ’—ȱ ™˜•’Œ¢ǰȱ ŽŒ’œ’˜—œȱ –ŠŽȱ ’—ȱ ‘Žȱ ™Šœȱ Š—ȱ œŠ—Š›ȱŽœ’—ȱœ˜•ž’˜—œǯȱ‘ŽȱŽŸŽ•˜™–Ž—œȱ’—ȱŽŒ‘—˜•˜¢ȱŠ—ȱ‘Žȱ’Ž›Ž—ȱ Œ‘Š—Žœȱ ’—ȱ’“”œ ŠŽ›œŠŠȂœȱ™˜•’Œ¢ȱ›ŽŠ›’—ȱ–˜˜› Š¢ȱŽœ’—ǰȱ‘ŠŸŽȱ•Žȱ˜ȱ œŽŸŽ›Š•ȱ›ŽŸ’œ’˜—œȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ–˜˜› Š¢ȱŽœ’—ȱž’Ž•’—ŽœDZȱ’—ȱŗşşŘȱǻ’“”œ ŠŽ›œŠŠȱ ŗşşŘǼǰȱ ’—ȱ ŗşşşȱ ǻ ‘’Œ‘ȱ  Šœȱ —ŽŸŽ›ȱ ™ž‹•’œ‘ŽǼǰȱ ’—ȱ ŘŖŖŝȱ ǻ’“”œ ŠŽ›œŠŠȱ ŘŖŖŝǼǰȱ Š—ȱ›ŽŒŽ—•¢ȱ’—ȱŘŖŗśȱŠ—ȱŘŖŗŝȱǻ’“”œ ŠŽ›œŠŠȱŘŖŗŝǼǯȱ —ȱ‘ŽœŽȱ¢ŽŠ›œȱ—˜ȱ˜—•¢ȱ ‘Žȱ ž’Ž•’—Žœȱ Œ‘Š—Žǰȱ ‹žȱ Š•œ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ›Š’Œȱ ˜—ȱ –˜˜› Š¢œȱ žŽȱ ˜ȱ Œ‘Š—’—ȱ Œ‘Š›ŠŒŽ›’œ’Œœȱ˜ȱŸŽ‘’Œ•ŽœȱŠ—ȱ‘Žȱ™Ž—Ž›Š’˜—ȱ˜ȱŽŒ‘—˜•˜¢ȱ’—ȱŸŽ‘’Œ•ŽœȱǻŽǯǯȱ ǰȱ ŸŠ—ŒŽȱ ›’ŸŽ›Ȭœœ’œŠ—ŒŽȱ ¢œŽ–œǼǯȱ ‘Žȱ ž’Ž•’—Žœȱ ‘˜ ŽŸŽ›ǰȱ ’ȱ —˜ȱŽŸŽ•˜™ȱŠœȱ›Š™’•¢ȱŠœȱŽŒ‘—˜•˜¢ȱŠ—ȱ˜ȱ‘’œȱŠ¢ȱ•Š›Žȱ™Š›œȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱŽœ’—ȱ ž’Ž•’—Žœȱ ›Ž–Š’—ȱ ž—Œ‘Š—Žȱ œ’—ŒŽȱ ‘Žȱ ’›œȱ ž’Ž•’—Žœȱ ›˜–ȱ ‘Žȱ ŗşŝŖœǯȱ ŽŒŠžœŽȱ˜ȱ‘’œǰȱ‘ŽȱŸŠ•’’¢ȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱŒž››Ž—ȱžŒ‘ȱž’Ž•’—ŽœȱŒŠ—ȱ‹ŽȱšžŽœ’˜—Žǯȱ. ȱ. ŗŖ.

(12) Žœ’Žœȱ ŽŒ‘—˜•˜¢ǰȱ Š•œ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ  Š¢ȱ ’—ȱ  ‘’Œ‘ȱ ‘Žȱ ž’Ž•’—Žœȱ Š›Žȱ žœŽȱ ‘ŠŸŽȱ Œ‘Š—Žǯȱ ‘Žȱ ˜•Ž›ȱ ŸŽ›œ’˜—œȱ ’ȱ —˜ȱ ™›ŽœŒ›’‹Žȱ ˜—Žȱ œ™ŽŒ’’Œȱ œ˜•ž’˜—ȱ ˜›ȱ Šȱ œ™ŽŒ’’Œȱ œ’žŠ’˜—ȱ Š—ȱ •Žȱ ›˜˜–ȱ ˜›ȱ Žœ’—ȱ Œ‘˜’ŒŽœȱ Š—ȱ Œ˜—œ’Ž›Š’˜—œǯȱ ‘’œȱ  ˜›”œȱ Ž••ȱ’ȱ‘ŽȱŽœ’—ȱ™›˜ŒŽœœȱ’œȱŠ’–ŽȱŠȱ›ŽŠŒ‘’—ȱŠȱ‘’‘ȱ•ŽŸŽ•ȱ˜ȱšžŠ•’¢ǰȱ ’—ȱŽ›–œȱ˜ȱœŠŽ¢ȱŠ—ȱŒŠ™ŠŒ’¢ǰȱ ’‘’—ȱ›ŽŠœ˜—Š‹•ŽȱŒ˜œœǯȱ ȱ ȱ Œ‘Š—Žȱ ’—ȱ ™˜•’Œ¢ȱ ’—ȱ ŘŖŖŚȱ –ŠŽȱ ’“”œ ŠŽ›œŠŠȱ ŽŒ’Žȱ ˜ȱ ˜Œžœȱ –Š’—•¢ȱ ˜—ȱ ‘Ž’›ȱ–Š’—ȱŠœ”DZȱ—Ž ˜›”ȱ–Š—ŠŽ–Ž—ǯȱ‘Žȱ˜Š•ȱ˜ȱ‘’œȱŒ‘Š—Žȱ Šœȱ˜ȱŽ•’ŸŽ›ȱ –˜›Žȱ šžŠ•’¢ȱ  ’‘ȱ Ž Ž›ȱ ™Ž˜™•Žȱ ǻ’“”œ ŠŽ›œŠŠȱ ŘŖŖŚǼǯȱ —ȱ •’—Žȱ  ’‘ȱ ‘’œȱ ŽŒ’œ’˜—ǰȱ ’“”œ ŠŽ›œŠŠȂœȱ –Š’—ȱ Œ˜—ŒŽ›—ȱ ›ŽŠ›’—ȱ –˜˜› Š¢ȱ ‹ŽŒŠ–Žȱ ‘Žȱ ž—Œ’˜—ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ›˜Šǯȱ ‘Žȱ ’—›Šœ›žŒž›Š•ȱ Žœ’—ȱ  Šœȱ —˜ȱ •˜—Ž›ȱ Šȱ –Š’—ȱ Œ˜—ŒŽ›—ǯȱ‘Žȱȱ Šœȱ›ŽŸ’œŽȱŠŒŒ˜›’—•¢ȱŠ—ȱ‘’œȱ›ŽŸ’œ’˜—ȱ›Žœž•Žȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ ȃ’Žž Žȱ — Ž›™›’Œ‘•’“—ȱ Ÿ˜˜›ȱ ž˜œ—Ž• ŽŽ—ȄŘȱ ǻǼȱ ǻ’“”œ ŠŽ›œŠŠȱ ŘŖŖŝǼǯȱ ‘’œȱ ž’Ž•’—Žȱ ™›˜Ÿ’Žȱ ŽŸŽ—ȱ •Žœœȱ œŠ—Š›ȱ œ˜•ž’˜—œȱ Š—ȱ  Šœȱ Š’–Žȱ ˜ȱ ’ŸŽȱ –˜›Žȱ ›˜˜–ȱ ˜ȱ –Š”Žȱ Šȱ ž—Œ’˜—Š•ȱ ›ŠŽȬ˜ȱ ˜›ȱ Žœ’—ȱ Œ‘˜’ŒŽœǯȱ ‘Žȱ ˜••˜ ’—ȱ šž˜Žȱ ›˜–ȱ ‘Žȱ ȱ Ž™’Œœȱ ‘’œȱ —’ŒŽ•¢DZȱ ȃ —ȱ ‘Žȱ ǰȱ ‘Žȱ ›˜Šȱ Žœ’—Ž›ȱ ˜Žœȱ —˜ȱ œŠ—ȱ Š•˜—Žǯȱ ‘Žȱ —Ž ȱž’Ž•’—Žȱ –Š”Žœȱ œž›Žȱ ‘Šȱ ‘Žȱ Žœ’—Ž›ȱ ‘Šœȱ ŠŒŒŽœœȱ˜ȱŠ••ȱ’—˜›–Š’˜—ȱ‘Šȱ’œȱ—ŽŽŽȱ˜ȱ‹Žȱ™›Ž™Š›Žȱ˜›ȱ‘Žȱ“˜‹ǯȱ•Š›’¢ȱŠ‹˜žȱ‘˜ ȱŠȱ Žœ’—ȱ ’œȱ ‘Žȱ ˜Š•œȱ ›ŽŠ›’—ǰȱ ˜›ȱ Ž¡Š–™•Žǰȱ –˜‹’•’¢ȱ Š—ȱ Ž—Ÿ’›˜—–Ž—ǯȱ žȱ Š•œ˜ȱ Š‹˜žȱ ™›˜Ÿ’’—ȱ ’—›Šœ›žŒž›Žȱ Š—ȱ ›Š’Œȱ –Š—ŠŽ–Ž—ǰȱ Š›ŽŽ–Ž—œȱ ˜—ȱ Šȱ ˜ŸŽ›—–Ž—Š•ȱ•ŽŸŽ•ȱ˜›ȱ‘ŽȱŒ˜––ž—’¢ǰȱŒ˜—œ›žŒ’˜—ȱŒ˜œœȱŠ—ȱ•’ŽȬŒ¢Œ•ŽȱŒ˜œœǯȄȱ ȱ —ȱ •’—Žȱ  ’‘ȱ ‘Žȱ ˜Š•ȱ ˜ȱ ™›˜Ÿ’Žȱ –˜›Žȱ šžŠ•’¢ȱ  ’‘ȱ Ž Ž›ȱ ™Ž˜™•Žǰȱ ’“”œ ŠŽ›œŠŠȱ ŽŒ’Žȱ ˜ȱ ˜žœ˜ž›ŒŽȱ Šœ”œȱ •’”Žȱ Žœ’—ǰȱ Œ˜—œ›žŒ’˜—ȱ Š—ȱ –Š’—Ž—Š—ŒŽȱ  ˜›”œȱ ˜ȱ ™›’ŸŠŽȱ Œ˜—›ŠŒ˜›œȱ ǻ’“”œ ŠŽ›œŠŠȱ ŘŖŖŚǼǰȱ  ’‘’—ȱ œ˜Ȭ ŒŠ••Žȱ ȃ —Ž›ŠŽȱ ˜—›ŠŒœȄǯȱ ‘ŽœŽȱ Œ˜—›ŠŒœȱ Š›Žȱ Ž—Ž›Žǯȱ ˜ ŠŠ¢œǰȱ ‘Žȱ Žœ’—ǰȱ Š—ȱ ‘žœȱ ‘Žȱ ž—Œ’˜—Š•ȱ ›ŠŽȬ˜ȱ ˜›ȱ Œ‘˜’ŒŽœȱ ’—ȱ –˜˜› Š¢ȱ Žœ’—ȱ œ˜•ž’˜—œǰȱ ‘Šœȱ ‹ŽŒ˜–Žȱ –˜›Žȱ Š—ȱ –˜›Žȱ ‘Žȱ ›Žœ™˜—œ’‹’•’¢ȱ ˜ȱ ™›’ŸŠŽȱ Œ˜–™Š—’ŽœǯȱžȱžŽȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱŒ˜–™Ž’’˜—ȱ‹Ž ŽŽ—ȱŽ—Ž›ȱŒ˜–™Ž’˜›œǰȱ‘Ž›Žȱ’œȱŠȱ ›’œ”ȱ‘Šȱ›ŽžŒ’—ȱŒ˜œœȱŽœȱŠȱ‘’‘Ž›ȱ™›’˜›’¢ȱ‘Š—ȱ™›˜Ÿ’’—ȱŠȱ‘’‘ȱ•ŽŸŽ•ȱ˜ȱ šžŠ•’¢ȱ Š—ȱ œŠŽ¢ǯȱ ˜ȱ –Š—ŠŽȱ ‘’œȱ ›’œ”ǰȱ Šȱ Œ•ŽŠ›ȱ ŽœŒ›’™’˜—ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ›Žšž’›Žȱ •ŽŸŽ•ȱ ˜ȱ šžŠ•’¢ǰȱ ’—ȱ Ž›–œȱ ˜ȱ Œ˜—œ’œŽ—Œ¢ȱ Š—ȱ Œ˜—’—ž’¢ȱ ˜ȱ ›˜Šȱ Žœ’—ȱ Ž•Ž–Ž—œǰȱ›Š’ŒȱœŠŽ¢ȱŠ—ȱ–˜˜› Š¢ȱŒŠ™ŠŒ’¢ȱ’œȱŽœ’›Žǯȱ ȱ. ȱ Ř. ȱ. ȱ›Š—œ•ŠŽDZȱȃ‘Žȱ—Ž ȱŽœ’—ȱž’Ž•’—Žȱ˜›ȱ–˜˜› Š¢œȄȱ. ŗŗ.

