Report: Socio-economic Monitoring 2019 (PDF, 4.06 MB)

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LABOUR MARKET AND ORIGIN

2019

Federale Overheidsdienst Werkgelegenheid, Arbeid en Sociaal Overleg

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FOREWORD

In Belgium, someone’s origin remains an obsta-cle on the labour market. The FPS Employment, Labour and Social Dialogue and Unia developed the Socio-economic Monitoring in order to stop this.

This measuring instrument accurately maps the situation of people of foreign origin and is based on data from the Datawarehouse Labour Market and Social Protection. This is a unique source of data and an international example. It is very important to continue to invest in its further expansion and accessibility. In this fourth report, we rely on analyses that we further refined with data about education.

The figures themselves show only a small im-provement in the labour market. People of for-eign origin are still more often excluded than those of Belgian origin. At this rate, it will be decades before an equivalent number of people

of foreign origin are employed in our country. Opportunities on the labour market in Belgium are still largely determined by origin. In the cen-tre of the EU, in a country with a great tradition of social dialogue and good anti-discrimination legislation, this is unacceptable.

In recent years, progress has been made at the various policy levels. But an integrated approach is necessary to make further progress. The next editions of the Monitoring will be able to meas-ure its impact.

We would like to thank all contributors who helped with this publication. We call on everyone to use this detailed report as much as possible. The road to an inclusive labour market without discrimination is still a long one, but the Socio-economic Monitoring can help to take the right policy measures.

Els KEYTSMAN and Patrick CHARLIER Geert DE POORTER

Directors Unia President of the Board of Directors

of the FPS Employment, Labour and Social Dialogue

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INTRODUCTION

This fourth edition of the report “Socio-economic Monitoring - Labour Market and Origin” is in line with previous editions and aims to provide a picture of the labour market in func-tion of the origin of persons. This state of affairs, achieved thanks to the administrative data col-lected at the Datawarehouse Labour Market and Social Protection of the Crossroads Bank Social Security, covers the period from 2008 to 2016. It makes it possible to take into account the entire labour force, making it possible to identify the differences in employment rates be-tween groups of different origins and, ultimate-ly, the existing inequalities and the extent of the ethnostratification of the labour market.

In addition to the fact that the study period is larger, this report contains several novelties, both analytically and thematically. In terms of analysis, progress was made in the identification of the level of qualification, by taking into ac-count three new databases that make it possible to complete and update the two sources already used in the previous report, the CENSUS 2011 and the data from the public employment ser-vices. Moreover, it is now possible to identify the field of study in which a diploma was obtained. This information, which makes it possible to iden-tify the fields of study that offer the most oppor-tunities on the labour market, can be an explan-atory variable for the situation of certain groups on the labour market. In this report, it is used only in the first two chapters. Finally, this year, in ad-dition to two updated themes, new themes are analysed which explain the situation of particu-lar groups or certain local realities on the labour market.

This year, following a demographic description of the population with a focus on educational attainment and fields of study (Chapter 1), the report once again analyses the “classic”

indica-tors of the labour market by origin and migra-tion background, and where possible in detail by gender, age, region, educational attainment and field of study (Chapter 2). Afterwards, we ana-lyse these specific themes:

› An analysis of the labour market in cities

(chapter 3): this chapter deals with the prob-lem of inequalities often associated with ur-banization, by examining the differences in demographic characteristics and in labour market positions (employment, unemploy-ment, inactivity) by origin in 16 cities, and 5 subgroups in Brussels.

› The labour market situation of the group of

persons originating from the countries of the European Union (chapter 4): this chapter di-vides the persons of EU-14 and EU-13 origin according to their country of origin, which makes it possible to clarify their differences in labour market positions, which are often linked, among other things, to Belgium’s mi-gration history.

› The labour market situation of the group of

persons of Sub-Saharan African origin (chap-ter 5): this chap(chap-ter studies the demography and labour market situation of persons of origin in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda and Burundi. It concerns a large number of people of Sub-Saharan African origin, from countries that share a colonial past with Belgium. In addition, the demogra-phy and labour market situation of persons of Cameroonian origin are analysed.

› The labour market situation of persons of the

second generation (Chapter 6): for this spe-cific group, this chapter analyses the impact on labour market integration of having two parents born abroad (either of the same ori-gin or of different oriori-gins) or one parent born with Belgian nationality and one born with a foreign nationality.

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› The analysis of persons who register in the

National Register according to their reason for residence (chapter 7): this theme was al-ready addressed in the 2017 edition, but the availability of additional years makes it pos-sible to analyse these data from a new angle. We describe the composition of this group of persons and analyse their socio-economic in-tegration in the medium term.

› The pathway of young people who were in

a professional integration period (chapter 8): this chapter, which was already part of the previous report, is again covered in this edition, with an improved methodology. We study the characteristics of young people registered in a vocational integration period and the way in which they integrate into the labour market in the short and medium term according to their origin.

› The analysis of the trajectories of persons

who have worked with an employment con-tract ‘article 60’ (chapter 9): this chapter de-scribes the trajectories and integration in the labour market of persons who have worked with an employment contract article 60. The evolution of their situation immediately after the end of their contract, as well as one year and three years later, is analysed according to their origin, gender and region.

Finally, as in previous editions, the data present-ed in this report are made available in detail on the website of the FPS Employment, Labour and Social Dialogue. Anyone interested is invit-ed to take a look if he or she wishes to carry out specific analyses or if he or she wishes to follow a different angle from those presented in this report.

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KEY ELEMENTS

DEMOGRAPHY

› In 2016, 62.5% of the population aged 18 to 64

is of Belgian origin, 31.1% of foreign origin and 6.4% of undetermined origin. Between 2008 and 2016, the share of the population of Belgian origin remained relatively stable while the population of foreign origin increased by 6.5 percentage points and that of people of undetermined origin de-creased by 7.3 percentage points.

› The breakdown of the population of foreign origin

by origin shows that in 2016 the largest group is that of persons of EU-14 origin (42.5%). Its share in the population of foreign origin has decreased by 6 percentage points since 2008. The second largest group is that of people of Maghreb origin (16.0% in 2016) and its share remains stable be-tween 2008 and 2016. Persons of EU-13 origin

experienced the largest increase between 2008 and 2016 (3.2 points).

› There are regional differences in the distribution

of the population according to origin. In 2016, the population of Belgian origin makes up the larg-est share of the population in Wallonia (59.9%), the German-speaking Community (56.5%) and Flanders (71.7%), while in Brussels it is the popu-lation of foreign origin that makes up the largest share of the population (74.1%). In all four entities, people from an EU-14 country make up the larg-est group of persons of foreign origin, the second largest group is of Maghreb origin for Brussels, Wallonia and Flanders, while in the German-speaking Community it is the group of persons of Other European origin.

