(I-123)FP-CIT SPECT in suspected dementia with Lewy bodies: A longitudinal case study

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(

123

I)FP-CIT SPECT in suspected

dementia with Lewy bodies:

a longitudinal case study

Françoise J Siepel,1Arvid Rongve,2Tirza C Buter,3Mona K Beyer,1 Clive G Ballard,4Jan Booij,5Dag Aarsland1,6

To cite: Siepel FJ, Rongve A, Buter TC,_{et al. (}123_I)FP-CIT

SPECT in suspected dementia with Lewy bodies: a longitudinal case study. BMJ Open 2013;3:e002642. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002642

▸ Prepublication history for this paper are available online. To view these files please visit the journal online (http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ bmjopen-2013-002642). Received 28 January 2013 Revised 27 February 2013 Accepted 1 March 2013 This final article is available for use under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 2.0 Licence; see

http://bmjopen.bmj.com

For numbered affiliations see end of article.

Correspondence to Françoise J Siepel; facois@sus.no

ABSTRACT

Objectives:Little is known regarding the ‘false-negative’ or ‘false-positive’ striatal dopamine transporter binding on SPECT for the diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). We explored the clinical course in patients fulfilling the criteria for clinical DLB with a normal (123I)FP-CIT SPECT (ie, SPECT scan negative, clinical features positive (S−CF+)) and patients not fulfilling DLB criteria with an abnormal scan (S+CF−).

Design:Longitudinal case study over 2–5 years.

Setting:Consecutive referrals of patients with mild dementia to dementia clinics in western Norway.

Participants:50 patients (27 men and 23 women; mean age at baseline of 74 (range 52–88)) with (123_I)

FP-CIT SPECT images underwent cluster analysis: 20/50 patients allocated to a‘DLB’ and 8 to a ‘non-DLB’ cluster were included.

Outcome measures:Scores on standardised clinical rating scales for hallucinations, parkinsonism,

fluctuations, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behaviour disorder and visually rated (123_{I)FP-CIT SPECT.}

Results:During the follow-up period, in the S+CF− group (n=7), frequency and severity of DLB symptoms tended to increase, particularly parkinsonism (7/7) and cognitive fluctuations (7/7), while severity of visual hallucinations and REM sleep behaviour disorder remained stable. The S−CF+ (n=3) fulfilled the

operationalised criteria for probable DLB both at baseline and at the end of the follow-up.

Conclusions:The findings suggest that systematic visual analyses of (123I)FP-CIT SPECT can detect people with DLB prior to the development of the full clinical syndrome. In addition, the study indicates that some patients fulfilling clinical criteria for probable DLB have a normal scan, and further studies are required to characterise these patients better.

INTRODUCTION

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is the second most frequent neurodegenerative dementia after Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In addition to cognitive decline, frequent clin-ical symptoms of DLB are parkinsonism,

hallucinations and other psychiatric symp-toms, ﬂuctuating attention and autonomous dysfunction including orthostatic hypoten-sion and falls.1 DLB patients have more reduced quality of life, higher costs and higher mortality than patients with AD.

DLB is often underdiagnosed especially in the early stages when the frequency of pre-senting core symptoms is low.2 Early and accurate diagnosis is, however, important for informing patient and relatives about key treatment decisions as the disease course and prognosis differ between the dementia

types. In addition, diagnosing DLB is

ARTICLE SUMMARY

Article focus

▪ (123I)FP-CIT SPECT is an established biomarker for dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) versus Alzheimer’s disease.

▪ Little is known about the clinical course of patients with symptoms of DLB and a normal (123_{I)FP-CIT SPECT and patients not fulfilling the}

DLB criteria with an abnormal scan.

▪ We performed a detailed clinical follow-up of such patients.

Key messages

▪ Patients not fulfilling the DLB criteria with an abnormal scan developed over time typical DLB clinical features.

▪ Patients with symptoms of DLB and a normal (123_{I)FP-CIT SPECT continued to fulfil clinical}

cri-teria for DLB, that is, were false negative accord-ing to clinical criteria.

▪ (123I)FP-CIT SPECT is a helpful investigation in an early stage of DLB.

Strengths and limitations of this study

▪ Limitations include the small number of patients included and the lack of autopsy.

▪ Strengths include the objective clinical classifica-tion based on cluster analysis and the long dur-ation of follow-up and the use of standardised procedures during the study period.

