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Capacity for Complexity : Evolving connective capacities of program management in complex governance processes

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(1)CAPACITY FOR COMPLEXITY. Evolving connective capacities of program management in complex governance processes. Jean-Marie Buijs.

(2)

(3)  . CAPACITYFORCOMPLEXITY. .  .

(4)                        ̹ ‡ƒǦƒ”‹‡—‹Œ•ǡʹͲͳͺ  ŽŽ”‹‰Š–•”‡•‡”˜‡†Ǥƒ˜‡‡š ‡’–‹‘••–ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡Žƒ™ǡ‘’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‹•’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒ› „‡”‡’”‘†— ‡†ǡ•–‘”‡†‹ƒ”‡–”‹‡˜ƒŽ•›•–‡‘ˆƒ›ƒ–—”‡ǡ‘”–”ƒ•‹––‡†‹ƒ›ˆ‘”‘” „›ƒ›‡ƒ•ǡ‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ǡ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽǡ’Š‘–‘ ‘’›‹‰ǡ”‡ ‘”†‹‰‘”‘–Š‡”™‹•‡ǡ‹ Ž—†‡† ƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡‘”’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ–”ƒ• ”‹’–‹‘ǡ™‹–Š‘—–’”‹‘”’‡”‹••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”Ǥ  ƒ›‘—–ǣ ‡ƒǦƒ”‹‡—‹Œ• ‘˜‡”‡•‹‰ǣ‰‹Ž‡‘Ž‘”ǡ‹††‡”’”‹– ‘˜‡”‹ –—”‡ǣ‡•‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡

(5) ‡‡”„”‹†‰‡•–‡”†ƒŽ‡”‡ǡ•–—†‹‘Ȁ‘˜ƒ”‡• ”‹–‹‰ǣ‹††‡”’”‹–ȁ™™™Ǥ”‹††‡”’”‹–ǤŽ 

(6) ͻ͹ͺǦͻͶǦ͸͵͹ͷǦͳͷʹǦͲ ͺͲͷ .

(7)  . CAPACITYFORCOMPLEXITY . ˜‘Ž˜‹‰ ‘‡ –‹˜‡ ƒ’ƒ ‹–‹‡•‘ˆ’”‘‰”ƒƒƒ‰‡‡– ‹ ‘’Ž‡š‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡’”‘ ‡••‡• . CAPACITEITVOORCOMPLEXITEIT . ˜‘Ž—‡”‡†‡˜‡”„‹†‡†‡˜‡”‘‰‡•˜ƒ’”‘‰”ƒƒƒƒ‰‡‡– ‹ ‘’Ž‡š‡‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡’”‘ ‡••‡ . Thesis  ‘‘„–ƒ‹–Š‡†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ‘ –‘”ˆ”‘–Š‡ ”ƒ•—•‹˜‡”•‹–›‘––‡”†ƒ „› ‘ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‡ –‘”ƒ‰‹ˆ‹ —•  ”‘ˆǤ†”ǤǤǤǤǤ‰‡Ž•  ƒ†‹ƒ ‘”†ƒ ‡™‹–Š–Š‡†‡ ‹•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘ –‘”ƒ–‡‘ƒ”† Š‡’—„Ž‹ †‡ˆ‡•‡•ŠƒŽŽ„‡Š‡Ž†‘   ”‹†ƒ›͵Ͳ‘˜‡„‡”ʹͲͳͺƒ–ͳ͵ǣ͵ͲŠ”•  „›  MarienJanBuijs  ‘”ƒ–‘‘•‡†ƒƒŽ‡‹•’‡.  .

(8) DoctoralCommittee ”‘‘–‘”•ǣ . ”‘ˆǤ†”Ǥ‹‰Ǥ ǤǤ‡‹•ƒ ”‘ˆǤ†”Ǥ Ǥ†‡Ž‡„‘•. –Š‡”‡„‡”•ǣ ”‘ˆǤ†”ǤǤ Ǥ Ǥ.”–•  ”‘ˆǤ†”Ǥ‹”ǤǤ‘‡Ž‡• ”‘ˆǤ†”Ǥ Ǥ ǤǤǤ‘’’‡Œƒ.

(9)  . PREFACE  ˜‡”›‡†Šƒ•ƒ•–ƒ”–ǤŠ‹•Š”‡•‡ƒ” Š•–ƒ”–‡†“—‹–‡•‘‡–‹‡ƒ‰‘ƒ†ƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡ Šƒ˜‡“—‡•–‹‘‡†‹ˆ–Š‡”‡™‘—Ž†„‡ƒ‡†ƒ–ƒŽŽǤ‘™

(10)  ƒ ‘ˆ‹”–Š‡”‡‹•Ǥ

(11) –Šƒ•„‡‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡†ƒ†–‘„‡Š‘‡•–ǡ

(12) ƒ”ƒ–Š‡”’”‘—†‘ˆ‹–ƒ•™‡ŽŽǤ

(13) ƒŽ•‘†‘Š‘’‡–Šƒ––Š‡•–‘”› ‘–‹—‡•ǤŠ‹•„‘‘ ‘–ƒ‹•‡›’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ › Š ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ƒ„‘—– Š‘™ –Š‡ ’Š‡‘‡‘ ‘ˆ ’”‘‰”ƒ ƒƒ‰‡‡– ƒ Š‡Ž’ ‹ ‘’‹‰ ™‹–Š ‘’Ž‡š ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ ’”‘ ‡••‡• ‹ –Š‡ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ ƒ ‹‰ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•Ž‹‡ Ž‹ƒ–‡ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ǡ—”„ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ†–”ƒ•‹–‹‘‹‰–‘™ƒ”†••—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‡‡”‰›ǡ

(14)  ƒ ‘˜‹ ‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ ‹• •–‹ŽŽ ƒ Ž‘– –‘ „‡ Ž‡ƒ”‡† ƒ„‘—– ‘’‹‰ ™‹–Š ‘’Ž‡š‹–›ƒ†‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‹‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡’”‘ ‡••‡•Ǥ  ‘ˆƒ”ǡ–Š‹••–‘”›Šƒ•–ƒ‡‡–‘‡‡–„”‹ŽŽ‹ƒ–ǡ’ƒ••‹‘ƒ–‡ƒ†‹•’‹”‹‰’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ

(15) ‘™‡ ƒŽ‘––‘†‹• —••‹‰™‹–ŠƒŽŽƒŽ‘‰–Š‡™ƒ›Ǥ ‘’‡ˆ—ŽŽ››‘—ƒ”‡ƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆ›‰”ƒ–‹–—†‡Ǥ ‘” –Š‹•’”‡ˆƒ ‡ǡ

(16) ‡‡†‡†–‘•‡Ž‡ –•‘‡‘ˆ›‘—ǡ™‹–Š‘—–™Š‘–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•™‘—Ž†‘–Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ. ‡‡”– ‡‹•ƒ ™ƒ• › ’”‘‘–‘” ˆ”‘ –Š‡ •–ƒ”– ƒ† ƒ ‰”‡ƒ– •‘—” ‡ ‘ˆ ‹•’‹”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡‡–‹‰•™‹–Š ‡‡”–™‡”‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‹‰Ǥˆ–‡”™ƒ”†•

(17) ‘ˆ–‡™‘†‡”‡†‹ˆ™‡ Šƒ††‹• —••‡†’”‘‰”‡••ǡ‘”‹ˆ

(18) ™‡––™‘•–‡’•„ƒ Ǥ ‡‡”–ǯ•”‹ Š‹†‡ƒ•”‡•—Ž–‡†‹˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‡™’ƒ–Š™ƒ›•ˆ‘”›–Š‡•‹•ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘‡†‡†‹ Šƒ‘•ƒ›–‹‡•Ǥ

(19) –—•–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ •–”—‰‰Ž‡–‘”‡ƒ†–Š‡†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†–‡š–•‘ƒ› ‘ ‡’–•ƒ†–‘‡‡’Š‘’‹‰–Šƒ–‘‡†ƒ› ‘”†‡” ™‘—Ž† ‡‡”‰‡Ǥ

(20)  ƒ ‰”ƒ–‡ˆ—Ž ˆ‘” ›‘—” ‹•’‹”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•›‘— ”‡ƒ–‡†Ǥ

(21) –™ƒ•ƒŠ‘‘”–‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡‹›‘—””‡•‡ƒ” Š‰”‘—’ƒ†

(22)  ”‡ƒ’–Š‡•‡„‡‡ˆ‹–•‹›™‘”‡˜‡”›†ƒ›Ǥ

(23)  ™‘—Ž† ‘– Šƒ˜‡ •–ƒ”–‡† ƒ† ˆ‹‹•Š‡† –Š‹• –Š‡•‹• ™‹–Š‘—– –Š‡ ‘‡ –‹˜‡ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›‘ˆ›‘–Š‡”’”‘‘–‘” —”‹ƒ†‡Ž‡„‘•ǤŠ‡

(24) ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡† —”‹ƒˆ‘”›  –Š‡•‹•‘ƒ –‹‘”‡•‡ƒ” Šǡ

(25)  ‘—Ž†‘–Šƒ˜‡‹ƒ‰‹‡†Š‡™‘—Ž†„‡ ‘‡•— ŠƒǮ”‘ ǯ‹ ƒŽŽ’Šƒ•‡•‘ˆ›ŠǤ˜‡”•‹ ‡™‡†‡ ‹†‡†–‘”‡•–ƒ”–ˆ‹ƒŽ‹œ‹‰–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•Œ—•–„‡ˆ‘”‡ •—‡”ʹͲͳ͹ǡ —”‹ƒǯ••—’’‘”–‰ƒ˜‡‡–Š‡•‡ŽˆǦ ‘ˆ‹†‡ ‡–‘ƒ‡–Š‹•Šƒ’’‡Ǥ —”‹ƒǡ

(26) ‰”‡ƒ–Ž›ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡›‘—ƒ•ƒ•—’‡”˜‹•‘”ƒ†ƒ•ƒ’‡”•‘Ǥ ‹‹•Š‹‰–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•ˆ‡‡Ž•ƒ• Šƒ˜‹‰ ˆ‹ƒŽŽ› †‡Ž‹˜‡”‡† › ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡ ‹’”‘ ƒŽ †‹• ‹’Ž‹‹‰ ‹ ‘—” ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

(27)  ‘—Ž†‘–Šƒ˜‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡†–Š‹•™‹–Š‘—–›‘—”–”‡‡†‘—••—’’‘”–ǡ’ƒ–‹‡ ‡ƒ†–”—•–Ǥ Š‹• ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ’”‘Œ‡ – ™ƒ• ’ƒ”–Ž› ˆ—†‡† „›  —‹Ž– ˜‹”‘‡– ƒ†. ‡‘• ‹‡ ‡•ǡ ™‹–Š †”‹ƒƒ Ž‘„ ƒ• ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‘”•Ǥ †”‹ƒƒǡ

(28)  ‘™‡ ›‘— ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• –Šƒ– ›‘— Šƒ˜‡ ”‡ƒ–‡†ǡ ƒ† ’”‘„ƒ„Ž› ƒŽ•‘ •‘‡ „‘––Ž‡• ‘ˆ ™‹‡Ǥ ‘—” ”‡ƒ–‹˜‹–› ƒ† –ƒŽ‡– ‹ ‰—‹†‹‰ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ‹ ™‘”•Š‘’• ƒ”‡ •–‹ŽŽ ƒ ‡šƒ’Ž‡ –‘ ‡ –‘†ƒ›Ǥ  .