LEVEL OF QUALIFICATION AND FIELD OF STUDY

› In Belgium, in 2016, 25.2% of people aged 20-64

have at most a lower secondary education quali-fication, 34.8% have an upper secondary educa-tion diploma and 31.5% have a higher educaeduca-tion diploma. For 8.6% of the population aged 20-64, the level of qualification is unknown.

› The analysis of people for whom the level of edu-

cation is known shows that the share of people of Belgian origin with at most lower secondary education amounts to 20.3%. Persons of Near/ Middle Eastern origin (53.8%), EU candidate origin (53.2%), Other Asian (53.1%) and Other African origin (52.3%) have the highest shares of persons with this level of education. 43.7% of those with at most lower secondary educa-tion are graduates in ‘Engineering, manufac-turing and construction’ and 23.3% in ‘General programmes’.

› The share of upper secondary graduates among

people of Belgian origin is 40.6%. It is lowest for people of Near/Middle Eastern (16.4%) and Other African origin (22.3%). For upper second-ary graduates, 36.2% are in ‘Engineering, manufacturing and construction’ and 18.9% in ‘Social sciences, business and law’.

› The share of higher education graduates among

people of Belgian origin is 39.1%. People of North American origin have a higher share (53.0%) than people of Belgian origin. People of EU can-didate (10.5%) and Maghreb origin (17.3%) have the lowest shares. For tertiary graduates, 32.5% are in ‘Social sciences, business and law’ and 19.8% in ‘Health and welfare’.

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CHAPTER 1 DEMOGRAPHY

1. METHODOLOGICAL REMINDER1

As a reminder, within the framework of the Socio-economic Monitoring, the origin of per-sons is apprehended in two complementary ways: via the creation of an “origin” variable and a “migration background” variable. The “origin” variable makes it possible to be more precise than indicators that stop at the nationality of the individual, by capturing in an optimal way – via the nationality at the birth of the parents or the individual – the second generation as well as persons who have become Belgian. Moreover, the “migration background” variable makes it possible to distinguish between recent and old-er immigrants, immigrants and membold-ers of the

“second” or “third generation”2_{, persons who}

obtained Belgian nationality or who were born Belgian to parents of foreign origin, persons who remained foreigners, etc.

The variable “origin” combines the following

variables: “nationality”3_{of the individual,} “nation-ality at birth”4_{of the individual and “nationality at} birth”5_{of the individual’s parents. The algorithm} for determining origin is a four-step process that defines exhaustive and mutually exclusive groups of persons.

The first step identifies persons of foreign origin through the information available on the nationality at birth of the individual or his or her parents or on the individual’s current nationali-ty. The individual will originate from the country corresponding to the nationality at birth of his or

her father if this is known and not Belgian; other-wise it will be the nationality at birth of his or her mother if this is known and not Belgian; other-wise it will be his or her own nationality at birth if this is known and not Belgian; and finally, it will be his or her current nationality if this is known and not Belgian. In this way of proceeding, by first ap-prehending persons of foreign origin, when one of the parents was born Belgian and the other was born foreign, priority is given to the parent whose nationality at birth is foreign. Moreover, when both parents were born foreigners and the nationality at birth of the father differs from that of the mother, priority is given to the nationality at birth of the father.

The second step identifies persons of Belgian origin via the nationality of the individual and the nationality at birth of the individual and his or her parents. Thus, persons of Belgian origin are those who are of Belgian nationality, who were born with Belgian nationality and whose both parents were born with Belgian nationality. The third step identifies Belgian-born persons for whom it is not possible to attribute Belgian origin because information on nationality at the birth of one or both parents is missing. And

final-ly, the fourth step identifies persons for whom

it is not possible to identify their origin because information on nationality at birth and current nationality is missing.

1 See, for details of the methodology, Chapter 1 of SPF Emploi, Travail et Concertation sociale et Centre pour l’égalité des chances et la lutte contre le racisme (2015), “Monitoring socio-économique 2015. Marché du travail et origine”. Only the essential elements are recalled here.

2 With limitations in this case which are explained in the text.

3 It is important to note that when a person has dual nationality (Belgian and another nationality) on the same date, it is the Belgian nationality that takes precedence over the other nationality.

4 This is in fact the nationality at the time of the first entry in the National Register. For the vast majority of people, it is the nationality at birth. Similarly, being "born Belgian" does not necessarily mean "born in Belgium".

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Groupings by nationality6_{had to be made for} privacy reasons. These groupings have been modified from those used in the previous report to take account of geopolitical developments in Europe. It is important to recall that due to lack of information in the National Register, the origin cannot be determined for all persons. Indeed, when the National Register was set up at the end of the 1960s, not all the necessary information (nationality, nationality at birth, nationality at birth of parents, etc.) was systematically collect-ed by the municipalities. This is particularly true for older people. Nevertheless, data from the

two previous reports7_{have shown an}

improve-ment, via a cohort effect, in determining origin for older groups. Indeed, older people for whom it was not possible to identify the nationality at the birth of their parents are less present in the population studied and have been “substituted” by young people for whom all the information needed to determine origin is available. This improvement led us to broaden the group ana-lysed to include the oldest age group and thus to analyse 18-64-year olds - instead of 18-60-year olds - to be more in line with the age limits usually used in labour market analyses.

The “migration background” variable

com-bines the following variables:

› The “nationality” of the individual, › The “nationality at birth” of the individual,

› The “nationality at birth” of the individual’s

parents,

› “Country of birth” of the individual,

› The “nationality at birth” of the individual’s

grandparents (and this only for persons of Belgian nationality born Belgian with parents born Belgian),

› The “date of entry in the National Register” of

the individual,

› The “date of acquisition of nationality” by the

individual.

A five-step algorithm was constructed to define exhaustive and mutually exclusive groups of people.

The first step identifies the persons making up

the third generation8_{via the individual’s}

na-tionality, the nationality at birth of the individual, his or her parents and grandparents. The third generation is composed of persons of Belgian nationality, born with Belgian nationality, whose both parents were born with Belgian national-ity. This group can be divided into five

catego-6 EU-14: France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Ireland, the United Kingdom, Denmark, Greece, Spain,

Portugal, Finland, Sweden and Austria.

EU-13: Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovenia, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Romania and

Croatia.

EU candidates: Turkey, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Albania, Montenegro and Serbia.

Other European: Iceland, Andorra, Lichtenstein, Monaco, Norway, San Marino, Switzerland, Russia, Holy See, Belarus,

Ukraine, Moldova, Bosnia and Herzegovina, etc.

Maghreb: Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia and Mauritania.

Other African: Burundi, Cameroon, South Africa, Congo, Senegal, Rwanda, etc.

Near/Middle East: Iran, Israel, Palestinian Territories, Jordan, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, United

Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, Egypt, Pakistan and Afghanistan.

Oceania/Far East: China, India, South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Oceania (Australia, New Zealand…). Other Asian: Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Philippines, Indonesia, Cambodia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, etc. North American: Canada, United States of America.

