The league of nations: South Africa and the Rehoboth Basters' constitutional struggle, 1919 - 1939.

(1)

cn Q."o 0;: "0 .!!? CQ ):.:tJ ::!- 3 '- 3 0;: I:J::!- ~ ~ S- Q. Q) ::!- '(:' S' :$: Q) ):. 0 CQ <: C:J 0 Q) ~ 0 ~ a " ~ ~ ~ ~ 2..g ~ ~ ~ a CQ ~ (;J ~ ~ IQ' m cQ 6' § S. S' '8 $ ~ S' ~ ~. 2' 2' cn Q: ~ ~ ~ ~ re 0;: ::!- ~. a. ~ a 3 cs- Q) CQ CQ :J ~ ~ o CQ o-.!\2 ),. ~ 0;: (b' "0 0 s: ~ !Po CQ:J ::!- ~.fg 3 CS' CI> 0;: :J' - :J ~ ~ t: Q. :J S' ,"" ~ '" ~ C/j a. Q) ~ <b"-' v CI> g- CI> ~ ca cs' ~ ~ s' ~ cn.,Q CQ Cti ~ (;,. ~ g :J Q: CI> cs' O ~ ~ 3, ~ ~ g ~ £ Cti CI> ~ ~ cs' ~ ~ § CQ cs' "-' 0- ~ g. g ~ C(J Q. 0) 0 ~ ~:~!~.;~!!i~I~~ ~~ !.~I~'fi[~!i~~~11 '" ~ '" t: "-' '" -.0- ~ "" ~ :J~ 0;: CQ S '" :J cs' 0 ';:r: s' ~ CI> .., Q) CQ <a. 9: ~ CS' <b 9: CS' ~ :-. §. 2. s' ~ s' re (;J c8' 3- 9: cs- ~ cs' ~.g ),. ~ ~ _~E:.§-Q.~ CI>~' 3:JQ.<bcn:J~QCI> :J ~:J::!-O CD'" ~ ;: Q) 3 ~. S. ~ ~ ~ cs. ~ ~ "-' ~ 2 "-' Q) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ CQ S. (") g '" cs. ,!Po ~ ca -.:J. CD'" 0;: ~ CI>.". CQ 5' 10 CQ CQ 10 ~ -v :J -a (!) ':J t: ~0 ~~'"(!)'"""3 o;:-",Q.<bCl>- 'Q)-""'.., CQ G) ii3' ~ CS. :J ~ (;,. Q 3 0;: CQ 9: ' ~ 3 <Q -1 ~ ! ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ i § ~ ~ ;' i. ~ ~ ~ i' ! I ! t I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g~g~ ~~~ ~ ~~~':::1.~ ~~~ ~?itf5-~ ~!§ ~ [S' (!) : CS. (/) Q. "-' ~ ~ ~ ~ :::;: ~ ~- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~. § ~. ~. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f5- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l-cs' ~. ~ :J- 9: CQ CS' ~ (/) a Cti ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~. ~ ~ ~ ~ 3-. ~ CD'" ;: ~ ~ s. l1J ~ [ re ~. ~ G): ~ ~ ~ ~~ [i1!; ~ ~~ ~ CD'" f5- ~ ~. ~ [ ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f5-:-.<5 Q) ~"' o ~

o

Q) <b"'):.<b <b O;:CQ ~o ~~ t: f5-~ ~ :"""" o

;:CI>::!-~

~

Q) ...,: Q) 0;: Q. "" :J Qj : ~ ;:r: ~ :J ~ ~ @'CcO g- g- t: ~ <b §. ~ ~ ~ f5- (/) ~ !Po :.; Cti CQ (1) ~ ~~ Q) DI

~1.

~ c..

:J

.

~

0 0 :t:O-.In

'"

-O~

~ -. -N 'tj1D0 ~ C)" :J- (1) CiJ' g-O 0 :3

~

~.

C;J

~

0-.., _()' :J-

~.