(29) Š‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰’”‘ ‡••ˆ‘”ƒ–‡”‹‘˜ƒ–‹‡„”‘™ƒ•‘‡‘ˆ›ˆ‹”•–’”‘Œ‡ –•ƒ† ˆ‘” ‡ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ–•‘—” ‡ ‘ˆ ‹•’‹”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

(30) –Š‹•’”‘Œ‡ –

(31)  ™ƒ• Ž— › ‡‘—‰Š–‘ Œ‘‹ ‹‡ —‹Œ ‘ ƒ ”‘ƒ† –”‹’ –‘ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ• ˆ”‘ ‹Œ•™ƒ–‡”•–ƒƒ– ƒ„‘—– ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘’”‘Œ‡ –•Ǥ‹‡ǡ

(32) ƒ‰Žƒ†–Šƒ–

(33) Šƒ˜‡Ž‡ƒ”‡†ƒŽ‘–ˆ”‘›‘—Ǥ

(34) – ™ƒ• ƒŽ•‘ ƒ–  –Šƒ–

(35)  ‡– ƒ••‡ ‡””‹–•ǡ ‘”

(36)  •Š‘—Ž† ’”‘„ƒ„Ž› •ƒ› ‡”” ”‘ˆ‡••‘” ‡””‹–•Ǥ

(37) Š‹‰ŠŽ›ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡›‘—” ‘’ƒ‹‘•Š‹’‹–Š‡ ‘„‹‡†–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”› ‘ˆ”ƒ•—•‹˜‡”•‹–›ƒ†Ǥ—”•’‘–ƒ‡‘—•†‹• —••‹‘•‘ ‘’Ž‡š‹–›–Š‡‘”›ƒ”‡ ƒ‘‰–Š‡„‡•–‡‘”‹‡•‘ˆ›Š”‡•‡ƒ” Šǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‘—”’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡ ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‹ ‹ƒ‹Ǥ ‡•’‹–‡ ‘—” †‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡• ‘ ‘’Ž‡š‹–›ǡ ™‡ Šƒ˜‡ ‘– ›‡– ™”‹––‡ –‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ

(38) ™‘—Ž†„‡Š‘‘”‡†ƒ†™‘†‡”‹ˆ›‘—™‘—Ž†ƒ ‡’––Š‹• ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡Ǥ

(39)  › ‡ƒ”Ž› ›‡ƒ”• ƒ– ”ƒ•—• ‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ

(40)  •Šƒ”‡† › ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ ™‹–Š ”™‹ ˜ƒ ——”‡Ǥ‘„‹‹‰‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡ ‡ƒ†™‘”‡–Š‹ ǡ›‘—Šƒ˜‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†‹–‘ƒ”‘Ž‡‘†‡Ž ˆ‘”‘†‡”’—„Ž‹ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡•’‹–‡–Š‡’”‡••—”‡ˆ‘”’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ǡ›‘—ˆ‹†‡™ ™ƒ›• –‘ ”‡†‡•‹‰ –Š‡ ˆ‹‡Ž†ǯ• •‘ ‹ƒŽ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ ‡Ǥ

(41)  ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡ –Šƒ– ›‘— ‹‹–‹ƒ–‡† ‘Ǧ ’—„Ž‹•Š‹‰•‡˜‡”ƒŽ’ƒ”–•‘ˆ›”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤŠ‹•™ƒ•˜‡”›‹•–”—‡–ƒŽ–‘ ‘’Ž‡–‡–Š‹• –Š‡•‹•Ǥ

(42) –™‘—Ž†„‡›’Ž‡ƒ•—”‡–‘ˆ‹†‡™™ƒ›•–‘ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‡‹–Š‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡†•‹†‡‘ˆ ’—„Ž‹ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

(43) ™‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘Ž‹‡–‘–Šƒ ƒ•’‡”•Š—‹•Ǥ

(44) ”‡ƒŽŽ›‡Œ‘›‡†‘—”Œ‘‹–‡ˆˆ‘”–ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰› Šƒ’–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡„‘‘ƒƒ‰‹‰‘’Ž‡š ‘˜‡”ƒ ‡›•–‡•Ǥ‹–Šƒ › ˜ƒ †‡” ‘Ž

(45)  ‘– ‘Ž› •Šƒ”‡† ƒ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ǡ „—– ƒŽ•‘ ƒ ƒ•‡ •–—†› ƒ„‘—– ‡–”‘’‘Ž‹–ƒ ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡‹–Š‡ƒ†•–ƒ†ǤŠƒ•ˆ‘”›‘—” ‘’ƒ‹‘•Š‹’Ǥƒ˜‹†›”‡ǡ”‘ˆ‡••‘”ƒ– —”Šƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ’ƒ˜‡†–Š‡™ƒ›ˆ‘” ‘’Ž‡š‹–›”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹–Š‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ• ‹‡ ‡•Ǥ

(46) ƒ Š‘‘”‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘’’‘”–—‹–› –‘ ™”‹–‡ –™‘ Šƒ’–‡”• ™‹–Š ›‘— ‹ ƒƒ‰‹‰ ‘’Ž‡š. ‘˜‡”ƒ ‡›•–‡•Ǥ

(47) ƒƒŽ•‘‰”ƒ–‡ˆ—Ž–‘ƒŽŽ‘–Š‡”ƒ—–Š‘”•‘ˆ–Š‹•„Ž—‡„‘‘Ǥ

(48) ǯ’”‘—† ‘ˆ„‘–Š–Š‹•’”‘†— –ƒ†Œ‘‹–’”‘ ‡••Ǥ

(49) ™‘—Ž†Ž‹‡–‘–ŠƒƒŽŽ›‘–Š‡” ‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡•ƒ–”ƒ•—•‹˜‡”•‹–›ƒ† ˆ‘”–Š‡•–‹—Žƒ–‹‰‡˜‹”‘‡–ǡ‰”‡ƒ–†‹• —••‹‘•ƒ†•—’’‘”–Ǥ†‘––‘ˆ‘”‰‡–ǡ–Š‡ •‘ ‡”ƒ– Š‡•ƒ–‘—†‡•–‡‹Ǥ Š‹• •–—†› ™‘—Ž† ‘– Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ™‹–Š‘—– ’—„Ž‹  ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ•ǯ ‘’‡‡•• ƒ† –Š‡‹” ™‹ŽŽ‹‰‡•• –‘ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‡Ǥ ŽŽ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™• ƒ† ‡‡–‹‰•™‡”‡˜‡”›˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”›”‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ†‰ƒ˜‡‡†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†‹•‹‰Š–‹–‘’”‘‰”ƒ ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǯ• ‘‡ –‹˜‡ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›‹’”ƒ –‹ ‡Ǥ ‘”–Š‡ ƒ•‡•–—†›‘Ž‹ ›™‹–Š‹–‹œ‡•ǡ

(50) ™‘—Ž†Ž‹‡–‘–Šƒƒ—Žƒ••‡–ǡ ƒ” ˜ƒ †‡” ƒŽ ƒ† Žƒƒ• ƒ ‘‘‹‰Ǥ

(51)  ƒ†‹”‡ ›‘—” ’ƒ••‹‘ ˆ‘” ‡Šƒ ‹‰ –Š‡ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–‘ˆ ‹–‹œ‡•‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ‡˜‹”‘‡–’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•Ǥ ‘”–Š‡•–‡”†ƒ‡–”‘’‘Ž‹–ƒ‡‰‹‘ ƒ•‡•–—†›ǡ

(52) ƒ‹†‡„–‡†–‘‹ Š‹‡Ž —‹•ǡ ƒ””› ˜ƒ ——– ƒ† ƒ ‡†”‹ ”‘‡”• ˆ‘” •Šƒ”‹‰ –Š‡‹” ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ƒ†.

(53)   •—’’‘”–‹‰‘—””‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤ”‘‰”ƒƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ•ƒ’’Ž‹‡†‹•–‡”†ƒ‡–”‘’‘Ž‹–ƒ ‡‰‹‘Šƒ•‡˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–‘ƒ„‡•–’”ƒ –‹ ‡ƒˆ–‡”‹–”‘†— ‹‰ƒ‡™–›’‡‘ˆ’”‘‰”ƒƒ–‹  ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‹–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•’ƒ–‹ƒŽ•–”ƒ–‡‰›Ǥ  ›”‡•’‡ –ˆ‘”–Š‡’”‘‰”ƒƒƒ‰‡”•™Š‘ƒ”‡•—„Œ‡ –‘ˆ›–Š‡•‹•Šƒ•‘Ž›‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† •‹ ‡

(54) Šƒ˜‡ ‘„‹‡†ˆ‹‹•Š‹‰›–Š‡•‹•™‹–Š™‘”‹‰ˆ‘” ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ’’Ž‹‡†  ‹‡ ‡•Ǥ ƒƒ‰‹‰ ƒ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ’”‘‰”ƒ ƒŽ•‘ ‘ˆ”‘–‡† ‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‘’Ž‡š‹–› ‘ˆ †‹˜‡”•‡ ’”‘Œ‡ –•ǡ Š‹‰ŠŽ› ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡† „› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ƒ –‘”• ƒ† •–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•ǡ ‘–‹—‘—• ƒŽ‹‰‡– ™‹–Š –Š‡ Ž‹‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• –‘ ‘‡ – ™‹–Š ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ’”‘‰”ƒ•Ǥ ‘”‹‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‰”‡ƒ– ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ–  Šƒ• †‡ˆ‹‹–‡Ž› „‡‡ –Š‡ Ǯ’”‘ǯ ‘ˆ –Š‹• ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

(55) Ž‡ƒ”‡†ƒŽ‘–ˆ”‘‹  —†–‡”ǯ•‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‹’—„Ž‹ ƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ†‹Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ ‡•Šƒ”‡†ƒ›†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–‘‡–•ǡ

(56)  Š‡”‹•Š›‘—”‰”‡ƒ–•–‘”‹‡•ǡ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ†˜‹•‹‘ ‘ ”‡•‹Ž‹‡ ‡ ƒ† –Š‡ –‘—” ›‘— ‰—‹†‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‹••‹••‹’’‹ †‡Ž–ƒǤ ’‡ƒ‹‰ ƒ„‘—– ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‹ ’—„Ž‹  ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡ ‡–‡” ˜ƒ —†‡”† Œ‘‹‹‰ ‘—” –‡ƒ „”‘—‰Š– –”ƒ“—‹Ž‹–›ǤŠƒ•‡–‡”ˆ‘”›‘—”™‹•†‘ƒ† ‘ƒ Š‹‰†—”‹‰–Š‘•‡›‡ƒ”•Ǥ‘–Š›‘— ƒ†‹ •–‹—Žƒ–‡†‡–‘ˆ‹‹•Š›ŠǤ‘—™‡”‡ƒ‰”‡ƒ–•—’’‘”–ˆ‘”‡‹‡‡’‹‰ –Š‹•–Š‡•‹•Š‹‰Š‘›ƒ‰‡†ƒǤ  ‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡•‹‡†— ƒ–‹‘™‡”‡ƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡‡™‡†ˆ‘ —•‘›Šƒ† –‘‘‘ƒŽƒ”‰‡’ƒ”–‘ˆŒ‘‹––ƒ••Ǥ

(57) ™‘—Ž†‘–‘Ž›Ž‹‡–‘–Šƒ›‘—ˆ‘”–Š‹•ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘” ›‘—” ‘’ƒ‹‘•Š‹’‹’ƒ•–›‡ƒ”•Ǥ

(58) –‹•ƒ’Ž‡ƒ•—”‡–‘™‘”™‹–Š›‘—ƒ†‘—”•–—†‡–•‹ ƒ‹–‡”†‹• ‹’Ž‹ƒ”›’”‘‰”ƒ™‹–Š”‡ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡’”‘Œ‡ –•Ǥ

(59) ‘—””‡•‡ƒ” Š–‡ƒ—ƒ•ƒ’‡„‘”‰Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ’ƒ”–‡”‹ ”‹‡ˆ‘”ƒ› ›‡ƒ”•ǡ —ƒ•ǡ –Šƒ• ˆ‘” ƒŽŽ ›‘—” •—’’‘”– ƒ† ”‡‹†‹‰ ‡ •‘‡–‹‡• ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ™‘”ƒ† ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ ˜ƒŽ—‹‰–Š‡ ‹ ‡” –Š‹‰• ‹ Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ ‡—‡”’•–”ƒ Œ‘‹‹‰‘—”–‡ƒŠƒ•‰”‡ƒ–Ž›‹’”‘˜‡†–Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ‘—””‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤ‘—”‡š’‡”–‹•‡ƒ„‘—– ˆŽ‘‘†”‹•ƒƒ‰‡‡–‹•–”‡‡†‘—•ǡ

(60) ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡›‘—”Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’•‹ŽŽ•ƒ†›‘—ƒ”‡ƒ ‰”‡ƒ– ‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡Ǥ‘˜ƒ†‡”‘‘”™‘”‡†‘Ž›ˆ‘”ƒ•Š‘”–’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ–‹‡™‹–Š—•ǡ„—– Š‘’‡ˆ—ŽŽ›™‡ ƒ ‘–‹—‡‘—” ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ƒ†ƒ’–‹˜‡’Žƒ‹‰Ǥƒ‡•—”‡–Šƒ–›‘— ƒ”‡‡š–‹Ž‹‡–‘ˆ‹‹•Š›‘—”Š–Š‡•‹•Ǥ ƒ•’‡”˜ƒ†‡ ‡—˜‡Ž„”‹‰•ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ‡‡”‰› –‘‘—”–‡ƒǤ

(61) ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡›‘—”‡–Š—•‹ƒ•ǡ ”‡ƒ–‹˜‡‹†‡ƒ•ƒ†•‹ŽŽ•ˆ‘””‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ† ‡†— ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

(62) ǯ Ž‘‘‹‰ ˆ‘”™ƒ”† –‘ ‡Šƒ ‡ ‘—” ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ’”‘‰”ƒ ƒ„‘—– Ž‹ƒ–‡ ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–‘ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‡™‹–Šȋ‡™Ȍ  ‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡•ǡ•–—†‡–•ƒ†’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ•‘ ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ ”‘••‘˜‡”•Ǥ

(63) ™‘—Ž†Ž‹‡–‘–Šƒ–Š‡„‘ƒ”†‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ†ƒƒ‰‡‡––‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡‡Ž–ƒ  ƒ†‡› ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” –”—•–Ǥ Š‡ ‘’’‘”–—‹–› –‘ ‘–‹—‡ ƒ† ‡Šƒ ‡ ‘—” ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ’”‘‰”ƒ‘”‡•‹Ž‹‡–†‡Ž–ƒ•Šƒ•‡ƒ„Ž‡†‡–‘‰”‘™ƒ•”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”ƒ†’‡”•‘ƒŽŽ›Ǥ›.  .