Central/South American: Cuba, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,

Peru, Venezuela, etc.

7 See SPF Emploi, Travail et Concertation sociale et Centre pour l’égalité des chances et la lutte contre le racisme (2015), “Monitoring socio-économique 2015. Marché du travail et origine” and SPF Emploi, Travail et Concertation sociale et UNIA (2017), “Monitoring socio-économique 2017. Marché du travail et origine”.

8 In this report, if an individual is a "third-generation Belgian", it means "Belgian for at least three generations". The "third generation" therefore actually includes the third generation, the fourth generation and the following generations. In the text, the term third generation will be used to refer to all of them.

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ries according to the nationality at birth of the grandparents9_:_{Belgian if all four grandparents}

were born Belgian, non-EU if at least one of the

grandparents was born with the nationality of a non-EU country (non-EU-14 and non-EU-13), EU if at least one of the grandparents was born with the nationality of an EU country (EU-14

and EU-13), indeterminate if the nationality at

birth of the four grandparents is unknown and partially indeterminate when one to three grandparent(s) is (are) born Belgian and for the other(s) the nationality at birth is not known. The second step identifies the persons making

up the second generation via the nationality of

the individual and that of his or her parents, the nationality at birth of the individual and that of his or her parents and the country of birth of the individual. The second generation as we define it, is composed of individuals of Belgian nation-ality, born Belgian in Belgium or abroad or born foreign in Belgium, and is broken down into five categories according to the nationality at birth

or current nationality of the parents: non-EU

of Belgian parents, EU of Belgian parents, non-EU of foreign parent(s), EU of foreign parent(s) and undetermined.

The third step identifies the persons making up the first generation who have acquired Belgian nationality, on the one hand, for more than 5 years and, on the other hand, for 5 years or less via the individual’s nationality and the date on which he or she obtained Belgian nationality. It consists of individuals of Belgian nationality,

born with the nationality of a country other than Belgium and having acquired Belgian nationality for more than 5 years or for 5 years or less, and is broken down into four categories according to the nationality at birth and the date of

acquisi-tion of Belgian naacquisi-tionality: non-EU having

ac-quired Belgian nationality for more than 5 years, EU having acquired Belgian nation-ality for more than 5 years, non-EU having acquired Belgian nationality for 5 years or less and EU having acquired Belgian na-tionality for 5 years or less.

The fourth step identifies the first generation

of persons with foreign nationality who have been registered in the National Register for more than 5 years and for 5 years or less via the nationality of the individual and the date of regis-tration in the National Register. It is made up of individuals of foreign nationality who have been registered in the National Register for more than 5 years or for 5 years or less and is divid-ed into four categories according to nationality and date of registration in the National Register: non-EU registered in the National Register for more than 5 years, EU registered in the National Register for more than 5 years, non-EU registered in the National Register for 5 years or less and EU registered in the National Register for 5 years or less. And finally, the fifth step identifies those persons for whom it was not possible to determine a mi-gration background because none of the varia-bles needed to determine it were available.

9 If at least one of his grandparents was born with a foreign nationality, the individual will be third generation with a foreign (EU or non-EU) migration background. If several of his grandparents were born with a foreign nationality, priority will be given to the nationality at the birth of the grandparents on his father's side: first look at the nationality at the birth of the grandfather; if the grandfather was born Belgian, then look at the nationality at the birth of the grandmother. If both grandparents on the father's side were born with Belgian nationality, then we will look at the nationality at birth of the grandparents on the mother's side, starting with the grandfather and then the grandmother.

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2. POPULATION BY ORIGIN AND MIGRATION BACKGROUND 2.1. According to origin

The figure below shows the distribution of the population aged 18 to 64 according to the "origin" variable.

Figure 1: Distribution of the population by origin (18-64 years old, 2016)

DEMOGRAFIE

Population aged 18 to 64 years 6,921,008 EU-143_917,482 13.2 % EU-134_207,157 3.0 % EU Candidate 162,187 2.3 % Other 106,677 European 1.5 % Maghreb 345,378 5.0 % Other African 163,636 2.4 % Near/ 58,504 Middle East5 _0.8_% Oceania/ 45,449 Far East6 _0.7_% Other Asian 72,175 1.0 % North American 14,982 0.2 % South/Central- 44,341 American 0.6 % Undetermined 20,189 0.3 %

Belgian born Belgian 252,604 one parent 3.6 %

born Belgian

the other not determined Belgian born Belgian 189,106 parents not determined 2.7 %

Other 10

0.0 %

Origin not determined 441,720

6.4 %

Foreign origin2_2,158,157

31.1 %

Belgian origin1_4,336,374

62.5 %

1 Belgian origin: persons of Belgian nationality, born Belgian and whose parents were born Belgian.

2 Foreign origin: persons with a nationality other than Belgian or who were born with a nationality other than Belgian or one of whose parents was born with a foreign nationality or has a foreign nationality.

3 EU-14: France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Ireland, the United Kingdom, Denmark, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Finland, Sweden and Austria.

4 EU-13: Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovenia, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Romania and Croatia.

5 Near/Middle East: Iran, Israel, Palestinian Territories, Jordan, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, Egypt, Pakistan and Afghanistan. 6 Oceania/Far East: China, India, South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Oceania.

Figuur 1: Verdeling van de bevolking naar origine (18-64 jaar, 2016)

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In 2016, 62.5% of the population aged 18-64 is of Belgian origin, 31.1% of foreign origin and 6.4% of undetermined origin, mainly because it is impossible to determine the nationality at birth of one or both parents. Between 2008 and 2016, the share of the population of Belgian origin remained relatively stable (it increased very slightly by 0.9 percentage points) while the

population of foreign origin increased by 6.5 percentage points and that of persons of unde-termined origin decreased by 7.3 percentage points10_{. The decline in the latter group reflects,} via a cohort effect (as explained in the previous point), the improvement over the years in the quality of the data for determining the origin of persons.

Graph 1: Distribution of the population of foreign origin by origin (18-64 years old, 2008-2016) DEMOGRAFIE 2008 2016 0 % 10 % 20 %20 % 30 % 40 %40 % 50 % 60 %60 % 70 % 80 %80 % 90 % 100 % 48.5 % 42.5 % 7.8 % 7.5 % 6.4 % 9.6 % 15.7 % 16.0 % 5.1 % 4.9 % 6.6 % 7.6 % 1.7 % 2. 7 % 2. 0 % 2. 1 % 2. 6 % 3.3 %

Grafiek 1: Verdeling van de bevolking van buitenlandse origine naar origine (18-64 jaar, 2008-2016)

■ EU-14 ■ EU-13 ■ EU Candidate ■ Other European ■ Maghreb ■ Other African ■ Near/Middle East ■ Oceania/Far East ■ Other Asian ■ North American ■ South/Central American ■ Undetermined 49,4 % 48,1 % 45,0 % 50,0 % 49,2 % 48,3 % 49,2 % 61,9 % 35,3 % 64,1 % 50,3 %

Source: Datawarehouse labour market and social protection, CBSS. Calculations and processing: FPS ELSD/Unia.