(13) ‘Žȱ ŽŸŽ•˜™–Ž—œȱ ’—ȱ ŽŒ‘—˜•˜¢ȱ Š—ȱ ™˜•’Œ¢ȱ ǻ˜žœ˜ž›Œ’—ȱ ˜ȱ Žœ’—ȱ ›Žœ™˜—œ’‹’•’¢Ǽǰȱ •Žȱ ’“”œ ŠŽ›œŠŠȱ ˜ȱ ›ŽŸ’œŽȱ ‘Žȱ –˜˜› Š¢ȱ Žœ’—ȱ ž’Ž•’—Žȱ ˜—ŒŽȱŠŠ’—ǯȱ‘Žȱ˜Š•ȱ˜ȱ‘’œȱ›ŽŸ’œ’˜—ȱ Šœȱ ˜˜•ȱǻȱŘŖŖşǼDZȱ • ˜ȱ–Š”Žȱ’ȱœž’Š‹•ŽȱŠœȱŠȱœŽȱ˜ȱ›Žšž’›Ž–Ž—œȱ’—ȱŽ›–œȱ˜ȱ›Š’ŒȱœŠŽ¢ȱŠ—ȱ ŒŠ™ŠŒ’¢Dzȱ • ˜ȱ™›˜Ÿ’Žȱ‘Žȱǻ‘Ž˜›Ž’ŒŠ•Ǽȱ‹ŠŒ”›˜ž—ȱ‹Ž‘’—ȱ‘Žȱž’Ž•’—Žǰȱ’—ȱ˜›Ž›ȱ ˜ȱž—Ž›œŠ—ȱ ‘¢ȱŒŽ›Š’—ȱŽœ’—ȱŒ‘˜’ŒŽœȱŠ›Žȱ˜›ȱŒŠ—ȱ‹Žȱ–ŠŽǯȱ ȱ ž›’—ȱ‘Žȱ›ŽŸ’œ’˜—ȱ’ȱ‹ŽŒŠ–ŽȱŒ•ŽŠ›ȱ‘ŠǰȱŽœ™’ŽȱŠȱ•˜—ȱ›Š’’˜—ȱ˜ȱ›ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱ  ’‘’—ȱ ’“”œ ŠŽ›œŠŠǰȱ Šȱ œ˜•’ȱ Š—ȱ Œ˜–™›Ž‘Ž—œ’ŸŽȱ ‘Ž˜›Ž’ŒŠ•ǰȱ ˜›ȱ ŽŸ’Ž—ŒŽȱ ‹ŠœŽȱ ‹ŠŒ”›˜ž—ȱ  Šœȱ –’œœ’—ȱ ˜›ȱ ’Ž›Ž—ȱ ™Š›œȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ž’Ž•’—Žœȱ ǻ’Ž—‹˜Ž›ȱŠ—ȱŠ—ȱŽ’—ž–ȱŘŖŗŖǼǯȱ–˜—ȱ‘ŽœŽȱ Ž›ŽDZȱ • ‘ŽȱŸŠ•’’¢ȱ˜ȱž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ’œŠ—ŒŽœȱ’—ȱ›Ž•Š’˜—ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ•˜ ȦŒŠ™ŠŒ’¢ȱ›ŠŽȱ Š—ȱ˜›ȱ–˜˜› Š¢œȱ ’‘ȱ–˜›Žȱ‘Š—ȱ ˜ȱ•Š—ŽœDzȱ • ‘Žȱ›Žšž’›Žȱ•Ž—‘ȱ˜›ȱ–Š—Š˜›¢ȱ•Š—ŽȬŒ‘Š—Žœȱ’—ȱ›Ž•Š’˜—ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ •˜ ȦŒŠ™ŠŒ’¢ȱ›Š’˜ȱŠ—ȱ‘Žȱ•Ž—‘ȱ˜ȱ ŽŠŸ’—ȱœŽ–Ž—œǯȱ ȱ ˜›ȱ‘ŽœŽȱ˜™’Œœǰȱ ’ȱ ŠœȱŽŒ’Žȱ˜ȱ™Ž›˜›–ȱŠ’’˜—Š•ȱ›ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱ˜ȱ™›˜Ÿ’ŽȱŠȱ œ˜•’ȱ ‘Ž˜›Ž’ŒŠ•ȱ Š—ȱ Ž–™’›’ŒŠ•ȱ ž—Ž›™’——’—ȱ ˜›ȱ œž™™˜›’—ȱ ‘Žȱ ž’Ž•’—Žǰȱ Š—ȱ˜ȱŒ‘Š—Žȱ‘Žȱž’Ž•’—ŽȱŠŒŒ˜›’—ȱ˜ȱ›ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱ’—’—œȱ’ȱ—ŽŒŽœœŠ›¢ǯȱ‘’œȱ ›ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱ ‘Šœǰȱ ’—ȱ ™Š›’Œž•Š›ǰȱ ˜ŒžœœŽȱ ˜—ȱ ‘Žȱ Œ˜—ŒŽ™ȱ ˜ȱ ž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ —ŽŠ›ȱ ˜—Ȭ ›Š–™œǰȱ˜Ȭ›Š–™œȱŠ—ȱ ŽŠŸ’—ȱœŽ–Ž—œǯȱȱž›‘Ž›ȱŽ¡™•Š—Š’˜—ȱ˜ȱ ‘Šȱ‘’œȱ Œ˜—ŒŽ™ȱŽ—Š’•œǰȱ’œȱ’ŸŽ—ȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ˜••˜ ’—ȱœŽŒ’˜—ǯȱ. ŗǯŗǯ. Ž—Ž›Š•ȱŒ˜—ŒŽ™ȱ˜ȱž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ. Ž—Ž›Š•ȱŒ‘Š›ŠŒŽ›’œ’Œœȱ˜ȱž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ ‘Žȱ Œ˜—ŒŽ™ȱ ˜ȱ ž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽǰȱ Šœȱ ’ȱ ’œȱ žœŽȱ ’—ȱ –˜˜› Š¢ȱ Žœ’—ȱ ž’Ž•’—Žœǰȱ —˜ȱ ˜—•¢ȱ ’—ȱ ‘Žȱ Ž‘Ž›•Š—œȱ ‹žȱ Š•œ˜ȱ Ž•œŽ ‘Ž›Žǰȱ ’–™•’Žœȱ Šȱ ’œž›‹Š—ŒŽȱ ’—ȱ ‘Žȱ ›Š’Œȱœ›ŽŠ–ǰȱ‘Šȱ’œȱŒŠžœŽȱ‹¢ȱŸŽ‘’Œ•Žœȱ‘Šȱ–Š”Žȱ›˜žŽȱŒ‘˜’ŒŽȱ›Ž•ŠŽȱ•Š—ŽȬ Œ‘Š—Žœǰȱ ŒŠžœ’—ȱ Š’’˜—Š•ȱ •Š—ŽȬŒ‘Š—Žœǰȱ œ™ŽŽȱ Œ‘Š—Žœǰȱ Š—ȱ ‘ŽŠ Š¢ȱ Œ‘Š—Žœȱ‹¢ȱ˜‘Ž›ȱœž››˜ž—’—ȱ›˜ŠȱžœŽ›œǯȱ‘ŽœŽȱ¢™Žȱ˜ȱ•Š—ŽȬŒ‘Š—Žœȱ˜ŒŒž›ȱ Šȱ•˜ŒŠ’˜—œȱ˜—ȱ‘Žȱ–˜˜› Š¢ǰȱ ‘Ž›Žȱ‘Žȱ—ž–‹Ž›ȱ˜ȱ–˜˜› Š¢ȱ•Š—ŽœȱŒ‘Š—Žœǯȱ ‘ŽœŽȱ •˜ŒŠ’˜—œȱ Š›Žȱ ›ŽŽ››Žȱ ˜ȱ Šœȱ ȃ’œŒ˜—’—ž’’ŽœȄǯȱ ‘Š—’—ȱ •Š—Žœǰȱ ‘˜ ŽŸŽ›ǰȱ’œȱŠȱ•Ž’’–ŠŽȱ–Š—˜ŽžŸ›Žȱ˜—ȱŠȱ–˜˜› Š¢ǯȱž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ’œȱ‘Ž›Ž˜›Žȱ ›ŽŠ›Žȱ˜ȱ‹Žȱ Šȱ Œ˜––˜—ȱ Š—ȱ ž—ŠŸ˜’Š‹•Žȱ ™‘Ž—˜–Ž—˜—ȱ’—ȱ Šȱ ›Š’Œȱ œ›ŽŠ–ȱ ǻ ȱ ŘŖŗŖǼǰȱ Š—ȱ  ’••ȱ ‘ŠŸŽȱ Šȱ ‘’‘Ž›ȱ –Š—’žŽȱ Š›˜ž—ȱ –˜˜› Š¢ȱ ’œŒ˜—’—ž’’Žœȱǻ ˜—¢•’ȱŠ—ȱ•ŽŽ›’Š˜žȱŘŖŗŗǼǯȱ ȱ. ȱ. ŗŘ.