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meaningful for avoiding antipsychotic drugs due to the sensitivity for side effects in this patient group. Diagnosis is particularly problematic in people who have some symptoms of DLB, but do not fulﬁl the cri-teria for probable DLB. The clinical diagnosis of DLB has a high speciﬁcity (approximately 95%), but low sen-sitivity (30%) mainly based on the consensus criteria presented in 1996,3 indicating that the diagnosis is often missed.

Dopaminergic nigrostriatal degeneration is common in DLB and (123I)FP-CIT SPECT imaging is able to detect this dopaminergic deﬁcit. This imaging technique is an established biomarker for the in vivo detection of nigrostriatal degeneration, which is a typical feature of Parkinson’s disease (PD) also. (123I)FP-CIT SPECT uses a 123I-labeled tracer that binds with high afﬁnity to the

dopamine transporter (DAT). A high correlation

between abnormal DAT binding and a clinical diagnosis of probable DLB has been shown; in a pivotal multicen-tre study, abnormal scans had a mean sensitivity of 78% for distinguishing clinically probable DLB from AD, with a speciﬁcity of 90% for excluding non-DLB.4Decreased striatal DAT binding is listed as one of the suggestive fea-tures in the consensus criteria for the clinical diagnosis of DLB.1

Very little is known regarding patients fulfilling clinical DLB criteria with a negative (123I)FP-CIT SPECT scan (S−CF+) or patients with an abnormal scan not fulfilling clinical DLB criteria (S+CF−). In contrast, considerable research has been conducted on PD patients with negative DAT scans, that is, ‘scans without evidence of dopamin-ergic deficit’. Repeated DAT imaging showed a normal scan up to 4 year follow-up and this group did not benefit from antiparkinson medication.5 This demonstrates that the causes other than nigrostriatal degeneration can cause parkinsonism, such as, for example, cerebrovascular disease (vascular parkinsonism) and drugs with antidopa-minergic activity.6

It has been shown in a trial cohort that (123I) FP-CIT SPECT can distinguish DLB from AD even before the full syndrome has emerged. Indeed, this imaging marker is particularly clinically useful in diag-nostically uncertain cases, and patients with ‘S+CF−’ may actually represent early cases who will later develop a full DLB syndrome.7 8 However, the noso-logical status and course of the S−CF+ and S+CF− group in the context of DLB have not been reported in a clinical cohort.

This study aims to explore the clinical characteristics and course of dementia patients who underwent (123I) FP-CIT SPECT imaging. A group of such patients from the Norwegian DemWest cohort was followed according to a standardised and prospective research protocol. We hypothesised that‘S+CF−’ cases would develop a clinical proﬁle more consistent with the diagnostic criteria for DLB, and that ‘S−CF+’ cases may develop a clinical phenotype that differed from the typical pattern of DLB patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Participants were selected from the DemWest cohort, which includes patients from dementia clinics with afirst time diagnosis of mild dementia who are followed annu-ally.9 Patients were assessed with medical exam and routine blood tests, and standardised clinical assessments and neuropsychological tests were administered, such as the motor subscale of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) for parkinsonism, Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) to assess psychiatric symptoms including visual hallucinations (VHs) and the Clinician Assessment of Cognitive Fluctuations (COGA)10 or Mayo fluctuation Questionnaire11 for cognitive fluctuations. Sleep distur-bances including rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behav-iour disorder (RBD) were monitored with the Mayo sleep Questionnaire.12 Neuroleptic sensitivity was classified as previously reported.13 Exclusion criteria were acute delir-ium or confusion, terminal illness, recently diagnosed major somatic illness, previous bipolar disorder or psych-otic disorder. More details regarding the selection and diagnostic procedures are provided elsewhere.9

Continuous scores for the core and suggestive DLB features were calculated: for VHs (frequency × intensity) using the NPI scale item 2 with a range of 0–12; parkin-sonism on the UPDRS motor subscale (0–108); ﬂuctuat-ing cognition by the COGA (0–16) (a subgroup on the Mayo ﬂuctuation questionnaire (0–4)) and combined as previously described.14 RBD was determined with the Mayo sleep questionnaire (0–4). To select DLB patients, we used UPDRS-motor subscale cut-off score of >9 and at least 1 within other scales.14

Imaging

From the DemWest database 50 patients underwent (123I)FP-CIT SPECT imaging on the discretion of the clinician considered DLB to be a differential diagnosis between March 2005 and May 2010 (27 men and 23 women, mean age at baseline of 74 (range 52–88). Initial diagnosis of possible or probable DLB was made using clinical judgement.1 Subsequent classiﬁcation of patients was undertaken based upon a cluster analysis of symptoms (see analysis section below for details).The average time between initial clinical diagnosis and date of (123I)FP-CIT SPECT imaging was 7 months.

