UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl)
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository)
The syntax of relativization
de Vries, M.
Publication date
2002
Link to publication
Citation for published version (APA):
de Vries, M. (2002). The syntax of relativization. LOT.
General rights
It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons).
Disclaimer/Complaints regulations
If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible.
Contents s
Prefacee XI
Chapterr 1 Introduction 1
1.. Preamble: the problem of the pivot 1 2.. Goals and contents of this thesis 3
2.1.. Objectives 3 2.2.. Overview 4 3.. The theory of grammar 6
2.1.. Phrase structure 6 2.2.. Movement and features 8
PartPart A Relative constructions: typology and theory 11
Chapterr 2 A typology of relative constructions 13
1.. Introduction 13 2.. Overview: definitions, examples, and parametric freedom 13
2.1.. The definition of'relative construction' 14 2.2.. Examples of important relative clause types 15 2.3.. Parametric freedom 17
2.4.. Syntactic main types of relativess 20 2.5.. Terminological remarks 20 3.. On the semantics of relative clauses: Grosu & Landman's scale 23
4.. Lehmann's functional classification of relative constructions 29
5.. Downing's universals and general implications 34
6.. Special types of relative clauses 40
6.1.. Correlatives 40 6.2.. Circumnominal relatives 41
6.3.. Free relatives 42 6.3.1.. Types and properties of free relatives 42
6.3.2.. The transition between free relatives of the postnominal type,
correlatives,, and circumnominal relatives 46 6.3.3.. A systematic classification of free relatives 50
6.4.. Adverbial relatives 55 6.5.. Non-finite relatives 58 6.6.. Cleft and pseudo-cleft sentences 61
7.. Aspects of the relative construction 62 7.1.. Relative pronouns and particles 62 7.2.. The position of the external determiner 63 7.3.. Recursive and linear multiple embedding 64 7.4.. Pied piping and preposition stranding 64
VI I C O N T E N T S S
7.5.. Extraposition 65 7.6.. Multiple relativization 66
8.. Conclusion 68 Chapterr 3 Towards the syntax of relativization 69
1.. Introduction 69 2.. General discussion 70
2.1.. The historical development of the theory on the syntax of relativization... 70
2.2.. The D-complement hypothesis 74 2.3.. The raising analysis of relative clauses 76
2.3.1.. Circumnominal relatives 77 2.3.2.. The pivot function of the head noun 77
2.3.3.. Collocations 78 2.3.4.. Binding facts 80
2.4.. Conclusion 82 3.. The standard analysis versus the promotion theory 83
3.1.. Outline of the different analyses 83 3.1.1.. The old standard theory 84 3.1.2.. The revised standard theory 84 3.1.3.. The revised raising analysis 85 3.1.4.. The promotion theory 86 3.1.5.. The antisymmetric promotion theory 86
3.2.. Evaluation: syntactic main types and word order 86 3.2.1.. Preliminaries: phrase structure rules and underlying orders 87
3.2.2.. The derivation of relative constructions in VO languages 91 3.2.3.. The derivation of relative constructions in OV languages 96
3.2.4.. Summary and conclusion 99 3.3.. Evaluation: the relation between the antecedent and the gap 105
3.4.. Summary 109 4.. Conclusion 109 Chapterr 4 The promotion theory of relative constructions I l l
1.. Introduction I l l 2.. The promotion theory: previous scholarship I l l
2.1.. Kayne's(1994)analysisandBorsley's(1997)criticism I l l
2.2.. Bianchi (1999/2000a) 114 3.. Postnominal relatives 116
3.1.. Wh-movement 116 3.2.. Case and agreement 118 3.3.. The relation between N and D 119
3.4.. A detailed derivation of postnominal restrictive relatives 123
3.5.. 'That'-relatives 126 3.6.. Word order variation 127
3.7.. Conclusion 130 4.. Prenominal relatives 131
C O N T E N T S S
vn n
5.. Circumnominal relatives 135 5.1.. Introduction and properties 136 5.2.. Historical developments concerning the analysis 137
5.3.. The derivation of circumnominal relatives 138
5.4.. Additional issues 141 5.4.1.. The indefiniteness effect 141
5.4.2.. Verbs and morphology 141 5.4.3.. Nominalization and cross-linguistic generalizations 142
5.4.4.. Internal head movement 142
5.4.5.. Island effects 143 5.4.66 Maximalization and subjacency 144
6.. Correlatives 145 5.1.. Introduction and properties 145
