Classical Antiquity Contested: The Dutch Eighteenth Century and Ancient Politics - Classical Antiquity Contested
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(2) WYGER
(3)
(4) R.E.
(5)
(6) VELEMA CLASSICAL
(7)
(8) ANTIQUITY
(9)
(10) CONTESTED:
(11)
(12) THE
(13)
(14) DUTCH
(15)
(16) EIGHTEENTH
(17)
(18) CENTURY
(19)
(20) AND
(21)
(22) ANCIENT
(23)
(24) POLITICS INTRODUCTION The
(25) year
(26) 1795
(27) saw
(28) the
(29) definitive
(30) end
(31) of
(32) the
(33) Dutch
(34) ancien
(35) régime.
(36) The
(37) repub- lic
(38) of
(39) the
(40) Seven
(41) United
(42) Provinces,
(43) that
(44) strange
(45) political
(46) anomaly
(47) in
(48) the
(49) largely
(50) monarchical
(51) Europe
(52) of
(53) the
(54) seventeenth
(55) and
(56) eighteenth
(57) centuries,
(58) was
(59) disman- tled
(60) and
(61) replaced
(62) by
(63) the
(64) Batavian
(65) Republic1.
(66) The
(67) revolution
(68) was
(69) greeted
(70) with
(71) great
(72) enthusiasm.
(73) Soon
(74) declarations
(75) of
(76) the
(77) rights
(78) of
(79) man
(80) and
(81) of
(82) the
(83) citizen
(84) were
(85) proclaimed
(86) throughout
(87) the
(88) country2.
(89) In
(90) many
(91) towns
(92) and
(93) villages
(94) the
(95) excited
(96) population
(97) gathered
(98) around
(99) hastily
(100) erected
(101) liberty
(102) trees,
(103) the
(104) political
(105) symbols
(106) of
(107) the
(108) new
(109) order.
(110) This
(111) was
(112) the
(113) year
(114) of
(115) the
(116) triumph
(117) of
(118) an
(119) entirely
(120) new
(121) and
(122) revo- lutionary
(123) way
(124) of
(125) thinking.
(126) A
(127) streamlined
(128) new
(129) state
(130) was
(131) to
(132) replace
(133) what
(134) many
(135) contemporaries
(136) had
(137) come
(138) to
(139) regard
(140) as
(141) the
(142) bizarre
(143) and
(144) Gothic
(145) old
(146) republican
(147) political
(148) order.
(149) The
(150) political
(151) inspiration
(152) for
(153) this
(154) new
(155) state
(156) did
(157) not
(158) come
(159) from
(160) the
(161) past,
(162) but
(163) exclusively
(164) from
(165) the
(166) timeless
(167) natural
(168) and
(169) inalienable
(170) rights
(171) of
(172) man
(173) as
(174) formulated
(175) by
(176) the
(177) Enlightenment.
(178) The
(179) past
(180) had
(181) definitively
(182) lost
(183) its
(184) political
(185) relevance.
(186) History
(187) was
(188) reduced
(189) to
(190) the
(191) sad
(192) and
(193) dreary
(194) tale
(195) of
(196) the
(197) suffering
(198) of
(199) op- pressed
(200) humanity
(201) until
(202) the
(203) advent
(204) of
(205) the
(206) liberating
(207) revolutions
(208) of
(209) the
(210) late
(211) eigh- teenth
(212) century.
(213) Such,
(214) in
(215) a
(216) nutshell,
(217) is
(218) the
(219) current
(220) interpretation
(221) of
(222) the
(223) ideology
(224) of
(225) the
(226) Batavian
(227) revolutionaries.
(228) The
(229) Batavians,
(230) Thomas
(231) von
(232) der
(233) Dunk
(234) recently
(235) maintained
(236) echoing
(237) a
(238) long
(239) line
(240) of
(241) predecessors,
(242) «did
(243) not
(244) base
(245) themselves
(246) on
(247) ©
(248) Wyger
(249) R.E.
(250) Velema,
(251) 2012 1.
(252) Despite
(253) .
(254) numerous
(255) shortcomings,
(256) the
(257) best
(258) general
(259) treatment
(260) of
(261) the
(262) first
(263) years
(264) of
(265) the
(266) Batavian
(267) revolution
(268) is
(269) still
(270) Schama
(271) S.
(272) Patriots
(273) and
(274) Liberators.
(275) Revolution
(276) in
(277) the
(278) Netherlands
(279) 1780– 1813.
(280) New
(281) York,
(282) 1977.
(283) P.
(284) 178–353.
(285) The
(286) Batavian
(287) revolution
(288) is
(289) discussed
(290) from
(291) a
(292) comparative
(293) perspective
(294) in
(295) Jourdan
(296) A.
(297) La
(298) Révolution
(299) batave
(300) entre
(301) la
(302) France
(303) et
(304) l’Amérique
(305) (1795–1806).
