University of Groningen
Model-Independent Study of Structure in B + → D + D − K + Decays
De Bruyn, K.; Onderwater, C. J. G.; van Veghel, M.; LHCb Collaboration
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10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.242001
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De Bruyn, K., Onderwater, C. J. G., van Veghel, M., & LHCb Collaboration (2020). Model-Independent Study of Structure in B + → D + D − K + Decays. Physical Review Letters, 125(24), [242001].
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.242001
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Model-Independent Study of Structure in B
+→ D
+D
−K
+Decays
R. Aaijet al.* (LHCb Collaboration)
(Received 2 September 2020; accepted 7 October 2020; published 7 December 2020) The only anticipated resonant contributions to Bþ→ DþD−Kþdecays are charmonium states in the DþD−channel. A model-independent analysis, using LHCb proton-proton collision data taken at center-of-mass energies ofpffiffiffis¼ 7, 8, and 13 TeV, corresponding to a total integrated luminosity of 9 fb−1, is carried out to test this hypothesis. The description of the data assuming that resonances only manifest in decays to the DþD−pair is shown to be incomplete. This constitutes evidence for a new contribution to the decay, potentially one or more new charm-strange resonances in the D−Kþchannel with masses around 2.9 GeV=c2.
DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.242001
The Bþ→ DðÞþDðÞ−Kþfamily of decays offers unique opportunities to study charmonium states. The constrained environment of B-meson decays allows the masses, widths, and quantum numbers of such states to be determined using amplitude analysis techniques, with low backgrounds from other processes. In particular, resonances in the DðÞ−Kþor DðÞþKþ channels would be manifestly exotic, having minimal quark content ¯cdu¯s or c¯du¯s, respectively. While many exotic hadrons containing c¯c or b ¯b quarks have recently been observed[1–3], there is to date no significant evidence of the existence of exotic hadrons with open flavor, i.e., with nonzero strangeness, charm, or beauty quantum numbers. Studies of Bþ → DðÞþDðÞ−Kþdecays are therefore expected to help resolve open questions regarding charmonium spectroscopy [4,5]. In addition, measurements of these processes have been proposed as a method to aid characterization of the c¯c contribution in Bþ → Kþμþμ− decays [6,7].
The branching fractions of Bþ→ DðÞþDðÞ−Kþ decays have been measured [8,9], but no prior analyses of their resonant structure exist [10]. Recent studies have shown that extremely pure samples of these decays can be obtained using LHCb data [9] with yields much larger than those available at previous experiments.
A model-dependent study of the resonant structure in Bþ → DþD−Kþ decays [11], carried out in parallel to this work, has revealed structure in the D−Kþ invariant-mass spectrum that cannot be described by reflections of
charmonium resonances. This highly surprising observa-tion, along with the limited current knowledge of the charmonium spectrum in this mass range, particularly among spin-0 and spin-2 states, motivates the study of this decay using a model-independent approach as presented in this Letter. This method is particularly useful when applied to three-body decays where reso-nances are only expected to form between one pair of the final-state particles, such that the decay kinematics are described through one mass and one angular variable. Unexpected exotic, contributions to the decay process manifest as high-order moments in the distribution of the angular variable, as has been demonstrated by the use of the method to identify exotic resonances contributing to B0→ ψð2SÞKþπ− [12], Λ0b→ J=ψpK− [13], and B0→ J=ψKþπ− [14] decays.
The model-independent analysis of the Bþ → DþD−Kþ decay involves consideration of the distribution of the variable hðDþD−Þ defined as the cosine of the DþD− helicity angle, i.e., the angle between the momenta of the Kþand D−particles in the DþD−rest frame. A description of the Bþ → DþD−Kþ Dalitz plot is obtained by decom-posing the hðDþD−Þ distribution in terms of Legendre polynomials. The decomposition is done within slices of the Dþ D− invariant mass, mðDþD−Þ, thereby accounting for the two degrees of freedom in the Bþ → DþD−Kþ decay kinematics. The description can be projected onto the other invariant-mass distributions in order to identify regions where exotic contributions are needed, and the significance of such deviations can be quantified. If only DþD− resonances contribute, the projections will be well described using only low-order moments up to twice the maximum spin of the charmonium resonances present. If peaking contributions from other channels enter, higher-order moments will be required. The narrower the structure, the higher the order that will be needed. Consequently, a
*Full author list given at the end of the article.
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description employing only low-order moments will be incomplete.
This method is applied to a sample of Bþ→ DþD−Kþ candidates selected from LHCb proton-proton (pp) colli-sion datasets, corresponding to integrated luminosities of 3 fb−1recorded during 2011 and 2012 (Run 1) and6 fb−1 from 2015 to 2018 (Run 2). The data sample, selection criteria, background, and efficiency modeling are identical to those in the amplitude analysis of the same process, described in detail in Ref. [11] and briefly summarized here. The LHCb detector [15,16]is a single-arm forward spectrometer covering the pseudorapidity range2 < η < 5 that is designed for the study of particles containing b or c quarks. Simulation, produced with the software packages described in Refs.[17–20], is used to model the effects of the detector acceptance and the imposed selection require-ments. The online event selection is performed by a trigger
[21], which consists of a hardware stage, based on information from the calorimeter and muon systems, followed by a software stage, which applies a full event reconstruction and which identifies a two-, three-, or four-track secondary vertex by means of a multivariate algo-rithm. The charm mesons are reconstructed via the Dþ→ K−πþπþdecay. Reconstructed Bþ→ DþD−Kþcandidates that pass the trigger criteria are subjected to further selection requirements, including the use of a boosted decision tree (BDT) algorithm [22,23] to reduce the combinatorial background. Variables characterizing the particular topology of the decay (flight distance of the D mesons and displacement of the reconstructed intermedi-ate- and final-state particles from the B production point) and particle identification information are used as inputs to the BDT algorithm. Specific requirements are imposed to suppress contributions from B decays involving one or no D mesons but having the same set of final-state pions and kaons as the signal decays; inspection of the sidebands of the D candidates’ invariant-mass distributions confirms that any residual background from this source is at a negli-gible level.