The distribution of the population of foreign origin by origin shows that in 2016 the largest

group is that of people from an EU-14 country11

(42.5%). Its share in the population of foreign origin has decreased by 6.0 percentage points since 2008. The second largest group is that of persons of Maghrebi origin (16.0% in 2016) and its share remains stable between 2008 and

2016. Persons of EU-13 origin12_{experienced the}

largest increase between 2008 and 2016, with their share increasing by 3.2 percentage points. Also noteworthy is the 1.0 percentage point in-crease in the share of persons from the Near/ Middle East and Other African countries.

The distribution of the population by origin13 var-ies greatly among the federated entitvar-ies. In 2016, the persons of Belgian origin constitute the larg-est share of the population in Wallonia14_(59.9%), in the German-speaking Community (56.5%) and in Flanders (71.7%); while in Brussels it is the group of foreign origin that constitutes the larg-est share of the population (74.1%). In Wallonia, the German-speaking Community and Flanders, the share of the Belgian origin increases slight-ly between 2008 and 2016 (+1.7 percentage points in Wallonia and the German-speaking Community and +2.0 percentage points in Flanders), while in Brussels it falls by 4.9 per-centage points. The population of foreign origin increases in the four entities but more strongly in Brussels (+9.2 points) than in Flanders, Wallonia and the German-speaking Community (+6.1, +5.2 and +4.4 points respectively).

10 Detailed data can be found in the annexes.

11 For a detailed analysis of persons of EU-14 origin, see the chapter on persons of EU origin. 12 For a detailed analysis of persons of EU-13 origin, see the chapter on persons of EU origin. 13 Detailed data can be found in the annexes.

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In all four entities, people originating from an

EU-14 country15_{make up the largest group of}

people of foreign origin, but in very different pro-portions: in the German-speaking Community, this group constitutes, in 2016, for 69.8% of peo-ple of foreign origin, 60.2% in Wallonia, 35.2% in Flanders and 30.2% in Brussels. This share decreases in all entities between 2008 and 2016, more strongly in the German-speaking Community and in Flanders (-8.6 and -7.6 per-centage points respectively) than in Wallonia (-5.3 points) and Brussels (-2.4 points). The second largest group is of Maghrebi origin for Brussels, Wallonia and Flanders, while in the German-speaking Community it is the group of persons originating from Other European

countries. In Brussels, the share of people of Maghrebi origin stands at 26.0%, compared with much lower shares in Wallonia (11.0%), Flanders (13.9%) and the German-speaking Community (2.2%). While this share is stable in Flanders between 2008 and 2016, it decreases slightly in Brussels (-0.9 percentage points) and increases slightly in Wallonia (1.4 points). In the German-speaking Community, the share of per-sons originating from Other European countries increases by 2.2 points. It is important to note the 4-point increase in the share of persons originating from an EU-13 country in Brussels and Flanders. The share of the other groups remains relatively stable between 2008 and 2016 in all four entities.

Graph 2: Distribution of the population of foreign origin by origin and entity (18-64 years old, 2008-2016) DEMOGRAFIE 0 % 10 % 20 %20 % 30 % 40 %40 % 50 % 60 %60 % 70 % 80 %80 % 90 % 100 % 2008 2008 2008 2008 Brus sels R egion*

German- speaking _Community

W alloon R egion* Flemish Region* 2016 2016 2016 2016 32.6 % 8.3 % 7.2 % 4.3 % 26.9 % 9.2 % 2.3 % 2.8 % 78.4 % 65.5 % 60.2 % 42.8 % 35.2 % 69.8 % 3.8 % 4.7 % 5.3 % 6.7 % 11.4 % 5 .3 % 1.6 % 5.0 % 5.1 % 11.2 % 10.4 % 2. 7 % 8.5 % 3.5 % 3.5 % 7.0 % 6.6 % 10.7 % 1.7 % 9.6 % 11.0 % 13.8 % 13.9 % 5.5 % 7.3 % 5.8 % 2.8 % 2.8 % 3. 7 % 3.8 % 5 .1 % 6.9 % 2.2 % 30.2 % 12.5 % 6.3 % 4.0 % 26.0 % 9.1 % 2.8 % 2. 7 % ■ EU-14 ■ EU-13 ■ EU Candidate ■ Other European ■ Maghreb ■ Other African ■ Near/Middle East ■ Oceania/Far East ■ Other Asian ■ North American ■ South/Central American ■ Undetermined

Grafiek 2: Verdeling van de bevolking van buitenlandse originenaar origine en entiteit (18-64 jaar. 2008-2016)

*To increase readability, we refer to the regions in the following tables as “Brussels”, “Wallonia” and “Flanders”.

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The analysis of the data by gender remains the same as in previous reports16_{. Thus, in 2016, the} population aged 18 to 64 years was 50.2% male and 49.8% female. People of Belgian origin from an EU-14 country have a distribution between men and women similar to that observed for the population as a whole. The same origin groups as those highlighted in the previous report are distinguished by a higher share of women: peo-ple from South/Central America (59.5% wom-en) and, to a lesser extent, people from Other European countries (54.6% women), Oceania/ Far East (53.7% women), North America (52.5% women) and Other African countries (52.4% women). People from the Near/Middle East stand out with a significantly higher propor-tion of men (62.0% men). There is no significant

change between 2008 and 201617_{, apart from}

an increase of 2.1 percentage points in the share of women from Other European countries (and thus an equivalent decrease in the share of men) and a decrease of 3.1 percentage points in the share of women of Other Asian origin (and thus an equivalent increase in the share of men). 2.2. Crossing of origin and migration background

As a reminder, crossing the variables origin and migration background makes it possible to see within each origin the distribution between the first and second generations. And, for people of Belgian origin, to understand the origin of the third generation.

The data for the third generation indicate that, despite the improvement in data over time, it

is still not possible to capture this generation optimally. Indeed, in 2016, for 29.1% of third-

generation Belgian 18-64-year-olds18_(i.e.

persons of Belgian nationality, born Belgian, of

parents born Belgian19_{), it was not possible to}

retrieve usable information on nationality at birth for the four grandparents. This is largely because the grandparents or parents covered by the methodology were either born, died or left the country before the National Register was set up, which makes it difficult or even impossible to collect the necessary information. This observation may also be reinforced by a cohort phenomenon in the data: part of the second generation, for which we had no information on the parents, have children who are now in the third generation. For the latter, we therefore do not have information on grandparents.