SPECT imaging with the well-validated radiotracer (123I)FP-CIT (N-ω-fluoropropyl-2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-iodophenyl) nortropane; DaTscan, GE Healthcare) was performed according to the clinical routine at each of the three centres. An intravenous injection of about 185 MBq was administered and the images were acquired 3– 4 h after injection on a multidetector or multiheaded γ camera with LEHR collimators, a time point at which the specific binding ratio of this tracer to the DAT is stable.15 Subsequently, images were reconstructed using filtered back projection with a Butterworth filter with a 0.55 cut-off and an order of 10. Chang’s attenuation cor-rection was applied with an attenuation coefficient of 0.11/cm.16

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Representative transversal images through the basal ganglia were visually analysed by an external nuclear medicine specialist, experienced in DAT imaging ( JB), who did not have access to clinical information. The visual analysis consisted of separate evaluations of the left and right caudate nucleus and putamen divided in normal, abnormal and strongly abnormal.

In addition, MRI was acquired at baseline at the three centres using 1.5 Tesla MRI: a Philips Intera scanner with fast ﬁeld echo protocol (repetition time (TR)/echo time (TE)/ﬂip angle (FA)=10 ms/4.6 ms/30°,ST=2.0 mm, number of excitations (NEX)=2.0, matrix=256×256 or TR/ TE/FA=20 ms/4.6 ms/30°,ST=1.0 mm, NEX=2.0, matrix= 256×256) and GE Signa Excite scanner with fast spoiled gradient recalled (FSPGR) protocol (TR/TE/FA=20 ms/ 3.1 ms/7°,ST=1.0 mm, NEX=1.0, matrix=256×256). Details of the harmonisation have been reported previously.17 Basal ganglia hyperintensities were scored using the basal ganglia part of the Scheltens scale, a semiquantitative rating scale (0–30) including separate assessment (0–6) of the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, thalamus and the internal/external capsule.18One patient (case 9) did not receive an MRI due to metal prostheses in both ears.

Analysis

For an objective, quantitative classification of cases, cluster analysis was applied based on the scores on the four DLB symptom scales as previously reported.14 The patients were classified in four clusters with the help of SPSS V.18. In brief, the two-step cluster analysis was per-formed with four continuous variables (ie, parkinsonism, hallucinations, cognitive fluctuations and RBD) and log-likelihood.14 Missing values analysis with expectation-maximisation algorithm was performed when scores at one of the four symptom scales was missing. The four clusters included a‘DLB’ cluster, with high scores for hal-lucinations and parkinsonism and cognitivefluctuations, a‘non-DLB’ cluster with low values on all DLB symptom scales, one cluster included patients with high scores for RBD, and one with high values of cognitivefluctuations. In this study, we only considered patients classified in the ‘DLB’ and the ‘non-DLB’ clusters.14 _{Based on the (}123_I) FP-CIT SPECT scan results, patients were classified as S−CF+ (ie, DLB-cluster and normal scan) or S+CF− (ie, non-DLB cluster and abnormal scan).

Design

Patients were followed with annual assessments using the same assessment battery at baseline performed by trained research physicians and research nurses. Subsequently, core and suggestive DLB features ( parkinsonism, VH, cognitive ﬂuctuations, neuroleptic hypersensitivity and RBD) and their progress were rated by an experienced research clinician (AR), taking into account both research data and transcripts from the medical records, but blinded to all information of (123I)FP-CIT SPECT scan information and clinical diagnosis. The blinding was

achieved by actively removing all information about the scans from the transcripts. The rater noted whether

symptoms were present and their severity (no,

mild-to-moderate and moderate-to-severe) at baseline, and whether they increased or decreased (mild or marked) or remained stable during the follow-up period.