An extended maximum-likelihood fit is applied to the invariant-mass distribution, mðDþD−KþÞ, of the selected candidates shown in Fig. 1(a). There are 1260 candidates
inside the signal window of mðDþD−KþÞ within 20 MeV=c2 of the known Bþ mass [24] in which the sample purity is greater than 99.5% and the residual background is combinatorial in nature. The distribution of these candidates, which are retained for further analysis, in the Dalitz plot is shown in Fig. 1(b). The Dalitz-plot coordinates, m2ðD−KþÞ and m2ðDþD−Þ, are determined after refitting the candidate decays, imposing the con-straints that the reconstructed Bþ and D masses should match their known values and that the reconstructed Bþ meson should originate at its associated primary pp interaction vertex. Charmonium resonances are clearly visible as horizontal bands in the Dalitz plot, but additional structure also appears to be present. A signal efficiency map is determined as a function of position in the Dalitz plot with simulation, where the particle identification response is calibrated using data control samples [25,26]. The efficiency is found to vary with mðDþD−Þ at the 10% level and to depend only weakly on hðDþD−Þ.
The mðDþD−Þ distribution is divided into slices of width 20 MeV=c2, which is large compared to the resolution but narrower than any expected structure. Within each slice, the distribution of the cosine of the helicity angle is decom-posed according to the basis of Legendre polynomials. Including a factor to ensure normalization over the domain −1 to 1, these are given by
Pn½hðDþD−Þ ¼ ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2n þ 1 2 r ×2nX n r¼0 ½hðDþD−Þr n r nþr−1 2 n : ð1Þ In bin j of the mðDþD−Þ distribution, the coefficient of the expansion at order k is referred to as the kth unnormalized moment, hYj ki ¼ X NData j l¼1 wlPk½hlðDþD−Þ; ð2Þ where the sum is over the NData
j candidates in that bin, wlis a weight assigned to each candidate to achieve a back-ground subtraction and efficiency correction, and hlðDþD−Þ is the value of hðDþD−Þ for candidate l. To probe whether charmonium resonances with spins up to and including Jmax account for the structures observed in the Dalitz plot, the expansion can be truncated at a given order, kmax¼ 2Jmax.
A simulated sample, generated uniformly in the Dalitz plot and weighted using the truncated expansion, is used in order to visualize the description of the mðD−KþÞ and mðDþKþÞ distributions and to compare them to data. The weights applied to the simulated sample are
5300 5400 5500 5600 ] 2 c [MeV/ ) + K − D + m(D 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 ) 2 c Candidates / (4 MeV/ (a) 6 8 10 12 ] 4 c / 2 ) [GeV + K − D ( 2 m 14 16 18 20 22 ] 4 c/ 2 ) [GeV − D + D( 2 m (b)
FIG. 1. Invariant-mass distribution for B candidates with the results of the fit superimposed, where the signal component is indicated in red and background (barely visible) in blue (a). Dalitz plot for candidates with mðDþD−KþÞ values in the signal window (b).
ηi¼ 2 NSim j ×X kmax k¼0 hYj kiPk½hiðDþD−Þ; ð3Þ where i indexes the generated candidates and NSimj is the number of candidates in the simulation in bin j of the mðDþD−Þ spectrum, centered on mjðDþD−Þ.
The significance of any deviation between the truncated Legendre polynomial description and the data can be assessed using pseudoexperiments. They are generated according to a probability density function (PDF) con-structed as a function of mðDþD−Þ and hðDþD−Þ given a hypothesis H regarding kmax,
P½mjðDþD−Þ; hðDþD−ÞjH
¼ P½mjðDþD−ÞP½hðDþD−ÞjH; mjðDþD−Þ: ð4Þ The binned PDFP½mjðDþD−Þ is given by
P½mjðDþD−Þ ¼ N X NData j l¼1 wl; ð5Þ where N is a normalization factor. The PDF P½hðDþD−ÞjH; m
jðDþD−Þ is a function of the moments and Legendre polynomial functions, reproducing the hel-icity angle dependence in bin j of mðDþD−Þ,
P½hðDþD−ÞjH; m jðDþD−Þ ¼ 1 þPN2Data j l¼1 wl Xkmax k¼1 hYj kiPk½hðDþD−Þ: ð6Þ
Since reflections of exotic contributions to the D−Kþ or DþKþ channels would produce complicated structure in the½mðDþD−Þ; hðDþD−Þ plane, the most sensitive model-independent test statistic is based on the PDF for mðD−KþÞ or mðDþKþÞ. The PDF P½hðDþD−ÞjH; mjðDþD−Þ is projected onto mðD−KþÞ or mðDþKþÞ by generating candidates uniformly in the ½mðDþD−Þ; hðDþD−Þ plane and assigning a weight to each according to Eq. (4). A representation of P½mðD−KþÞjH or P½mðDþKþÞjH is then obtained by filling a histogram of mðD−KþÞ or mðDþKþÞ with these weighted candidates, respectively.
A test statistic is constructed to discriminate between the hypothesis, H0, that only DþD− resonances contribute up to order kmax and the hypothesis that allows for contribu-tions from higher-order moments to describe higher-spin or exotic contributions, H1. The test statistic, formulated in terms of determining the significance of deviations in the D−Kþ channel, has the form [27]
t ¼ −2X NData l¼1 sllog P½m lðD−KþÞjH0=IH0 P½mlðD−KþÞjH1=IH1 ; ð7Þ whereP½mlðD−KþÞjH is the value of the PDF in the bin of mðD−KþÞ where candidate l is found, sl is the signal weight effecting a background subtraction[28], and IH is a normalization factor computed by Monte Carlo integration,
IH ¼ X NSim
l¼1
P½mlðD−KþÞjHϵl; ð8Þ whereϵl is the efficiency appropriate for candidate l.