In 2016, 33.7% of the third generation had four grandparents born in Belgium, 1.9% had at least one grandparent born in an EU country and 0.2% had at least one grandparent born in a non-EU country. For 35.1% of third generation indi-viduals, known grandparents (i.e. one to three grandparent(s), the other(s) being unknown) were Belgian-born (the cohort phenomenon in the data also applies to this group). The evolu-tion between 2008 and 2016 of the share of the third generation for which the four grandparents were born Belgian shows, on the one hand, an improvement in the identification of migration background for the younger generations and, on the other hand, the outflow of the older genera-tions (over 64 years of age) for whom informa-tion on grandparents was not available.

16 See chapter 1 Démographie in: SPF Emploi, Travail et Concertation sociale et Centre pour l’égalité des chances et la lutte contre le racisme (2015), “Monitoring socio-économique 2015. Marché du travail et origine” and chapter 1 Démographie et niveau d’éducation in SPF Emploi, Travail et Concertation sociale et UNIA (2017), “Monitoring socio-économique 2017. Marché du travail et origine”.

18 As a reminder, when we talk about the third generation, we are really talking about the third generation, the fourth generation and the following generations. In the text, the term "third generation" will be used to refer to all of them.

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Graph 3: Distribution of the third generation of Belgian origin (18-64 years old, 2008-2016) DEMOGRAFIE 0 % 10 % 20 %20 % 30 % 40 %40 % 50 % 60 %60 % 70 % 80 %80 % 90 % 100 % 2008 2016 1.5 % 1.9 % 22.7 % 33.7 % 36.6 % 35.1 % 39.0 % 29.1 %

■ 4 grandparents born Belgian ■ Min. 1 grandparent born EU ■ Min. 1 grandparent born non-EU

■ Known grandparent(s) born Belgian

■ 4 unknown grandparents

Grafiek 3: Verdeling van de derde generation Belgen (18-64 jaar, 2008-2016)

The data for the second and first generation are shown in the graph below. It reads as follows: among persons originating from an EU-14 coun-try, 20.5% are Belgian-born of Belgian parents born foreigner(s), 24.9% are Belgian-born with at least one foreign parent - these first two cat-egories form the second generation -, 3.2% are Belgian-born foreigners who obtained Belgian nationality more than 5 years ago, 2.1% are Belgians born foreigners who have obtained Belgian nationality since 5 years or less - these two categories constitute the first generation to become Belgian -, 25.8% are foreigners reg-istered in the National Register for more than 5 years and 23.5% are foreigners registered in the National Register for 5 years or less - these last two groups constitute the first generation to remain foreigners.

Analysis of the chart indicates that, whatever the origin, the share of the total first generation (i.e. the ones that became Belgian as well as the ones that remained foreign) is higher than that of the second generation as a whole. The share of the first generation is higher than 85% except for persons originating from an EU-14 country, an EU candidate country, the Maghreb and North America. Persons from EU-14 countries, EU candidate countries and the Maghreb have, due to their longer histories of immigration, higher shares of second generation persons than other origins (45.3%, 40.8% and 39.3%

respective-ly). In general, between 2008 and 201620_{, the}

share of second generation increased for all or-igins except for persons from EU-13 countries. This is the result of the ‘replacement’ in the pop-ulation under study of older people for whom it was not always possible to identify the origin or migration background by younger people for whom all the information needed to determine origin is available. And it seems that the majority of this young population belongs to the second generation. The first generation, on the other hand, except for persons originating from an EU candidate country, Other European countries, the Maghreb and Other African countries, is mainly made up of persons with foreign national-ity and, with the exception of persons originating from an EU-14 country, who have been regis-tered in the National Register for 5 years or less. Between 2008 and 2016, the share of first gen-eration persons decreased for all origins except for persons originating from an EU-13 country (+10.2 percentage points) and from the Near/ Middle East, which remained stable. For the lat-ter two groups, this is because their immigration is more recent. Indeed, there has been a sharp increase in the number of persons with a foreign nationality registered in the National Register for 5 years or less by 20.8 percentage points for persons from EU-13 countries and by 25.6 percentage points for persons from the Near/ Middle East.

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Graph 4: Distribution of the population by origin and migration background (18-64 years old, 2016) DEMOGRAFIE EU-14 EU-13 EU Candidate Other European Maghreb Other African Near/Middle East Oceania/Far East Other Asian North American South/Central American 0 % 100 % 4.2 % 10.9 % 4.7 % 2. 4 % 69.7 % 8.1 % 21.1 % 28.2 % 12.7 % 17.1 % 7.3 % 13.6 % 9.6 % 9.8 % 11.7 % 3. 4 % 28.2 % 37.2 % 15.6 % 27.2 % 12.1 % 20.5 % 5.8 % 18.8 % 14.7 % 8.8 % 6.3 % 3.3 % 36.3 % 30.5 % 11.0 % 9.5 % _3.7 % 1.7 % 53.6 % 20.5 % 21.7 % 7.4% _1.9% 13.6 % 6.6 % 48.8 % 16.5 % 11.3 % _1.8% 24.0 % 4.9 % 41.5 % 3. 9 % 11.5 % 10.9 % 6.9 % 12.2 % 54.7 % 17.2 % 9.7 % 4.5 % 2. 9 % 41.7 % 24.1 % 3.2 % 2. 1 % 20.5 % 24.9 % 25.8 % 23.5 %

Grafiek 4: Verdeling van de bevolking naar origine en migratieachtergrond (18-64 jaar, 2016)

20 % 40 % 60 % 80 %

■ Belgians born Belgian - Belgian parents born foreigner(s) ■ Belgians born Belgian - Parent(s) of foreign nationality ■ Belgians born foreigner - Nationality obtained > 5 years

■ Belgians born foreigner - Nationality obtained ≤ 5 years

■ Non-Belgians - Registration NR > 5 years

■ Non-Belgians - Registration NR ≤ 5 years Source: Datawarehouse labour market and social protection, CBSS. Calculations and processing: FPS ELSD/Unia.

The analysis of the data by entity leads to the

same main findings21_{. Nevertheless, some}

par-ticularities emerge. In Wallonia, contrary to what is found for Belgium and the other three entities, the share of second-generation per-sons originating from an EU-14 country is higher than that of the first generation22_{. Similarly, the} share of second-generation persons originating

from an EU-13 country23_{is also much higher}

than in Brussels, Flanders and the German-speaking Community. In Brussels, the share of second-generation persons originating from an

EU-14 country is considerably lower than that observed in the other three entities. Between 2008 and 2016, it is particularly noteworthy to note the significant increase in the share of the first generation who have remained foreigners (residing in Belgium for five years or less) among persons of Near/Middle Eastern origin in the four entities (+43.0 percentage points in the German-speaking Community, +33.3 points in the Walloon Region, +23.8 points in Brussels and +22.7 points in Flanders).

22 Italians account for 45.4% of people from an EU country in Wallonia, with 66.5% of them belonging to the second generation. See the chapter on people of EU origin for more details.