5.2.. Historical developments concerning the analysis 146 5.3.. The derivation of correlative constructions 148 7.. The syntax of main types of relatives: summary and conclusion 150
Chapterr 5 Relative elements 155
1.. Introduction 155 2.. Theoretical predictions of types of relative pronouns and particles 155
2.1.. The function of relative pronouns and particles 155 2.2.. From functions to syntax: a revision of Lehmann (1984) 157
3.. The syntax of relative elements 162 3.1.. The COMP domain: relative pronouns and complementizers 162
3.2.. Resumptive pronouns 165 3.3.. Relative markers 170
3.3.1.. Apparent relative markers: classifiers 170
3.3.2.. Real relative markers? 171 4.. A fine-grained typology of relative elements 173
4.1.. A classification of relative elements 173 4.2.. Combinations of relative elements 177
5.. Conclusion 178
PartPart B Related detailed studies 179
Chapterr 6 Apposition 181
1.. Introduction 181
2.2. Differences between restrictive and appositive relatives 181
2.1.. The antecedent 182 2.2.. Relative elements and pied piping 188
2.3.. Extraposition and stacking 190 2.4.. Scope, binding and reconstruction 191
2.5.. Intonation 195 3.. Misconceptions on appositive relatives 196
vm m
C O N T E N T S S3.1.. False statements that persist in the literature, and properties of English
thatt do not have a universall status 196
3.2.. Other issues 200 4.. The syntax of appositive relatives: different views 203
5.. A coordination analysis of apposition 210 5.1.. Apposition, specification and coordination 211
5.2.. Appositive relatives are specifying conjuncts 215 5.2.1.. Appositive relatives behave as appositions 215 5.2.2.. Some cross-linguistic considerations 217 5.3.. Appositive relatives as free relatives in apposition 218
5.3.1.. Outline 219 5.3.2.. Some notes on the syntax of free relatives 220
5.3.3.. Appositive relatives are 'false' free relatives 221
5.4.. The behaviour of appositives explained 223
5.5.. Matching effects 227
6.. Conclusion 231 Chapterr 7 Extraposition 233
1.. Introduction 233 2.. Extraposition of relative clauses 233
3.. Extraposition in a broader perspective 235
4.. Analyses of extraposition 239 5.. Properties of extraposition: an evaluation of different types of analyses 241
5.1.. Theoretical evaluation 241 5.2.. Empirical evaluation 244
5.2.1.. Extraposition from any constituent 244 5.2.2.. Extraposition from embedded positions 246
5.2.3.. Mirror effects 248 5.2.4.. No preposing 250 5.2.5.. No left position 250 5.2.6.. The Right Roof Constraint 251
5.2.7.. No stranding in the middlefield 254
5.2.8.. Kaan's generalization 256 5.2.9.. Islandhood of extraposed material 258
5.2.10.. Optionality 260 5.2.11.. Binding at the base 261 5.2.12.. Split antecedent 263 5.2.13.. Question formation 266 5.3.. Summary and conclusion 266 6.. Asyndetic specifying coordination and ellipsis 268
6.1.. Advantages of ellipsis in specifying coordination 268
6.2.. Coordination as behindance 270
6.3.. Rules on ellipsis 276 7.. Extraposition in general 278
8.. Conclusion 283 Appendix:: example sentences 285
C O N T E N T SS DC
Chapterr 8 Possession 305
1.. Introduction 305 2.. Prefatory overview: thematic roles and cognitive schemata 306
3.. Attributive possessives in Dutch, German and English 310
3.1.. Various possessive configurations 311 3.2.. Case in possessive constructions 312
3.3.. Empty prepositions 314 3.4.. Prenominal possession 314 3.5.. A brief evaluation of potential alternatives 319
3.6.. Summary and conclusion 319
4.. Possessive relatives 321 4.1.. Outline of the data 321
4.2.. Analysis 323 5.. (Heavy) pied piping in relative clauses 328
5.1.. Pied piping and preposition stranding 328
5.2.. Heavy pied piping 330
6.. Conclusion 335 Appendix:: special constructions 337
A l .. The Saxon genitive 337 A2.. Multiple objects and the English double genitive 340
A3.. Independent possessives in Dutch 344
A4.. Qualitatives 345
Conclusionn 351
Samenvattingg in het Nederlands (summary in Dutch) 353
Appendicess 353
II Abbreviations 363 III Typological data 365 IQQ Compendium of syntactic analyses of relative clauses 413
A.. Restrictive and appositive adnominal relatives 413
B.. Circumnominal relatives 421 C.. Correlative constructions 424
IVV Relative terminology 427
Bibliographyy 433 Thematicc ordering 433 Referencess 436 Indexx 449 Languagess 449 Authorss 455 Subjectss 459