(64) ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‘‰‘‡•–‘ ‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡•’”‘˜‹†‹‰ƒ†˜‹ ‡”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰•—„•‹†‹‡•ǡˆ‹ƒ ‡ƒ† ‡˜‡–•Ǥ

(65) ǯ‰”ƒ–‡ˆ—Ž–‘ƒŽŽ’ƒ”–‡”•‹–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š’”‘Œ‡ –•

(66) Šƒ˜‡„‡‡™‘”‹‰‘‹ –Š‡’ƒ•–›‡ƒ”•Ǥ

(67) †‹†‘–•Šƒ”‡–Š‡Ǯ„—”†‡ǯ‘ˆ›Š™‹–ŠƒŽŽ‘ˆ›‘—ǡ„—–™‘—Ž†Ž‹‡›‘— –‘ ‘™ –Šƒ–

(68)  Š‹‰ŠŽ› ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡ ‘—” ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ‘’Ž‡š ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ ’”‘ ‡••‡• ƒ„‘—– Ž‹ƒ–‡ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ˆŽ‘‘†”‹•ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǤŠ‹•‹•‘–‘Ž›Š‹‰ŠŽ›”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ˆ‘” ‘—” ’”‘Œ‡ –•ǡ „—– ƒŽ•‘ ”‡‹†• ‡ ‘–‹—‘—•Ž› ƒ„‘—– ‘”‡ –Š‡‡• ‹ › Š ”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤ  —–•‹†‡‘ˆ™‘”

(69) Ž‡ƒ”‡†ƒŽ‘–ƒ„‘—–’—„Ž‹ ƒ––‡”•‹–Š‡ ‘—‹–›‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ›Š‘‡–‘™”—‹•Žƒ†Ǥ

(70) ƒ’”‘—†‘ˆ‘—” ƒ’ƒ ‹–›ˆ‘” ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡ƒ –‹‘ƒ†™Šƒ–ƒŽŽ –‡ƒ‡„‡”• ‘–”‹„—–‡Ǥ

(71) –‰‹˜‡•‡ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ‡‡”‰›–‘•—’’‘”–‰”ƒ••”‘‘–‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡• ™‹–Š›‘—Ǥ Ž‘–‘ˆˆ”‹‡†•Šƒ˜‡ƒ•‡†ƒ„‘—–›–Š‡•‹•‘˜‡”–Š‡ƒ››‡ƒ”•

(72) ™ƒ•™”‹–‹‰ ‹–Ǥ

(73)  ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡ ›‘—” •—’’‘”– ƒ† ‘”‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ–Ž›ǡ ™Š‘ ›‘— ƒ”‡Ǥ Œ‘›‹‰ ‘ ‡”–•ǡ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ǡ › Ž‹‰ǡ –‡‹• ƒ† ƒ”‹˜ƒŽ ™‹–Š ›‘— ‹• –Š‡ „‡•–Ǥ

(74)  ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› Ž‘‘ ˆ‘”™ƒ”† –‘ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‰‘—”ͶͲ–Š„‹”–Š†ƒ›–‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ‘‘–ˆ‘”‰‡–›‘—ƒ”‡ƒŽ™ƒ›•™‡Ž ‘‡–‘•Šƒ”‡ ƒ„‡‡”ƒ††‹• —••Ž‹ˆ‡ƒ†‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰–Šƒ– ‘‡•™‹–Š‹–Ǥ ƒ‹Ž›•‘‡–‹‡••‡‡••‡ŽˆǦ‡˜‹†‡–ǡ„—––Šƒ–‹•‘–Š‘™

(75) Šƒ˜‡’‡” ‡‹˜‡†›‘—” •—’’‘”–™Š‡™”‹–‹‰–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•Ǥ‘—Šƒ˜‡•‡‡‡•–”—‰‰Ž‡ƒ†•‡ƒ” Š‡†ˆ‘”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ™ƒ›•–‘Š‡Ž’‡‘—–Ǥ‘—Šƒ˜‡‘–ƒŽ™ƒ›•‡š’”‡••‡†–Š‹•ǡ„—–

(76) ƒƒ™ƒ”‡ƒ†–Š‹•ƒ‡• ›‰”ƒ–‹–—†‡‘Ž›„‹‰‰‡”Ǥ ‹–Š ‘•Ƭ ‡ƒ‡––‡ǡ ‘Šǡ‹––›Ƭ˜‹

(77) Šƒ˜‡ƒ‰”‡ƒ–ˆƒ‹Ž›‹Žƒ™ǤŠƒ›‘— ˆ‘” ƒŽŽ ›‘—” Š‡Ž’ ‘˜‡”–Š‡›‡ƒ”•ǡ

(78) ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡ ›‘—” ‡–”‡’”‡‡—”•Š‹’ƒ† ‘—”‹– Š‡ –ƒ„Ž‡ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ†Š‘™™‘†‡”ˆ—Ž‹•–‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ„”‘–Š‡”‹Žƒ™™‹–Š–Š‡ ‘’—–‡” •‹ŽŽ•–‘”‡•–‘”‡ ”ƒ•Š‡†Šƒ”††”‹˜‡•Ǥ › ’ƒ”‡–• Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽ™ƒ›• ’”‘˜‹†‡† ‡ ƒ Ž‘– ‘ˆ ˆ”‡‡†‘ ‹ –Š‡ Š‘‹ ‡•

(79)  Šƒ˜‡ ƒ†‡ǤŠ‹•”‡•—Ž–‡†‹ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ†‘—„–ˆ‘”‡ƒ•ƒ‹†ƒ†‘”‡‘˜‡”ƒ•ƒ–‡‡ƒ‰‡”Ǥ ‘” ‡˜‡”›†‡ ‹•‹‘ǡ

(80) –‡†‡†–‘ ‘•‹†‡”ƒŽŽ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ƒ†–Š‡‹”’”‘•ƒ† ‘•Ǥ

(81) –ƒ›‘– „‡–Š‡‘•–‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–™ƒ›‘ˆŽ‡ƒ†‹‰Ž‹ˆ‡ǡ„—–

(82) ƒ ‘˜‹ ‡†‹–Šƒ•”‡•—Ž–‡†‹”‘„—•– †‡ ‹•‹‘•Ǥ Š‹• ‹• ’”‘„ƒ„Ž› ‘‡ ”‡ƒ•‘• ™Š›

(83)  ‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ› ™‘—Ž† ˆ‹‹•Š –Š‹• ŠǤ

(84) Ǯ Šƒ’’›–‘Šƒ˜‡‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡Ž‡ƒ”‡†‘”‡‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘’–‹‘•Ǥ

(85) ‘™‡ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ–Šƒ•–‘› ’ƒ”‡–•ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ”‡‡†‘–‘ƒ‡›‘™†‡ ‹•‹‘•ƒ†ˆ‘”›‘—”— ‘†‹–‹‘ƒŽ•—’’‘”–Ǥ ‘—Šƒ˜‡•–‹—Žƒ–‡†‡–‘‡š’Ž‘”‡›’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰”‡ƒ– –Š‹‰• ƒ„‘—– › ˆƒ‹Ž› ƒ”‡ ‘—” ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘• ƒ„‘—– ’—„Ž‹  ƒ––‡”•ǡ’‘Ž‹–‹ •ǡ•’‘”–•ǡ–”ƒ˜‡Ž‹‰ƒ†—•‹ Ǥ‹–Š–‹‡‡ƒ†

(86) Žƒƒ†‹• —••‹‰’‘Ž‹–‹ • ƒ† –Š‡ ’—„Ž‹  ƒ––‡” ‹• ‡˜‡” ˆƒ” ƒ™ƒ›Ǥ ‘” ‡ ƒ• ƒ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”ǡ †‡„ƒ–‹‰ ‹–•.

(87)   ‘—‹ ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ•’‡ –• ™‹–Š „‘–Š ‘ˆ ›‘— ‹• ‡š–”‡‡Ž› ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ –‹‡‡ Šƒ• ‘– ‘Ž› „‡‡‘ˆ‰”‡ƒ–•—’’‘”–ƒ•ƒ„”‘–Š‡”ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘‡™‘•–ƒ„‘—––Š‡–‘’‹ •

(88) ™ƒ•™‘”‹‰ ‘„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆŠ‹•„ƒ ‰”‘—†‹’—„Ž‹ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ƒ–”ƒ•—•‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘ „‡––‡”†‹•–”ƒ –‹‘–Šƒ—•‹ ƒ† ‹– ‹•‰”‡ƒ––‘ Šƒ˜‡ ‘‡”‹ ‹ ‘—” ˆƒ‹Ž› ™‹–Š ƒŽŽ Š‹• ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ƒ† ’ƒ••‹‘ ˆ‘” —•‹ Ǥ › •‹•–‡” ƒ—”ƒ Šƒ• „‡‡ ‘ˆ –”‡‡†‘—•Š‡Ž’‹ˆ‹‹•Š‹‰–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•Ǥ‘—””‡˜‹‡™•‘ˆ–Š‡–‡š–ƒ†‰Ž‹•Š™‡”‡˜‡”› ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–ƒ†’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽǤ

(89) ƒ‰”ƒ–‡ˆ—Žˆ‘”›‘—”•—’’‘”–ǡƒ†•‘‹•’”‘„ƒ„Ž›–Š‡”‡ƒ†‡” ‘ˆ–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•ǤŠƒ•ˆ‘”›‘—”’ƒ–‹‡ ‡ƒ†ˆŽ‡š‹„‹Ž‹–›‹•—’’‘”–‹‰‡Ǥ ƒ‹´ŽŽ‡ǡ›‘—™‡”‡™‹–Š‡ƒ––Š‡•–ƒ”–ƒ†›‘—ƒ”‡™‹–Š‡ƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‹• –Š‡•‹•Ǥ

(90)  ‘—Ž†‘–Šƒ˜‡•— ‡‡†‡†™‹–Š‘—–›‘—Ǥ

(91)  ‘—Ž†™”‹–‡ƒŽ‘–ƒ„‘—–ƒŽŽ™‡Šƒ˜‡ƒŽŽ „‡‡–Š”‘—‰Š†—”‹‰–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•ǡ„—–‹–‹•’”‘„ƒ„Ž›„‡––‡”–‘•–‘’™”‹–‹‰”‹‰Š–‘™Ǥ

(92)  ™‘—Ž†Ž‹‡–‘†‡†‹ ƒ–‡–Š‡Žƒ•–•–ƒ–‡‡–‘ˆ›–Š‡•‹•–‘›‘—ǤǮŠ‡’”‘‹•‡–‘‡Œ‘›Ž‹ˆ‡ –‘‰‡–Š‡” „‡ ‘‡• ‡˜‡ ‘”‡ ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž ™Š‡ Ž‹ˆ‡ ‹• —Ž–‹’Ž‹‡†ǯ ‹• „ƒ•‡† —’‘ –Š‡ –Š‡‡ˆ‘”‘—”™‡††‹‰Ǯƒ‡‹•ƒŽŽ‡•Ž‡—‡”ǯǤ

(93) ™‹ŽŽ†‡ˆ‡†–Š‹•’”‘’‘•‹–‹‘™‹–Š› ‹†ƒ†›™Š‘Ž‡Š‡ƒ”–ǤŠ‡Œ‘› ‡ƒ„”‹‰•–‘‘—”Ž‹ˆ‡‹••‘‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—ŽǤ

(94)  ƒ‘– ™ƒ‹––‘™‡Ž ‘‡Š‡”„”‘–Š‡”‘”•‹•–‡” ǫ  ‡ƒǦƒ”‹‡—‹Œ• ͵ –‘„‡”ʹͲͳͺǡ”—‹•Žƒ†  . .  .