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3. POPULATION BY LEVEL OF QUALIFICATION AND FIELD OF STUDY 3.1. Methodology

In the 2017 report it was possible to analyse the population by level of qualification using two data sources: CENSUS 2011 and data from the public employment services (VDAB, FOREM, Actiris, ADG)24_{. This report will again analyse the level} of qualification, using an improved methodology, and for the first time also the field of study. Data from the previous report indicated a de-crease in the CENSUS’ understanding of the lev-el of qualification for the younger generations. Indeed, as a reminder, the CENSUS, produced by Statistics Belgium25_{, is a snapshot on 1 January} 2011 of all inhabitants of the Belgian territory, whatever their nationality, and provides data on demographic, socio-economic and educational characteristics as well as in relation to housing. Thus, persons who obtained a diploma after 2011 are not included in the CENSUS data. And if they are not or have not registered with a public employment service (i.e. they are/were unem-ployed or at least registered as jobseekers), their level of qualification remains unknown. To over-come this problem, the methodology has been revised. While data from the CENSUS and the public employment services are still used26_{, they} have been supplemented with data from three other databases available in the Datawarehouse Labour Market and Social Protection: LED, Saturn and CRef, from respectively the Flemish Community, the Wallonia-Brussels Federation and the Rectors’ Council27_.

It is important to note that the LED, Saturn, CRef, CENSUS and public employment services databases do not always use the same coding

for levels of education and fields of study. Thus, a major work of standardization between these databases has been necessary in order to have comparable and usable data.

The LED28_{database (“Leer- en}

ErvaringsbewijzenDatabank”) collects data on certifications (diplomas, certificates, pro-fessional experience titles, attestations, …) and only covers the Flemish Community. It consists of diplomas, (study) certificates and attestations from secondary education (from the academic year 2001-2002 onwards); diplomas and certif-icates from higher education (starting from the academic year 1999-2000); certificates, diplo-mas and partial certificates from adult education (starting from 1 April 2013); official VDAB qual-ifications (from 1994 and later); diplomas and certificates from Syntra Flanders (as of 2002 / from 2011 with guarantee of completeness); and professional qualifications (as of 2006).

The Saturn29_{database provides data on}

high-er education outside univhigh-ersities (‘Hautes écoles’ and ‘Ecoles supérieures des Arts’) for the Wallonia-Brussels Federation. These data

have been available since 2004. The CRef30_has

been providing data on degrees from universi-ties for the Wallonia-Brussels Federation since 1988.

The data in these three databases nevertheless remain partial. In fact, people who obtained their certification before the above-mentioned pe-riods for LED, Saturn or CRef do not appear in these databases. The Saturn and CRef data only concern higher education diplomas. Similarly, for both Flanders and the Wallonia-Brussels 24 See, for details of the methodology, the chapter 1 Démographie et niveau d’éducation in SPF Emploi, Travail et Concertation

sociale et UNIA (2017), “Monitoring socio-économique 2017. Marché du travail et origine”. 25 DG Statistique – Statistics Belgium, SPF Economie, PME, Classes moyennes et Energie.

26 See the methodology used for these two databases in chapter 1 Démographie et niveau d’éducation in SPF Emploi, Travail et Concertation sociale et UNIA (2017), “Monitoring socio-économique 2017. Marché du travail et origine”.

27 the ‘Conseil des recteurs’ brings together the rectors of the universities of the Wallonia-Brussels federation. 28 For more details see the documentation available on the CBSS website:

https://www.ksz-bcss.fgov.be/fr/dwh/sourcedetail/dwh-ahovoks-led.html . 29 For more details see the documentation available on the CBSS website:

https://www.ksz-bcss.fgov.be/fr/dwh/sourcedetail/dwh-ares-saturn.html. 30 For more details see the documentation available on the CBSS website:

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Federation, persons who acquired a diploma abroad (with or without equivalence) are not cur-rently included in these databases. For Flanders, it is envisaged to include, in the future, diplomas that have been granted equivalence. In the long term, however, it will always be difficult to fully understand the level of the diplomas of foreign or Belgian persons who have acquired a diplo-ma abroad for which there is no equivalence. Nevertheless, these three databases make it possible to gain a better understanding of the level of qualification of the younger generations. In order to construct the variable “level of qualifi-cation”, LED, Saturn and CRef data were used. If no data on level of qualification were available in these databases, CENSUS and public employ-ment services data were used. The procedure is as follows:

› If the level of qualification is only present in

one of the LED, Saturn or CRef databases, it will take the value found in that database as well as the associated field of study. If a level of qualification is available in more than one of these databases, the highest degree and the associated field of study will be used. For ex-ample, a person may have an upper second-ary school diploma in the LED, a bachelor’s level diploma in Saturn and a master’s level diploma in the CRef, so the selected level of qualification will be the master.

› If no information is available in the LED,

Saturn and CRef databases regarding the level of qualification, data from the CENSUS and the public employment services are used. If the level is only present in one of the two da-tabases, it will take the value present in that database as well as the associated field of study. When a level of qualification is available through both CENSUS and the public em-ployment services, the highest level of qualifi-cation and the associated field of study is used. The variable level of qualification is grouped into 4 values:

› “Low”, which corresponds to ISCED31 codes

0 to 2: no schooling, primary education and lower secondary education (i.e. maximum one lower secondary education qualifica-tion). It is important to note that this level of qualification includes, for persons who are or have been registered with a public employ-ment service and for whom no information was available on the level of qualification in the LED, Saturn and CRef and CENSUS da-tabases, qualifications acquired abroad that have not been recognised by the Belgian au-thorities. 1.8% of people aged between 20 and 64 are in this category of diplomas ac-quired abroad. People from Other African countries, South/Central America, Near/ Middle East and Other European countries have the highest shares in this category, with 14.1%, 12.5%, 11.5% and 11.2% of people aged 20-64 respectively.

› “Medium”, which corresponds to ISCED

codes 3 to 4: upper secondary education and post-secondary non-tertiary education (i.e. an upper secondary education qualification).

› “High”, corresponding to ISCED codes 5-6:

First stage of tertiary education and second stage of tertiary education (i.e. higher edu-cation). This level of qualification will be dis-aggregated into bachelor, master, doctorate, undetermined (persons for whom data do not allow a distinction to be made between bach-elor, master and doctorate) for some parts of the analysis.

› Unknown: level of qualification not indicated

or missing.