Ethics approval

The regional ethics committee and the Norwegian author-ities approved the DemWest study for the collection of medical data. The patients provided written consent to participate in the study after a thorough explanation of the procedure to the patient and the caregiver.

RESULTS

There were 20 patients in the DLB cluster and 8 patients in the non-DLB cluster (the remaining 22 patients were included in the other two clusters, with subsequently n=5 with S− and n=7 with S+ in the RBD cluster and n=6 with S− and n=4 with S+ in the cognitive ﬂuctuation cluster). Nine of the 50 patients with (123I)FP-CIT SPECT had a missing value for one of the four symptom scores, and therefore the previously mentioned missing value analysis was performed.

Scans of three patients in the DLB cluster were fied as normal, and these three were consequently classi-fied as S−CF+. Seven patients in the non-DLB cluster had an abnormal scan, and were classified as S+CF−. An example of the (123I)FP-CIT SPECT scan for the S−CF+ group (left) and S+CF− group (right) is shown in

ﬁgure 1. Table 1 shows the characteristics of the two

groups.

Detailed information about the visual assessment of the (123I)FP-CIT SPECT scans regarding DAT binding in the caudate nucleus bilaterally, and the putamen bilat-erally, as well as hyperintensities based on MRI, are shown intable 2.

It can be seen that in the S−CF+ group, the (123I) FP-CIT SPECT scans were normal, by deﬁnition, in all studied striatal subareas. In the S+CF− group, putamen DAT binding was abnormal bilaterally in most cases (5/7). None of the cases shows infarcts in the basal ganglia on MRI. Some patients had white matter lesions, but these were usually in the low-to-moderate range.

During follow-up, no other diseases were detected which could explain the symptoms. Table 3 shows the core and suggestive symptoms at baseline and their development during follow-up.

In the S+CF− group, it can be seen that some DLB core symptoms were present at baseline in some patients. These were usually of mild-to-moderate severity and did not reach the cut-off values that emerged from the cluster analysis.14 All seven had a moderate-to-severe increased parkinsonism during follow-up, although 3/7 had no parkinsonism at baseline. In addition, all seven S

+CF− developed marked worsening in cognitive

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ﬂuctuations, whereas six were without these symptoms at baseline. Less marked changes were noted for VH.

In the S−CF+ group, all three cases had VH at baseline that remained stable (n=2) or decreased (n=1) in severity during the follow-up period. In contrast, two cases showed a moderate-to-severe worsening in parkinsonism and two cases had worsening of cognitiveﬂuctuations.

There were no remarkable changes in the progression of the severity of RBD that was also rare at baseline. Three patients (2 S−CF+, 1 S+CF−) received antipsycho-tics, but hypersensitivity reactions to these drugs were not observed.

All cases fulﬁlled the criteria for probable DLB at the end of the follow-up period without taking the (123I) FP-CIT SPECT scan results into account, that is, they had at least two core features or one core and one clin-ical suggestive feature.

DISCUSSION

In this study, we report longitudinalﬁndings in patients who, based on cluster analysis of symptom scores were

classified as ‘DLB’ or ‘non-DLB’, and who had (123I) FP-CIT SPECT results that were inconsistent with these findings, that is, ‘S−CF+’ or ‘S+CF−’. Our main findings are that S+CF− patients tend to develop core or suggest-ive features of DLB, in particular parkinsonism and cog-nitive fluctuations, that is, they represent DLB in the early stage. In the S−CF+ group, more various DLB symptoms were shown at baseline with mainly a stable or increased severity at follow-up, and all cases fulfilled the criteria for probable DLB at the end of the follow-up period.

Very few longitudinal studies of DLB patients in light of (123I)FP-CIT SPECT have been reported. In contrast, the results of (123I)FP-CIT SPECT imaging and the dis-crepancy with clinical diagnosis have been extensively studied in PD. The Clinically Uncertain Parkinsonism Syndrome study considered patients with uncertain but clinically suspect PD. (123I)FP-CIT SPECT imaging was inconsistent with initial diagnosis in 36% of the patients with a clinical diagnosis of presynaptic parkinsonism and 54% with non-presynaptic parkinsonism. After 2 years, however, the clinical diagnosis was established and the rate of agreement between the diagnosis at follow-up and the initial imaging results was 90%, indicating that the initial DAT SPECT scan is of value in the diagnostic follow-up of the patients with clinically uncertain PD.19 This is in line with the current study showing that all seven FP cases developed increased parkinsonism and cognitive fluctuations consistent with a diagnosis of DLB. Our findings are also consistent with a previous study demonstrating that in cases with ‘possible DLB’, that is, not fulfilling criteria for probable DLB, the scan differentiated between those who developed probable DLB and those who did not after 1 year.7