(95) . .

(96) TABLEOFCONTENTS  1Introduction:ConnectiveCapacitiesofProgramManagementinanEraof Complexity 1.1. Introduction. 1.2. Researchquestions. 14. 1.3. Explainingthestructure. 15. 1.4. Background:Definingprogrammanagementinaneraofcomplexity. 18. 1.5. Researchapproach. 27. 1.6. Guidetothereader. 33. References. 1. 35. 2 ConsolidatingGovernanceCapacityinComplexNetworks:Changing Perceptions,RelationsandInstitutionsinDifferentContexts. . 2.1. Introduction. 45. 2.2. Learningfromchange. 47. 2.3. Changeandconsolidationindifferentcontexts. 49. 2.4. TheScheldtcase. 51. 2.5. IndicationsofknowledgeconsolidationintheScheldtcase. 53. 2.6. PolicywithCitizens. 55. 2.7. IndicationsforknowledgeconsolidationinPolicywithCitizens. 58. 2.8. Casecomparison. 60. 2.9. Conclusions. 62. References. 64. 3 ConnectiveCapacityofProgramManagement:RespondingtoFragmented ProjectManagement. . 3.1. Introduction. 67. 3.2. Programmaticapproachesinpublicmanagement. 68. 3.3. Researchmethodology. 74. 3.4. Casedescription:policywithcitizensprogram. 75. 3.5. Caseanalysis:acloserlookatconnectionsontwolevels. 80. 3.6. Conclusionsanddiscussion. 82. References. 87.

(97) .   4 ProgramManagementandtheCreativeArtofCoopetition:Dealingwith PotentialTensionsandSynergiesbetweenSpatialDevelopmentProjects. . 4.1. Introduction. 93. 4.2. Methodology. 95. 4.3. Theoryandpracticeofprojectmanagement. 96. 4.4. Shortcomingsofprojectmanagement. 97. 4.5. Programmanagementanditspotential. 98. 4.6. Questionsonprogrammanagement. 4.7. ProjectandprogrammanagementinAmsterdamMetropolitanRegion. 102. 4.8. Conclusionsandreflections. 109. References 5MetropolitanRegionsasSelfǦOrganizingSystems. 101. 111. . 5.1. Introduction. 117. 5.2. AtheoryonconservativeanddissipativeselfǦorganization. 118. 5.3. ThecaseofthemetropolitanRandstadHollandregion. 122. 5.4. Discussinggoverningstructurerevision. 125. 5.5. Integraldevelopmentofprojects. 126. 5.6. Coordinationattemptsat‘wing’level. 128. 5.7. ConclusionsaboutselfǦorganizinggovernments. 131. References. 135. 6 UnderstandingConnectiveCapacityofProgramManagementfromaSelfǦ OrganizationPerspective. . 6.1. Introduction. 139. 6.2. Emergenceofprogrammanagement. 139. 6.3. Achallengeofconnectivecapacity. 142. 6.4. SelfǦorganizationperspectiveonconnectivecapacity. 145. 6.5. Conclusions:conservativeanddissipativepatternsinconnectivecapacityof. . programmanagement. References . 148 150.

(98) .   7CopingwithComplexityviaConnectiveCapacity:ATwoCaseEncounter. . 7.1. Introduction. 155. 7.2. Programmanagementincomplexgovernanceprocesses. 155. 7.3. Evolvingconnectivecapacitiesofprogrammanagement. 161. 7.4. Acomplexityviewonevolvingconnectivecapacitiesofprogrammanagement181. 7.5. AppearancesofCoevolution. 181. 7.6. PatternsofselfǦorganization. 189. References 8ConclusionandDiscussion. 199. . 8.1 Introducingtheconclusions 8.2 Answeringthemainquestion 8.3 Discussionandrecommendations References. 203 203 212 231. Summary  Samenvatting  PortfolioPhD  Abouttheauthor           . 238 250 263 266.  .

(99) . CHAPTER1  INTRODUCTION: CONNECTIVECAPACITIES OFPROGRAMMANAGEMENT INANERAOFCOMPLEXITY.

(100) Chapter1. . ͳ. 1.1 INTRODUCTION  1.1.1 Riseofprogrammaticapproachesinpublicmanagement ’”‘‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‹•–‘†ƒ›“—‹–‡ ‘‘‹ƒ†ƒ’–‹‰–Š‡’Š›•‹ ƒŽ‡˜‹”‘‡– ‘ˆ–Š‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•Ǥ—„Ž‹ ƒƒ‰‡”•ǡ• Š‘Žƒ”•ǡ ǯ•ƒ†„—•‹‡••‡•—•‡’”‘‰”ƒ•–‘ †‡ƒŽ™‹–Š ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ǡ— ‡”–ƒ‹–‹‡•ƒ†‡™˜‹•‹‘•‹•— Š’”‘ ‡••‡•ǤŠ‡—– Š‡Ž–ƒ ”‘‰”ƒǡ„—‹Ž–‘”‡‰‹‘ƒŽƒ†–Š‡ƒ–‹ ’”‘‰”ƒ•ǡ‹•ƒ–›’‹ ƒŽ‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆƒ‡–™‘” ’”‘‰”ƒ™‘”‹‰‘˜‡”–‹ ƒŽ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡ƒ†ƒ’–‹˜‡‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡’”‘ ‡••‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡ȋƒ—‡”ǡ ‡‹ Š–‹‰‡”ǡƬ–‡—”‡”ǡʹͲͳʹȌǤŠ‡‡™—– Š˜‹”‘‡– ƒ† Žƒ‹‰  – ƒŽ•‘ ‘•‹†‡”• ƒ ’”‘‰”ƒƒ–‹  ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ƒ• ƒ ‹•–”—‡– ˆ‘” ƒ†ƒ’–‹˜‡ ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡Ǥ • ‘’’‘•‡† –‘ ’”‘Œ‡ – ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡ ƒ‹‡† ƒ– ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‹‰ ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ǡ ’”‘‰”ƒ ƒƒ‰‡‡– †‡’ƒ”–• ˆ”‘ ƒ †‡•‹”‡† ˆ—–—”‡ •–ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ •›•–‡• ƒ†’”‘ ‡••‡•Ǥ

(101) –Ž‹•„‘–Š•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ƒ†’”‘Œ‡ –•ˆ‘”ƒ†ƒ’–‹˜‡’Žƒ‹‰‹–Š‡’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ‡˜‹”‘‡– ȋ—•• Š‡”ǡ ʹͲͳͶȌǤ  ’”‘‰”ƒƒ–‹  ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ‹ ‹’Ž‡‡–‹‰ –Š‡ ˜‹”‘‡–ƒ†Žƒ‹‰ –ǡƒ‹•–‘ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›ƒƒ‰‡–Š‡„ƒŽƒ ‡„‡–™‡‡‡ƒ•—”‡• –ƒ‡ ƒ† ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ƒŽŽ‘™‡†Ǥ ‘– ‘Ž› ‘™ǡ „—– ƒŽ•‘ ‘•‹†‡”‹‰ ˆ—–—”‡ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ ›’‹ ƒŽ ˆ‘” ƒ ‘†‡” ’”‘‰”ƒƒ–‹  ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ƒ”‡ ˜‡”–‹ ƒŽ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ƒ†ƒ’–‹˜‡ ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡’”‘ ‡••‡•ƒ†„ƒŽƒ ‹‰–Š‡‡š‹•–‹‰•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ƒ††‡•‹”‡•‘ˆƒŽŽƒ –‘”•ˆ‘” •Šƒ’‹‰ƒƒ†ƒ’–‹˜‡ˆ—–—”‡ȋ‡‹•ƒǡʹͲͲͺǢƒ—‡”‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳʹǢ—•• Š‡”ǡʹͲͳͶǢ‹Œ‡‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͳͶȌǤ ‘•‹†‡”‹‰–Š‡†‡•‹”‡• ‘ˆƒ†‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ ƒ –‘”•ǡƒ ’”‘‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ƒŽ•‘”‡“—‹”‡•Š‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡’—„Ž‹ ǡ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ƒ†•‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”• ȋƒŽŽ‹•ǡ‹’ƒ”•›ǡƬ‘”‰ƒƒ”†ǡʹͲͲͻǢŠƒ‘ƬòŽŽ‡”ǡʹͲͳͳǢ‹Œ‡‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳͶȌǤ  • ƒ „‡ ‘„•‡”˜‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‹–ƒ–‹‘ „‡Ž‘™ǡ ƒ ’”‘‰”ƒƒ–‹  ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ‹ ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ ’”‘ ‡••‡•‹•ƒ„‘—–•‡ƒ” Š‹‰—–—ƒŽ ‘Š‡”‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡ƒ†‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ’”‘Œ‡ –•ǡ™Š‹ Š –‘‰‡–Š‡” ƒ”‡ •—’’‘•‡† –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ – ‘ –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ •’ƒ–‹ƒŽ•–”— –—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•ȋ•‡‡Šƒ’–‡”ͶȌǤ  “In the implementation agenda of the National Spatial Strategy the programmatic approach is introduced as a selection of issues that contribute to a substantial reinforcementanddevelopmentofthenationalspatialstructure.Theseissuescannotbe realizedtimelywithoutadirectinvolvementofcentralgovernment.Inaprogram,central governmentwillconsiderissues,projectsandinstrumentsintheirmutualcoherence.(...) Hence,intheprogramsaselectionofprojectsareadoptedwithasaimtoimplementthem inmutualcoherence.”ȋ‹‹•–‡”‹‡˜ƒǡʹͲͲ͸ǣͳͷȌǤ  Ž–Š‘—‰Š’”‘‰”ƒ•ƒ”‡ƒ”ƒ–Š‡” ‘‘ ‘ ‡’–‹’—„Ž‹ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹–Š‡’ƒ•– †‡ ƒ†‡•ƒ‡™–›’‡‘ˆ’”‘‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•Šƒ•‡‡”‰‡†‹‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡’”‘ ‡••‡•  .