(306) Rennes,
(307) 2008. 2.
(308)
(309) Tweehonderd
(310) jaar
(311) rechten
(312) van
(313) de
(314) mens
(315) in
(316) Nederland.
(317) De
(318) verklaring
(319) van
(320) de
(321) rechten
(322) van
(323) de
(324) mens
(325) en
(326) van
(327) de
(328) burger
(329) van
(330) 31
(331) januari
(332) 1795
(333) toegelicht
(334) en
(335) vergeleken
(336) met
(337) Franse
(338) en
(339) Amerikaanse
(340) voorgangers
(341) /
(342) Samenst.
(343) F.H.
(344) van
(345) der
(346) Burg,
(347) H.
(348) Boels.
(349) Leiden,
(350) 1994.. 213.
(351) WYGER
(352)
(353) R.E.
(354)
(355) VELEMA. history,
(356) but
(357) tried
(358) to
(359) create
(360) a
(361) new
(362) political
(363) ideal
(364) from
(365) nothing,
(366) solely
(367) on
(368) the
(369) basis
(370) of
(371) reason».
(372) It
(373) would
(374) seem,
(375) however,
(376) that
(377) this
(378) broadly
(379) accepted
(380) interpretation
(381) of
(382) the
(383) intellectual
(384) universe
(385) of
(386) the
(387) Batavian
(388) revolutionaries
(389) as
(390) exclusively
(391) based
(392) on
(393) «ahistorical
(394) rationality»
(395) is
(396) quite
(397) one-sided
(398) and
(399) therefore
(400) seriously
(401) misleading3.
(402) Indeed,
(403) it
(404) can
(405) only
(406) be
(407) sustained
(408) by
(409) ignoring
(410) what
(411) the
(412) historical
(413) actors
(414) of
(415) 1795
(416) were
(417) actually
(418) talking
(419) and
(420) writing
(421) about.
(422) Let
(423) us
(424) take
(425) a
(426) closer
(427) look
(428) at
(429) the
(430) preoc- cupations
(431) of
(432) literate
(433) Dutchmen
(434) in
(435) the
(436) year
(437) 1795. On
(438) February
(439) 21,
(440) 1795,
(441) Johan
(442) Luzac,
(443) known
(444) throughout
(445) Europe
(446) for
(447) his
(448) prestigious
(449) Gazette
(450) de
(451) Leyde,
(452) ended
(453) his
(454) rectorate
(455) at
(456) the
(457) University
(458) of
(459) Leiden
(460) with
(461) a
(462) farewell
(463) speech4.
(464) The
(465) theme
(466) this
(467) moderate
(468) reformer
(469) addressed
(470) was
(471) highly
(472) topical
(473) during
(474) these
(475) hectic
(476) first
(477) weeks
(478) of
(479) the
(480) Batavian
(481) revolution:
(482) it
(483) was
(484) the
(485) meaning
(486) of
(487) citizenship.
(488) Luzac
(489) thought
(490) he
(491) could
(492) best
(493) approach
(494) his
(495) complex
(496) subject
(497) through
(498) a
(499) concrete
(500) historical
(501) example
(502) and
(503) therefore
(504) devoted
(505) his
(506) entire
(507) speech
(508) to
(509) Socrates.
(510) From
(511) the
(512) very
(513) start,
(514) he
(515) made
(516) it
(517) clear
(518) that
(519) knowl- edge
(520) of
(521) abstract
(522) and
(523) timeless
(524) natural
(525) rights
(526) was
(527) absolutely
(528) insufficient
(529) for
(530) an
(531) adequate
(532) understanding
(533) of
(534) his
(535) theme.
(536) It
(537) was
(538) at
(539) least
(540) as
(541) important
(542) «constantly
(543) to
(544) study
(545) the
(546) Greek
(547) and
(548) Roman
(549) Historians,
(550) Orators,
(551) and
(552) Philosophers»5.
(553) That
(554) he
(555) should
(556) think
(557) so
(558) was
(559) hardly
(560) surprising,
(561) since
(562) Johan
(563) Luzac
(564) not
(565) only
(566) was
(567) a
(568) professor
(569) of
(570) Greek,
(571) but
(572) he
(573) was
(574) also
(575) a
(576) classical
(577) republican.
(578) Already
(579) in
(580) 1785,
(581) during
(582) the
(583) so-called
(584) Patriot
(585) Era,
(586) he
(587) had
(588) emphatically
(589) told
(590) an
(591) audience
(592) he
(593) suspected
(594) of
(595) containing
(596) many
(597) «fanatical
(598) devotees
(599) of
(600) Popular
(601) Government»
(602) that
(603) a
(604) pure
(605) democracy
(606) was
(607) an
(608) abomination.