FIG. 2. Distributions of the first nine unnormalized moments,hYjki, defined in Eq.(2), as a function of mðDþD−Þ for the selected Bþ→ DþD−Kþ candidates after efficiency correction and background subtraction have been applied.
The distributions in the DþD−invariant mass mðDþD−Þ of the first nine unnormalized moments defined in Eq.(2)
are computed for the selected candidates and are shown in Fig. 2. Significant structure is visible at mðDþD−Þ ≈ 3.8 GeV=c2 up to and including the second moment, and not at higher orders, as expected for a contribution from the spin-1 resonance ψð3770Þ. In the vicinity of the χc2ð2PÞ resonance near mðDþD−Þ ¼ 3.9 GeV=c2, signifi-cant structure appears at order 2 and persists, albeit weakly, at order 4. This is found, in the model-dependent analysis
[11], to be due to the presence of both spin-0 and spin-2 charmonia in this region. Structure at low mðDþD−Þ in the first moment indicates interference between S and P waves and, similarly, that around mðDþD−Þ ¼ 3.9 GeV=c2 in the third moment could indicate interference between P and D waves. Structure apparent at all orders for mðDþD−Þ > 4.1 GeV=c2—though having large uncertain-ties at orders above 5—could indicate reflection from a structure in another two-body combination.
In order to test how well the Bþ → DþD−KþDalitz plot can be described using a truncated sum over mðDþD−Þ moments, a sample of 107 Bþ→ DþD−Kþ decays is generated uniformly in the ½mðDþD−Þ; hðDþD−Þ plane. Weights are applied according to Eq.(3), and the resulting distribution of the weighted sample is compared to that for the candidates selected from the LHCb data. In the first instance, kmaxis set to a high value of 29 in the construction of weights to allow all but the smallest of fluctuations in data to be captured. The comparison between the generated decays and the data sample is shown in Fig. 3. The excellent agreement, limited only by statistical fluctuations that can generate structure to arbitrarily high moments, in the mðD−KþÞ and mðDþKþÞ invariant-mass distributions is also to be expected, given the high value of kmax.
The effect of truncating the sum over moments at a lower value is explored. A value of kmax¼ 4 is chosen under the assumption that only resonances with spin up to 2 appear in the DþD− channel, since production of high-spin reso-nances in B-meson decays is suppressed and no evidence for a contribution with spin-3 or higher is seen in either Fig. 2 or the model-dependent analysis [11]. Figure 4
shows the comparison between the weighted generated sample and the data. A prominent discrepancy is apparent around mðD−KþÞ ¼ 2.9 GeV=c2. No narrow regions of disagreement are evident in the Dþ Kþ spectrum.
The significance of the discrepancy in the mðD−KþÞ distribution between the data and the weighted generated sample in Fig. 4(a) is evaluated using the test statistic defined in Eq.(7). An ensemble of pseudoexperiments, in which each dataset has the same size as the real dataset, is prepared according to the PDF defined in Eq.(6), where kmax is taken to be 4. The tiny background contribution is ignored, which introduces negligible uncertainty due to the high purity of the selected Bþ → DþD−Kþ sample. For each pseudoexperiment, a new efficiency map is generated to incorporate the systematic uncertainty arising from the limited size of the simulated sample. This ensemble of nearly 260 000 pseudoexperiments allows determination of the distribution of the test statistic under the hypothesis, H0, that only DþD− resonances up to spin-2 are present, as shown in Fig.5. The value of the test statistic obtained from data, tData, allows the H0 hypothesis to be rejected at the 99.994% level, corresponding to a significance of 3.9 Gaussian standard deviations (σ). The impact of allowing moments up to order 6 is investigated with a smaller ensemble of nearly 35 000 pseudoexperiments; the signifi-cance of the discrepancy remains above3.7σ.
In summary, a model-independent technique has been employed to confirm whether or not the observed mðD−KþÞ distribution in Bþ→ DþD−Kþ decays recon-structed in the LHCb data sample can be explained in terms of reflections from charmonium resonances alone. It is found that the intermediate structure of the decay cannot be described using only Dþ D− resonances of spin up to 2. The significance of the disagreement in the mðD−KþÞ distribution is 3.9σ and is most apparent in the region mðD−KþÞ ¼ 2.9 GeV=c2. This discrepancy could be explained by a new, manifestly exotic, charm-strange resonance decaying to the D−Kþ final state. The outcome of this model-independent study therefore supports the results of the amplitude analysis of the same data [11], where both new spin-0 and spin-1 components are included
(a) (b)
FIG. 3. Comparison between data (points with error bars) and a weighted generated sample (filled histogram) as a function of (a) mðD−KþÞand (b) mðDþKþÞ, where theweights account for the Legendre polynomial moments of orders up to and including 29.
(a) (b)
FIG. 4. Comparison between data (points with error bars) and a weighted generated sample (filled histogram) as a function of (a) mðD−KþÞand (b) mðDþKþÞ, where theweights account for the Legendre polynomial moments of orders up to and including 4. The uncertainty on the weighted shape (dark band) is also shown.
in the D−Kþ channel, as well as ψð3770Þ, χc0ð3930Þ, χc2ð3930Þ, ψð4040Þ, ψð4160Þ, and ψð4415Þ resonances decaying to DþD−, and a nonresonant component.