(14) Ž’—’’˜—ȱ˜ȱž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ —ȱ•’Ž›Šž›Žȱž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ’œȱ–Ž—’˜—Žǰȱ¢Žȱ—˜ȱŽ¡™•’Œ’ȱŽ’—’’˜—ȱ˜›ȱž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ ’œȱ ’ŸŽ—ǯȱ —•¢ȱ ‘Žȱ ŽŽŒœȱ Š—ȱ Œ‘Š›ŠŒŽ›’œ’Œœȱ ˜ȱ ž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ Š›Žȱ –Ž—’˜—Žǯȱ ‘ŽœŽȱŠ›Žȱœ˜–ŽȱŽ¡Š–™•ŽœDZȱ • ȃŽŠŸ’—ȱœŽ–Ž—œȱ›Žšž’›Žȱ’—Ž—œŽȱ•Š—ŽȬŒ‘Š—’—ȱ–Š—˜ŽžŸ›ŽœȱŠœȱ›’ŸŽ›œȱ–žœȱ ŠŒŒŽœœȱ•Š—ŽœȱŠ™™›˜™›’ŠŽȱ˜ȱ‘Ž’›ȱŽœ’›ŽȱŽ¡’ȱ•Žǯȱ‘Ž›Ž˜›Žǰȱ›Š’Œȱ’—ȱŠȱ ŽŠŸ’—ȱ œŽ–Ž—ȱ’œȱœž‹“ŽŒȱ˜ȱ•Š—ŽȬŒ‘Š—’—ȱž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ’—ȱŽ¡ŒŽœœȱ˜ȱ‘Šȱ—˜›–Š••¢ȱ ™›ŽœŽ—ȱ˜—ȱ‹Šœ’Œȱ›ŽŽ Š¢ȱœŽ–Ž—œǯȱ‘’œȱŠ’’˜—Š•ȱž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ™›ŽœŽ—œȱ ˜™Ž›Š’˜—Š•ȱ™›˜‹•Ž–œȱŠ—ȱŽœ’—ȱ›Žšž’›Ž–Ž—œȄȱǻ ȱŘŖŗŖǼDzȱ • ȃŠ–™Ȭ›ŽŽ Š¢ȱ“ž—Œ’˜—œȱŒ›ŽŠŽȱž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ–Ž›’—ȱ˜›ȱ’ŸŽ›’—ȱ›Š’Œȱ œ›ŽŠ–ǯȱ —ȱŽ—Ž›Š•ǰȱ‘Žȱž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ’œȱ‘Žȱ›Žœž•ȱ˜ȱ‘’‘ȱ•Š—ŽȬŒ‘Š—’—ȱ›ŠŽœǯȱ‘Žȱ ŠŒ’˜—ȱ˜ȱ’—’Ÿ’žŠ•ȱ–Ž›’—ȱŸŽ‘’Œ•ŽœȱŽ—Ž›’—ȱ‘Žȱ›Š’Œȱœ›ŽŠ–ȱŒ›ŽŠŽœȱ ž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ’—ȱ‘ŽȱŸ’Œ’—’¢ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ›Š–™ǯȱ™™›˜ŠŒ‘’—ȱ›ŽŽ Š¢ȱŸŽ‘’Œ•Žœȱ–˜ŸŽȱ ˜ Š›ȱ‘Žȱ•Žȱ˜ȱŠŸ˜’ȱ‘Žȱž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽǯȱ‘žœǰȱ‘Žȱ›Š–™ȱ’—•žŽ—ŒŽȱŠ›ŽŠȱ Ž¡™Ž›’Ž—ŒŽœȱŠȱ‘’‘Ž›ȱ›ŠŽȱ˜ȱ•Š—ŽȬŒ‘Š—’—ȱ‘Š—ȱ’œȱ—˜›–Š••¢ȱ™›ŽœŽ—ȱ˜—ȱ›Š–™Ȭ ›ŽŽȱ™˜›’˜—œȱ˜ȱ›ŽŽ Š¢Ȅȱǻ ȱŘŖŗŖǼDzȱ • ž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱŒŠ—ȱ‹ŽȱŒŠ™ž›Žȱ‹¢ȱ˜ž›ȱŸŠ›’Š‹•ŽœDZȱȄǻŗǼȱŸŠ›’Š’˜—ȱ’—ȱœ™ŽŽœȱ’—ȱ ‘Žȱ•ŽȱŠ—ȱ’—Ž›’˜›ȱ•Š—ŽœǰȱǻŘǼȱŸŠ›’Š’˜—ȱ’—ȱœ™ŽŽȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ›’‘ȱ•Š—ŽǰȱǻřǼȱŸŠ›’Š’˜—ȱ ’—ȱ•˜ ȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ•ŽȱŠ—ȱ’—Ž›’˜›ȱ•Š—ŽœǰȱŠ—ȱǻŚǼȱŸŠ›’Š’˜—ȱ’—ȱ•˜ ȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ›’‘ȱ•Š—ŽȄȱ ǻ ˜•˜‹ȱŽȱŠ•ǯȱŘŖŖŚǼǯȱ ȱ ‘Žȱ’–™•’ŒŠ’˜—œȱ˜ȱž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱȱ ˜—¢•’ȱ Š—ȱ •ŽŽ›’Š˜žȱ ǻŘŖŗŘǼȱ ˜ž—ȱ ‘Šȱ ž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ žŽȱ ˜ȱ –Ž›’—ȱ –Š—˜ŽžŸ›Žœȱ’—’’ŠŽœȱŗŗŖȱ–ȱž™œ›ŽŠ–ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ˜—Ȭ›Š–™ȱ˜›ŽǯȱŒŒ˜›’—ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ ǻ ȱŘŖŗŖǼǰȱ‘ŽȱŠ›ŽŠȱ’—ȱ‘ŽȱŸ’Œ’—’¢ȱ˜ȱŠȱ›Š–™ȱ‘Šȱ’œȱ’—•žŽ—ŒŽȱ‹¢ȱ–Ž›’—ȱ ›Š’Œȱœ›ŽŒ‘Žœȱ›˜–ȱŠ‹˜žȱŚŜŖȱ–ȱǻŗǯśŖŖȱǯǼȱž™œ›ŽŠ–ȱ˜ȱŚŜŖȱ–ȱ˜ —œ›ŽŠ–ȱ ˜ȱ‘Žȱ˜›Žǯȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ‹Žœȱ˜ȱ˜ž›ȱ”—˜ •ŽŽȱ˜‘Ž›ȱ•’Ž›Š›¢ȱœ˜ž›ŒŽœȱ‘ŠȱŽœŒ›’‹Žœȱ ‘Žȱ œŠ›ȱ ˜›ȱ ‘Žȱ Ž—ȱ ˜ȱ Šȱ ›Š’œŽȱ •ŽŸŽ•ȱ ˜ȱ ž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ Š›Žȱ —˜ȱ ŠŸŠ’•Š‹•Žǯȱ ž›‘Ž›–˜›Žǰȱ ™Š›œȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ –˜˜› Š¢ȱ ‘Šȱ œžŽ›ȱ ‘’‘ȱ •ŽŸŽ•œȱ ˜ȱ ž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ –˜›Žȱ˜Ž—ȱž—Œ’˜—ȱŠœȱ‹˜•Ž—ŽŒ”œȱŠ—ȱœ‘˜ ȱ‘’‘Ž›ȱŒ›Šœ‘ȱ›ŠŽœǰȱŒ˜–™Š›Žȱ˜ȱ ›˜Šȱ œŽ–Ž—ȱ  ’‘ȱ •˜ ȱ ž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ ǻ‹Ž•Ȭ¢ȱ Š—ȱ Š—Žȱ ŘŖŖśDzȱ ȱ ŘŖŗŖDzȱ ˜•˜‹ȱŽȱŠ•ǯȱŘŖŖŚDzȱŽŽȱŽȱŠ•ǯȱŘŖŖřŠDzȱŽŽȱŽȱŠ•ǯȱŘŖŖŘǼǯȱ ȱ –™ŠŒȱ˜ȱ›˜ŠȱŽœ’—ȱŠ—ȱ›’ŸŽ›ȱ‹Ž‘ŠŸ’˜ž›ȱ˜—ȱž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ ‘Žȱ •ŽŸŽ•ȱ ˜ȱ ž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ ŒŠ—ȱ ‹Žȱ ’—•žŽ—ŒŽȱ ‹¢ȱ ‘Žȱ Žœ’—ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ›˜Šǯȱ ŒŒ˜›’—ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ž’Ž•’—Žœǰȱ ‘Žȱ •ŽŸŽ•ȱ ˜ȱ ž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ ’œȱ Ž¡™ŽŒŽȱ ˜ȱ ’—Œ›ŽŠœŽȱ  ‘Ž—ȱ ‘Žȱ ŠŸŠ’•Š‹•Žȱ •Ž—‘ȱ ˜›ȱ ™Ž›˜›–’—ȱ ›˜žŽȱ Œ‘˜’ŒŽȱ ›Ž•ŠŽȱ •Š—ŽȬŒ‘Š—Žœȱ ŽŒ›ŽŠœŽœǯȱ ‘Ž›Ž˜›Žǰȱ ž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ ‘Šœȱ ˜ȱ ‹Žȱ Š”Ž—ȱ ’—˜ȱ ŠŒŒ˜ž—ȱ ˜›ȱ ›Š–™ȱ œ™ŠŒ’—ȱǻ ȱŘŖŗŖDzȱ ȱŘŖŖŗDzȱȱŘŖŖŞDzȱ’“”œ ŠŽ›œŠŠȱŘŖŖŝDzȱȱ ŗşşŚǼǯȱ ˜ȱ ŽŽ›–’—Žȱ ‘Žȱ Œ˜››ŽŒȱ ›Š–™ȱ ’œŠ—ŒŽǰȱ ’ȱ ’œȱ ’–™˜›Š—ȱ ˜ȱ ‘ŠŸŽȱ. ȱ. ŗř.

(15) ”—˜ •ŽŽȱŠ‹˜žȱ‘Žȱ•˜ŒŠ’˜—ȱ ‘Ž›Žȱ‘Žȱ•ŽŸŽ•ȱ˜ȱž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱœŠ›œȱ˜ȱ’—Œ›ŽŠœŽȱ ž™œ›ŽŠ–ȱ˜ȱŠȱ’œŒ˜—’—ž’¢ǰȱŠ—ȱ ‘Ž›Žȱ‘Žȱž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ’œœ˜•ŸŽœȱ˜ —œ›ŽŠ–ȱ ˜ȱŠȱ’œŒ˜—’—ž’¢ǯȱž›‘Ž›–˜›Žǰȱ ‘Ž—ȱ ˜ȱ’œŒ˜—’—ž’’ŽœȱŠ›Žȱ•˜ŒŠŽȱŒ•˜œŽȱ˜ȱ ŽŠŒ‘ȱ ˜‘Ž›ǰȱ ‘Ž’›ȱ ž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ ’–™ŠŒȱ Š›ŽŠœȱ –’‘ȱ ˜ŸŽ›•Š™ǯȱ ‘’œȱ Œ˜—ŒŽ™ȱ ’œȱ œ‘˜ —ȱ’—ȱ’ž›Žȱŗǯŗǯȱ˜›ȱŠ—ȱ˜—Ȭ›Š–™ȱ‘Šȱ’œȱœžŒŒŽŽŽȱ‹¢ȱŠ—ȱ˜Ȭ›Š–™ǯȱ —ȱ‘’œȱ ŒŠœŽǰȱ ”—˜ •ŽŽȱ Š‹˜žȱ ‘Žȱ ’–™•’ŒŠ’˜—œȱ ˜›ȱ ›Š’Œȱ ˜™Ž›Š’˜—œȱ Š—ȱ ›Š’Œȱ œŠŽ¢ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ˜ŸŽ›•Š™ȱŠ—ȱ‘ŽȱœŽŸŽ›’¢ȱ˜ȱ‘’œȱ˜ŸŽ›•Š™ȱ’œȱ›Žšž’›Žǯȱ ȱ. ȱ ’ž›Žȱŗǯŗǯȱ˜—ŒŽ™ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ•ŽŸŽ•ȱ˜ȱž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱŠ›˜ž—ȱœžŒŒŽŽ’—ȱ›Š–™œǯȱ. Žœ’Žœȱ‘ŽȱŽœ’—ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ›˜Šǰȱ‘Žȱ•ŽŸŽ•ȱ˜ȱž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱŒŠ—ȱŠ•œ˜ȱ‹Žȱ’—•žŽ—ŒŽȱ ‹¢ȱ›’Ÿ’—ȱ‹Ž‘ŠŸ’˜ž›ǯȱ‘’œȱ‹Ž‘ŠŸ’˜ž›ȱ’œȱ’—•žŽ—ŒŽȱ‹¢ȱ›Š’Œȱ›ž•Žœȱ‘ŠȱŠ™™•¢ȱ ˜›ȱ –˜˜› Š¢ȱ ›Š’Œǯȱ ˜›ȱ –˜˜› Š¢ȱ ›Š’Œȱ ’—ȱ ‘Žȱ Ž‘Ž›•Š—œǰȱ  ˜ȱ œ™ŽŒ’’Œȱ ›ž•ŽœȱŠ›Žȱ›Ž•ŽŸŠ—ȱ˜›ȱ‘Žȱ•ŽŸŽ•ȱ˜ȱž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ—ŽŠ›ȱ–˜˜› Š¢ȱ›Š–™œDZȱ‘Žȱ›’‘Ȭ œ’Žȱ›ž•Žȱǻ’ǯŽǯȱ”ŽŽ™’—Ȭ›’‘ǼȱŠ—ȱ‘Žȱ•ŽŠ•ȱœ™ŽŽȱ•’–’ǯȱ ȱ ŒŒ˜›’—ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ›’‘Ȭœ’Žȱ ›ž•Žȱ ’ȱ ’œȱ –Š—Š˜›¢ȱ ˜›ȱ ›’ŸŽ›œȱ ’—ȱ ‘Žȱ Ž‘Ž›•Š—œȱ˜ȱŒ‘Š—Žȱ•Š—Žœȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ›’‘ȱ ‘Ž—ȱ‘Ž›Žȱ’œȱœž’Œ’Ž—ȱœ™ŠŒŽȱ˜ȱ˜ȱ œ˜ǯȱŸŽ›Š”’—ȱŠ”Žœȱ™•ŠŒŽȱ˜—ȱŠȱ•Žȱ•Š—Žǯȱ‘Žȱ•ŽŠ•ȱœ™ŽŽȱ•’–’ȱ˜›ȱ™ŠœœŽ—Ž›ȱ ŒŠ›œȱǻŗŖŖȦŗŘŖȦŗřŖȱ”–Ȧ‘Ǽȱ’Ž›œȱ›˜–ȱ‘Žȱ•’–’ȱ˜›ȱ›žŒ”œȱǻŞŖȱ”–Ȧ‘ǼȱŠ—ȱ‹žœŽœȱ ǻŗŖŖȱ ”–Ȧ‘ǰȱ œ˜–Ž’–Žœȱ ŞŖȱ ”–Ȧ‘Ǽǯȱ ‘Žȱ ’Ž›Ž—ŒŽœȱ ‹Ž ŽŽ—ȱ ‘Žȱ •ŽŠ•ȱ œ™ŽŽȱ •’–’œȱ˜›ȱ™ŠœœŽ—Ž›ȱŒŠ›œȱŠ—ȱ›žŒ”œȦ‹žœŽœȱŽ—Ž›ŠŽȱ’Ž›Ž—ȱ›ŠŸŽ•ȱœ™ŽŽœȱ˜›ȱ ’Ž›Ž—ȱ•Š—Žœǯȱ —ȱŒ˜–‹’—Š’˜—ȱ ’‘ȱ‘Žȱ›’‘Ȭœ’Žȱ›ž•ŽǰȱŠȱœŽ™Š›Š’˜—ȱ˜ȱ›Š’Œȱ ˜ŸŽ›ȱ ‘Žȱ •Š—Žœȱ ŒŠ—ȱ ‹Žȱ ˜‹œŽ›ŸŽǰȱ  ‘Ž›Žȱ ›žŒ”œȦ‹žœŽœȱ ›’ŸŽȱ –˜œ•¢ȱ ˜—ȱ ‘Žȱ ›’‘–˜œȱ•Š—ŽȱŠ—ȱ™ŠœœŽ—Ž›ȱŒŠ›œȱ›’ŸŽȱ–˜œ•¢ȱ˜—ȱ‘Žȱ•Ž–˜œȱ•Š—ŽǻœǼǯȱ ȱ ‘Ž—ȱ Ž¡’’—ȱ Šȱ –˜˜› Š¢ǰȱ ŠœŽ›ȱ ŸŽ‘’Œ•Žœȱ —ŽŽȱ ˜ȱ –’¡ȱ  ’‘ȱ œ•˜ Ž›ȱ ŸŽ‘’Œ•Žœȱ ž™œ›ŽŠ–ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ›Š–™ǰȱ  ‘’Œ‘ȱ ›Žšž’›Žœȱ Œ‘Š—Žœȱ ’—ȱ œ™ŽŽǯȱ ‘Ž—ȱ Ž—Ž›’—ȱ Šȱ –˜˜› Š¢ǰȱ Šȱ ›’ŸŽ›ȱ  ’‘ȱ Šȱ ‘’‘ȱ Žœ’›Žȱ œ™ŽŽȱ  ’••ȱ ›¢ȱ ˜ȱ –Š”Žȱ Š’’˜—Š•ȱ •Š—ŽȬŒ‘Š—Žœȱ˜ Š›œȱ‘Žȱ•Žȱœ’Žȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ–˜˜› Š¢ȱ’—ȱ˜›Ž›ȱ˜ȱŠŸ˜’ȱ›’Ÿ’—ȱ ‹Ž‘’—ȱœ•˜ Ž›ȱ›’Ÿ’—ȱŸŽ‘’Œ•Žœȱ˜—ȱ‘Žȱ›’‘–˜œȱ•Š—Žǯȱ. ȱ. ŗŚ.