An explanation for this could be that the (123I)FP-CIT SPECT scan detects nigrostriatal degeneration before the full clinical syndrome has been developed. This is supported by the knowledge of PD that 80% of the

Figure 1 Transversal (123I)FP-CIT SPECT image from a patient in the dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) cluster with a normal scan (left: case 2) and a patient with an abnormal scan in the non-DLB cluster (right: case 4).

Table 1 Clinical characteristics

Characteristics S−CF+ (n=3) S+CF− (n=7)

Gender (M:F) 3:0 4:3

MMSE 22 (20–26) 25 (16–27) Age at baseline (years) 79 (72–88) 71 (52–80) Observation time (years) 3.0 (2–4) 3.4 (2–5) Medication Antiparkinson (yes/no) 0:3 1:6 Antipsychotics (yes/no) 2:1 1:6 Antidepressants (yes/no)\ 1:2 3:4 Antidementia (yes/no) 1:2 6:1 Numbers represent median (range) or number of patients. CF, clinical features; MMSE, mini mental state examination; S, (123I)FP-CIT SPECT.

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striatal dopamine neurons need to be lost before PD symptoms are present.20 In addition, it is shown that by using a radioligand for DAT nigrostriatal damage can be detected years before the onset of motor signs of PD.21

Three of our cases (3 of 50; 6% of all scans) were in the S−CF+ group, and searching for possible explana-tions is important. It is well known that 10–15% of patients with clinical PD have a normal DAT scan, and it is suggested that this subgroup have no involvement of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway.6 In the S−CF+ group, the cases may have a true negative (123I)FP-CIT SPECT, that is, they have DLB, but without the involve-ment of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra.

Some DLB patients indeed do not develop parkinson-ism.22 Pathological classification of DLB identifies three types: brainstem predominant, limbic and neocortical, assuming that the substantia nigra isfirst affected, follow-ing by the amygdalae and limbic cortex and subse-quently the neocortex.23 However, it has been reported that in some cases, Lewy-body pathology can be found in the cortex and higher brain stem, but not in the lower brain stem,24 suggesting that in some patients the pathological process starts in the neocortex, and then progresses towards the brain stem. Our findings in the S−CF+ group are consistent with this hypothesis, in that parkinsonism mainly developed later on. Unfortunately,

Table 3 Status of main dementia with Lewy bodies symptoms at baseline and during follow-up Visual hallucinations REM sleep behaviour disorder Cognitive fluctuations Parkinsonism Bsl Fu Bsl Fu Bsl Fu Bsl Fu S−CF+ 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 2 1 −1 1 0 0 1 1 2 3 1 0 1 −1 0 2 0 1 S+CF− 4 1 0 2 −1 1 2 0 2 5 2 1 0 1 0 2 1 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 7 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 8 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 9 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 10 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2

Baseline: 0=not present, 1=mild/moderate, 2=moderate/marked; follow-up:–2=significant decrease, –1=decrease, 0=no change, 1=increase, 2=significant increase.

Bsl, baseline; CF, clinical features; Fu, follow-up; REM, rapid eye movement; S, (123I)FP-CIT SPECT.

Table 2 Visual assessment of (123I)FP-CIT SPECT and MRI

(123_{I)FP-CIT SPECT} _MRI

Caudate right Putamen left Putamen right Final evaluation Scheltens score (0–30) details S−CF+

1 0 0 0 0 Normal 3 Right capsula

interna/externa

2 0 0 0 0 Normal 0

3 0 0 0 0 Normal 8 Left thalamus, right capsula interna/

externa S+CF− 4 0 0 2 2 Abnormal 0 5 0 2 0 2 Abnormal 0 6 2 2 2 2 Abnormal 0 7 0 1 2 2 Abnormal 0

8 0 0 2 1 Abnormal 4 Left caudate, right capsula externa

9 2 2 2 2 Abnormal − Not performed

10 0 1 0 1 Abnormal 6 Putamen bilateral, left capsula externa 0=normal, 1=abnormal, 2=strongly abnormal on (123_{I)FP-CIT SPECT.}

CF, clinical features; S, (123I)FP-CIT SPECT.