(102) ʹ. . ƒ’ƒ ‹–›ˆ‘”‘’Ž‡š‹–›. ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ ‹ –Š‡ —– Š ‡Ž–ƒ ’”‘‰”ƒǡ –Š‡ ’”‘‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•‹–Š‡‡™˜‹”‘‡–ƒ†Žƒ‹‰ –ƒ†–Š‡’”‘‰”ƒ• ‹–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’ƒ–‹ƒŽ–”ƒ–‡‰›Ǥ‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‘˜‡”˜‹‡™•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡’”‘˜‹†‡†„›‘”•–‡ǡ†‡ ‘‰Ƭ”‡‡†ȋʹͲͳͲȌƒ†—•• Š‡”ȋʹͲͳͶǣʹ͵ͻȌǤ ŽŽ –Š‡•‡ ‡šƒ’Ž‡• ƒ”‡ ƒ‘— ‡† ƒ• ƒ ‡™ –›’‡ ‘ˆ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š –‘ †‡ƒŽ ™‹–Š ‹–‡”†‡’‡†‡ ‹‡•„‡–™‡‡’”‘Œ‡ –•ƒ†•–”ƒ–‡‰‹ ’Žƒ‹‰‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•Ǥ‹ƒ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡•‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ–Š‹•‡™’”‘‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‘–‘Ž›–”‹‡•–‘ ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘–Š‡•‡ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘–‘ƒ†ƒ’–‹‰•›•–‡•ƒ†’”‘ ‡••‡•‹–Š‡‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ ’”‘‰”ƒ ƒƒ‰‡‡– ‡‡†• –‘ ‘•‹†‡” Š‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– •–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•Ǥ • ƒ”‰—‡† ‹ –Š‹• –Š‡•‹• ȋ•‡‡ ƒŽ•‘ Šƒ’–‡” ͵Ȍǡ ’”‘‰”ƒ ƒƒ‰‡‡– ƒ”‹•‡• ‹ ‘’Ž‡š ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ ’”‘ ‡••‡• ‹ ”‡•’‘•‡ –‘ ˆ”ƒ‰‡–ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡’”‘Œ‡ –•ƒ††‹••ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡†ƒ –‘”•‹„‡‹‰ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ƒ†ƒ’––‘–Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•–Š‡›ˆƒ ‡Ǥ  1.1.2 Responsetofragmentation

(103) – ƒ„‡†‹• —••‡†™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡•‡’”‘‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•ƒ”‡‡™ǡ‘”‘”‡‘”Ž‡•• –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ‡ƒ– ™‹–Š ƒ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‰”ƒ˜›Ǥ Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ ‘ˆ ’”‘‰”ƒ ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡ ƒ• †‹• —••‡† ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ ‹• –›’‹ ƒŽ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ˆ”ƒ‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ Ȃ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ †‡„ƒ–‡ ‹ ’—„Ž‹  ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡ˆ‘”‡ ™‡ ƒƒ”‰—‡ Š‘™ ’”‘‰”ƒ ƒƒ‰‡‡– ƒ „‡ ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† ‹ –Š‹•†‡„ƒ–‡ƒ†™Šƒ–‹–•”‘Ž‡ ƒ„‡–‘†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š–Š‡–‡•‹‘„‡–™‡‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ† ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ǡ™‡ˆ‹”•–‡‡†–‘’”‘˜‹†‡„ƒ ‰”‘—†–‘–Š‹•†‡„ƒ–‡ǡ–ƒ‡’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ†ƒ”‰—‡ Š‘™•‡˜‡”ƒŽƒƒ‰‡‡–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•”‡Žƒ–‡–‘–Š‹•‹••—‡Ǥ  ‘†ƒ›ǡ‰‘˜‡”‘”•ƒ†’—„Ž‹ ƒƒ‰‡”•™‹ŽŽ†‡ˆ‹‡–Š‡ˆ”ƒ‰‡–ƒ–‹‘–Š‡›ƒ”‡ˆƒ ‹‰ƒ• ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹ ȋ‡‹•ƒƬ†‡Ž‡„‘•ǡʹͲͳͳȌǤŠ‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ’’Ž‹‡•–‘–Š‡‹”•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•Ž‹‡ „—•‹‡••‡•ǡ‹Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•ǡ ǯ•ƒ†‘–Š‡”‰‘˜‡”‡–•ǤŠ‡›ƒ•ˆ‘”Œ‘‹–ƒ –‹‘ǡ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ‹ –Š‡ •Šƒ’‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† ’Žƒǡ ƒ ‡–”ƒŽ ‘—–‡” ˆ‘” ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ’‡”‹–• ‘” —ƒ„‹‰—‘—• ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡• ƒ† ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‡‹•ƒ ƒ† †‡Ž‡„‘• †‹•–‹‰—‹•Š –Š”‡‡ ‘‘ –›’‡• ‘ˆ ˆ”ƒ‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ǣ ȋͳȌ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡• ƒ”‡ ‘ˆŽ‹ –‹‰Ǣ ȋʹȌ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ƒ††‡’ƒ”–‡–•ƒ”‡‘–™‘”‹‰–‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǣȋ͵Ȍƒƒ‰‡”•”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘” ‘‡ ’‘Ž‹ › †‘ƒ‹ ƒ”‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‹‰ ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ ’”‘ ‡••‡• •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡Ž› ƒ† ™‹–Š‘—– — Š‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ„‘—–™Šƒ––Š‡ƒƒ‰‡”•‹‘–Š‡”†‘ƒ‹•ƒ”‡†‘‹‰Ǥ ”ƒ‰‡–ƒ–‹‘‹•ˆ‘”ƒŽƒ”‰‡’ƒ”–”ƒ–Š‡”ƒ•‘Ž—–‹‘–Šƒƒ’”‘„Ž‡Ǥ‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ Žƒ„‘” Šƒ• „‡‡ ƒ ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ ‹•–”—‡– –‘ ‹’”‘˜‡ ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ › ƒ† ’”‘†— –‹˜‹–› ‘ˆ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ‹–‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–†”‹˜‡”ˆ‘”•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹ Š‹‰Š‡”“—ƒŽ‹–›’”‘†— –•ƒ†•‡”˜‹ ‡•ǤŠ‹•ƒ‡•ˆ”ƒ‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ƒ‹‡˜‹–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ ‘†‡”•‘ ‹‡–›ƒ†‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ȋ†‡Ž‡„‘•Ƭ‡‹•ƒǡʹͲͳͳȌǤ.

(104) Chapter1. . ͵. • †‹• —••‡† ‹ ‘”‡ †‡–ƒ‹Ž ‹ Šƒ’–‡” ͵ǡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– –›’‡• ‘ˆ ƒƒ‰‡‡– ’”‘˜‹†‡ ƒ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ”‡•’‘•‡ –‘ ˆ”ƒ‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ ’”‘ ‡••‡•Ǥ ‡Ž‘™ ™‡ ™‹ŽŽ †‹• —•• ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽŽ‹‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡ’”‘Œ‡ –ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡ’”‘ ‡••ƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ†’”‘‰”ƒ ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡ ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰• ‹ ’—„Ž‹  ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ– Šƒ˜‡ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†–Š‡ˆ”ƒ‰‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǧ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘†‡„ƒ–‡Ǥ “The first solution to fragmentation as a problem has already been applied countlesstimes:integrationbywayofreorganizationintoasinglelevelofgovernment withaclearlineofdemand”ȋ†‡Ž‡„‘•Ƭ‡‹•ƒǡʹͲͳͳȌǤ — –‹‘ƒŽ ‹‡”ƒ” Š‹ ƒŽ‹‡ ƒƒ‰‡‡–Šƒ•„‡‡–Š‡†‘‹ƒ–ƒƒ‰‡‡–’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰‹ƒƒ‰‡‡––Š‡‘”›ƒ† ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ȋ—”‡”Ƭ‡‡‰ƒǡͳͻͻͻȌƒ†‹’—„Ž‹ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ‘‰–‹‡ȋ‘ŽŽ‹––ǡ ʹͲͲ͵Ǣ†‡Ž‡„‘•Ƭ‡‹•ƒǡʹͲͳͳȌǤŠ‡ƒ––”ƒ –‹˜‡‡••‘ˆ–Š‡„—”‡ƒ— ”ƒ–‹ ‘†‡Ž‹•‹–• ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘†‹˜‹†‡–Š‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†™Š‘Ž‡ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘—ƒƒ‰‡ƒ„Ž‡‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ǡ ‹–‘ ƒƒ‰‡ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘”‡ ‘–”‘ŽŽƒ„Ž‡ –ƒ•• ‡š‡ —–‡† „› ƒ •‹‰Ž‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ

(105)  –Š‹• ‘†‡Žǡ Ž‹‡ ƒƒ‰‡”• ƒ”‡ ƒ’’‘‹–‡† ‘ Š‹‰Š‡” Š‹‡”ƒ” Š‹ ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Ž•–‘‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡ƒ† ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹œ‡††‘ƒ‹•ƒ†•‡ –‘”•™‹–Š‹ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ȋ‘••ƒ–‡”ǡͳͻͺ͵ǣͷͺǦ͸ͳȌǤŠƒ––Š‹•ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šǡƒ†—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰–Š‹• –›’‡‘ˆ”‡•’‘•‡‹‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡’”‘ ‡••‡•ǡ‹••–‹ŽŽ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ––‘†ƒ› ƒˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡„‡•‡‡ ‹Šƒ’–‡”͸™Š‡”‡‰‘˜‡”‡–”‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡ƒ†•–ƒ†ƒ”‡ƒ‹•†‹• —••‡†Ǥ

(106)  ’—„Ž‹  ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‡•‡ –›’‡• ‘ˆ ”‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ ƒ ƒŽ•‘ „‡ –Š‡ ‘—– ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ „Žƒ „‘š‘ˆˆ‘”‹‰ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘ƒŽ‹–‹‘Ǥ•™‡Šƒ˜‡Œ—•–•‡‡™‹–Š–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ —– Š ƒ„‹‡– —––‡

(107)

(108)

(109) ǡ Ž‹ƒ–‡ ’‘Ž‹ › Šƒ• „‡ ‘‡ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹‹•–”› ‘ˆ  ‘‘‹  ˆˆƒ‹”•ƒ†ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡‹•ƒ‰ƒ‹ƒƒ—–‘‘‘—•†‡’ƒ”–‡–ǤŠ‹•–›’‡‘ˆ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ •ƒ–‹•ˆ›–Š‡†‡•‹”‡•‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”‘”•ƒ†’—„Ž‹ ƒƒ‰‡”•‹–Š‡•Š‘”––‡”Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡ ‡™•‹‰Ž‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒˆ–‡””‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘‡‡†•–‘‘’‡”ƒ–‡‹ƒ„”‘ƒ†‡” ‘–‡š–‘ˆ ‘–Š‡”‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽƒ‰‡ ‹‡•ƒ† ǯ•ȋ†‡Ž‡„‘•Ƭ‡‹•ƒǡʹͲͳͳȌǤ

(110) –Š‹•„”‘ƒ†‡” ‘–‡š–ǡˆ”ƒ‰‡–ƒ–‹‘‹•ƒ‹‡˜‹–ƒ„Ž‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ ‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡’”‘ ‡••‡•Ǥ

(111) –‹•ƒ• — Š ƒ ’”‘„Ž‡ ƒ• ƒ •‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ

(112) – ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ ”‡‡„‡” –Šƒ– ‹ˆ ˆ”ƒ‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•ƒ’”‘„Ž‡‹‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡’”‘ ‡••‡•ǡ‹–‹•ƒ–›’‡‘ˆ’”‘„Ž‡™Š‹ Š ƒ‘– „‡•‘Ž˜‡†Ǥ–‘•–ǡƒƒ ‡’–ƒ„Ž‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‡ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†™‹–Š‹ƒ„‘—†‡†”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹–› ƒ†–‡’‘”ƒ”‹Ž›ǤDz•Ž‘‰ƒ••’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹†”‹˜‡”•ˆ‘”•‘ ‹‘‡ ‘‘‹  †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡˆ”ƒ‰‡–ƒ–‹‘Šƒ•–‘„‡˜‹‡™‡†ƒ•Ǯƒˆƒ –‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡ǯ‹’—„Ž‹ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥdz ȋ‡‹•ƒ Ƭ †‡Ž‡„‘•ǡ ʹͲͳͳȌǤ ‹–Š‹ ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ Ž‹‡ ƒƒ‰‡‡– ƒ• ƒƒ‰‡‡– ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ǡ ˜‡”› †‹˜‡”•‡ ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘• ƒ”‡ ƒ†‡ ‹ †‡ƒŽ‹‰ ™‹–Š –Š‹• –‡•‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ ˆ”ƒ‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ǡ Ž‹‡ ‡™ –›’‡• ‘ˆ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘ „ƒ•‡† ‘  ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  ƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ†‡™–›’‡•‘ˆ•–”ƒ–‡‰‹ ’Žƒ‹‰Ǥ ‡™‹•‹‰Š–•‹–‘•–”ƒ–‡‰‹ ’Žƒ‹‰ƒ†‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘”‡’Žƒ ‡†‘”„”‘ƒ†‡‡† –Š‡ ’‡” ‡’–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ƒ• ƒ Š‹‡• ™‹–Š –Š‡ ˜‹‡™ –Šƒ– ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ƒ”‡.  .