(16) Ž‘˜œȱ˜ȱšžŠ—’¢ȱ‘Žȱ’–™ŠŒȱ˜ȱž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ˜—ȱ˜™Ž›Š’˜—œȱŠ—ȱœŠŽ¢ȱ ŽŸŽ›Š•ȱ –Ž‘˜œȱ ˜ȱ ŠœœŽœœȱ ›Š’Œȱ ˜™Ž›Š’˜—œȱ Š—ȱ ›Š’Œȱ œŠŽ¢ȱ Ž¡’œȱ ˜Š¢ǰȱ œžŒ‘ȱ Šœȱ ‘Žȱ žœŽȱ ˜ȱ –’Œ›˜œŒ˜™’Œȱ œ’–ž•Š’˜—ȱ ™›˜›Š–œǰȱ œž››˜ŠŽȱ œŠŽ¢ȱ –ŽŠœž›Žœǰȱ Œ›Šœ‘ȱ ™›Ž’Œ’˜—ȱ –˜Ž•œȱ Š—ȱ ›’ŸŽ›ȱ œ’–ž•Š˜›œǯȱ ›Š’’˜—Š••¢ǰȱ ‘Žȱ œŠŽ¢ȱ ˜ȱ ›˜Šœȱ ’œȱ ŠœœŽœœŽȱ ‹¢ȱ œž¢’—ȱ Œ›Šœ‘ȱ œŠ’œ’Œœǯȱ ˜ ŽŸŽ›ǰȱ Œ›Šœ‘ȱ œŠ’œ’Œȱ Š›Žȱ ˜—•¢ȱ ŠŸŠ’•Š‹•Žȱ ˜›ȱ Ž¡’œ’—ȱ ›˜Šœȱ Š—ȱ Ž¡’œ’—ȱ œ’žŠ’˜—œǰȱ Š—ȱ Œ›Šœ‘ȱŠŠȱ’œȱ—˜ȱŠ• Š¢œȱœž’Œ’Ž—ȱžŽȱ˜ȱœ–Š••ȱœŠ–™•Žȱœ’£ŽœȱŠ—ȱ•˜ ȱšžŠ•’¢ȱ ǻ’ǯŽǯȱ ž—Ž››Ž™˜›’—Ǽǯȱ ‘ŽœŽȱ •’–’Š’˜—œȱ –Š”Žȱ Œ›Šœ‘ȱ œŠ’œ’Œœȱ ž—œž’Š‹•Žȱ ˜›ȱ ŠœœŽœœ’—ȱ›Š’ŒȱœŠŽ¢ȱ’–™•’ŒŠ’˜—œȱ˜›ȱ’Ž›Ž—ȱŽœ’—œǯȱ ȱ —ȱ Š•Ž›—Š’ŸŽȱ –Ž‘˜ȱ ’—ȱ  ‘’Œ‘ȱ –’Œ›˜œŒ˜™’Œȱ œ’–ž•Š’˜—ȱ œ˜ Š›Žȱ ’œȱ Œ˜–‹’—Žȱ  ’‘ȱ œž››˜ŠŽȱ œŠŽ¢ȱ –ŽŠœž›Žȱ –Ž‘˜˜•˜’Žœǰȱ ’œȱ Ž¡™ŽŒŽȱ ˜ȱ ‹Žȱ ‘Žȱ–˜œȱ™›˜–’œ’—ȱ Š¢ȱ˜› Š›ǯȱ¢ȱ˜’—ȱ ‘Šǰȱ›˜ŠȱŒ‘Š›ŠŒŽ›’œ’Œœǰȱ›Š’Œȱ Œ‘Š›ŠŒŽ›’œ’Œœȱ Š—ȱ –’Œ›˜œŒ˜™’Œȱ ‹Ž‘ŠŸ’˜ž›ȱ ŒŠ—ȱ ‹Žȱ Š”Ž—ȱ ’—˜ȱ ŠŒŒ˜ž—ȱ ˜ȱ ŽŸŠ•žŠŽȱ‘ŽȱœŠŽ¢ȱŠ—ȱŒŠ™ŠŒ’¢ȱ˜ȱŠȱŒŽ›Š’—ȱ–˜˜› Š¢ȱœŽ–Ž—ǯȱ. ŗǯŘǯ. ž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ’—ȱŽœ’—ȱž’Ž•’—ŽœȱŠ—ȱ™›ŠŒ’ŒŽȱ. ˜˜› Š¢ȱ Žœ’—ȱ ž’Ž•’—Žœȱ Š’–ȱ ˜ȱ ™›˜Ÿ’Žȱ œŠ—Š›ȱ ȁ˜—ŽȬœ’£ŽȬ’œȬŠ••Ȃȱ œ˜•ž’˜—œȱ  ’‘ȱ œŠ—Š›’£Žȱ ’–Ž—œ’˜—œȱ ‘Šȱ žŠ›Š—ŽŽȱ Œ˜—œ’œŽ—Œ¢ȱ ’—ȱ ›˜Šȱ Ž˜–Ž›¢ȱ Š—ȱ ™›˜Ÿ’Žȱ œŠŽȱ –˜˜› Š¢œȱ  ’‘ȱ Šȱ œž’Œ’Ž—ȱ •ŽŸŽ•ȱ ˜ȱ œŽ›Ÿ’ŒŽȱ ǻ’“”œ ŠŽ›œŠŠȱ ŗşşŘǼǯȱ ‘˜ž‘ȱ œ˜–Ž’–Žœǰȱ ‘Žȱ ™›ŽŽ››Žȱ œ˜•ž’˜—ȱ ‘Šȱ ’œȱ ’—Œ•žŽȱ ’—ȱ ‘Žȱ ž’Ž•’—Žǰȱ ŒŠ——˜ȱ ‹Žȱ ›ŽŠ•’£Žȱ ’—ȱ ™›ŠŒ’ŒŽȱ žŽȱ ˜ȱ Šȱ •ŠŒ”ȱ ˜ȱ ™‘¢œ’ŒŠ•ȱ œ™ŠŒŽǯȱ ‘’œȱ ’œȱ Žœ™ŽŒ’Š••¢ȱ ‘Žȱ ŒŠœŽȱ ’—ȱ Ž—œŽ•¢ȱ ™˜™ž•ŠŽȱ Š—ȱ ž›‹Š—’£ŽȱŠ›ŽŠœǰȱ•’”Žȱ–Š—¢ȱŠ›ŽŠœȱ’—ȱ‘ŽȱŽ‘Ž›•Š—œǯȱ ȱ ȱ Œ˜––˜—ȱ Ž¡Š–™•Žȱ ’œȱ Šȱ  ŽŠŸ’—ȱ œŽ–Ž—ȱ ‘Šȱ ’œȱ •˜ŒŠŽȱ ’—ȱ Šȱ Ř¡Řȱ •Š—Žȱ –˜˜› Š¢ǰȱ  ’‘ȱ Šȱ œŠ—Š›ȱ •Ž—‘ȱ ˜ȱ śŖŖȱ –ǯȱ ‘Ž—ȱ ‘Žȱ –˜˜› Š¢ȱ ’œȱ Ž¡™Š—Žȱ ˜ȱ Šȱ Ř¡řȱ •Š—Žȱ –˜˜› Š¢ǰȱ ‘Žȱ Žœ’›Žȱ •Ž—‘ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ  ŽŠŸ’—ȱ œŽ–Ž—ȱ‹ŽŒ˜–ŽœȱŜŖŖȱ–ȱǻ’“”œ ŠŽ›œŠŠȱŘŖŗŝǼǯȱ˜ȱ’—Œ›ŽŠœŽȱ‘Žȱ•Ž—‘ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ œŽ–Ž—ǰȱ ’ȱ –’‘ȱ ‹Žȱ —ŽŒŽœœŠ›¢ȱ ˜ȱ –˜ŸŽȱ ǻŠȱ •ŽŠœǼȱ ˜—Žȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ›Š–™œǰȱ  ‘’Œ‘ȱ ›Žšž’›Žœȱ Š’’˜—Š•ȱ Œ˜œœȱ Š—ȱ Ž˜›ǯȱ —ȱ œžŒ‘ȱ ŒŠœŽœǰȱ ŽŸ’Š’˜—ȱ ›˜–ȱ ‘Žȱ ž’Ž•’—Žœȱ’œȱŒ˜—œ’Ž›Žǯȱ ˜ ŽŸŽ›ǰȱ‘ŽȱšžŠ—’Š’ŸŽȱ’–™•’ŒŠ’˜—œȱ’—ȱŽ›–œȱ˜ȱ ’–™ŠŒȱ ˜—ȱ ›Š’Œȱ ˜™Ž›Š’˜—œȱ Š—ȱ ›Š’Œȱ œŠŽ¢ȱ ˜ȱ œžŒ‘ȱ ŽŸ’Š’˜—œȱ Š›Žȱ —˜ȱ ™›˜Ÿ’Žȱ‹¢ȱ‘ŽȱŒž››Ž—ȱŽœ’—ȱž’Ž•’—ŽœȱǻŽ–Š—ȱŘŖŗŖǼǯȱ‘Ž—ȱ’ȱŒ˜–Žœȱ˜ȱ ›Š–™ȱœ™ŠŒ’—ǰȱŠȱ‘˜›˜ž‘ȱž—Ž›œŠ—’—ȱ˜ȱž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱǻŠ—ȱ’œȱ’—•žŽ—ŒŽȱ˜—ȱ ›Š’Œȱ˜™Ž›Š’˜—œȱŠ—ȱ›Š’ŒȱœŠŽ¢Ǽȱ’œȱŒ›’’ŒŠ•ǰȱ’—ȱ˜›Ž›ȱ˜ȱ‹ŽȱŠ‹•Žȱ˜ȱ–Š”Žȱ‘Žȱ ›’‘ȱ›ŠŽȬ˜ȱ˜›ȱ‘ŽȱŽœ’—ȱŒ‘˜’ŒŽœȱ’—ȱ‘ŽœŽȱœ’žŠ’˜—œǯȱ. ȱ. ŗś.