Q-.Q) :J

~

cg. (1)..,

~

!it

o'

~

[XI-I ~:I:

oom

-Ir mm ;o~

~G)

()c om ZO 00"T1 ::!Z -I~ C-I

-1-

-0 Oz Zoo

~

..

roo 000 -Ic ;0-1 c:I: G)~ G)"T1 r;o

m-

-() ~~ w ~~ <,oZ ~O

~-I

W:I:

m ;0 m :I: 0 [XI 0 -I :I:

~

() 0 ~ go CD _Cb

~

-I-. Q)

~

0

~

...

CO CO

~

CD (j)

96

New Contree, No. 46 (November 1999)

THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS: SOUTH AFRICA AND THE REHOBOTH

BASTERS' CONSTITUTIONAL STRUGGLE, 1919-1939

Gerhard J.J. Oosthuizen

(Department of History, Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education)

Opsomming

Die groep mense van gemengde afkoms wat gedurende die agtiende eeu in die Noordwes-Kaap hulle ontstaan gehad het, en later as die Rehoboth-Basters bekend geword het, het in 1868 die Kaapkolonie verlaat en hulle in 1870 in Rehoboth en omgewing in die gebied wat later as Duits-Suidwes-Afrika bekend was, gevestig. Suid-Afrika het in 1915 Duits-Suidwes-Afrika binnegeval en verower. Suidwes-Afrika is na afloop van die Eerste Wereldoorlog as 'n C-mandaatgebied aan Suid-Afrika toegeken. Mandaathouers was onder die verpligting om C-mandaatgebiede te bestuur " ... as integral portions thereof. .. , but in the interest of the indigenous population" en onder jurisdiksie van die Volkebond. Hierdie verpligting is later vervat in Artikel 22 van die

handves van die Volkebond en is verwys na as die sogenaamde "sacred trust". Hierdie artikel fokus op die konstitusionele stryd van die Rehoboth-Basters en die reaksie van die Suid-Afrikaanse Regering en die Volkebond in die lig van die sogenaamde "sacred trust". Baster-Suid-Afrikaanse verhoudinge is van meet af aan gf1kenmerk deur delikate konstitusionele onderhandelinge. Die Basterraad het ondanks hewige teenstand 'n konstitusionele ooreenkoms in Augustus 1923 aanvaar. Die ontevredenes het daarop hulle eie raad verkies, waama verskeie vrugtelose versoeningspogings gevolg het. In Desember 1924 is die Suid-Afrikaanse Regering met 'n eensydige onafhanklikheids-verklaring gekonfronteer, maar in April 1925 het die Suid-Afrikaanse Regering via magsvertoon die rebelle tot oorgawe gedwing. Die gesloer met die verslag van regter

J. De Villiers het groot frustrasie in Bastergeledere veroorsaak. Die rebelle het hulle male sonder tal op die Volkebond en die Goewemeur-generaal beroep, en het die hantering van die Basterkwessie uiteindelik tot konfrontasie tussen die Suid-Afrikaanse Regering en die Volkebond gelei. Die Baster Adviserende Raad wat deur die Suid-Afrikaanse regering in April 1928 ingestel is, is suksesvol deur die ontevredenes geboikot. In Augustus 1932 het die kaptein van die ontevredenes en 'n groot aantal van sy volgelinge, gemotiveer deur die advies van die Volkebond en die ekonomiese probleme van die dertigefjare versoen met die Minderheidsparty. 'n Grotendeels verenigde Bastergemeenskap het daama tevergeefs gepoog om hulle konstitusionele posisie te verbeter. In 1939 het die Suid-Afrikaanse Geard-Allen-kommissie aanbeveel dat die Basterkonstitusie nie in daardie stadium heringestel kon word nie, aangesien die Bastersleiers onbevoeg was om die Bastergemeenskap effektief te bestuur.