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a follow-up scan or neuropathology was not available to address this hypothesis. Interestingly, a recent clinico-pathological study, which included seven autopsy proven DLB cases, showed that the antemortem (123I)FP-CIT SPECT scan was normal in two of these cases. Importantly, in these two cases, the number of nigros-triatal dopaminergic neurons was also within the normal range.25 This observation may support the hypothesis that in some patients the pathological process may start in the neocortex.

Another possible explanation for the S−CF+ cases is the pathological heterogeneity in DLB. Whereas some patients have a‘pure’ DLB, the majority in addition may have AD-type changes such as amyloid plaques and even tangle pathology.1In total, 5–10% of patients with clinical dementia have intermediate (123I)FP-CIT SPECT scans, that is, abnormal DAT binding, but not as low as typical of DLB. These intermediate scans could represent cases with mixed DLB/AD pathology.26 DLB cases with AD pathology have lower prevalence of core DLB symptoms than‘pure’ DLB.6 27It is possible that mixed cases in an early stage may have subtle or no nigrostriatal dopamin-ergic pathology leading to a normal DAT scan. In these cases parkinsonism may be caused by Alzheimer-type or even LB-type degeneration in the striatum itself rather than by dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurodegeneration.28

Another possible explanation is that S−CF+ cases have another type of dementia than DLB. For example, par-kinsonism is not uncommon in AD, particularly in the later stages,29 and it can be seen in other conditions such as vascular parkinsonism and frontotemporal dementia. However, both vascular parkinsonism and frontotemporal dementia may have abnormal scans, although less common than in DLB.30 31 The score for hyperintensities on MRI is in the range from 0 to 8 (see

table 2). These relatively low scores show that

cerebrovas-cular is an unlikely cause of parkinsonism in our cases, also since none of the subjects had lacunar infarcts in the basal ganglia.

Drug-induced parkinsonism is also common,6 and may take several weeks to resolve after drug discontinu-ation, and complete resolution may take over a year.32 These patients usually have a normal DAT SPECT scan,33 and thus may be misinterpreted as ‘S−CF+’. In our S−CF+ group, case 1 received antipsychotics during 5 months and discontinued 1 month before scanning; in case three, it was discontinued directly at baseline. However, in both cases, parkinsonism increased during follow-up. Drug-induced parkinsonism is therefore not a likely cause of the‘S−CF+’ patients in our study.

Finally, several patients were treated with drugs such as antidepressants, antipsychotics, L-DOPA and antidemen-tia drugs, and scanned while on medication, which may inﬂuenced the interpretation of the (123I)FP-CIT SPECT scans.34

The antidopaminergic effect of antipsychotic drugs may increase the synthesis and release of dopamine in the striatum, leading to a potential competition between

the DAT ligand (123I)FP-CIT and synaptic dopamine. Indeed, high doses of the neuropsychotic haloperidol resulted in a reduction in striatal (123I)FP-CIT binding by 25% in rats.35 However, in another rat study, this could not be replicated.36 Also, it has recently been dis-cussed that even if neuroleptics will induce changes in DAT imaging, such changes will presumably not be large enough to inﬂuence the visual assessments of (123I) FP-CIT SPECT studies.34 Nevertheless, in the present study, one patient in the S+CF− group had used an anti-psychotic, and we cannot totally exclude that this may have led to a false-positive scan.

Although antiparkinsonian medications influence the dopaminergic transmission, they do not seem to affect the visual interpretation and quantification of DAT imaging.6 The use of Levodopa, for example, did not change the striatal (123I)FP-CIT binding significantly.37

The acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, such as donepezil and rivastigmine, may reduce striatal dopaminergic transmission, but did not show signiﬁcant effects on stri-atal (123I)FP-CIT binding.38