(17) ŗǯřǯ. ˜Œžœȱ˜ȱ‘’œȱ‘Žœ’œȱ. ›˜‹•Ž–ȱœŠŽ–Ž—ȱ —ȱ’Ž›Ž—ȱŒ˜ž—›’Žœȱ’Ž›Ž—ȱŠ™™›˜ŠŒ‘ŽœȱŠ›ŽȱžœŽȱ’—ȱž’Ž•’—Žœȱ˜›ȱŽŠ•’—ȱ  ’‘ȱž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱǻ ȱŘŖŗŗDzȱȱŘŖŖŞDzȱ ȱŘŖŗŖDzȱ’“”œ ŠŽ›œŠŠȱŘŖŗŝDzȱ ȱŗşşŚǼǯȱ—ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ‹Žœȱ˜ȱ˜ž›ȱ”—˜ •ŽŽȱ˜—•¢ȱ˜—ŽȱŽ¡Š–™•Žȱ’œȱŠŸŠ’•Š‹•Žȱ ’—ȱ •’Ž›Šž›Žȱ ‘Šȱ ŽœŒ›’‹Žœȱ ‘Žȱ œŠ›ȱ Š—ȱ Ž—ȱ ˜ȱ Šȱ ›Š’œŽȱ •ŽŸŽ•ȱ ˜ȱ ž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ ǻ ˜—¢•’ȱŠ—ȱ•ŽŽ›’Š˜žȱŘŖŗŘǼǯȱž›‘Ž›–˜›Žǰȱ‘Žȱž’Ž•’—Žœȱ˜ȱ—˜ȱ’—’ŒŠŽȱ ‘Žȱ’–™•’ŒŠ’˜—œȱ˜—ȱ›Š’Œȱ˜™Ž›Š’˜—œȱŠ—ȱ›Š’ŒȱœŠŽ¢ȱ ‘Ž—ȱŽŸ’Š’—ȱ›˜–ȱ ‘Žȱ ž’Ž•’—Žœǯȱ ‘Ž›Ž˜›Žǰȱ ‘Ž›Žȱ Œž››Ž—•¢ȱ Š›Žȱ  ˜ȱ –Š“˜›ȱ ™›˜‹•Ž–œȱ ˜›ȱ Š™™•¢’—ȱŒž››Ž—ȱ–˜˜› Š¢ȱŽœ’—ȱž’Ž•’—Žœȱ ’‘ȱ›Žœ™ŽŒȱ˜ȱž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽDZȱ • Šȱœ˜•’ȱ‘Ž˜›Ž’ŒŠ•ȱŠ—ȱŽ–™’›’ŒŠ•ȱž—Ž›™’——’—ȱ›ŽŠ›’—ȱ‘Žȱ›Žšž’›Žȱ •Ž—‘ȱ˜›ȱŠȱ›Š’œŽȱ•ŽŸŽ•ȱ˜ȱž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ’œȱ•ŠŒ”’—Dzȱ • Šȱ‘˜›˜ž‘ȱž—Ž›œŠ—’—ȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱǻšžŠ—’Š’ŸŽǼȱ’–™•’ŒŠ’˜—œȱ’—ȱŽ›–œȱ˜ȱ ’–™ŠŒœȱ˜—ȱ›Š’Œȱ˜™Ž›Š’˜—œȱŠ—ȱ›Š’ŒȱœŠŽ¢ǰȱ ‘Ž—ȱŽŸ’Š’—ȱ›˜–ȱ‘Žȱ Žœ’—ȱž’Ž•’—Žœǰȱ’œȱ–’œœ’—ǯȱ ȱ ‘ŽœŽȱ™›˜‹•Ž–œȱ‘Š–™Ž›ȱŠȱ Ž••ȬŒ˜—œ’Ž›Žȱ›ŠŽȬ˜ȱ‹Ž ŽŽ—ȱ’Ž›Ž—ȱŽœ’—ȱ ŸŠ›’Š—œǯȱ —ȱ ˜›Ž›ȱ ˜ȱ –Š”Žȱ Šȱ šžŠ—’Š’ŸŽȱ ›ŠŽȬ˜ǰȱ Šȱ –Ž‘˜ȱ ’œȱ —ŽŽŽȱ ˜ȱ ŠœœŽœœȱ ‘Žȱ ǻŽ¡™ŽŒŽǼȱ •ŽŸŽ•ȱ ˜ȱ ž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ ˜›ȱ Š—ȱ Ž¡’œ’—ȱ œ’žŠ’˜—ȱ ˜›ȱ ˜›ȱ Šȱ œ™ŽŒ’’Œȱ –˜˜› Š¢ȱ Žœ’—ȱ ǻŽ¡’œ’—ȱ ˜—•¢ȱ ˜—ȱ ™Š™Ž›Ǽǰȱ Š—ȱ ˜ȱ ŽŸŠ•žŠŽȱ ‘Žȱ ’–™•’ŒŠ’˜—œȱ˜ȱŽœ’—ȱŽŒ’œ’˜—œȱ˜—ȱ›Š’Œȱ˜™Ž›Š’˜—œȱŠ—ȱ›Š’ŒȱœŠŽ¢ǯȱ‘’œȱ –Ž‘˜ȱœ‘˜ž•ȱŠ”Žȱ’—˜ȱŠŒŒ˜ž—ȱ‹˜‘ȱ‘ŽȱŽ˜–Ž›’ŒŠ•ȱ›˜ŠȱŽœ’—ȱŽ•Ž–Ž—œȱ Šœȱ Ž••ȱŠœȱ‘Žȱ›Š’ŒȱŠ—ȱ›’ŸŽ›ȱ‹Ž‘ŠŸ’˜ž›Š•ȱŽ•Ž–Ž—œǯȱ‘’œȱ–Ž‘˜ȱ’œȱ–ŽŠ—ȱ ˜ȱ‹ŽȱŠȱŸŠ•žŠ‹•ŽȱŠœœŽȱ˜›ȱ’–™›˜Ÿ’—ȱ‘ŽȱŒž››Ž—ȱ–˜˜› Š¢ȱŽœ’—ȱž’Ž•’—Žœǰȱ ‹¢ȱ ™›˜Ÿ’’—ȱ ‘Žȱ Ž–™’›’ŒŠ•ȱ Š—ȱ ‘Ž˜›Ž’ŒŠ•ȱ ž—Ž›™’——’—ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ž’Ž•’—Žȱ Š—ȱ‹¢ȱ‹Ž’—ȱŠ‹•Žȱ˜ȱŽŸŠ•žŠŽȱ–˜˜› Š¢ȱŽœ’—œȱ ’‘ȱ›Žœ™ŽŒȱ˜ȱž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽǯȱ ȱ ˜Š•ȱŠ—ȱ›ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱšžŽœ’˜—œȱ ‘Žȱ˜Š•ȱ˜ȱ‘’œȱ‘Žœ’œȱ’œȱ ˜˜•ǯȱ‘Žȱ’›œȱŠ—ȱ™›’–Š›¢ȱ˜Š•ȱ˜ȱ‘’œȱ‘Žœ’œȱ’œȱ ˜ȱŠ’—ȱŽ–™’›’ŒŠ•ȱ”—˜ •ŽŽȱŠ‹˜žȱ‘ŽȱŒ‘Š›ŠŒŽ›’œ’Œœȱ˜ȱž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽǯȱ›˜–ȱŠȱ –˜˜› Š¢ȱ Žœ’—ȱ ™Ž›œ™ŽŒ’ŸŽǰȱ ”—˜ •ŽŽȱ ’œȱ Žœ’›Žȱ Žœ™ŽŒ’Š••¢ȱ Š‹˜žȱ ‘Žȱ ’œŠ—ŒŽȱ ›˜–ȱ Šȱ ’œŒ˜—’—ž’¢ȱ  ‘Ž›Žȱ ž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ œŠ›œȱ Š—ȱ ’œœ˜•ŸŽœǰȱ Š—ȱ ”—˜ •ŽŽȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ –Š——Ž›ȱ ’—ȱ  ‘’Œ‘ȱ ›’Ÿ’—ȱ ‹Ž‘ŠŸ’˜ž›ȱ —ŽŠ›ȱ ›Š–™œȱ Š—ȱ  ŽŠŸ’—ȱ œŽ–Ž—œȱ ’œȱ ŠŽŒŽȱ ‹¢ȱ ‘Žȱ ›˜Šȱ Žœ’—ȱ Š—ȱ ‘Žȱ Š–˜ž—ȱ ˜ȱ ›Š’Œǯȱ ‘Žȱ œŽŒ˜—Š›¢ȱ ˜Š•ȱ ˜ȱ ‘’œȱ ‘Žœ’œȱ ’œȱ ˜ȱ ™›˜Ÿ’Žȱ Šȱ ˜˜•ȱ ˜ȱ ŠœœŽœœȱ ‘Žȱ •ŽŸŽ•ȱ ˜ȱ ž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ ǻ›Žœž•’—ȱ ›˜–ȱ Šȱ œ™ŽŒ’’Œȱ –˜˜› Š¢ȱ Žœ’—Ǽȱ Š—ȱ ’œȱ ’–™ŠŒȱ ˜—ȱ ›Š’Œȱ˜™Ž›Š’˜—œȱŠ—ȱ›Š’ŒȱœŠŽ¢ǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ. ȱ. ŗŜ.

(18) Following these two goals and the problem statement, the following research questions are formulated: x What are the characteristics of turbulence? o How can turbulence be defined and quantified? o Which driver manoeuvres contribute to turbulence, and how? o How is the level of turbulence affected by motorway design and traffic flow? x How can the implications of turbulence on traffic operations and traffic safety be quantified? o What are the most suitable methods to quantify the implications of turbulence on traffic operations and traffic safety? o How well do the currently available methods perform, in terms of reliability and predictive validity? o Which improvements to the currently available methods are needed, in order to provide a tool capable of quantifying the implications of turbulence on traffic operations and traffic safety realistically? Research scope In this thesis turbulence in motorway traffic is studied from a traffic engineering perspective, based on empirical traffic data. Driver behaviour aspects (such as driver task performances) and human factors are not taken into account. This study focuses mainly on the application and evaluation of existing theories and methods on new, unique, empirical data. It does not focus on developing new theories. Also, the functioning of the current system is evaluated, without emerging technologies, such as driver assistance or automated driving. Furthermore this thesis is limited to: x turbulence around on-ramps, off-ramps and weaving segments on motorways in The Netherlands; x turbulence during normal weather conditions (i.e. average wind conditions, no rain/snow, etc.); x turbulence during day time; x turbulence in free flow traffic conditions.. 1.4.. Research approach. Since turbulence is created by driving manoeuvres that are performed by individual drivers, detailed information on the driving behaviour of individual drivers over a considerable length of the motorway is needed to be collected. To get a good indication on the length of motorway for which. 17.

(19) data of individual drivers is needed, the location where the level of turbulence increases and dissolves was studied. This was done by analysing empirical loop detector data from multiple on-ramps and off-ramps in The Netherlands. Based on these findings, requirements for the field measurements were set. During the field measurements, data of vehicle positions (all vehicles) within a specific part of the motorway, was collected over a specific period of time. This type of data is called trajectory data and a large quantity of empirical trajectory data was collected at several on-ramps, off-ramps and weaving segments in The Netherlands. These locations had a different number of lanes, traffic flow intensities, percentage of heavy vehicles, and legal speed limits. This information was then used to: x gain a more thorough understanding of the different driving manoeuvres which contribute to turbulence; x investigate whether the currently available microscopic simulation software packages are able to simulate driving behaviour around ramps realistically; x investigate whether a commonly used microscopic simulation software package is able to quantify the implications of driving behaviour around ramps on traffic safety. This study was performed in a step-wise approach, which is graphically displayed in figure 1.2. Chapter 2: Literature review: Definition of turbulence and the most suitable methods to quantify the implications of turbulence Chapter 3: Macroscopic characteristics of turbulence, based on loop detector data Data requirements Empirical trajectory data. Chapter 4: Microscopic characteristics of turbulence, based on empirical trajectory data. Chapter 5: Microscopic modelling of turbulence: How well do the currently available microscopic simulation models perform, in terms of reproducing realistic driving behaviour. Chapter 7: Conclusions, Recommendations and Discussion Capacity. Empirical data analysis. Data collection plan Requirements for locations to collect empirical trajectory data. Modelling Operations Design tool. Safety. Modelling Safety Design chapter 6: Microscopic simulation and traffic safety: How well do the currently available microscopic simulation models perform, in terms of reproducing the number and severity. Figure 1.2. Study overview.. 18. Required improvements to quantify the implications of turbulence on traffic safety and capacity realistically.