The ISCED classification also contains a classifi-cation of fields of educlassifi-cation and training32_{. This} classification uses a three-digit code to classify fields of study into “general fields” (1-digit code), “narrow fields” (2-digit code) and “detailed fields”. There are 9 general fields, 25 narrow fields and 90 detailed fields. For the analysis, the general and narrow areas are mainly used. The detailed fields are used only for the social and behavioural sciences (31) and health (72). The fields are as follows:

31 Classification ISCED 1997.

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0 General programmes (Basic / broad programmes, literacy and numeracy, personal skills)

1 Education

14 Teacher training and education science 2 Humanities and arts

21 Arts (Fine arts, music and performing arts, audio-visual techniques and media production, design, craft skills)

22 Humanities (Religion, foreign languages, mother tongue, history, philosophy and related subjects)

3 Social sciences, Business and law 31 Social and behavioural science

310 Social and behavioural science (gener-al programmes)

311 Psychology (psychology, psychotherapy,…)

312 Sociology and cultural studies (social geography, demography, social anthro-pology, ethnic studies,…)

313 Political science and civics (political science, political history, conflict and development studies, human rights studies,…)

314 Economics (economics, economic his-tory, econometrics,…)

32 Journalism and information (journal-ism and reporting, library, information, archive,…)

34 Business and Administration (wholesale and retail sales, marketing, advertis-ing, finance and insurance, office work, accounting,…)

38 Law (criminal justice studies, history of law, jurisprudence, legal practice, notary,…) 4 Science, mathematics and computing

42 Life science (biology and biochemistry, toxicology, microbiology, environmental science,…)

44 Physical science (astronomy, physics, chemistry, earth science,…)

46 Mathematics and statistics (mathematics, actuarial science, statistics,…)

48 Computing (computer science, computer use, programming, data management,…)

5 Engineering, manufacturing and

construction

52 Engineering and engineering trades (in-dustrial design, mechanics, metal work,

electricity, electronics and automation, chemical and process, vehicles,…)

54 Manufacturing and processing (food pro-cessing, textiles, materials, mining and extraction,…)

58 Architecture and building (architecture and town planning, building and civil engineering,…)

6 Agriculture and veterinary

62 Agriculture, forestry and fishery (crop and livestock production, horticulture, forestry, fisheries,…)

64 Veterinary (veterinary medicine, veteri-nary assistants,…)

7 Health and welfare 72 Health

720 Health (general programmes)

721 Medicine (anatomy, epidemiology, paediatrics, gynaecology, chirur-gics, neurology, psychiatry, radiology, ophthalmology,…)

723 Nursing and caring (nurse training, midwife training,…)

724 Dental studies (dentists, orthodontists, dental care specialists,…)

725 Medical diagnostic and treatment technology (medical techniques, ra-diography, radiotherapy, prosthetics, optical technology,…)

726 Therapy and rehabilitation (reha-bilitation, optometrics, nutrition, physiotherapy,…)

727 Pharmacy

76 Social services (child care and youth ser-vices, social work and counselling,…) 8 Services

81 Personal services (hotel, restaurant and catering, travel, tourism and leisure, sports, domestic services, hair and beauty services,…)

84 Transport services (shipping, aviation, air traffic control, rail transport, road transport,…)

85 Environmental protection (environmen-tal protection technology, natural envi-ronments and wildlife, community sanita-tion services,…)

86 Security services (protection of persons and property, occupational health and safety, military and defence,…)

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There are two limitations to the analysis of data on level of qualification and field of study in this report. Firstly, due to the construction of the var-iable “level of qualification”, these data do not allow a complete understanding of the evolution over time of the level of qualification. The data from 2008 to 2016 included in the appendix of this report give an idea of the availability of the variable. Secondly, the analysis showed us that it is not possible to use this variable for persons aged 18 to 1933_{, and this is the case for all the} themes of the report.

3.2. Level of qualification34

In Belgium, in 2016, 25.2% of people aged 20-64 years have at most a lower secondary educa-tion certificate, 34.8% will have an upper sec-ondary education diploma and 31.5% will have a higher education diploma. For 8.6% of the pop-ulation aged 20-64, the level of qualification is not known.

Except for persons of Belgian origin, the share of persons for whom the level of qualification is not known is much higher than the average share ob-served for Belgium. It is interesting to note that this share is lowest for persons with origin in an EU candidate country (11.9%), the Maghreb (12.4%) and Other African countries (14.7%). It is highest for people originating from an EU-13 country (51.8%) and North America (56.9%). Regardless of origin, the diploma is not known mainly for foreign persons who have been regis-tered in the National Register for 5 years or less. For persons originating from an EU-13 country, 91.5% of persons for whom the level of qualifi-cation is not known have been registered in the National Register for 5 years or less; for persons from Oceania/Far East and North America, this percentage amounts to almost 84%. It is also interesting to note that for certain origins (EU candidate, other European, Maghreb, Other African and Other Asian), the share of persons who acquired Belgian nationality 5 years ago or less for whom the diploma is not known is not negligible (between 20% and 25%).

33 Data on educational attainment for 18-19-year olds are too volatile. 34 Detailed data regarding this analysis can be found in the annexes.

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Graph 5: Level of qualification of the population by origin (20-64 years old, 2016) DEMOGRAFIE Total* Belgian EU-14 EU-13 EU Candidate Other European Maghreb Other African Near/Middle East Oceania/Far East Other Asian North American South/Central American 0 % 100 % 26.7 % 29.6 % 23.9 % 19.8 % 19.8 % 38.2 % 2. 4 % 39.6 % 22.8 % 12.3 % 13.0 % 51.8 % 46.9 % 32.0 % 9.2 % 11.9 % 38.4 % 18.8 % 21.4 % 21.4 % 44.4 % 28.0 % 15.1 % 12.4 % 44.6 % 19.0 % 21.7 % 14.7 % 37.6 % 11.5 % 20.8 % 30.1 % 19.5 % 15.4 % 22.2 % 42.9 % 39.6 % 17.4 % 17.7 % 25.3 % 8.2 % 12.1 % 22.8 % 56.9 % 31.6 % 19.6 % 23.9 % 24.9 % 25.2 % 34.8 % 31.5 % 8.6 %

Grafiek 5: Opleidingsniveau van de bevolking naar origine (20-64 jaar, 2016)

■ Low ■ Medium ■ High ■ Unknown

20 % 40 % 60 % 80 %

* Inclusief Undetermined

* including unknown

The analysis of the persons for whom the level of qualification is known shows that in Belgium 27.6% of the persons aged 20 to 64 have at most finished lower secondary education, 38.0% have an upper secondary education diploma and 34.4% have a higher education diploma. There is a great diversity in the distribution of the popula-tion by level of qualificapopula-tion according to origin. For example, the share of people of Belgian or-igin with at most lower secondary education

amounts to 20.3% in 2016 and is lower than the Belgian average (27.6%). Only people of North American origin have a lower share than people of Belgian origin (18.9%). People of Near/Middle Eastern (53.8%), EU candidate (53.2%), Other Asian (53.1%) and Other African origin (52.3%) have the highest shares of people with at most a lower secondary education. For all origins, ex-cept for Other African countries, the share of people with at most lower secondary education is lower for women.