(609) True
(610) liberty,
(611) the
(612) study
(613) of
(614) clas- sical
(615) antiquity
(616) had
(617) taught
(618) him,
(619) could
(620) only
(621) exist
(622) in
(623) a
(624) mixed
(625) form
(626) of
(627) govern- ment,
(628) in
(629) a
(630) so-called
(631) «moderate
(632) Aristo-Democracy»6.
(633) Luzac
(634) was
(635) still
(636) of
(637) the
(638) 3.
(639)
(640) Dunk
(641) T.H.
(642) von
(643) der.
(644) Een
(645) Hollands
(646) heiligdom.
(647) De
(648) moeizame
(649) architectonische
(650) eenwording
(651) van
(652) Nederland.
(653) Amsterdam,
(654) 2007.
(655) P.
(656) 15,
(657) 17.
(658) The
(659) locus
(660) classicus
(661) of
(662) this
(663) interpretation
(664) is
(665) Leeb
(666) I.L.
(667) The
(668) Ideological
(669) Origins
(670) of
(671) the
(672) Batavian
(673) Revolution.
(674) History
(675) and
(676) Politics
(677) in
(678) the
(679) Dutch
(680) Repub- lic
(681) 1747–1800.
(682) The
(683) Hague,
(684) 1973. 4.
(685)
(686) On
(687) Johan
(688) Luzac
(689) see
(690) Popkin
(691) J.D.
(692) News
(693) and
(694) Politics
(695) in
(696) the
(697) Age
(698) of
(699) Revolution.
(700) Jean
(701) Luzac’s
(702) Gazette
(703) de
(704) Leyde.
(705) Ithaca;;
(706) London,
(707) 1989;;
(708) Schöffer
(709) I.
(710) Een
(711) Leids
(712) hoogleraar
(713) in
(714) politieke
(715) moe- ilijkheden.
(716) Het
(717) ontslag
(718) van
(719) Johan
(720) Luzac
(721) in
(722) 1796
(723) //
(724) Geen
(725) schepsel
(726) wordt
(727) vergeten.
(728) Liber
(729) ami- corum
(730) voor
(731) Jan
(732) Willem
(733) Schulte
(734) Nordholt
(735) ter
(736) gelegenheid
(737) van
(738) zijn
(739) vijfenzestigste
(740) verjaardag
(741) /
(742) Onder
(743) red.
(744) van
(745) J.F.
(746) Heijbroek,
(747) A.
(748) Lammers,
(749) A.P.G.
(750) Jos
(751) van
(752) der
(753) Linde.
(754) Amsterdam;;
(755) Zutphen,
(756) 1985.
(757) P.
(758) 61–80.
(759) 5.
(760)
(761) Luzac
(762) J.
(763) Socrates
(764) als
(765) burger
(766) beschouwd,
(767) in
(768) eene
(769) plechtige
(770) redevoering,
(771) uitgesproken
(772) op
(773) den
(774) 21.
(775) Februari
(776) 1795,
(777) bij
(778) het
(779) nederleggen
(780) van
(781) ’t
(782) Rectoraat
(783) der
(784) Hollandsche
(785) universiteit,
(786) etc.
(787) Leiden:
(788) A.
(789) and
(790) J.
(791) Honkoop,
(792) 1796.
(793) P.
(794) 7–8.
(795) Cf.
(796) the
(797) original
(798) edition
(799) of
(800) the
(801) speech:
(802) Idem.
(803) Oratio
(804) de
(805) Socrate
(806) cive:
(807) publice
(808) habita,
(809) die
(810) 21
(811) Februarii
(812) MDCCXCV,
(813) quum
(814) magistratu
(815) academico
(816) abiret:
(817) probatione
(818) &
(819) adnotationes
(820) de
(821) Socrate
(822) ac
(823) de
(824) republica
(825) Attica,
(826) praesertim
(827) disquisitio
(828) de
(829) epistas
(830) ac
(831) proedris
(832) Atheniensium,
(833) et
(834) de
(835) Socrate
(836) epistate,
(837) ad
(838) calcem
(839) adjectae
(840) reperiuntur.
(841) Lugduni
(842) Batavorum:
(843) apud
(844) A.
(845) et
(846) J.
(847) Honkoop,
(848) 1796. 6.
(849)
(850) Luzac
(851) J.
(852) Redevoering
(853) ten
(854) betooge,
(855) dat
(856) de
(857) geleerdheid
(858) de
(859) voedster
(860) is
(861) der
(862) burgerdeugd,
(863) vooral
(864) in
(865) een
(866) vry
(867) gemeenebest,
(868) etc.
(869) Leiden:
(870) Hendrik
(871) Mostert,
(872) 1786.
(873) P.
(874) 48,
(875) 55.
(876) Cf.
(877) the
(878) original
(879) edition
(880) of
(881) this
(882) speech:
(883) Idem.