We express our gratitude to our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC. We thank the technical and administrative staff at the LHCb institutes. We acknowledge support from CERN and from the national agencies: CAPES, CNPq, FAPERJ, and FINEP (Brazil); MOST and NSFC (China); CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and MPG (Germany); INFN (Italy); NWO (Netherlands); MNiSW and NCN (Poland); MEN/IFA (Romania); MSHE (Russia); MICINN (Spain); SNSF and SER (Switzerland); NASU (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); and DOE NP and NSF (USA). We acknowledge the computing resources that are provided by CERN, IN2P3 (France), KIT, and DESY (Germany), INFN (Italy), SURF (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), GridPP (United Kingdom), RRCKI and Yandex LLC (Russia), CSCS (Switzerland), IFIN-HH (Romania), CBPF (Brazil), PL-GRID (Poland), and OSC (USA). We are indebted to the communities behind the multiple open-source software packages on which we depend. Individual groups or members have received support from AvH Foundation (Germany); EPLANET, Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions and ERC (European Union); A*MIDEX, ANR, Labex P2IO and OCEVU, and R´egion Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes (France); Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences of CAS, CAS PIFI, Thousand Talents Program, and Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou (China); RFBR, RSF, and Yandex LLC (Russia); GVA, XuntaGal, and GENCAT (Spain); the Royal Society and the Leverhulme Trust (United Kingdom).
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P. Alvarez Cartelle,47S. Amato,2 Y. Amhis,11L. An,21 L. Anderlini,21A. Andreianov,37 M. Andreotti,20 F. Archilli,16 A. Artamonov,43M. Artuso,67K. Arzymatov,41E. Aslanides,10M. Atzeni,49B. Audurier,11S. Bachmann,16 M. Bachmayer,48J. J. Back,55S. Baker,60P. Baladron Rodriguez,45V. Balagura,11W. Baldini,20J. Baptista Leite,1 R. J. Barlow,61 S. Barsuk,11W. Barter,60M. Bartolini,23,a F. Baryshnikov,80J. M. Basels,13G. Bassi,28B. Batsukh,67 A. Battig,14A. Bay,48M. Becker,14F. Bedeschi,28I. Bediaga,1A. Beiter,67V. Belavin,41S. Belin,26V. Bellee,48K. Belous,43 I. Belov,39I. Belyaev,38G. Bencivenni,22E. Ben-Haim,12A. Berezhnoy,39R. Bernet,49D. Berninghoff,16H. C. Bernstein,67 C. Bertella,47E. Bertholet,12A. Bertolin,27 C. Betancourt,49F. Betti,19,bM. O. Bettler,54Ia. Bezshyiko,49S. Bhasin,53 J. Bhom,33L. Bian,72M. S. Bieker,14 S. Bifani,52 P. Billoir,12M. Birch,60F. C. R. Bishop,54A. Bizzeti,21,cM. Bjørn,62 M. P. Blago,47T. Blake,55F. Blanc,48S. Blusk,67D. Bobulska,58J. A. Boelhauve,14O. Boente Garcia,45T. Boettcher,63
A. Boldyrev,81A. Bondar,42,d N. Bondar,37S. Borghi,61M. Borisyak,41M. Borsato,16J. T. Borsuk,33S. A. Bouchiba,48 T. J. V. Bowcock,59A. Boyer,47C. Bozzi,20M. J. Bradley,60S. Braun,65A. Brea Rodriguez,45M. Brodski,47J. Brodzicka,33 A. Brossa Gonzalo,55D. Brundu,26A. Buonaura,49C. Burr,47A. Bursche,26A. Butkevich,40J. S. Butter,31J. Buytaert,47 W. Byczynski,47S. Cadeddu,26H. Cai,72R. Calabrese,20,e L. Calefice,14L. Calero Diaz,22S. Cali,22R. Calladine,52
M. Calvi,24,f M. Calvo Gomez,83P. Camargo Magalhaes,53A. Camboni,44P. Campana,22D. H. Campora Perez,47 A. F. Campoverde Quezada,5S. Capelli,24,fL. Capriotti,19,bA. Carbone,19,b G. Carboni,29R. Cardinale,23,a A. Cardini,26
I. Carli,6P. Carniti,24,f K. Carvalho Akiba,31A. Casais Vidal,45G. Casse,59M. Cattaneo,47G. Cavallero,47S. Celani,48 J. Cerasoli,10 A. J. Chadwick,59M. G. Chapman,53 M. Charles,12Ph. Charpentier,47G. Chatzikonstantinidis,52 C. A. Chavez Barajas,59M. Chefdeville,8C. Chen,3S. Chen,26A. Chernov,33S.-G. Chitic,47V. Chobanova,45S. Cholak,48
M. Chrzaszcz,33A. Chubykin,37V. Chulikov,37P. Ciambrone,22 M. F. Cicala,55X. Cid Vidal,45G. Ciezarek,47 P. E. L. Clarke,57M. Clemencic,47H. V. Cliff,54J. Closier,47J. L. Cobbledick,61V. Coco,47J. A. B. Coelho,11J. Cogan,10 E. Cogneras,9L. Cojocariu,36P. Collins,47T. Colombo,47L. Congedo,18A. Contu,26N. Cooke,52G. Coombs,58G. Corti,47
C. M. Costa Sobral,55B. Couturier,47D. C. Craik,63J. Crkovská,66M. Cruz Torres,1 R. Currie,57C. L. Da Silva,66 E. Dall’Occo,14J. Dalseno,45C. D’Ambrosio,47 A. Danilina,38P. d’Argent,47A. Davis,61O. De Aguiar Francisco,61
K. De Bruyn,77S. De Capua,61 M. De Cian,48J. M. De Miranda,1 L. De Paula,2 M. De Serio,18,gD. De Simone,49 P. De Simone,22J. A. de Vries,78C. T. Dean,66W. Dean,84D. Decamp,8L. Del Buono,12B. Delaney,54H.-P. Dembinski,14
A. Dendek,34V. Denysenko,49D. Derkach,81O. Deschamps,9 F. Desse,11 F. Dettori,26,hB. Dey,72P. Di Nezza,22 S. Didenko,80 L. Dieste Maronas,45H. Dijkstra,47V. Dobishuk,51 A. M. Donohoe,17F. Dordei,26A. C. dos Reis,1 L. Douglas,58A. Dovbnya,50A. G. Downes,8 K. Dreimanis,59 M. W. Dudek,33L. Dufour,47V. Duk,76 P. Durante,47