(113) Ͷ. . ƒ’ƒ ‹–›ˆ‘”‘’Ž‡š‹–›. ‘’Ž‡š •›•–‡• ‘’‘•‡† ‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– •—„—‹–• ȋ”‡••ƒ Ƭ ‹Ž†ƒ˜•›ǡ ͳͻ͹͵Ǣ ˜ƒ. —•–‡”‡ǡͳͻ͹͸Ǣ‹–œ„‡”‰ǡͳͻͻͶǢ•‡‡ƒŽ•‘Šƒ’–‡”͵ƒ†͸ȌǤ ”ƒ‰‡–ƒ–‹‘”‡ ‡‹˜‡† ƒ‘”‡‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘‘–ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆƒˆ‘ —•‘–Š‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆ•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ ȋ†‡Ž‡„‘• Ƭ ‡‹•ƒǡ ʹͲͳͳȌǤ †‡Ž‡„‘• ƒ† ‡‹•ƒ ȋʹͲͳͳȌ ’”‡•‡– –Š”‡‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •‘ˆ•‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡––Šƒ–ƒˆˆ‡ ––Š‹•ǣȋͳȌ–Š‡ƒ••—’–‹‘„›–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” ‘”‡ –‡ Š‹ ƒŽ ƒ† ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ –Š‡‘”‹‡• –Šƒ– —‹–• ™‡”‡ ™‹ŽŽ‹‰ ‘” ‘—Ž† „‡ ˆ‘” ‡† –‘ ™‘”–‘‰‡–Š‡”‹•“—‡•–‹‘‡†‘”‡ƒ†‘”‡ȋ‹–œ„‡”‰ǡͳͻ͹ͻǢ‘••ƒ–‡”ǡͳͻͺ͵ȌǢȋʹȌ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡‘–Š‡”ƒ‹†”‹˜‡”‘ˆ•‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹–Š‡™‡•–‡”™‘”Ž†ǡ —†‡”‹‡•–Š‹•ƒ••—’–‹‘ȋƒ•–‡ŽŽ•ǡʹͲͲͲȌǢȋ͵Ȍˆ—”–Š‡”‘”‡–Š‹•ƒ••—’–‹‘‹•ƒŽ•‘ —†‡”‹‡†„›”‹•‹‰‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘•ȋ‡‹•ƒǡʹͲͲͷȌǤ—‡–‘”‹•‹‰‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘•ǡ‡ƒ Š •’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†—‹–‘™ƒŽ•‘Šƒ•–‘–ƒ‡‹†‹”‡ –ƒ„‹–‹‘•‹–‘ƒ ‘—–Ǥ • ƒ”‰—‡† ‹ Šƒ’–‡” ͸ǡ –Š‡•‡ •—„—‹–• ‹ ’Žƒ‹‰ ƒ† ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ”‡ ‘™ƒ†ƒ›• ™‡ŽŽǦ‘™ ƒ• Ǯ’”‘Œ‡ –•ǯǤ ”‘Œ‡ – ƒƒ‰‡‡– †‡ƒ” ƒ–‡• –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡Ǧ •‘Ž—–‹‘•’ƒ ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡•‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•™‹–Š‹ƒǮ‹”‘–”‹ƒ‰Ž‡ǯǡ‡ƒ‹‰ƒ†‡ˆ‹‡†—‹“—‡ –ƒ•ǡ ™‹–Š Ž‹‹–‡† • ‘’‡ǡ –‹‡ •’ƒ ƒ† Ž‡ƒ” „—†‰‡– Ž‹‡•Ǥ ‹•‹‰ †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–‹‡• ™‹–Š ‹’Ž‡‡–‹‰ ‰”ƒ† †‡•‹‰ ’Žƒ• ƒ† ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ ’‡” ‡’–‹‘• ‘ˆ ‘’Ž‡š ‹••—‡• ”‡•—Ž–‡†‹Ǯ’”‘Œ‡ –‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‘ ‹‡–›ǯȋƒ›Ž‘”ǡ”ƒ†›ǡ‘‘‡Ǧƒ˜‹‡•ǡƬ ‘†‰•‘ǡʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ ‹ ‡–Š‡ͳͻͷͲ•ǡ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ƒ†’—„Ž‹ Ǧ•‡ –‘”‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Šƒ˜‡ƒ†‘’–‡†’”‘Œ‡ –Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡• –‘ ‘’‡ ™‹–Š ˆ”ƒ‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† –‘ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ȋ‘–‡‡ǡ ͳͻͻ͹Ǣ —”‡” Ƭ ‡‡‰ƒǡ ͳͻͻͻǢ •‡‡ Šƒ’–‡” ͵ȌǤ Š‹• ’”‘Œ‡ – ƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šƒ‹•–‘–”ƒ• ‡†‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ‹‡•–”— –—”‡•ƒ†–‘„”‹‰ ‘”‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹œ‡††‘ƒ‹•ȋ‘–‡‡ǡͳͻͻ͹ȌǤ

(114) –Š‡’—„Ž‹ †‘ƒ‹ǡ ‡™ —„Ž‹  ƒƒ‰‡‡– ȋȌ ™ƒ• ƒ „”‡‡†‹‰ ‰”‘—† ˆ‘” ’”‘Œ‡ – ƒƒ‰‡‡– ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•ȋ”ƒ™ˆ‘”†ǡ‘•–‡ŽŽ‘ǡ‘ŽŽƒ ǡƬ‡–Ž‡›ǡʹͲͲ͵Ǣ‘ŽŽ‹––Ƭ‘— ƒ‡”–ǡʹͲͲͶǢ•‡‡ Šƒ’–‡”͵ƒ†͸ȌǤƒ‹‡†–‘”‡ˆ‘”’—„Ž‹ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘„›—•‹‰‡™„—•‹‡•• ƒƒ‰‡‡– ‘†‡Ž•Ǥ Š‡•‡ ”‡ˆ‘”• ˆ‘ —• ‘ Ž‡ƒ ƒ† †‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡† •–”— –—”‡•ǡ ƒ”‡–Ǧ‘”‹‡–‡† †‡Ž‹˜‡”› ‘ˆ ’—„Ž‹  •‡”˜‹ ‡•ǡ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ “—ƒ–‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘‹–‘”‹‰ǡ ƒ ‡’Šƒ•‹• ‘ ‘—–’—–• ƒ† ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ › ƒƒ‰‡”‹ƒŽ‹• ƒ† ‡’‘™‡”‡– ȋ•‡‡ ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ ”ƒ™ˆ‘”†‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲ͵Ǣ‘’’‡ŒƒƬŽ‹ŒǡʹͲͲͶǢ‘ŽŽ‹––Ƭ‘— ƒ‡”–ʹͲͲͶǢ‘ŽŽ‹––ǡƒ Š‹‡Žǡ Ƭ ‘„—”‰ǡ ʹͲͲ͹Ǣ †‡Ž‡„‘• Ƭ ‡‹•ƒǡ ʹͲͳͳȌǤ  ”‡‡™‡† –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ †‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ–ƒ••ȋ•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘Ȍƒ–’”‘Œ‡ –Ž‡˜‡Žǡƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡†™‹–Šˆ‘”ƒŽ ‘–”ƒ –‹‰ǡ ƒ”‡– ‡ Šƒ‹••ǡ „‡––‡” ‘–”‘Ž ƒ† ‘‹–‘”‹‰ „ƒ•‡† ‘ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡– ƒ† “—ƒ–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

(115) ‡š– Šƒ’–‡”•ǡ™‡™‹ŽŽ‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡‘–Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡‘ˆ’”‘Œ‡ –ƒƒ‰‡‡– ‹„”‹‰‹‰‘”‡ ‘Š‡”‡ ‡ƒ† ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘‹’—„Ž‹ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ”‘Œ‡ –‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‹•†‹• —••‡†ƒ•ƒ‡™™ƒ›‘ˆˆ”ƒ‰‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’”‘Œ‡ –•‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰‹‹•‘Žƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘‡ƒ Š ‘–Š‡”Ǥ.

(116) Chapter1. . ͷ.

(117) Ž‹‡™‹–Š–Š‡”‹•‹‰‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘•–Šƒ–‡ƒ Š•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡•—„—‹–Šƒ•–‘†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š ȋ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ’”‘Œ‡ –• ƒ† ’”‘‰”ƒ•Ȍǡ ƒ‘–Š‡” ’—„Ž‹  •‡ –‘” ”‡ˆ‘” ƒ „‡ ”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡† –‘™ƒ”†•ƒ•‘Ǧ ƒŽŽ‡†Š‘Ž‡Ǧ‘ˆǦ ‘˜‡”‡–‘” ‘‹‡†Ǧ—’Ǧ ‘˜‡”‡–ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šȋ‘ŽŽ‹––ǡ ʹͲͲ͵Ǣ Š”‹•–‡•‡ Ƭ §‰”‡‹†ǡ ʹͲͲ͸Ǣ •‡‡ Šƒ’–‡” ͵ȌǤ Š‹• ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ƒ‹• –‘ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ Š‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ˜‡”–‹ ƒŽ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ȋ‘ŽŽ‹––ǡ ʹͲͲ͵Ǣ ͸ǡ ʹͲͲͶǢ Š”‹•–‡•‡ Ƭ §‰”‡‹†ǡ ʹͲͲ͹Ȍ ˜‹ƒ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‰ ƒ† ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‰ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ’‘Ž‹ ›Ǧ ƒ‹‰ ƒ† •‡”˜‹ ‡ †‡Ž‹˜‡”› ƒ ”‘•• ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒŽ „‘—†ƒ”‹‡• ȋ ‘‘†ǡ ʹͲͲͷǢ —Ž‰ƒǡ ʹͲͲͷǢŽ‹‡˜‹Ƭ ƒ••‡ǡʹͲͲͻȌǤǤ‰Ǥƒ‰‡ ‹‡•–Šƒ–™‘”ƒ ”‘••ƒŽŽŽ‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡ –‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–Š”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•ǡƒ†ƒ‹–‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ƒ•Šƒ”‡†‰‘ƒŽƒ†ƒ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† ‰‘˜‡”‡–‹”‡•’‘•‡–‘ˆ”ƒ‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ȋ‘ŽŽ‹––ǡʹͲͲ͵ǢŠ”‹•–‡•‡Ƭ§‰”‡‹†ʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ ‘™ –Š‡ Š‘Ž‡Ǧ‘ˆǦ ‘˜‡”‡– ‘” ‘‹‡†Ǧ—’Ǧ ‘˜‡”‡– ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š †‡ƒŽ• ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡•‹†‡Ǧ‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘†‡’‡†•‘–Š‡–›’‡‘ˆ•–”ƒ–‡‰›ǤŠ‹• ƒ•–”‡•• –‘’Ǧ†‘™ ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ –‘ ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡ ‡š–‡”ƒŽ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ —‹–• ‘ˆ ƒ ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ Ǯƒ Š‹‡ǯǡ ‘” ƒ ‘”‡ ƒ ‘‘†ƒ–‹‰ •–”ƒ–‡‰› ™‘”‹‰ ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ› ƒ† •ƒ”––‘‰‡–Š‡”‘ƒ—–—ƒŽ„ƒ•‹•ȋ†‡Ž‡„‘•Ƭ‡‹•ƒǡʹͲͳͳȌǤŠ‹•‘–‹‘‘ˆ—–—ƒŽ †‡’‡†‡ › ‹• ‡–”ƒŽ –‘ ‡–™‘” –Š‡‘”‹‡• ƒ’’Ž‹‡† ‹ ’—„Ž‹  ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ. ‘˜‡”‡–•†‡’‡†‘”‡•‘—” ‡•ˆ”‘ƒ†‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•ǡ•— Šƒ•‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǡ •‹ŽŽ• Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ ›ǡ ˆ‘”ƒŽ ‘•‡– ƒ† ‘‡›Ǥ ƒ Š ‰‘˜‡”‡– †‡’‡†• ‘ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ •–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”• ™‹–Š •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ”‡•‘—” ‡• –Šƒ– ƒ‘– „‡ ‡ƒ•‹Ž› •—„•–‹–—–‡†Ǥ ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ ‡–™‘”•ˆ‘ —•‡•”ƒ–Š‡”‘•—„–Ž‡‡ƒ•ǡ ‘ ‡’–—ƒŽ‹œ‡†ƒ•‡–™‘”ƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ† ‹–‡”ƒ –‹˜‡’‘Ž‹ ›Ǧƒ‹‰ǡ–Šƒ Žƒ••‹ ‹•–”—‡–•–‘‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡–Š‡ˆ”ƒ‰‡–‡†”‡ƒŽ‹–›ǡ Ž‹‡Žƒ™ǡ”‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ†ˆ‘” ‡Ǥ“Networkmanagementfocusesonstrategicattempts tomanageinteractionsbetweenactorsandongoingprocessesinnetworks.Itisconcerned withtheinteractionbetweenactorsandlessongoalreachingofanyoftheparticipants ȋŽ‹Œ Ƭ †‡Ž‡„‘•ǡ ʹͲͲ͹Ȍ. Network management aims to initiate, guide and facilitate interaction processes between actors (Friend et al., 1974), to create and change arrangements with the aim of achieving better coordination (Scharpf, 1978; Rogers & Whetten,1982;Mandell,1990;Kickertetal.,1997)”ȋ†‡Ž‡„‘•Ƭ‡‹•ƒǡʹͲͳͳǣͳ͸ȌǤ Š‡•‡ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ ‡–™‘” ƒƒ‰‡‡– ƒ”‡ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ ƒ ’”‘ ‡•• ƒƒ‰‡‡– ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šǡ‹™Š‹ Šƒ’”‘ ‡••†‡•‹‰‹•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ǡƒ’’Ž‹‡†ǡƒ†‹ˆ‡ ‡••ƒ”›ƒ†ƒ’–‡†ǡ †—”‹‰–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘’”‘ ‡••ȋޔ‡•‡Ƭ‘”ˆ‹‰ǡʹͲͲ͹Ǣ†‡Ž‡„‘•Ƭ‡‹•ƒǡʹͲͳͳȌǤ Ǯ”‘ ‡•• ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǯ ‹• ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› —– Š –‡”ǡ ‹ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ Ǯ‡†‹ƒ–‹‘ǯƒ†Ǯ‡–™‘”ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǯƒ”‡—•‡†Ǥ‡–™‘”•–—†‹‡•ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›ƒƒŽ›œ‡ –Š‡ ƒ‹ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡• „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡•‡ –™‘ ƒƒ‰‡‡– •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ȋ†‡Ž‡„‘•ǡ Ž‹Œǡ Ƭ ‘”–ǡʹͲͲͻȌǤ