(20) ŗǯśǯ. ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱŒ˜—›’‹ž’˜—œȱ. ŗǯśǯŗǯ. Œ’Ž—’’ŒȱŒ˜—›’‹ž’˜—œȱ. ˜›ȱ ‘’œȱ ‘Žœ’œȱ Šȱ ž—’šžŽȱ œŽȱ ˜ȱ Ž–™’›’ŒŠ•ȱ ŠŠȱ  Šœȱ Œ˜••ŽŒŽǰȱ žœ’—ȱ Šȱ ŒŠ–Ž›Šȱ –˜ž—Žȱ ž—Ž›—ŽŠ‘ȱ Šȱ ‘˜˜ŸŽ›’—ȱ ‘Ž•’Œ˜™Ž›ǯȱ ‘’œȱ ŠŠœŽȱ Œ˜—Š’—œȱ ™›ŽŒ’œŽȱ ŸŽ‘’Œ•Žȱ •˜ŒŠ’˜—ȱ ’—˜›–Š’˜—ȱ ǻ¡ǰ¢ǰ’–ŽǼȱ ˜ȱ ŽŠŒ‘ȱ ’—’Ÿ’žŠ•ȱ ŸŽ‘’Œ•Žȱ Šȱ ˜ž›ŽŽ—ȱ ’Ž›Ž—ȱ•˜ŒŠ’˜—œȱ ’—ȱ ‘ŽȱŽ‘Ž›•Š—œDZȱ‘›ŽŽȱ˜—Ȭ›Š–™œǰȱ‘›ŽŽȱ˜Ȭ›Š–™œȱŠ—ȱ Ž’‘ȱ ŽŠŸ’—ȱœŽŒ’˜—œǯȱŠŒ‘ȱ•˜ŒŠ’˜—ȱ‘Šœȱ’Ž›Ž—ȱŒ‘Š›ŠŒŽ›’œ’Œœȱ’—ȱŽ›–œȱ˜DZȱ ›Š’Œȱ Ÿ˜•ž–Žǰȱ •ŽŠ•ȱ œ™ŽŽȱ •’–’ǰȱ —ž–‹Ž›ȱ ˜ȱ –˜˜› Š¢ȱ •Š—Žœǰȱ •Ž—‘ȱ ˜ȱ ŠŒŒŽ•Ž›Š’˜—ȱ˜›ȱŽŒŽ•Ž›Š’˜—ȱ•Š—ŽȱŠ—ȱ™Ž›ŒŽ—ŠŽȱ˜ȱ‘ŽŠŸ¢ȱŸŽ‘’Œ•Žœǯȱ˜›ȱŽŠŒ‘ȱ •˜ŒŠ’˜—ȱ Š™™›˜¡’–ŠŽ•¢ȱ ‘’›¢ȱ –’—žŽœȱ ˜ȱ ŠŠȱ  Šœȱ Œ˜••ŽŒŽȱ ˜ŸŽ›ȱ Šȱ ’œŠ—ŒŽȱ ˜ȱŠ™™›˜¡’–ŠŽ•¢ȱŗǰśŖŖȱ–ǯȱ‘Žȱœ’£ŽǰȱšžŠ•’¢ȱŠ—ȱŒ‘Š›ŠŒŽ›’œ’Œœȱ˜ȱ‘’œȱŠŠȱœŽȱ Š›Žȱ ž—™›ŽŒŽŽ—Žȱ Š—ȱ ’ŸŽȱ —Ž ǰȱ ž—’šžŽǰȱ ’—œ’‘œȱ ’—ȱ ‘Žȱ Ž–™’›’ŒŠ•ȱ Œ‘Š›ŠŒŽ›’œ’Œœȱ˜ȱž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽǯȱ ȱ ‘ŽȱŠŠœŽȱŽ—Š‹•Žȱžœȱ˜ȱŽŸŠ•žŠŽȱ‘Žȱ•ŽŸŽ•ȱ˜ȱ›ŽŠ•’œ–ȱ˜ȱœŽŸŽ›Š•ȱŒ˜––˜—•¢ȱ žœŽȱ ŽŸŠ•žŠ’˜—ȱ –Ž‘˜œȱ Š—ȱ ˜˜•œǰȱ ’—ȱ Šȱ  Š¢ȱ ‘Šȱ  Žȱ  Ž›Žȱ —˜ȱ Š‹•Žȱ ˜ȱ ˜ȱ ‹Ž˜›Žǯȱ ‘’œȱ ‘Žœ’œȱ œ‘˜ œȱ ‘Žȱ œ›Ž—‘ȱ Š—ȱ  ŽŠ”—ŽœœŽœȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ Œž››Ž—•¢ȱ Œ˜––˜—•¢ȱ žœŽȱ –’Œ›˜œŒ˜™’Œȱ œ’–ž•Š’˜—ȱ –˜Ž•œǰȱ Š—ȱ œ‘˜ œȱ ‘Žȱ Š›ŽŠœȱ ˜ȱ Œ˜—ŒŽ›—ȱ  ‘Ž—ȱ Š™™•¢’—ȱ ‘ŽœŽȱ –˜Ž•œȱ˜ȱ ŠœœŽœœȱ ’Ž›Ž—ȱ Žœ’—œȱ ’—ȱ Ž›–œȱ˜ȱ ž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ Š—ȱ ’œȱ ŽŽŒȱ ˜—ȱ ›Š’Œȱ ˜™Ž›Š’˜—œȱ Š—ȱ ›Š’Œȱ œŠŽ¢ǯȱ ‘ŽœŽȱ ’—’—œȱ ˜Ž›ȱ —Ž ȱ ’—™žȱ ˜›ȱ ‘Žȱ Ž‹ŠŽȱ ›ŽŠ›’—ȱ ‘Žȱ žœŽȱ Š—ȱ ŸŠ•’’¢ȱ ˜ȱ œž››˜ŠŽȱ œŠŽ¢ȱ –ŽŠœž›Žœǰȱ Š—ȱ ‘Žȱ Ž‹ŠŽȱ ›ŽŠ›’—ȱ ‘Žȱ ™›Ž’Œ’ŸŽȱ ŸŠ•’’¢ȱ ǻ’—ȱ Ž›–œȱ ˜ȱ ›’Ÿ’—ȱ ‹Ž‘ŠŸ’˜ž›Ǽȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ Œž››Ž—•¢ȱ ŠŸŠ’•Š‹•Žȱ –’Œ›˜œŒ˜™’Œȱ œ’–ž•Š’˜—ȱ–˜Ž•œǯȱ ȱ ž›‘Ž›–˜›Žȱ‘’œȱœž¢ȱ™›˜Ÿ’ŽœȱžœŽž•ȱ›ŽŒ˜––Ž—Š’˜—œȱ˜›ȱ’–™›˜Ÿ’—ȱ˜ž›ȱ Œž››Ž—ȱ –’Œ›˜œŒ˜™’Œȱ œ’–ž•Š’˜—ȱ –˜Ž•œȱ Š—ȱ ‘’‘•’‘œȱ ’–™˜›Š—ȱ Š›ŽŠœȱ ˜ȱ Œ˜—ŒŽ›—ȱ ‘Ž—ȱ ˜›”’—ȱ ’‘ȱŽ–™’›’ŒŠ•ȱ›Š“ŽŒ˜›¢ȱŠŠǯȱ ŗǯśǯŘǯ. ›ŠŒ’ŒŠ•ȱŒ˜—›’‹ž’˜—œȱ. ‘’œȱ ‘Žœ’œȱ ™›˜Ÿ’Žœȱ —Ž ȱ ’—œ’‘œȱ ’—ȱ ‘Žȱ Ž–™’›’ŒŠ•ȱ Œ‘Š›ŠŒŽ›’œ’Œœȱ ˜ȱ ž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽǯȱ ȱ œ‘˜ œȱ  ‘’Œ‘ȱ Ž•Ž–Ž—œȱ ˜ȱ ›’ŸŽ›ȱ ‹Ž‘ŠŸ’˜ž›ȱ ŠŽŒȱ ž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ Š›˜ž—ȱ ›Š–™œȱ Š—ȱ ‘˜ ȱ ‘’œȱ ‹Ž‘ŠŸ’˜ž›ȱ ’œȱ ’—•žŽ—ŒŽȱ ‹¢ȱ ›˜Šȱ Žœ’—ǯȱ ž›‘Ž›–˜›Žǰȱ‘’œȱ‘Žœ’œȱ’ŸŽœȱŽŠ’•Žȱ’—˜›–Š’˜—ȱ˜—ȱ‘˜ ȱ›’ŸŽ›ȱ‹Ž‘ŠŸ’˜ž›ȱ Š›˜ž—ȱ ›Š–™œȱ ’œȱ œ’–ž•ŠŽȱ ‹¢ȱ œŠŽȬ˜Ȭ‘ŽȬŠ›ȱ –’Œ›˜œŒ˜™’Œȱ œ’–ž•Š’˜—ȱ –˜Ž•œǯȱ ȱ. ȱ. ŗş.

(21) ‘Žȱ ›Žœž•œȱ ˜ȱ ‘’œȱ ‘Žœ’œȱ Š›Žȱ žœŽž•ȱ ˜›ȱ ŽŸŠ•žŠ’—ȱ Š—ȱ ’–™›˜Ÿ’—ȱ ‘Žȱ –˜˜› Š¢ȱ Žœ’—ȱ ž’Ž•’—Žœȱ ˜›ȱ ›Š–™ȱ œ™ŠŒ’—ȱ Š—ȱ  ŽŠŸ’—ȱ œŽ–Ž—ȱ •Ž—‘ǰȱ  ‘’Œ‘ȱ Š›Žȱ ‹˜‘ȱ ‹ŠœŽȱ ˜—ȱ ž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽǯȱ ž›‘Ž›–˜›Žǰȱ ‘Žȱ ›Žœž•œȱ ˜ȱ ‘’œȱ ‘Žœ’œȱ ’ŸŽȱ ’—œ’‘ȱ ’—˜ȱ ŸŠ•žŠ‹•Žȱ Š›ŽŠœȱ ˜ȱ Œ˜—ŒŽ›—ȱ ˜›ȱ žœ’—ȱ ‘Žȱ Œž››Ž—•¢ȱ ŠŸŠ’•Š‹•Žȱ –’Œ›˜œŒ˜™’Œȱ œ’–ž•Š’˜—ȱ œ˜ Š›Žȱ ™ŠŒ”ŠŽœȱ Šœȱ Šȱ Žœ’—ȱ ˜˜•ǰȱ ˜ȱ ŠœœŽœœȱ ‘Žȱ ’–™•’ŒŠ’˜—œȱ ˜ȱ ’Ž›Ž—ȱ –˜˜› Š¢ȱ Žœ’—ȱ ŸŠ›’Š—œȱ ˜—ȱ ›Š’Œȱ ˜™Ž›Š’˜—œȱ Š—ȱ ›Š’ŒȱœŠŽ¢ǯȱ. ŗǯŜǯ. ŽŠ’—ȱž’Žȱ. ‘Žȱ ˜ž•’—Žȱ ˜ȱ ‘’œȱ ‘Žœ’œȱ ’œȱ ‹ŠœŽȱ ˜—ȱ ‘Žȱ œ›žŒž›Žȱ Šœȱ ™›ŽœŽ—Žȱ ’—ȱ ’ž›Žȱ ŗǯŘǯȱ ‘Š™Ž›ȱ Řȱ Œ˜—Š’—œȱ Šȱ •’Ž›Šž›Žȱ ›ŽŸ’Ž ǰȱ ’—ȱ  ‘’Œ‘ȱ Šȱ Œ›’’ŒŠ•ȱ ŠœœŽœœ–Ž—ȱ ˜ȱ –Ž‘˜˜•˜’Žœȱ˜›ȱ›Š’Œȱ˜™Ž›Š’˜—œȱŠ—ȱ›Š’ŒȱœŠŽ¢ȱŽŸŠ•žŠ’˜—œȱ˜ȱ–˜˜› Š¢ȱ ž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ’œȱ™Ž›˜›–Žǯȱ‘Š™Ž›ȱřȱ’ŸŽœȱŠ—ȱ’—’ŒŠ’˜—ȱ˜—ȱ ‘Ž›Žȱ‘Žȱ’—Œ›ŽŠœŽȱ •ŽŸŽ•ȱ ˜ȱ ž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ œŠ›œȱ Š—ȱ Ž—œǰȱ ‹ŠœŽȱ ˜—ȱ Ž–™’›’ŒŠ•ȱ •˜˜™ȱ ŽŽŒ˜›ȱ ŠŠǯȱ ŠœŽȱ ˜—ȱ ‘ŽœŽȱ ›Žœž•œȱ ˜ž›ŽŽ—ȱ ’Ž›Ž—ȱ •˜ŒŠ’˜—œȱ  Ž›Žȱ œŽ•ŽŒŽȱ ˜›ȱ ‘Žȱ Œ˜••ŽŒ’˜—ȱ˜ȱŽ–™’›’ŒŠ•ȱ›Š“ŽŒ˜›¢ȱŠŠǯȱ‘ŽȱŠ—Š•¢œ’œȱ˜ȱ‘’œȱŠŠœŽȱ’œȱŽœŒ›’‹Žȱ ’—ȱ Œ‘Š™Ž›ȱ Śǯȱ ‘Š™Ž›ȱśȱ ŽœŒ›’‹Žœȱ  ‘Ž‘Ž›ȱ ‘Žȱ Œž››Ž—•¢ȱ ŠŸŠ’•Š‹•Žȱ –’Œ›˜œŒ˜™’Œȱ œ’–ž•Š’˜—ȱ œ˜ Š›Žȱ ™ŠŒ”ŠŽœȱ Š›Žȱ œž’Š‹•Žȱ ˜›ȱ œ’–ž•Š’—ȱ ›’Ÿ’—ȱ ‹Ž‘ŠŸ’˜ž›ȱ Š›˜ž—ȱ ›Š–™œȱ ›ŽŠ•’œ’ŒŠ••¢ǯȱ ‘Š™Ž›ȱ Ŝȱ ŽœŒ›’‹Žœȱ ˜ȱ  ‘Šȱ Ž¡Ž—ȱ Šȱ Œž››Ž—•¢ȱ ŠŸŠ’•Š‹•ŽȱŠ—ȱ ’Ž•¢ȱŠ™™•’Žȱ–’Œ›˜œŒ˜™’Œȱœ’–ž•Š’˜—ȱœ˜ Š›Žȱ™ŠŒ”ŠŽȱ’œȱŠ‹•Žȱ ˜ȱ šžŠ—’¢ȱ ‘Žȱ ’–™•’ŒŠ’˜—ȱ ˜ȱ ›’Ÿ’—ȱ ‹Ž‘ŠŸ’˜ž›ȱ Š›˜ž—ȱ ›Š–™œȱ ˜—ȱ ›Š’Œȱ œŠŽ¢ǯȱ ‘Žȱ –Š’—ȱ Œ˜—Œ•žœ’˜—œȱ ˜ȱ Š••ȱ ‘Žȱ ™Ž›˜›–Žȱ œž’Žœȱ Š›Žȱ ’œŒžœœŽȱ ’—ȱ Œ‘Š™Ž›ȱ ŝǰȱ ’—ȱ  ‘’Œ‘ȱ Š•œ˜ȱ ›ŽŒ˜––Ž—Š’˜—œȱ Š›Žȱ ’ŸŽ—ǰȱ ›ŽŠ›’—ȱ ‘Žȱ Žœ’›Žȱ ˜˜•ȱ ˜ȱ ŠœœŽœœȱ ‘Žȱ •ŽŸŽ•ȱ ˜ȱ ž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ ǻ›Žœž•’—ȱ ›˜–ȱ Šȱ œ™ŽŒ’’Œȱ –˜˜› Š¢ȱ Žœ’—ǼȱŠ—ȱ’œȱ’–™ŠŒȱ˜—ȱ›Š’Œȱ˜™Ž›Š’˜—œȱŠ—ȱ›Š’ŒȱœŠŽ¢ǯȱ ȱ ‘Š™Ž›ȱ Řȱ  Šœȱ ’›œȱ ™ž‹•’œ‘Žȱ ’—ȱ ȃ›Š—œ™˜›Š’˜—ȱ ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱ ŽŒ˜›DZȱ