J. M. Durham,66D. Dutta,61M. Dziewiecki,16A. Dziurda,33A. Dzyuba,37S. Easo,56U. Egede,68V. Egorychev,38 S. Eidelman,42,dS. Eisenhardt,57S. Ek-In,48L. Eklund,58S. Ely,67A. Ene,36E. Epple,66S. Escher,13J. Eschle,49S. Esen,31
T. Evans,47A. Falabella,19J. Fan,3 Y. Fan,5B. Fang,72 N. Farley,52S. Farry,59D. Fazzini,24,f P. Fedin,38M. F´eo,47 P. Fernandez Declara,47A. Fernandez Prieto,45J. M. Fernandez-tenllado Arribas,44F. Ferrari,19,bL. Ferreira Lopes,48
F. Ferreira Rodrigues,2 S. Ferreres Sole,31M. Ferrillo,49M. Ferro-Luzzi,47S. Filippov,40R. A. Fini,18 M. Fiorini,20,e M. Firlej,34K. M. Fischer,62C. Fitzpatrick,61T. Fiutowski,34F. Fleuret,11,iM. Fontana,47F. Fontanelli,23,a R. Forty,47
Q. Fuehring,14 W. Funk,47E. Gabriel,31T. Gaintseva,41A. Gallas Torreira,45D. Galli,19,b S. Gambetta,57Y. Gan,3 M. Gandelman,2 P. Gandini,25Y. Gao,4 M. Garau,26L. M. Garcia Martin,55P. Garcia Moreno,44J. García Pardiñas,49
B. Garcia Plana,45F. A. Garcia Rosales,11 L. Garrido,44D. Gascon,44 C. Gaspar,47R. E. Geertsema,31D. Gerick,16 L. L. Gerken,14E. Gersabeck,61M. Gersabeck,61T. Gershon,55D. Gerstel,10Ph. Ghez,8V. Gibson,54M. Giovannetti,22,j A. Gioventù,45P. Gironella Gironell,44L. Giubega,36C. Giugliano,20,eK. Gizdov,57E. L. Gkougkousis,47V. V. Gligorov,12
C. Göbel,69E. Golobardes,83D. Golubkov,38A. Golutvin,60,80 A. Gomes,1,kS. Gomez Fernandez,44 F. Goncalves Abrantes,69 M. Goncerz,33G. Gong,3 P. Gorbounov,38I. V. Gorelov,39C. Gotti,24,f E. Govorkova,31
J. P. Grabowski,16R. Graciani Diaz,44T. Grammatico,12L. A. Granado Cardoso,47E. Graug´es,44E. Graverini,48 G. Graziani,21A. Grecu,36L. M. Greeven,31P. Griffith,20L. Grillo,61S. Gromov,80L. Gruber,47B. R. Gruberg Cazon,62 C. Gu,3 M. Guarise,20P. A. Günther,16E. Gushchin,40A. Guth,13Y. Guz,43,47T. Gys,47T. Hadavizadeh,68G. Haefeli,48 C. Haen,47J. Haimberger,47S. C. Haines,54T. Halewood-leagas,59P. M. Hamilton,65Q. Han,7X. Han,16T. H. Hancock,62 S. Hansmann-Menzemer,16N. Harnew,62 T. Harrison,59C. Hasse,47M. Hatch,47 J. He,5 M. Hecker,60K. Heijhoff,31
K. Heinicke,14A. M. Hennequin,47K. Hennessy,59L. Henry,25,46 J. Heuel,13A. Hicheur,2 D. Hill,62M. Hilton,61 S. E. Hollitt,14P. H. Hopchev,48J. Hu,16J. Hu,71 W. Hu,7W. Huang,5 X. Huang,72W. Hulsbergen,31R. J. Hunter,55
M. Hushchyn,81D. Hutchcroft,59 D. Hynds,31P. Ibis,14M. Idzik,34D. Ilin,37P. Ilten,52 A. Inglessi,37A. Ishteev,80 K. Ivshin,37R. Jacobsson,47S. Jakobsen,47E. Jans,31B. K. Jashal,46A. Jawahery,65V. Jevtic,14M. Jezabek,33F. Jiang,3
M. John,62D. Johnson,47,† C. R. Jones,54T. P. Jones,55B. Jost,47N. Jurik,47 S. Kandybei,50 Y. Kang,3 M. Karacson,47 J. M. Kariuki,53N. Kazeev,81 M. Kecke,16F. Keizer,54,47M. Kenzie,55T. Ketel,32B. Khanji,47A. Kharisova,82 S. Kholodenko,43K. E. Kim,67T. Kirn,13V. S. Kirsebom,48O. Kitouni,63S. Klaver,31 K. Klimaszewski,35S. Koliiev,51 A. Kondybayeva,80A. Konoplyannikov,38P. Kopciewicz,34R. Kopecna,16P. Koppenburg,31M. Korolev,39I. Kostiuk,31,51 O. Kot,51S. Kotriakhova,37,30P. Kravchenko,37L. Kravchuk,40R. D. Krawczyk,47M. Kreps,55F. Kress,60S. Kretzschmar,13 P. Krokovny,42,dW. Krupa,34W. Krzemien,35W. Kucewicz,33,lM. Kucharczyk,33V. Kudryavtsev,42,dH. S. Kuindersma,31 G. J. Kunde,66T. Kvaratskheliya,38D. Lacarrere,47G. Lafferty,61A. Lai,26A. Lampis,26D. Lancierini,49J. J. Lane,61 R. Lane,53G. Lanfranchi,22C. Langenbruch,13J. Langer,14O. Lantwin,49,80T. Latham,55 F. Lazzari,28,mR. Le Gac,10 S. H. Lee,84R. Lef`evre,9A. Leflat,39S. Legotin,80O. Leroy,10T. Lesiak,33B. Leverington,16H. Li,71L. Li,62P. Li,16X. Li,66 Y. Li,6Y. Li,6Z. Li,67X. Liang,67T. Lin,60R. Lindner,47V. Lisovskyi,14R. Litvinov,26G. Liu,71H. Liu,5S. Liu,6X. Liu,3 A. Loi,26J. Lomba Castro,45I. Longstaff,58J. H. Lopes,2G. Loustau,49G. H. Lovell,54Y. Lu,6D. Lucchesi,27,nS. Luchuk,40 M. Lucio Martinez,31V. Lukashenko,31Y. Luo,3 A. Lupato,61E. Luppi,20,e O. Lupton,55A. Lusiani,28,oX. Lyu,5L. Ma,6 S. Maccolini,19,b F. Machefert,11F. Maciuc,36V. Macko,48P. Mackowiak,14 S. Maddrell-Mander,53O. Madejczyk,34 L. R. Madhan Mohan,53O. Maev,37A. Maevskiy,81D. Maisuzenko,37M. W. Majewski,34S. Malde,62B. Malecki,47 A. Malinin,79T. Maltsev,42,dH. Malygina,16G. Manca,26,hG. Mancinelli,10R. Manera Escalero,44 D. Manuzzi,19,b D. Marangotto,25,pJ. Maratas,9,qJ. F. Marchand,8 U. Marconi,19S. Mariani,21,47,r C. Marin Benito,11 M. Marinangeli,48
P. Marino,48 J. Marks,16P. J. Marshall,59G. Martellotti,30L. Martinazzoli,47M. Martinelli,24,fD. Martinez Santos,45 F. Martinez Vidal,46A. Massafferri,1M. Materok,13R. Matev,47A. Mathad,49Z. Mathe,47V. Matiunin,38C. Matteuzzi,24 K. R. Mattioli,84A. Mauri,31E. Maurice,11,iJ. Mauricio,44M. Mazurek,35M. McCann,60L. Mcconnell,17T. H. Mcgrath,61
A. McNab,61R. McNulty,17J. V. Mead,59 B. Meadows,64C. Meaux,10G. Meier,14 N. Meinert,75 D. Melnychuk,35 S. Meloni,24,fM. Merk,31,78 A. Merli,25L. Meyer Garcia,2 M. Mikhasenko,47D. A. Milanes,73E. Millard,55 M. Milovanovic,47M.-N. Minard,8 L. Minzoni,20,e S. E. Mitchell,57B. Mitreska,61D. S. Mitzel,47A. Mödden,14 R. A. Mohammed,62 R. D. Moise,60T. Mombächer,14I. A. Monroy,73S. Monteil,9 M. Morandin,27G. Morello,22 M. J. Morello,28,oJ. Moron,34A. B. Morris,74A. G. Morris,55R. Mountain,67H. Mu,3F. Muheim,57M. Mukherjee,7
