Hydrogen production from biomass wastes by reforming in hot compressed water: studies with model oxygenates in the quest for finding an optimal catalyst
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(13) -alumina. The performance of this catalyst was then compared to Pt/-.
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(16) γ γ.
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(21) Cx H2x Ox ↔ xCO + xH2 CO + H2 O ↔ CO2 + H2 Cx H2x Ox + xH2 O ↔ xCO2 + 2xH2.
(22) γ. γ. γ.
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(24) γ. γ.
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(27) C6 H12 O6 + 6 H2 O → 6 CO2 + 12H2.
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(29) CH4 + H2 O ↔ CO + 3H2. .
(30) 100 90 1 bar. Conversion (%). 80 70. 10 bar. 60 50 5 bar 40 30 20. S/C = 2 S/C = 3 S/C = 4. 10 0 450. 500. 550. 600. 650. 700. 750. 800. Temperature (°C). 850. 900. 950.
(31) Cn Hm + nH2 O → n CO + (n +. m 2. ) H2.
(32) Ni + H2 O → NiO + H2. . CO + H2 O → CO2 + H2. 10. 8. 6. TOF 4. 2. 0. Pt/TiO2. Pt/Ti0.5Ce0.5O2. Pt/CeO2 Pt/Ce0.8Zr0.2O2. Pt/ZrO2. .
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(40) PCO =. PCO2 PH2 K WGS PH2 O.
(41) Pbubble ≈ Psystem = PH2O + ∑products Pi.
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(44) γ.
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(66) Vn = pn ∗ GCF ∗ VN2. 𝑠𝑛. 𝑐𝑝,𝑛. 𝑇𝑠. CGF =. 𝑑𝑁2 ∗𝑐𝑝𝑁 (p1 s1 +p2 s2 +⋯+pn sn ) 2. pd1 cp1 +p2 d2 cp2 +⋯+pn dn cp,n. 𝑇𝑥. 𝑑𝑛.
(67) Temperature Corrected CGF = GCF ∗. 𝑅. Fn =. pn Vn R∗T. Tx Ts. 𝑇. 𝐹𝑛.
(68) 𝑋𝑡,𝑠,𝑖 𝐶𝑠. 𝑉𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝐹𝑠. 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐶𝑠,𝑖. 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝐿𝑄. 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐹𝐿𝑄. 𝐹𝑠. 𝐗 𝐭,𝐬,𝐢 =. out Cs ∗ Vfeed −Cout s,i ∗VLQ. Cs ∗ Vfeed. =. Fs −Fout LQ,i Fs. ∗ 100. 𝑋𝐶2𝐺,𝑖 𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛. 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐶𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛,𝐿𝑄,𝑖. 𝑉𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛. 𝐗 𝐂𝟐𝐆,𝐢 =. out out Cin carbon ∗Vfeed −Ccarbon,LQ ∗VLQ. Cin carbon ∗Vfeed. =. out Fin carbon −Fcarbon,LQ,i. Fin carbon. 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝐿𝑄 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐹𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛,𝐿𝑄,𝑖. ∗ 100. 𝑋𝐿𝑄,𝑖 𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛. 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐹𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛,𝐿𝑄,𝑖. 𝐶𝑔𝑎𝑠,𝑖 𝑉𝑔𝑎𝑠,𝑖. 𝐗 𝐋𝐐,𝐢 =. out Fin carbon −Fcarbon,LQ,i −Cgas,i∗ Vgas,i. Fin carbon. ∗ 100.
(69) 𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝐻𝑃𝐿𝐶 𝐹𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛,𝐿𝑄,𝑖. 𝐹𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛,𝑔𝑎𝑠,𝑖 𝐶𝑔𝑎𝑠,𝑖 ∗ 𝑉𝑔𝑎𝑠,𝑖. 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑘𝑒,𝑖. out,HPLC. 𝐂𝐁𝒊 =. Fcarbon,LQ,i ∗Fout carbon,LQ,i +Fcarbon,gas,i +Fcoke,i out,CHN. Fcarbon,LQ,i +Fcarbon,gas,i +Fcoke,i. ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎. 𝑆𝐻2,𝑖 𝐹𝐻2,𝑖. 𝐒𝐇𝟐 ,𝐢 =. FH2 ,i Fs ∗ Xt,i. ∗. 1 RR. 𝐹𝑠 ∗ 𝑋𝑡,𝑖. ∗ 100. C2 H6 O2 → 2CO + 3H2 2CO + 2H2 O → 2CO2 + 2H2 C2 H6 O2 → 2CO2 + 5H2. C3 H6 O2 + H2 O → 3CO + 4H2 3CO + 3H2 O → 3CO2 + 3H2 C3 H6 O2 + H2 O → 3CO2 + 7H2.
(70) 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐶𝑥,𝑖. 𝑁𝑥𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛. 𝐒𝐱,𝐢 =. 𝑁𝑥𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛. out carbon Cout x,i ∗Vi ∗ Nx. Fs ∗2∗ Xt,i. 𝑉𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑡. 𝑁𝑥𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛. ∗ 100. 𝐘𝐇𝟐/𝐱,𝐢 = Si ∗ Xt,i 𝑟𝑃𝑡. 𝑚2. 𝐴𝑃𝑡. 𝐫𝐏𝐭. 𝐦𝟐. =. (Xt ⁄100)∗Fs 𝐴𝑃𝑡. 𝐷𝑃𝑡. 𝐓𝐎𝐅𝐬 = (m. 𝑀𝑃𝑡. Xt ∗Fs Pt ⁄MPt )∗DPt. 𝐹𝐻2. 𝐓𝐎𝐅𝐇𝟐 =. FH2 mPt,cat ∗DPt MPt.
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(76) γ. γ.
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(88) γ. γ.
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(91) C3 H6 O2 + 4 H2 O → 3 CO2 + 7H2.
(92) γ. α. γ.
(93) γ. ●.
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(96) C3 H6 O2 + H2 O → 3CO + 4H2 CO + H2 O → CO2 + H2.
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(104) CO + 3 H2 → CH4 + H2 O CO2 + 4 H2 → CH4 + 2 H2 O (2n + 1)H2 + n CO → Cn H(2n+2) + n H2 O .
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(112) 2CH3 COOH → CH3 COCH3 + CO2 + H2 O 2CH3 COCH3 → CH2 COHCH3 (enol) + CH3 COCH3 CH2 COHCH3 (enol) + CH3 COCH3 → (CH3 )2 C(OH)CH2 COCH3 (diacetone alcohol). (CH3 )2 C(OH)CH2 COCH3 (diacetone alcohol) → (CH3 )2 C = CCHCOCH3 (MO) + H2 O.
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(129) . . . . . . °. .
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(152) − Ea. k = Ae RT.
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(166) obs d2 rv,p p a′ k c Cb. obs d2 rv,p p Cs De. L 20n C0 > ln dp Pea Cf.
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(168) CO (g) + H2 O(l) ↔ H2 (g) + CO2. CO (g) + 3H2 (g) ↔ CH4 (g) + H2 O (l).
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(186) Anna Kaisa Kristiina (Kaisa) Vikla was born on 1st September 1982 in Nurmijärvi, Finland. She studied chemistry at University of Helsinki and received Bachelor of Science degree in 2008. After working in paint and coatings industry for 2 years, she started studies in Aalto University. In 2012 she graduated with a Master's degree in Chemical Engineering from Industrial Chemistry group. In 2013 she started PhD at Catalytic Processes and Materials group at University of Twente. The research findings are described in this thesis.. ISBN: 978-90-365-4668-3 DOI: 10.3990/1.9789036546683.
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