(118) –Š‹•–Š‡•‹•ǡ™‡™‹ŽŽ‘Ž›ƒƒŽ›œ‡–Š‡ ‘ ‡’–‘ˆ’”‘ ‡••ƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ• ƒ†‹•–‹ –ƒƒ‰‡‡–•–”ƒ–‡‰›‹Šƒ’–‡”ͷǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡„ƒ ‰”‘—†‘ˆ–Š‹•‡–™‘” ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šƒ†‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‹ ‘’Ž‡š‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡’”‘ ‡••‡•‹•‡••‡–‹ƒŽ–‘—†‡”•–ƒ† –Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ†”‘Ž‡‘ˆ’”‘‰”ƒƒƒ‰‡‡–‹–Š‹•†‡„ƒ–‡Ǥ.  .

(119) ͸. . ƒ’ƒ ‹–›ˆ‘”‘’Ž‡š‹–›. ‡–™‘”•–—†‹‡•ƒ”‡‘–‘Ž›”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–ˆ‘”’”‘ ‡••ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡ„—–Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ•‘ „‡‡ †‹”‡ –Ž› ƒ’’Ž‹‡† –‘ ’”‘‰”ƒ •–”— –—”‡•Ǥ • ƒ”‰—‡† ‹ Šƒ’–‡” ͸ǡ –Š‡•‡ ‡–™‘” •–—†‹‡• ‘ ’”‘‰”ƒƒ–‹  ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡• ƒŽ‘•– ‹‰‘”‡ –Š‡ ‘’Ž‡š‹–› ‘ˆ ‹–‡””‡Žƒ–‡† ’”‘Œ‡ –• ƒ† –Š‡ ‘‡ –‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ ’”‘Œ‡ –• ƒ† ’”‘‰”ƒ• ‹ ‘’Ž‡š ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ ’”‘ ‡••‡•Ǥ Š‹• ‡ƒ• –Šƒ– ‡–™‘” •–—†‹‡• ‹•• ƒ ˆ‘ —• ‘ ˜‡”–‹ ƒŽ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡’”‘Œ‡ –•ƒ–’”‘‰”ƒŽ‡˜‡ŽǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡•‡‡–™‘”•–—†‹‡•’”‘˜‹†‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– Ž‡••‘• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ ’”‘‰”ƒƒ–‹  ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡• ƒ† •–”ƒ–‡‰‹  ‡–™‘”•Ǥ ‡–™‘” •–—†‹‡• ‹ ‘’Ž‡š ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ ’”‘ ‡••‡• •–”‡•• –Šƒ– ’”‘‰”ƒƒ–‹  ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•‰‘ „‡›‘† –Š‡ Žƒ••‹  ’”‘‰”ƒ‹‰ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•ƒ† ”‘•• „‘—†ƒ”‹‡• ‘ˆ Š‹‡”ƒ” Š‹ ƒŽ •–”— –—”‡•Ǥ ”‘‰”ƒ •–”— –—”‡• ƒ”‡ ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† ƒ• •‘ ‹ƒŽŽ› ‘•–”— –‡† ‘•–‡ŽŽƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‹–‡”†‡’‡†‡–ƒ –‘”•ȋ̵‘‘Ž‡ ”Ǥǡ ƒˆǡƬ —’‡ǡͳͻͻ͹ȌǤŠ‡ ƒƒ‰‡‡– ‘ˆ ’”‘‰”ƒ• ‹• ’”‹ƒ”‹Ž› ˆ‘ —•‡† ‘ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡†‹˜‡”•‡ ‰‘ƒŽ• ˆ”‘ ƒ –‘”• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡ ’”‘ ‡••‡•Ǥ ‡–™‘” •–—†‹‡• •–”‡•• –Š‡ ‡˜‘Ž˜‹‰ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›ƒ—–‘‘‘—•’”‘‰”ƒ•–”— –—”‡•ƒ†Š‹‡”ƒ” Š‹ ƒŽŽ‹‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ȋ̵‘‘Ž‡ ”Ǥ‡–ƒŽǤǡͳͻͻ͹Ǣ ƒŽŽƬ̵‘‘Ž‡ ”ǡʹͲͲͲȌǤ •ƒ”‰—‡†‹‡ –‹‘ͳǤͳǤǡ‡™’”‘‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•—•–†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š„‘–Š Š‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽƒ†˜‡”–‹ ƒŽ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘•ˆ‘”ˆ”ƒ‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ƒ•ƒ”‰—‡† „› †‡Ž‡„‘• ƒ† ‡‹•ƒ ȋʹͲͳͳȌǡ –Š‡ ”‹•‹‰ ‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘• ˆ‘” ‘”‡ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‘Š‡”‡ ‡ƒ”‡ƒ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹’‘”–ƒ–†”‹˜‡”ˆ‘”–Š‹•Ǥ

(120) Šƒ’–‡”Ͷ™‡ƒ”‰—‡–Šƒ––Š‡ ƒ‹ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹  ‘ˆ ’”‘Œ‡ – ƒƒ‰‡‡– •‡‡• –‘ ƒŽ•‘ „‡ ‹–•‡› †‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡ǣ ‹– –‡†•–‘ˆ‘ —•’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›‘”‡ƒŽ‹œ‹‰‘‡•‹‰Ž‡’”‘Œ‡ –ƒ„‹–‹‘ǡ•—ˆˆ‡”•ˆ”‘ƒ•‹‰—Žƒ” Ž‘‰‹ ƒ†‹•Ž‹‹–‡†‹• ‘’‡ƒ†–‹‡ǤŠ‹• ƒ„‡ ‘‡’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹ ‹ ‘’Ž‡š•‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒ† ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ •›•–‡•Ǥ Š‡•‡ •›•–‡• ‘ˆ–‡ ‘–ƒ‹ ƒ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ ’”‘„Ž‡• ƒ† ƒ ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ’”‘Œ‡ –•ǤŽŽ–Š‡•‡’”‘Œ‡ –•Šƒ˜‡–‘„‡”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†‹–Š‡•ƒ‡‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ •’ƒ ‡ǤŠ‹•‡‡†ˆ‘”—–—ƒŽƒ†Œ—•–‡–„‡–™‡‡’”‘Œ‡ –•‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘•–Šƒ––Š‡ –”‡†‘ˆ’”‘Œ‡ –‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‹•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›ƒ‘˜‡–‘™ƒ”†•’”‘‰”ƒ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‹•‡ƒ• –Šƒ–’”‘Œ‡ – Ž—•–‡”•‘”’‘”–ˆ‘Ž‹‘•ƒ”‡„‡‹‰ ”‡ƒ–‡†ȋ‘–‡‡ǡͳͻͻ͹Ǣƒ›Ž‘”‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͸Ȍ –‘ ‡•—”‡ –Šƒ– ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ’”‘Œ‡ –• ƒ”‡ ’”‘’‡”Ž› ƒ––—‡†ǡ ‘‡ –‡†ǡ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† ƒ† ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡† ȋ‘–‡‡ǡ ͳͻͻ͹Ǣ ”ƒ™ˆ‘”† ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲ͵Ǣ › ‡––ǡ ƒ••ƒ—ǡ Ƭ ƒ•‘ǡ ʹͲͲͶǢ ̵‘‘Ž‡ ”ǤƬ‡‹‡”ǡʹͲͲͶȌǤ.  ˆ–Š‡–Š”‡‡ ‘‘–›’‡•‘ˆˆ”ƒ‰‡–ƒ–‹‘™‡•–ƒ–‡†ƒ––Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆ–Š‹••‡ –‹‘ǡ –Š‡–Š‹”†–›’‡‹•ƒˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›—•‡†ƒ”‰—‡––‘ ‘‡—’™‹–Šƒ’”‘‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šǣ ȋ͵Ȍmanagersresponsibleforonepolicydomainareorganizingimplementationprocesses separatelyandoftenwithoutmuchknowledgeaboutwhatthemanagersinotherdomains aredoing.

(121)  ‘’Ž‡š‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡’”‘ ‡••‡•ǡ’”‘‰”ƒƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒŽ•‘‡‡†•–‘†‡ƒŽ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” –™‘ ȋ‘” ‡˜‡ ‘”‡Ȍ –›’‡• ‘ˆ ˆ”ƒ‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ǣ (1) different policies are conflicting; (2) different organizations and departments are not working together..