M. Mulder,47 D. Müller,47K. Müller,49C. H. Murphy,62 D. Murray,61P. Muzzetto,26P. Naik,53T. Nakada,48 R. Nandakumar,56T. Nanut,48I. Nasteva,2 M. Needham,57I. Neri,20,e N. Neri,25,pS. Neubert,74N. Neufeld,47 R. Newcombe,60T. D. Nguyen,48C. Nguyen-Mau,48E. M. Niel,11S. Nieswand,13N. Nikitin,39N. S. Nolte,47C. Nunez,84
A. Oblakowska-Mucha,34V. Obraztsov,43D. P. O’Hanlon,53R. Oldeman,26,hC. J. G. Onderwater,77 A. Ossowska,33 J. M. Otalora Goicochea,2T. Ovsiannikova,38 P. Owen,49A. Oyanguren,46 B. Pagare,55P. R. Pais,47T. Pajero,28,47,o
A. Palano,18M. Palutan,22Y. Pan,61 G. Panshin,82 A. Papanestis,56M. Pappagallo,18,gL. L. Pappalardo,20,e C. Pappenheimer,64W. Parker,65C. Parkes,61C. J. Parkinson,45B. Passalacqua,20G. Passaleva,21A. Pastore,18M. Patel,60 C. Patrignani,19,bC. J. Pawley,78A. Pearce,47A. Pellegrino,31M. Pepe Altarelli,47S. Perazzini,19D. Pereima,38P. Perret,9 K. Petridis,53A. Petrolini,23,aA. Petrov,79S. Petrucci,57M. Petruzzo,25A. Philippov,41L. Pica,28M. Piccini,76B. Pietrzyk,8
G. Pietrzyk,48M. Pili,62D. Pinci,30J. Pinzino,47F. Pisani,47A. Piucci,16Resmi P. K,10V. Placinta,36S. Playfer,57J. Plews,52 M. Plo Casasus,45 F. Polci,12 M. Poli Lener,22M. Poliakova,67A. Poluektov,10 N. Polukhina,80,s I. Polyakov,67 E. Polycarpo,2 G. J. Pomery,53S. Ponce,47 A. Popov,43D. Popov,5,47S. Popov,41S. Poslavskii,43K. Prasanth,33 L. Promberger,47C. Prouve,45V. Pugatch,51A. Puig Navarro,49H. Pullen,62G. Punzi,28,tW. Qian,5J. Qin,5R. Quagliani,12 B. Quintana,8 N. V. Raab,17R. I. Rabadan Trejo,10B. Rachwal,34J. H. Rademacker,53M. Rama,28M. Ramos Pernas,55 M. S. Rangel,2F. Ratnikov,41,81G. Raven,32M. Reboud,8F. Redi,48F. Reiss,12C. Remon Alepuz,46Z. Ren,3V. Renaudin,62 R. Ribatti,28S. Ricciardi,56 D. S. Richards,56K. Rinnert,59P. Robbe,11A. Robert,12G. Robertson,57A. B. Rodrigues,48
E. Rodrigues,59J. A. Rodriguez Lopez,73A. Rollings,62P. Roloff,47V. Romanovskiy,43M. Romero Lamas,45 A. Romero Vidal,45 J. D. Roth,84M. Rotondo,22M. S. Rudolph,67 T. Ruf,47J. Ruiz Vidal,46A. Ryzhikov,81J. Ryzka,34
J. J. Saborido Silva,45N. Sagidova,37 N. Sahoo,55 B. Saitta,26,h D. Sanchez Gonzalo,44C. Sanchez Gras,31 C. Sanchez Mayordomo,46R. Santacesaria,30C. Santamarina Rios,45 M. Santimaria,22E. Santovetti,29,j D. Saranin,80
G. Sarpis,61 M. Sarpis,74A. Sarti,30C. Satriano,30,u A. Satta,29M. Saur,5D. Savrina,38,39 H. Sazak,9
L. G. Scantlebury Smead,62S. Schael,13M. Schellenberg,14M. Schiller,58H. Schindler,47M. Schmelling,15T. Schmelzer,14 B. Schmidt,47O. Schneider,48A. Schopper,47M. Schubiger,31S. Schulte,48M. H. Schune,11R. Schwemmer,47B. Sciascia,22 A. Sciubba,30S. Sellam,45 A. Semennikov,38M. Senghi Soares,32A. Sergi,52,47 N. Serra,49J. Serrano,10L. Sestini,27 A. Seuthe,14P. Seyfert,47D. M. Shangase,84M. Shapkin,43I. Shchemerov,80L. Shchutska,48T. Shears,59L. Shekhtman,42,d Z. Shen,4V. Shevchenko,79E. B. Shields,24,fE. Shmanin,80J. D. Shupperd,67B. G. Siddi,20R. Silva Coutinho,49G. Simi,27
S. Simone,18,g I. Skiba,20,eN. Skidmore,74T. Skwarnicki,67 M. W. Slater,52J. C. Smallwood,62J. G. Smeaton,54 A. Smetkina,38E. Smith,13M. Smith,60A. Snoch,31M. Soares,19L. Soares Lavra,9 M. D. Sokoloff,64F. J. P. Soler,58 A. Solovev,37I. Solovyev,37F. L. Souza De Almeida,2B. Souza De Paula,2B. Spaan,14E. Spadaro Norella,25,pP. Spradlin,58 F. Stagni,47M. Stahl,64S. Stahl,47P. Stefko,48O. Steinkamp,49,80S. Stemmle,16O. Stenyakin,43H. Stevens,14S. Stone,67 M. E. Stramaglia,48M. Straticiuc,36 D. Strekalina,80S. Strokov,82F. Suljik,62J. Sun,26L. Sun,72Y. Sun,65 P. Svihra,61
P. N. Swallow,52K. Swientek,34 A. Szabelski,35T. Szumlak,34M. Szymanski,47S. Taneja,61 Z. Tang,3 T. Tekampe,14 F. Teubert,47 E. Thomas,47K. A. Thomson,59M. J. Tilley,60V. Tisserand,9S. T’Jampens,8 M. Tobin,6 S. Tolk,47
L. Tomassetti,20,e D. Torres Machado,1 D. Y. Tou,12 M. Traill,58M. T. Tran,48E. Trifonova,80 C. Trippl,48 A. Tsaregorodtsev,10G. Tuci,28,tA. Tully,48N. Tuning,31A. Ukleja,35D. J. Unverzagt,16A. Usachov,31A. Ustyuzhanin,41,81 U. Uwer,16A. Vagner,82V. Vagnoni,19A. Valassi,47G. Valenti,19N. Valls Canudas,44M. van Beuzekom,31H. Van Hecke,66 E. van Herwijnen,80C. B. Van Hulse,17M. van Veghel,77R. Vazquez Gomez,45P. Vazquez Regueiro,45C. Vázquez Sierra,31
S. Vecchi,20J. J. Velthuis,53M. Veltri,21,vA. Venkateswaran,67 M. Veronesi,31 M. Vesterinen,55D. Vieira,64 M. Vieites Diaz,48H. Viemann,75 X. Vilasis-Cardona,83 E. Vilella Figueras,59P. Vincent,12G. Vitali,28A. Vollhardt,49 D. Vom Bruch,12A. Vorobyev,37V. Vorobyev,42,dN. Voropaev,37R. Waldi,75J. Walsh,28C. Wang,16J. Wang,3J. Wang,72