(22) ˜ž›—Š•ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ›Š—œ™˜›Š’˜—ȱŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱ˜Š›ȄȱǻǯȱŸŠ—ȱŽ’—ž–ǰȱ ǯȱŠ›Š‘ǰȱǯȱŽ–Š—ǰȱŠ—ȱ ǯȱ ˜˜Ž—˜˜›—ǯȱŘŖŗŜǯȱȃ›’’ŒŠ•ȱœœŽœœ–Ž—ȱ˜ȱŽ‘˜˜•˜’Žœȱ˜›ȱ™Ž›Š’˜—œȱ Š—ȱ ŠŽ¢ȱ ŸŠ•žŠ’˜—œȱ ˜ȱ ›ŽŽ Š¢ȱ ž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȄǯȱ ›Š—œ™˜›Š’˜—ȱ ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱ ŽŒ˜›DZȱ

(23) ˜ž›—Š•ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ›Š—œ™˜›Š’˜—ȱ ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱ ˜Š›ȱ ŘśśŜDZřşȬŚŞǯȱ ˜’DZȱ ŗŖǯřŗŚŗȦŘśśŜȬŖśǼǯȱ ȱ ‘Š™Ž›ȱ řȱ  Šœȱ ’›œȱ ™ž‹•’œ‘Žȱ ’—ȱ ȃ›Š—œ™˜›–Ž›’ŒŠȱ DZȱ ›Š—œ™˜›ȱ Œ’Ž—ŒŽȄȱ ǻǯȱŸŠ—ȱ Ž’—ž–ǰȱ ǯȱ ˜ŸŽ—Šǰȱ ǯȱ —˜˜™ǰȱ ǯȱ Š›Š‘ǰȱ ǯȱ Ž–Š—ǰȱ Š—ȱ ǯȱ ˜˜Ž—˜˜›—ǯȱ ŘŖŗŝǯȱ ȄŠŒ›˜œŒ˜™’Œȱ ›Š’Œȱ •˜ ȱ ‘Š—Žœȱ Š›˜ž—ȱ Š–™œȄǯȱ ›Š—œ™˜›–Ž›’ŒŠȱ DZȱ ›Š—œ™˜›ȱ Œ’Ž—ŒŽDZŗȬřŘǯȱ ˜’DZȱ ŗŖǯŗŖŞŖȦŘřŘŚşşřśǯŘŖŗŝǯȱ ŗŚŗśşşŝǼǯȱ ȱ. ȱ. ŘŖ.

(24) ‘Š™Ž›ȱŚȱ Šœȱ’›œȱ™ž‹•’œ‘Žȱ’—ȱȃ›Š—œ™˜›Š’˜—ȱŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱŠ›ȱDZȱ–Ž›’—ȱ ŽŒ‘—˜•˜’ŽœȄȱǻǯȱŸŠ—ȱŽ’—ž–ǰȱ ǯȱŠ›Š‘ǰȱǯȱŽ–Š—ǰȱŠ—ȱǯȱ ˜˜Ž—˜˜›—ǯȱ ŘŖŗŞǯȱȃ›’Ÿ’—ȱ‹Ž‘ŠŸ’˜ž›ȱŠȱ–˜˜› Š¢ȱ›Š–™œȱŠ—ȱ ŽŠŸ’—ȱœŽ–Ž—œȱ‹ŠœŽȱ ˜—ȱ Ž–™’›’ŒŠ•ȱ ›Š“ŽŒ˜›¢ȱ ŠŠȄǯȱ ›Š—œ™˜›Š’˜—ȱ ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱ Š›ȱ DZȱ –Ž›’—ȱ ŽŒ‘—˜•˜’ŽœȱşŘDZŚŘŜȬŚŚŗǯȱ˜’DZȱ‘™œDZȦȦ˜’ǯ˜›ȦŗŖǯŗŖŗŜȦ“ǯ›ŒǯŘŖŗŞǯŖśǯŖŗŞǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ. ȱ. ȱ. Řŗ.

(25) Řǯ. ’Ž›Šž›Žȱ›ŽŸ’Ž ȱœž¢ȱ. ‘’œȱ Œ‘Š™Ž›ȱ  Šœȱ ’›œȱ ™ž‹•’œ‘Žȱ ’—ȱ ȃ›Š—œ™˜›Š’˜—ȱ ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱ ŽŒ˜›DZȱ

(26) ˜ž›—Š•ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ›Š—œ™˜›Š’˜—ȱ ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱ ˜Š›Ȅȱ ǻŠ—ȱ Ž’—ž–ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǯȱ Š›Š‘ǰȱ ǯȱ Ž–Š—ǰȱ Š—ȱ ǯȱ. ˜˜Ž—˜˜›—ǯȱ ŘŖŗŜǯȱ Ȉ›’’ŒŠ•ȱ œœŽœœ–Ž—ȱ ˜ȱ Ž‘˜˜•˜’Žœȱ ˜›ȱ ™Ž›Š’˜—œȱ Š—ȱ ŠŽ¢ȱ ŸŠ•žŠ’˜—œȱ ˜ȱ ›ŽŽ Š¢ȱ ž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽǯȈȱ ›Š—œ™˜›Š’˜—ȱ ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱ ŽŒ˜›DZȱ

(27) ˜ž›—Š•ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ›Š—œ™˜›Š’˜—ȱŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱ˜Š›ȱŘśśŜDZřşȬŚŞǯȱ˜’DZȱŗŖǯřŗŚŗȦŘśśŜȬŖśǼǯȱ. ȱ ‹œ›ŠŒȱ ž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ ’—ȱ ›Š’Œȱ ’œȱ Šȱ Œ˜––˜—•¢ȱ ”—˜ —ȱ ™‘Ž—˜–Ž—˜—ǰȱ ‹žȱ ‘Žȱ Ž¡ŠŒȱ Œ‘Š›ŠŒŽ›’œ’Œœȱ ˜ȱ ‘’œȱ ™‘Ž—˜–Ž—˜—ȱ Š›Žȱ —˜ȱ ¢Žȱ Œ•ŽŠ›ǯȱ ȱ ›Ž•ŽŒœȱ ’—’Ÿ’žŠ•ȱ Œ‘Š—Žœȱ ’—ȱ œ™ŽŽǰȱ ‘ŽŠ Š¢œǰȱ Š—ȱ •Š—Žœȱ ’—ȱ ‘Žȱ ›Š’Œȱ œ›ŽŠ–ǯȱ ‘Žȱ Œž››Ž—•¢ȱ žœŽȱ–˜˜› Š¢ȱŽœ’—ȱž’Ž•’—Žœȱ™›ŽœŒ›’‹Žȱ’Ž›Ž—ȱ–ŽŠœž›Žœȱ˜›ȱ‘Š—•’—ȱ ž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽǰȱ œžŒ‘ȱ Šœȱ œž’Œ’Ž—ȱ ›Š–™ȱ œ™ŠŒ’—ǰȱ Š—ȱ œ™ŠŒ’—ȱ ‹Ž ŽŽ—ȱ ›˜Šȱ ’œŒ˜—’—ž’’Žœǯȱ —ȱ œ’žŠ’˜—œȱ  ‘Ž›Žȱ ‘Žȱ ŠŸŠ’•Š‹•Žȱ œ™ŠŒŽȱ ‹Ž ŽŽ—ȱ ’œŒ˜—’—ž’’Žœȱ ’œȱ œŒŠ›ŒŽǰȱ ’ȱ –’‘ȱ ‹Žȱ —ŽŒŽœœŠ›¢ȱ ˜ȱ –Š”Žȱ Šȱ ›ŠŽȬ˜ȱ ‹Ž ŽŽ—ȱ Œ˜œœȱŠ—ȱœŠŽ¢Ȧ˜™Ž›Š’˜—ǯȱ˜›ȱŠȱŸŠ•’ȱ›ŠŽȱ˜ȱ–˜›Žȱ’—œ’‘ȱ’œȱ—ŽŽŽȱ˜—ȱ‘Žȱ œŠŽ¢ȱŠ—ȱ˜™Ž›Š’˜—œȱŽŽŒœȱ ‘Ž—ȱ˜—ŽȱŽŸ’ŠŽœȱ›˜–ȱ‘Žȱž’Ž•’—Žœǯȱȱ•˜ȱ˜ȱ ›ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱ  Šœȱ ˜—Žȱ ˜—ȱ ‘Žȱ ’Ž›Ž—ȱ ŒŠžœŽœȱ ˜ȱ ž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ Š—ȱ ‘Ž’›ȱ ŽŽŒȱ ˜—ȱ œŠŽ¢ȱ Š—ȱ ˜™Ž›Š’˜—ǯȱ ‘’œȱ Œ‘Š™Ž›ȱ ™›˜™˜œŽœȱ Šȱ ‘Ž˜›Ž’ŒŠ•ȱ ›Š–Ž ˜›”ȱ ˜›ȱ ž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ ™‘Ž—˜–Ž—˜—ȱ ‘Šȱ ŠŒ’•’ŠŽœȱ ‘Žȱ Œ˜–™Š›’œ˜—ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ŠŸŠ’•Š‹•Žȱ –Ž‘˜˜•˜’Žœȱ‘ŠȱŒŠ—ȱ‹ŽȱžœŽȱ˜ȱŽŸŠ•žŠŽȱŠȱ–˜˜› Š¢ȱŽœ’—ȱ˜—ȱ‘Žȱ–ŠŽ›ȱ ˜ȱ ž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ Š—ȱ ’œȱ ’–™ŠŒȱ ˜—ȱ ›Š’Œȱ ˜™Ž›Š’˜—œȱ Š—ȱ œŠŽ¢ǯȱ ‘Žȱ –Š’—ȱ ’—’—ȱ ˜ȱ ‘’œȱ ›ŽŸ’Ž ȱ ’œȱ ‘Šȱ ‘Žȱ Œž››Ž—•¢ȱ ŠŸŠ’•Š‹•Žȱ –Ž‘˜˜•˜’Žœȱ •ŠŒ”ȱ ‘Žȱ Š‹’•’¢ȱ ˜ȱ ŽŸŠ•žŠŽȱ ‘Žȱ ’–™ŠŒȱ ˜ȱ –˜˜› Š¢ȱ ž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ ˜—ȱ ˜™Ž›Š’˜—œȱ Š—ȱ œŠŽ¢ȱœ’–ž•Š—Ž˜žœ•¢ǯȱ’Ž›Ž—ȱ›ŽŒ˜––Ž—Š’˜—œȱ˜ȱ˜ŸŽ›Œ˜–Žȱ•’–’Š’˜—œȱ˜ȱ Œž››Ž—ȱ –Ž‘˜˜•˜’Žœȱ Š—ȱ ž›‘Ž›ȱ ›ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱ ™˜œœ’‹’•’’Žœȱ ˜ȱ ’–™›˜ŸŽȱ ‘ŽœŽȱ –Ž‘˜˜•˜’ŽœȱŠ›Žȱ’ŸŽ—ǯȱ. Řǯŗǯ. —›˜žŒ’˜—ȱ. —Ž›’—ȱ Š—ȱ Ž¡’’—ȱ ›Š’Œȱ ›˜–ȱ ›Š–™œȱ Š—ȱ  ŽŠŸ’—ȱ Š›ŽŠœȱ  ’••ȱ ŠŽŒȱ ‘Žȱ ›Š’ŒȱŽ—œ’¢ȱ˜—ȱ‘Žȱ–˜˜› Š¢ǯȱœ™ŽŒ’Š••¢ȱ˜—ȱ‘Žȱ›’‘ȱ•Š—Žǯȱ‘’œȱŒ‘Š—Žȱ’—ȱ Ž—œ’¢ȱ–Š¢ȱŒŠžœŽȱ–˜˜› Š¢ȱ›Š’Œȱ˜ȱ›ŽŠŒǰȱ˜›ȱŽ¡Š–™•ŽDZȱŒ‘Š—’—ȱ•Š—Žœȱ˜ȱŠȱ •Š—Žȱ  ’‘ȱ Šȱ •˜ Ž›ȱ ›Š’Œȱ Ž—œ’¢ǯȱ ‘Ž›ȱ ›ŽŠŒ’˜—œȱ ŒŠ—ȱ ‹Žȱ ŽŒŽ•Ž›Š’—ȱ ˜›ȱ ŠŒŒŽ•Ž›Š’—ȱ’—ȱ˜›Ž›ȱ˜ȱ’—Œ›ŽŠœŽȱ˜›ȱŽŒ›ŽŠœŽȱ‘Žȱ‘ŽŠ Š¢ȱ ’‘ȱ‘ŽȱŸŽ‘’Œ•Žȱ’—ȱ ›˜—ȱǻ ȱŘŖŗŖǼǯȱ‘’œȱ™‘Ž—˜–Ž—Šȱ’œȱŒŠ••Žȱȁž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȂȱŠ—ȱ’ȱ’œȱ–Ž—’˜—Žȱ œŽŸŽ›Š•ȱ ’–Žœȱ ’—ȱ •’Ž›Šž›Žȱ ǻ‹Ž•Ȭ¢ȱ Š—ȱ Š—Žȱ ŘŖŖśDzȱ ˜•˜‹ȱ Žȱ Š•ǯȱ ŘŖŖŚDzȱ. ȱ. ŘŘ.