(122) Chapter1. . ͹. ”‘‰”ƒ ƒƒ‰‡‡– ‹• ‘ˆ–‡ ƒ ”‡•’‘•‡ –‘ ˆ”ƒ‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘–ƒ‹‰’Žƒ ‡‹•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†’”‘Œ‡ –•ˆ‘”†‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰ǡ’‘Ž‹ ›Ǧƒ‹‰ ‘”‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥƒ Š’”‘Œ‡ –•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹œ‡•‹’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”‹••—‡•ǡ„”‹‰‹‰–‘‰‡–Š‡”–Š‡ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ† ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•”‡“—‹”‡†–‘„”‹‰–Š‡’”‘Œ‡ ––‘–Š‡‡š–Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ ‡”Šƒ’•–‘Ž‹‹––Š‡”‡ƒ†‡”ǯ•‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ’”‘‰”ƒƒƒ‰‡‡–‹–Š‹•ˆ‹”•– Šƒ’–‡”ǡ™‡ƒ‰”‡‡™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ”‰—‡–’”‡•‡–‡†„›‡‹•ƒƒ††‡Ž‡„‘•ȋʹͲͳͳȌ–Šƒ– –Š‡†‡•‹”‡ˆ‘”‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‹‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡’”‘ ‡••‡• ƒ‘–„‡•‘Ž˜‡†ǤŠ‹•‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ– ’”‘‰”ƒƒ–‹  ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡• ™‹ŽŽ ‘– ‡† –Š‡ ‘–‹—‘—• •‡ƒ” Š ˆ‘” ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡’”‘ ‡••‡•Ǥ ‘˜‡”‘”•ƒ†’—„Ž‹ ƒƒ‰‡”••–‹ŽŽŽ‘‘ˆ‘”–›’‹ ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘•‹ ”‡•’‘•‡–‘ˆ”ƒ‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡ•— Šƒ•‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†’‘Ž‹ ›ǡ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒŽ—‹–›ƒ†’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ“Allthesetermsseemtoimplytheideathatsomeoneisinchargeandis abletorealizeintegration…andfulfilsthewishto‘getrenewedcontrolover’and‘bein chargeagain’.”ȋ‡‹•ƒƬ†‡Ž‡„‘•ǡʹͲͳͳǣͳͲʹȌǤŠ‡‹–”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆƒ’”‘‰”ƒƒ–‹  ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ‘–ƒ‹••‡˜‡”ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •‘ˆ–›’‹ ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘•ƒ•’”‡•‡–‡†„›‡‹•ƒ ƒ††‡Ž‡„‘•ȋʹͲͳͳȌǣƒ•ƒ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘‡ Šƒ‹•ȋƒ’”‘‰”ƒƒ•ƒ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†’ŽƒȌǡ Š‹‡”ƒ” Š› ȋ’”‘‰”ƒ ƒƒ‰‡‡– ƒ• Š‹‡”ƒ” Š‹  ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡– ˆ‘” •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ’”‘Œ‡ –•Ȍǡ ‘–”‘Žȋ’”‘‰”ƒ†‹”‡ –‘”ƒ†Ȁ‘”ƒƒ‰‡”™Š‘‹•‹ Šƒ”‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰‘ˆ ƒŽŽ ’”‘Œ‡ –•Ȍ ƒ† ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘”†‡” ȋ”‡†‡ˆ‹‹‰ –ƒ•• ‘ˆ ’”‘Œ‡ –ǡ ’”‘‰”ƒ ƒ† Ž‹‡ ƒƒ‰‡”•‹ƒƒŽŽǦ‡„”ƒ ‹‰‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽ• Š‡‡ȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ’”‘‰”ƒ ƒƒ‰‡‡– ƒ „‡ •‡‡ ƒ• ƒ ‡™ ƒ––‡’– –‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ Œ‘‹– ƒ –‹‘‹ ‘’Ž‡š‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡’”‘ ‡••‡•Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ•–—†‹‡•‘ˆ‡‡”‰‡–‡–™‘”•ǡ ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡–Š‡‘”‹‡•Dzdeliverthepertinentinsightthateffectivesteeringcomesfromjoint actions–whetherincompetition,cooperationofboth–thanfromonesingleorganization thatispresumablyincharge.”ȋ‡‹•ƒƬ ‡””‹–•ǡʹͲͳͶǣͳͺȌǤŠ‹•ƒ„‹–‹‘–‘†‡Ž‹˜‡” Œ‘‹– ƒ –‹‘ ‹• ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ– †”‹˜‡” ˆ‘” ’”‘‰”ƒ ƒƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ ”‘‰”ƒ ƒƒ‰‡‡– †‹ˆˆ‡”• ˆ”‘ ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ ’‘”–ˆ‘Ž‹‘ ƒƒ‰‡‡– „› ‹–• ˆ‘ —• ‘ ‹–‡” ‘‡ –‡†‡•• ƒ† ‘Š‡”‡ ‡Ǥ Š‹• Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–• ‹–• •›‡”‰‡–‹  Šƒ”ƒ –‡” ȋ‹Œœ‡—Žǡ ͳͻͻ͹Ǣ —”‡”ǡ ʹͲͲͲǢ ‡ŽŽ‡‰”‹‡ŽŽ‹ǡ ʹͲͲʹǢ ƒ›Ž‘” ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ƒ –‡•‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ ˆ”ƒ‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ ȋ•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘Ȍ ƒ† ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ‘–‹—‘—•Ž› ’”‡•‡–Ǥ ‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ‘–‡š– ‘ˆ ’”‘‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•‹ ‘’Ž‡š‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡’”‘ ‡••‡•ǡŒ‘‹–ƒ –‹‘•ƒ”‡‹–Š‹• –Š‡•‹•ƒƒŽ›œ‡†˜‹ƒ–Š‡ ‘ ‡’– ‘‡ –‹˜‡ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›ƒ† ‘’Ž‡š‹–›–Š‡‘”‹‡•Ǥ‡‹•ƒ ƒ† ‡””‹–• ȋʹͲͳͶȌ ƒ”‰—‡ –Šƒ– ƒ’’Ž›‹‰ ‘’Ž‡š‹–› ‘ ‡’–• ƒ† –Š‡‘”‹‡• ‹• ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ–†”‹˜‡”‹–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”ƒ‡™—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆŒ‘‹– ƒ –‹‘•Ǥ‡™‹ŽŽ‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡‘–Š‹•‹‡ –‹‘ͳǤͶǤ  ƒ„Ž‡ͳǤͳ’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒ„”‹‡ˆ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘—”ƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘ ˆ”ƒ‰‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǧ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ ’”‘ ‡••‡• †‹• —••‡† ƒ„‘˜‡Ǥ ‹–Š‹ ‡ƒ Š ‘ˆ.  .

(123) ͺ. . ƒ’ƒ ‹–›ˆ‘”‘’Ž‡š‹–›. –Š‡•‡ ƒƒ‰‡‡– ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•ǡ ’”‘‰”ƒ• ƒ• ƒ ‘ ‡’– Šƒ˜‡ ƒ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ”‘Ž‡ ‹ ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡’”‘ ‡••‡•ǤŠ‡•‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡• ƒƒŽ•‘„‡Ž‹‡†–‘ƒ†‘‹ƒ–’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰‹ –Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ . 1.1.3 Connectivecapacityincomplexgovernanceprocesses Š‡‡‡”‰‡ ‡‘ˆƒ’”‘‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‹•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡ ‘’Ž‡š‹–›‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ ’”‘ ‡••‡• ‹ –Š‡ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ ”‘ ‡••‡• ‘ˆ ’‘Ž‹ ›Ǧƒ‹‰ǡ †‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰ ƒ† ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‹ –Š‹• †‘ƒ‹ Šƒ˜‡ „‡ ‘‡ ”ƒ–Š‡” ‘’Ž‡š „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ ƒ Š‹‰Š †‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒ –‘”•ǡˆ”ƒ‰‡–ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡‹–‡””‡Žƒ–‡†’‘Ž‹ ›†‘ƒ‹•ƒ†— ‡”–ƒ‹–› Table1.1. Managementapproachesingovernanceprocesses. ƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ. ^ƉĞĐŝĂůŝnjĂƚŝŽŶ. /ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚŝŽŶ. ZŽůĞŽĨƉƌŽŐƌĂŵ. WĂƌĂĚŝŐŵ. >ŝŶĞ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ;>DͿ. ĞŵĂƌĐĂƚĞĚ ƚĂƐŬƐĂŶĚ ĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶƐ͕ ŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĞĚŝŶ ĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐ. ,ŝĞƌĂƌĐŚŝĐĂů ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚŝŽŶ ĂŶĚĐŽŶƚƌŽů. ůĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƵƌĞĂƵĐƌĂĐLJ ĂŶĚŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƚŝŽŶ͘ ^ĐŝĞŶƚŝĨŝĐ WK^KZ;'ƵůŝĐŬΘhƌǁŝĐŬ͕ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ϭϵϯϳ͖dĂLJůŽƌ͕ϭϵϰϳ͖&ĂLJŽů͕ ϭϵϲϯͿ͖/ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƚŝŽŶ ;WƌĞƐƐŵĂŶΘtŝůĚĂǀƐŬLJ͕ ϭϵϳϯͿ͖^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐWůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ;DŝŶƚnjďĞƌŐ͕ϭϵϵϰͿ. WƌŽĐĞƐƐ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ;WDͿ. ^ƉĞĐŝĂůŝƐƚƐĂŶĚ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ĚŝƐƉĞƌƐĞĚŽǀĞƌ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ. DƵƚƵĂů ĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJ ,ŽƌŝnjŽŶƚĂů ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚŝŽŶ. WƌŽŐƌĂŵĂƐŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ;DĂŶĚĞůů͕ϭϵϵϰ͖K͛dŽŽůĞ:ƌ͘ ĞƚĂů͕͘ϭϵϵϳ͖,ĂůůΘK͛dŽŽůĞ :ƌ͕͘ϮϬϬϬͿ͘ŽƵŶĚĂƌLJ ƐƉĂŶŶŝŶŐƌŽůĞŝŶŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐ. WƌŽũĞĐƚ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ;W:DͿ . hŶŝƋƵĞƚĂƐŬ ǁŝƚŚŝŶŝƌŽŶ ƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞ. WƌŽũĞĐƚĂƐ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚŝŽŶ ŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵŽĨ ƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝƐƚƐ. ŽůůĞĐƚƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐǀŝĂƉŽƌƚĨŽůŝŽ EĞǁWƵďůŝĐ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ;WůĂƚũĞĞƚĂů͕͘ DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ϭϵϵϰ͖ŽŽƉĞƌĞƚĂů͕͘ϭϵϵϳ͖ dƵƌŶĞƌΘDƺůůĞƌ͕ϮϬϬϯ͖ DĂƌƚŝŶƐƵŽΘ>ĞŚƚŽŶĞŶ͕ ϮϬϬϳͿ͘DĂŶĂŐĞƌŝĂůŝƐŵ͗ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵďƵĚŐĞƚŝŶŐĂŶĚ ĂĐĐŽƵŶƚĂďŝůŝƚLJ;ƌĂǁĨŽƌĚĞƚ Ăů͕͘ϮϬϬϯ͖ƌƵŶĞƚƚŽΘ&ĂƌƌͲ tŚĂƌƚŽŶ͕ϮϬϬϯͿ. WƌŽŐƌĂŵ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ;W'DͿ. ^ƉĞĐŝĂůŝnjĂƚŝŽŶ ǀŝĂƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ. ,ŽƌŝnjŽŶƚĂůĂŶĚ WƌŽŐƌĂŵƐĂƐĂĚĂƉƚŝǀĞ ǀĞƌƚŝĐĂů ŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚŝŽŶ ;dĞŝƐŵĂŶ͕ϮϬϬϴ͖<ĂůůŝƐĞƚĂů͕͘ ϮϬϬϵ͖ƵƐƐĐŚĞƌ͕ϮϬϭϰ͖ZŝũŬĞ ĞƚĂů͕͘ϮϬϭϰͿ. EĞƚǁŽƌŬ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐ. ŽŵƉůĞdž ŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ.

(124) Chapter1. . ͻ. ƒ„‘—– ˆ—–—”‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•Ǥ Š‹• –Š‡•‹• ƒ††”‡••‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ˆ”ƒ‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ ‘’Ž‡š‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•‡’”‘ ‡••‡•‹•’ƒ”–Ž›†—‡–‘–Š‡™ƒ›™‡Šƒ˜‡‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡† –Š‡•‡ǡ ƒ‡Ž› ƒ• ’”‘Œ‡ –• ‹ ƒ ’”‘Œ‡ –‹ˆ‹‡† ’—„Ž‹  ƒƒ‰‡‡– ȋŠƒ’–‡” ͵ȌǤ Š‡ ‘ˆ”‘–‡† ™‹–Š –Š‹• ‹† ‘ˆ ‘’Ž‡š‹–›ǡ ’—„Ž‹  ƒƒ‰‡‡– ‘•‹†‡”• ’”‘‰”ƒ ƒƒ‰‡‡– ƒ• ƒ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š –‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ ‘‡ –‹˜‡ ƒ’ƒ ‹–› ‹ ”‡•’‘•‡ –‘ ˆ”ƒ‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ȋŠƒ’–‡”͵Ǣ‘‘•‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲͻǣʹ͵͹Ǣ—•• Š‡”ǡʹͲͳͶȌƒ†–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ ƒ†ƒ’–‹˜‡ ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ ”‡•’‘•‡ –‘ — ‡”–ƒ‹–› ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡ ȋŽ‘‡‡ǡ ‡‡†‡”ǡ ‡˜‡„‡”‰‡ǡ ‹Œ‡ǡ Ƭ ‹‰•„‘”‘—‰Šǡ ʹͲͳ͹Ǣ ƒƒ•‘‘–ǡ ™ƒ‡Žǡ ƒŽ‡”ǡƬ–‡”ƒƒ–ǡʹͲͳ͵Ǣ‹Œ‡‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳͶȌǤ Š‹•–Š‡•‹• ‘•‹†‡”•’”‘‰”ƒƒƒ‰‡‡–ǯ• ƒ’ƒ ‹–›–‘†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š ‘’Ž‡š‹–› †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ ‘ˆ –™‘ ’”‘‰”ƒ•ǣ ‘Ž‹ › ™‹–Š ‹–‹œ‡• ȋ™Ȍ ƒ† •–‡”†ƒ ‡–”‘’‘Ž‹–ƒ‡‰‹‘ȋȌǤ‡•‹†‡•–Š‡‘ǦŽ‹‡ƒ”†›ƒ‹ •‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡’”‘ ‡••‡•ǡ ƒ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ•‡ŽˆǦ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ† ‘‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”‡‡›‹ƒ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”›’—„Ž‹  ƒƒ‰‡‡–ȋ‡‹•ƒǡƒ——”‡ǡƬ ‡””‹–•ǡʹͲͲͻȌǤ

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