Antidepressants such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) paroxetine have been shown to induce a small, but significant increase in striatal (123I) FP-CIT binding ratios.39 On the other hand, the SSRI citalopram showed a reduction in striatal (123I)FP-CIT binding ratios, and blocking of the serotonin transporter (SERT) may lead to high plasma (123I)FP-CIT concentra-tions.40DAT and SERT are important for the termination of dopaminergic and serotonergic transmission, respect-ively, by the reuptake of dopamine and serotonin from the synaptic cleft. FP-CIT binds to DAT and SERT with affinities in the nanomolar range, although the affinity to SERT is lower than that to DAT.34Therefore, the quanti fi-cation of (123I)FP-CIT SPECT is susceptible to SERT-blocking pharmaceuticals.40 However, as recently discussed, a small change in the quantification in striatal FP-CIT binding, and with the same change of binding in both the caudate nucleus and putamen, is unlikely to result in false-negative and false-positive results when a visual assessment is used.34One of our S−CF+ and two of the S+CF− patients had used an SSRI, but it is unlikely that this has influenced the interpretation of our scan results. Two of the antidepressant users showed a decrease in VHs during follow-up, cases 2 and 5 (table 3). Nevertheless, more studies are needed to explore how central nervous system-active drugs frequently used by DLB-patients may influence DAT imaging interpretation.

Some limitations of this study need to be acknowl-edged. First, the limited number of patients in the S−CF+ and S+CF− group and the difference in follow-up time ranging from 2 to 5 years, dependent on the moment of entrance in the study should be mentioned. Also, no repeat imaging was performed. A prolonged follow-up time in a larger study group with follow-up DAT scan may have provided additional information. Second, the NPI item 2 includes hallucinations from different modalities and not only visual. However, we have previously shown

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that of those with hallucinations in the overall cohort, nearly 80% had VHs.41In addition, we did verify through the medical record transcripts that the patients with hal-lucinations in fact had VHs. RBD was diagnosed based only on clinical assessment. Videopolysomnograpphy is the preferred diagnostic method, but not widely avail-able; acceptable sensitivity and speciﬁcity have been reported for the Mayo sleep scale.42 Finally, scans were only analysed visually. However, in previous studies, this approach has shown to be as accurate as semiquantitative analyses to differentiate normal from abnormal (123I) FP-CIT SPECT scans.4

The golden standard for diagnosing DLB is the brain pathology analysis postmortem. Unfortunately, autopsy of the FP and FN cases in this study was not available to conﬁrm diagnosis. However, all seven available autopsy diagnoses from the DemWest study were consistent with the clinical diagnosis including two AD and ﬁve DLB patients. In addition, a relative objective method of cluster analysis was performed based on symptom scores for the main DLB symptoms in this study, and the symp-toms of interest were rated by trained research clinicians using standardised and validated instruments.

CONCLUSION

These data support the notion that (123I)FP-CIT SPECT imaging can identify DLB patients before the full syn-drome has developed, supporting the usefulness of (123I)FP-CIT SPECT as part of the routine clinical work up in cases with suspect DLB. A minority of patients ful-ﬁlling clinical DLB criteria have a normal (123_I)FP-CIT SPECT scan, and further studies are needed to charac-terise such cases.

Author affiliations

1_{Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Stavanger}

University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway

2_{Department of Psychiatry, Haugesund Hospital, Haugesund, Norway} 3_{Department of Nuclear Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger,}

Norway

4_{Wolfson Centre for Age-related Diseases, King}_{’s College London, London, UK} 5_{Department of Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam,}

The Netherlands

6_{Centre for Alzheimer}_{’s Disease Research, Department of Neurobiology, Ward}

sciences and society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden

AcknowledgementsThe authors acknowledge the coinvestigators involved in the large dementia study in western Norway and especially K Brønnick for the advice and contribution. In addition, they thank the National Institute for Health Research (UK) for supporting the work of Clive Ballard through the Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia and the Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at King’s College London.

Contributors FJS and DA were responsible for the study concept, design, data analysis, writing of the manuscript and provided input during the whole process of the study. AR was involved in the development of the study concept, clinical patient evaluation and data analysis. TCB was involved in the image selection and reconstruction and provided main input during data acquisition. MKB and JB were responsible for image analysis and interpretation of results. CGB was involved in the concept and evaluation of results. All authors were involved in critical review of the draft and approval of the version to be published.

Funding This study was supported by GE Healthcare. Françoise Siepel is supported by a grant from Western Norway regional health authority (grant number Helse Vest 911714).

Competing interests JB is consultant of GE Healthcare.

Ethics approval Regional committee for medical researchetics west Norway (REK 167.04).

Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed. Data sharing statement No additional data are available.

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