(28) ˜—¢•’ȱ Š—ȱ •ŽŽ›’Š˜žȱ ŘŖŗŗǰȱ ŘŖŗŘDzȱ ŽŽȱ Žȱ Š•ǯȱ ŘŖŖřŠǼȱ Š—ȱ ’—ȱ ž’Ž•’—Žœȱ ǻ ȱŘŖŗŖDzȱ ȱŘŖŖŗDzȱȱŗşşŚǼǯȱ ȱ ‘Žȱ Œ˜—ŒŽ™ȱ ˜ȱ ž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ ’œȱ žœŽȱ Œ˜—œ’œŽ—•¢ȱ Š—ȱ ‘’œȱ œžŽœœȱ Šȱ Œ•ŽŠ›ȱ Ž’—’’˜—ȱ˜ȱž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽǯȱžȱ—Ž’‘Ž›ȱ‘ŽȱŽ¡’œ’—ȱž’Ž•’—Žœȱ—˜›ȱ‘Žȱ•’Ž›Šž›Žȱ Ž’—Žȱ Ž¡ŠŒ•¢ȱ  ‘Šȱ ž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ ’œǯȱ ‘Ž›Žȱ ’œȱ ‘˜ ŽŸŽ›ȱ Šȱ Ž—Ž›Š•ȱ Š›ŽŽ–Ž—ȱ ’—ȱ •’Ž›Šž›Žȱ ˜—ȱ  ˜ȱ –Š’—ȱ Œ‘Š›ŠŒŽ›’œ’Œœȱ ›ŽŠ›’—ȱ ž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽDZȱ ž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ ’œȱ Šȱ Œ˜––˜—ȱ™‘Ž—˜–Ž—˜—ȱ’—ȱŠȱ›Š’Œȱœ›ŽŠ–ȱǻ ȱŘŖŗŖǼǰȱŠ—ȱ ’••ȱ‘ŠŸŽȱŠȱ‘’‘Ž›ȱ –Š—’žŽȱ Š›˜ž—ȱ –˜˜› Š¢ȱ ’œŒ˜—’—ž’’Žœǰȱ œžŒ‘ȱ Šœȱ ˜—Ȭ›Š–™œȱ ǻ ˜—¢•’ȱ Š—ȱ •ŽŽ›’Š˜žȱ ŘŖŗŗǼǰȱ ˜Ȭ›Š–™œǰȱ  ŽŠŸ’—ȱ Š›ŽŠœǰȱ •Žȱ œ’Žȱ •Š—Žȱ ›ŽžŒ’˜—œǰȱ ŽŒǯǯȱ•œ˜ȱž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ’œȱœŠŽȱ˜ȱ‘ŠŸŽȱŠȱ—ŽŠ’ŸŽȱ’–™ŠŒȱ˜—ȱ›Š’ŒȱœŠŽ¢ȱŠ—ȱ ›Š’Œȱ˜™Ž›Š’˜—œȱǻ‹Ž•Ȭ¢ȱŠ—ȱŠ—ŽȱŘŖŖśDzȱ ȱŘŖŗŖDzȱ ˜•˜‹ȱŽȱŠ•ǯȱŘŖŖŚDzȱ ŽŽȱŽȱŠ•ǯȱŘŖŖřŠǼǯȱ ȱ ŒŒ˜›’—ȱ ˜ȱ Žœ’—ȱ ž’Ž•’—Žœȱ ž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ ‘Šœȱ ˜ȱ ‹Žȱ Š”Ž—ȱ ’—˜ȱ ŠŒŒ˜ž—ȱ ˜›ȱ ›Š–™ȱ œ™ŠŒ’—ȱ ǻ ȱ ŘŖŗŖDzȱ  ȱ ŘŖŖŗDzȱ ȱ ŘŖŖŞǼȱ Š—ȱ ‘Žȱ œ™ŠŒ’—ȱ ˜ȱ ’œŒ˜—’—ž’’Žœȱ ǻ’“”œ ŠŽ›œŠŠȱ ŘŖŖŝDzȱ ȱ ŗşşŚǼǯȱ ˜ȱ ˜ȱ ‘’œȱ ž’Ž•’—Žœȱ ™›ŽœŒ›’‹Žȱ ŒŽ›Š’—ȱ ’œŠ—ŒŽœǰȱ ‹žȱ ‘Žȱ œŒ’Ž—’’Œȱ “žœ’’ŒŠ’˜—ȱ ’œȱ •ŠŒ”’—ǯȱ ‘Žȱ  ȱ ˜›ȱ Ž¡Š–™•Žȱ žœŽœȱ Šȱ œŽȱ ˜ȱ ŸŠ•žŽœȱ ˜›ȱ –’—’–ž–ȱ ›Š–™œȱ Ž›–’—Š•œȱ œ™ŠŒ’—ȱ ǻ ȱ ŘŖŖŗǼǯȱ ‘Žȱ žŒ‘ȱ –˜˜› Š¢ȱ ž’Ž•’—Žœȱ ǻ’“”œ ŠŽ›œŠŠȱ ŘŖŖŝǼȱ™›ŽœŒ›’‹Žȱž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ•Ž—‘œȱ˜›ȱ‘Žȱœ™ŠŒ’—ȱ˜ȱ’œŒ˜—’—ž’’Žœǯȱ —ȱ—˜—Žȱ ˜ȱ‘Žȱž’Ž•’—Žœȱ‘Žȱ˜›’’—ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ™›ŽœŒ›’‹Žȱ•Ž—‘œȱ’œȱ›ŽŽ›Ž—ŒŽǯȱ ȱ —ȱ Ž—œŽ•¢ȱ ™˜™ž•ŠŽȱ Š›ŽŠœǰȱ œžŒ‘ȱ Šœȱ ‘Žȱ Ž‘Ž›•Š—œǰȱ ‘Žȱ œ™ŠŒŽȱ ˜›ȱ —Ž ȱ –˜˜› Š¢œȱ ’œȱ œŒŠ›ŒŽǯȱ —ȱ œ˜–Žȱ –˜˜› Š¢ȱ Žœ’—ȱ ŒŠœŽœȱ ’ȱ  Šœȱ ŽŒ’Žȱ ˜ȱ ŽŸ’ŠŽȱ ›˜–ȱ ‘Žȱ ž’Ž•’—Žœȱ ’—ȱ ˜›Ž›ȱ ˜ȱ ‹Žȱ Š‹•Žȱ ˜ȱ ›ŽŠ•’£Žȱ ‘Žȱ Žœ’›Žȱ ’—Ž›Œ‘Š—Žȱ Œ˜——ŽŒ’˜—œǯȱ —ȱ œžŒ‘ȱ ŒŠœŽœȱ ’ȱ ’œȱ Ž–™’—ȱ ˜ȱ ŠŒŒŽ™ȱ Šȱ œ‘˜›Ž›ȱ •Ž—‘ȱ ‘Š—ȱ ™›ŽœŒ›’‹Žǯȱ ˜ ŽŸŽ›ǰȱ ‘Žȱ ’–™•’ŒŠ’˜—œȱ ˜›ȱ ›Š’Œȱ œŠŽ¢ȱ Š—ȱ ˜™Ž›Š’˜—œȱ ˜ȱ ŽŸ’Š’—ȱ ›˜–ȱ ‘Žȱ ž’Ž•’—Žœȱ Š›Žȱ —˜ȱ ž••¢ȱ ž—Ž›œ˜˜ǯȱ ȱ ‘˜›˜ž‘ȱž—Ž›œŠ—’—ȱ˜ȱž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽǰȱŠ—ȱ’œȱ’—•žŽ—ŒŽȱ˜—ȱ›Š’ŒȱœŠŽ¢ȱŠ—ȱ ›Š’Œȱ˜™Ž›Š’˜—œȱ’œȱŒ›’’ŒŠ•ȱ’—ȱ˜›Ž›ȱ˜ȱ‹ŽȱŠ‹•Žȱ˜ȱ–Š”Žȱ‘Žȱ›’‘ȱ›ŠŽȬ˜ȱ˜›ȱ ‘ŽȱŽœ’—ȱŒ‘˜’ŒŽœȱ’—ȱ‘ŽœŽȱœ’žŠ’˜—œǯȱ ȱ ‘Žȱ –Š’—ȱ Š’–ȱ ˜ȱ ‘’œȱ Œ‘Š™Ž›ȱ ’œȱ ˜ȱ ›ŽŸ’Ž ȱ ‘Žȱ Œž››Ž—•¢ȱ ŠŸŠ’•Š‹•Žȱ –Ž‘˜˜•˜’Žœȱ ˜ȱ ŠœœŽœœȱ ‘Žȱ ’–™ŠŒȱ ˜ȱ ž›‹ž•Ž—ŒŽȱ ’—ȱ –˜˜› Š¢ȱ ›Š’Œȱ ˜—ȱ ›Š’Œȱ œŠŽ¢ȱ Š—ȱ ›Š’Œȱ ˜™Ž›Š’˜—œǯȱ ‘Žȱ ’Ž›Ž—ȱ –Ž‘˜˜•˜’Žœȱ Š›Žȱ ŽœŒ›’‹ŽȱŠ—ȱŒ˜–™Š›ŽǯȱŽŒ˜––Ž—Š’˜—œȱŠ›Žȱ’ŸŽ—ȱ˜—ȱ‘˜ ȱ˜ȱžœŽȱŠȱ ’Žȱ ›Š—Žȱ ˜ȱ ’Ž›Ž—ȱ Ž¡’œ’—ȱ –Ž‘˜œǰȱ Š—ȱ ‘˜ ȱ ˜ȱ Œ˜–‹’—Žȱ –Ž‘˜œȱ  ‘Ž—ȱ ŠœœŽœœ’—ȱŽœ’—œȱ˜—ȱ˜™Ž›Š’˜—œȱŠ—ȱœŠŽ¢ȱŠȱ‘ŽȱœŠ–Žȱ’–Žǯȱ‘Žȱ–Š’—ȱ˜Œžœȱ. ȱ. Řř.

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