J. Wang,4 J. Wang,6 M. Wang,3 R. Wang,53Y. Wang,7Z. Wang,49 D. R. Ward,54H. M. Wark,59 N. K. Watson,52 S. G. Weber,12 D. Websdale,60C. Weisser,63B. D. C. Westhenry,53D. J. White,61M. Whitehead,53D. Wiedner,14 G. Wilkinson,62M. Wilkinson,67I. Williams,54 M. Williams,63,68 M. R. J. Williams,57F. F. Wilson,56W. Wislicki,35 M. Witek,33L. Witola,16G. Wormser,11S. A. Wotton,54H. Wu,67K. Wyllie,47Z. Xiang,5 D. Xiao,7 Y. Xie,7 H. Xing,71 A. Xu,4J. Xu,5L. Xu,3M. Xu,7Q. Xu,5Z. Xu,5Z. Xu,4D. Yang,3Y. Yang,5Z. Yang,3Z. Yang,65Y. Yao,67L. E. Yeomans,59 H. Yin,7 J. Yu,70X. Yuan,67O. Yushchenko,43K. A. Zarebski,52M. Zavertyaev,15,sM. Zdybal,33O. Zenaiev,47M. Zeng,3 D. Zhang,7 L. Zhang,3 S. Zhang,4Y. Zhang,47Y. Zhang,62A. Zhelezov,16Y. Zheng,5 X. Zhou,5 Y. Zhou,5 X. Zhu,3
V. Zhukov,13,39 J. B. Zonneveld,57S. Zucchelli,19,b D. Zuliani,27 and G. Zunica61
(LHCb Collaboration)
1
Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (CBPF), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 2
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 3
Center for High Energy Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 4
School of Physics State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China 5
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 6
Institute Of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Beijing, China 7
Institute of Particle Physics, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China 8
9Universit´e Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC, Clermont-Ferrand, France 10
Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France 11Ijclab, Orsay, France
12
LPNHE, Sorbonne Universit´e, Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cit´e, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France 13I. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
14
Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany 15Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik (MPIK), Heidelberg, Germany 16
Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany 17School of Physics, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
18
INFN Sezione di Bari, Bari, Italy 19INFN Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
20
INFN Sezione di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy 21INFN Sezione di Firenze, Firenze, Italy 22
INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy 23INFN Sezione di Genova, Genova, Italy 24
INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy 25INFN Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy 26
INFN Sezione di Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
27Universita degli Studi di Padova, Universita e INFN, Padova, Padova, Italy 28
INFN Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy 29INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy 30
INFN Sezione di Roma La Sapienza, Roma, Italy
31Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, Netherlands 32
Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands 33Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland 34
AGH—University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Kraków, Poland 35National Center for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), Warsaw, Poland
36
Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania 37Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute NRC Kurchatov Institute (PNPI NRC KI), Gatchina, Russia 38
Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics NRC Kurchatov Institute (ITEP NRC KI), Moscow, Russia 39Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University (SINP MSU), Moscow, Russia
40
Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences (INR RAS), Moscow, Russia 41Yandex School of Data Analysis, Moscow, Russia
42
Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (SB RAS), Novosibirsk, Russia
43Institute for High Energy Physics NRC Kurchatov Institute (IHEP NRC KI), Protvino, Russia, Protvino, Russia 44
ICCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
45Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain 46
Instituto de Fisica Corpuscular, Centro Mixto Universidad de Valencia—CSIC, Valencia, Spain 47European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
48
Institute of Physics, Ecole Polytechnique F´ed´erale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland 49Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
50
NSC Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology (NSC KIPT), Kharkiv, Ukraine 51Institute for Nuclear Research of the National Academy of Sciences (KINR), Kyiv, Ukraine
52
University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
53H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom 54
Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom 55Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
56
STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom
57School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom 58
School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom 59Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
60
Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
61Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom 62
Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom 63Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
64
University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA 65University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA 66
Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA 67Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
68School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (associated with Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom)
69Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil [associated with Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]
70Physics and Micro Electronic College, Hunan University, Changsha City, China
(associated with Institute of Particle Physics, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China)
71Guangdong Provencial Key Laboratory of Nuclear Science, Institute of Quantum Matter, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China (associated with Center for High Energy Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China)
72School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (associated with Center for High Energy Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China)
73Departamento de Fisica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
(associated with LPNHE, Sorbonne Universit´e, Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cit´e, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France) 74Universität Bonn—Helmholtz-Institut für Strahlen und Kernphysik, Bonn, Germany
(associated with Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany) 75Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany
(associated with Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany) 76INFN Sezione di Perugia, Perugia, Italy (associated with INFN Sezione di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy)
77
Van Swinderen Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (associated with Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, Netherlands)
78
Universiteit Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands
(associated with Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, Netherlands) 79
National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia [associated with Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics NRC Kurchatov Institute (ITEP NRC KI), Moscow, Russia]
80
National University of Science and Technology“MISIS”, Moscow, Russia
[associated with Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics NRC Kurchatov Institute (ITEP NRC KI), Moscow, Russia] 81
National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia (associated with Yandex School of Data Analysis, Moscow, Russia) 82
National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia [associated with Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics NRC Kurchatov Institute (ITEP NRC KI), Moscow, Russia]
83
DS4DS, La Salle, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain (associated with ICCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain) 84University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA (associated with Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA) †daniel.johnson@cern.ch
aAlso at Universit`a di Genova, Genova, Italy. b
Also at Universit`a di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
cAlso at Universit`a di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy. d
Also at Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia. eAlso at Universit`a di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
f
Also at Universit`a di Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy. gAlso at Universit`a di Bari, Bari, Italy.
h
Also at Universit`a di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
iAlso at Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, Palaiseau, France. j
Also at Universit`a di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy.
kAlso at Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba-MG, Brazil. l
Also at AGH—University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Computer Science, Electronics and Telecommunications, Kraków, Poland.
m
Also at Universit`a di Siena, Siena, Italy. nAlso at Universit`a di Padova, Padova, Italy. o
Also at Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy.
pAlso at Universit`a degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy. q
Also at MSU—Iligan Institute of Technology (MSU-IIT), Iligan, Philippines. rAlso at Universit`a di Firenze, Firenze, Italy.
s
Also at P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Science (LPI RAS), Moscow, Russia. tAlso at Universit`a di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
u
Also at Universit`a della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy. vAlso at Universit`a di Urbino, Urbino, Italy.