(884) Oratio
(885) de
(886) eruditione,
(887) altrice
(888) virtutis
(889) civilis
(890) præsertim
(891) in
(892) civitate
(893) libera.
(894) Publice
(895) habita
(896) a.d.
(897) XXIV.
(898) Septembris
(899) MDCCLXXXV.
(900) Quum
(901) ordinariam
(902) linguae
(903) Graecae...
(904) professionem
(905) in
(906) academia
(907) Lugduno-Batava...
(908) auspicaretur
(909) Lugduni
(910) Batavorum:
(911) apud
(912) Henri- cum
(913) Mostert,
(914) 1785.. 214.
(915) CLASSICAL
(916)
(917) ANTIQUITY
(918)
(919) CONTESTED. same
(920) opinion
(921) in
(922) 1795
(923) and
(924) repeated
(925) his
(926) message,
(927) although
(928) in
(929) a
(930) form
(931) slightly
(932) adapted
(933) to
(934) the
(935) changed
(936) political
(937) circumstances.
(938) Socrates
(939) had
(940) been
(941) such
(942) an
(943) exemplary
(944) citizen
(945) because
(946) he
(947) had,
(948) in
(949) times
(950) of
(951) faction
(952) and
(953) political
(954) chaos
(955) in
(956) Athens,
(957) caused
(958) by
(959) the
(960) «license
(961) of
(962) the
(963) vulgar»,
(964) not
(965) entirely
(966) turned
(967) away
(968) from
(969) politics7.
(970) Without
(971) aspiring
(972) to
(973) political
(974) office
(975) in
(976) those
(977) times
(978) of
(979) moral
(980) decay,
(981) he
(982) had
(983) given
(984) his
(985) fellow
(986) citizens
(987) a
(988) shining
(989) example
(990) of
(991) virtuous
(992) behavior
(993) and
(994) had
(995) constantly
(996) reminded
(997) them
(998) that
(999) there
(1000) was
(1001) nothing
(1002) above
(1003) the
(1004) laws
(1005) and
(1006) above
(1007) justice
(1008) –
(1009) even
(1010) if
(1011) this
(1012) meant
(1013) that
(1014) he
(1015) eventually
(1016) had
(1017) to
(1018) pay
(1019) the
(1020) highest
(1021) price8. Such
(1022) warnings
(1023) about
(1024) the
(1025) excesses
(1026) of
(1027) popular
(1028) government
(1029) fell
(1030) on
(1031) deaf
(1032) ears
(1033) with
(1034) Johan
(1035) Luzac’s
(1036) cousin,
(1037) the
(1038) hot-blooded
(1039) revolutionary
(1040) Johan
(1041) Valckenaer,
(1042) son
(1043) of
(1044) the
(1045) eminent
(1046) classical
(1047) philologist
(1048) Lodewijk
(1049) Caspar
(1050) Valckenaer9.
(1051) He
(1052) had
(1053) been
(1054) appointed
(1055) as
(1056) professor
(1057) of
(1058) law
(1059) at
(1060) Leiden
(1061) University
(1062) in
(1063) the
(1064) spring
(1065) of
(1066) 1795
(1067) to
(1068) replace
(1069) the
(1070) very
(1071) learned,
(1072) but
(1073) also
(1074) very
(1075) conservative
(1076) Friederich
(1077) Wilhelm
(1078) Pestel10.
(1079) That
(1080) he
(1081) took
(1082) his
(1083) political
(1084) appointment
(1085) very
(1086) seriously
(1087) indeed
(1088) became
(1089) clear
(1090) in
(1091) his
(1092) inaugural
(1093) lecture
(1094) in
(1095) October
(1096) of
(1097) 1795.
(1098) It
(1099) discussed
(1100) The
(1101) duties
(1102) of
(1103) a
(1104) Batavian
(1105) citizen,
(1106) particularly
(1107) in
(1108) revolutionary
(1109) times11.
(1110) To
(1111) Johan
(1112) Valckenaer,
(1113) who
(1114) belonged
(1115) to
(1116) the
(1117) small
(1118) group
(1119) of
(1120) Dutch
(1121) revolutionaries
(1122) desiring
(1123) a
(1124) ruth- less
(1125) suppression
(1126) of
(1127) all
(1128) adherents
(1129) of
(1130) the
(1131) ancien
(1132) régime,
(1133) any
(1134) form
(1135) of
(1136) political
(1137) moderation
(1138) during
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Deze grens wordt overschreden door een vergaande mutilatie waartoe amputatie van een extremiteit zeker gerekend m m t worden.. Dit mens-machine-milieu systeem wordt dan in
Een van de belangrijkste bevindingen uit ons onderzoek van de afgelopen jaren is dat mensen met obesitas minder gevoelig zijn voor de effecten van