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Graph 6: Level of qualification (excluding unknown) of the population by origin (20-64 years old, 2016) DEMOGRAFIE Total* Belgian EU-14 EU-13 EU Candidate Other European Maghreb Other African Near/Middle East Oceania/Far East Other Asian North American South/Central American 0 % 100 % 33.3 % 36.9 % 29.8 % 20.3 % 40.6 % 39.1 % 47.4 % 25.6 % 27.0 % 53.2 % 36.3 % 10.5 % 48.9 % 23.9 % 27.2 % 50.7 % 32.0 % 17.3 % 52.3 % 22.3 % 25.4 % 53.8 % 16.4 % 29.8 % 34.2 % 26.9 % 38.9 % 53.1 % 23.2 % 23.7 % 18.9 % 28.1 % 53.0 % 42.2 % 26.1 % 31.8 % 27.6 % 38.0 % 34.4 %

Grafiek 6: Opleidingsniveau (uitgezonderd ongekend) van de bevolking naar origine (20-64 jaar, 2016)

* Inclusief Undetermined

■ Low ■ Medium ■ High

20 % 40 % 60 % 80 %

* including undetermined

The share of higher education graduates among people of Belgian origin amounts to 39.1% in 2016 and is higher than the Belgian average (34.4%). People of North American origin have a higher share of tertiary education graduates (53.0%) than people of Belgian origin. People originating from EU candidate countries (10.5%) and the Maghreb (17.3%) have the lowest shares. Contrary to what is observed for persons with at most a lower secondary education certificate, the share of female tertiary education graduates is higher than the share of male tertiary educa-tion graduates for all origins, except for persons originating from Other African countries. For upper secondary education graduates, the contrast between origins is less marked than for the other two categories of graduates. The share of upper secondary education graduates among

persons of Belgian origin amounts to 40.6% in 2016 and is higher than the Belgian average (38.0%) and the share observed for the other origins. The share of upper secondary education graduates is lowest for people of Near/Middle Eastern origin (16.4%) and those of Other African origin (22.3%). The gender analysis for upper secondary education graduates is more contrasted than for the other two categories of graduates. The share of female upper secondary graduates is higher than that of men for those originating from an EU candidate country, the Maghreb, Other African countries and the Near/Middle East. The opposite is true for other origins. Similarly, the gender gaps by origin in the shares of upper secondary graduates are generally smaller than those observed for the other two categories of diplomas.

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Table 1: Level of qualification (excluding unknown) of the population by origin and entity (20-64 years old, 2016)Tabel 1: Bevolking naar opleidingsniveau, Region en origine (20-64 jaar, 2016)

* Inclusief Undet

Brussels Flanders Wallonia

DEMOGRAFIE

German-speaking Community Low

ermined

Medium High Low Medium High Low Medium High Low Medium High

TOTAL* 37.8 % 23.2 % 39.0 % 23.1 % 41.6 % 35.3 % 32.7 % 35.6 % 31.7 % 40.1 % 35.3 % 24.6 % Belgian 17.7 % 23.7 % 58.6 % 17.4 % 43.3 % 39.3 % 26.8 % 36.9 % 36.3 % 36.1 % 36.6 % 27.3 % EU-14 30.9 % 20.5 % 48.6 % 28.1 % 42.9 % 29.0 % 37.1 % 37.7 % 25.2 % 41.7 % 37.1 % 21.2 % EU-13 55.7 % 11.4 % 32.9 % 46.9 % 29.8 % 23.4 % 41.0 % 30.6 % 28.4 % 40.9 % 33.7 % 25.5 % EU Candidate 59.1 % 28.4 % 12.5 % 49.5 % 41.2 % 9.3 % 56.6 % 32.0 % 11.4 % 74.9 % 17.9 % 7.2 % Other European 47.3 % 19.1 % 33.6 % 47.6 % 26.2 % 26.1 % 51.9 % 22.2 % 25.8 % 59.2 % 24.4 % 16.4 % Maghreb 53.8 % 28.0 % 18.1 % 46.3 % 39.4 % 14.3 % 52.0 % 27.8 % 20.2 % 46.3 % 32.4 % 21.3 % Other African 52.0 % 19.8 % 28.2 % 54.7 % 23.4 % 21.9 % 49.8 % 23.4 % 26.8 % 55.3 % 28.5 % 16.2 % Near/Middle East 48.9 % 14.8 % 36.3 % 56.2 % 17.6 % 26.2 % 53.7 % 14.7 % 31.6 % 48.2 % 28.8 % 23.0 % Oceania/Far East 31.9 % 19.1 % 49.0 % 35.1 % 28.0 % 36.9 % 33.6 % 29.8 % 36.6 % 35.6 % 39.4 % 25.0 % Other Asian 48.6 % 21.7 % 29.7 % 55.6 % 23.7 % 20.7 % 48.9 % 23.0 % 28.1 % 54.0 % 27.7 % 18.3 % North American 13.2 % 13.7 % 73.1 % 17.9 % 34.1 % 47.9 % 25.2 % 28.1 % 46.7 % 18.8 % 18.8 % 62.5 % South/Central American 47.1 % 19.4 % 33.5 % 40.8 % 29.8 % 29.4 % 37.0 % 28.4 % 34.6 % 47.9 % 21.1 % 31.0 % * including unknown

Analysis of the data per entity shows that the share of higher education graduates in Brussels is higher than that observed in the three other entities (Walloon Region, Flemish Region and German-speaking Community) for all origins except for persons of Maghrebi origin in the German-speaking Community and Wallonia, and persons of South/Central American ori-gin in Wallonia. In all three regions, people of Maghrebi and EU candidate origin have particu-larly low shares of higher education graduates. In the German-speaking Community, it is people of EU candidate and Other African origin who have the lowest shares of higher education uates. The low share of higher education grad-uates in the German-speaking Community is probably influenced by the fact that a significant proportion of students go to universities outside Belgium, mainly to Germany. The diploma(s) obtained by these people is/are therefore unfor-tunately not recorded in the databases used to apprehend the level of qualification.

The share of higher education graduates in Brussels is, in 2016, higher than the other two categories of diplomas. This is only observed for persons of Belgian origin and originating

from an EU-14 country, Oceania/Far East and North America. On the other hand, in Wallonia and Flanders, the share of upper secondary education graduates is higher than the other two categories of diplomas. This is only observed for persons of Belgian origin who come from an EU-14 country. In these two regions, except for persons of Belgian origin, originating from an EU-14 country, Oceania/Far East and North America, the shares of persons with at most a lower secondary education diploma are higher than the other two categories of diplomas. In the German-speaking Community, the share of people with at most a lower secondary school diploma is highest. This is true for all origins apart from persons of Belgian and Oceania/Far East origin (the share of upper secondary graduates is the highest) and persons of North American origin (the share of higher education graduates is the highest).

In Belgium, the share of upper secondary grad-uates is higher than the shares of the other cate-gories of diplomas for the 20-29 and 30-54 age group. Whereas for the 55-64 age group, the share of people with at most a lower secondary education certificate is the highest. For the

Report: Socio-economic Monitoring 2019 (PDF, 4.06 MB)

LABOUR MARKET AND ORIGIN

2019

FOREWORD

INTRODUCTION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

KEY ELEMENTS