96 THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS: SOUTH AFRICA AND THE REHOBOTH

BASTERS' CONSTITUTIONAL STRUGGLE, 1919-1939

Opsomming

96 THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS: SOUTH AFRICA AND THE REHOBOTH

BASTERS' CONSTITUTIONAL STRUGGLE, 1919-1939

Opsomming

(2)

Q)

~

0) .s CI) ""i6 t: 0

~

"iij t: 0 U -~

~

CI) (1] CI) :S 0 -g .c

&

m I"-, -Q)Q)Q) Q) C:=Q) c: .~ .c '- .c .c

.-CO-coc:-Q)--.c

E o. .~ t/) c: .c '- -.'!: o "'iij 0'- 0. o o S t/) Q) :JCDO)t/)LLt/) coo. « -.S Q) .Q) ro -Q) Q) °:=.cCO"OUOt/) > :J -U :J .~ Q) .c Q) t/) c: t/) -.~ Q) .-.;: 'in « ro .c .8 ~ '- E « .~ .c Q) I-_co.';:'".cu-"O"': ~ (/) ~ > -.-:J .-CO Q) coco:J>o"O'" '- -0'- ° Q) (/) c: '" COCO,-.o (/) .c 0. -.c 'E --CO Q) o..~ -CO '0 0 ° t/) £ cp e-~z c:0> ~ ~ >. .= '- Q) ° 0> ~ = .0 Q) Q) .c t/).- ~ .-.c-_coc: oQ)"O ° -.C: .cQ) -c: c: -' .-0. --"Oco.c'" Q)Q) U c: .-U > Q) ~ Q) _.o_o.cu.c~-'u '- 'u c:- c:-~-C:Q)Q)~ -Q)OOCO '5(/)"'(0>'5"0-0>' Q)'- CO CO.- c: "0 U,., t/)"OC:Q) U LL -'- 0'- o..~ c: Q) t/) ° Q) -E Q) -co.= c:t/)~~o"O>.E"O co"Ooo"Oc:-a;'-O '- c: 0. -"0 .-t/) Q) t/) LL CO -.~ Q) t/) ° <D -Q) .c CO '- -.'!: -CO ~Q)~2~"OuG3Q) :J .c 0) Q).- Q) ~ E Q) '-"0- '-C: .c -Q) .c o .-Q) '- '" uco.c-'co>o> '- -:E.c:QQ)-Q) « ~ "0 O).~ o .0 Q)-;:; .-CO :J -.c ~ "0 ~ .c o'~ CO "0 -o iii Q)t/) ,-CD:C-S-Q),-==.- z,.o 0)'- ° ° 0.2 ~.cC:oc:E~t-t/) -"O°t/):JCO COOco ~C:orooZ~Q)o.CD _coc:->.=o..c:J.c ~-Q) -Q)-° Q) °-~ ° c:"V ..cC: Q) '-0 o.co~'-_:Jo..cO).o ~t/),-mCO- --t/)O U ,-.c ~ > o ~ $!..S ::I.c ::I Q) -> Q) .-o Q) "C2c:~:2u~"oc:"Q)~ OOCO:Joc:>.c:oC:Q)

...>'~,

S Q) ,~ CO';:;' Q) Q) CO ::I ~, ~, O).c ~...O)CX) -f'--C:Q)0--Q) c: N "'iij :£ X .Q ;;; E ~ ..c ::I c: .= -Q) 0).- o Q) .-1-:I:OLLOC:~£.c~ <1) "0 cn.= >- -c -<1) .-<1) (\3 z..-0 c :5 .J:: "0.- (\3 E 1+= ~ -o.s 0> <1) <1) <1) () -.~ 0

'-"0--=>-<1)(\3cncc;::"O"!2 .J:: '-ocnc'--.s <1).- -(\3 c c ---'u !!1 ~ (\3 .J:: "0 C:"O ,u.- .J:: -<1) .-<1) CD a. -0 0> ,:;' a. <1) cn cn.D "0 ""o.J::(\3-0<1) <1)--<1)(\3.J::"§ Q~CX).J::~<1)o0 <1) CO f- .-~ c -"OCX). I c~ ~ .-'- .-U u~c~c"O(\3 (\3 .J:: -.-° <1) >-.D >- .~c;::E:S c <1) cn <1) (\3 <1) c <1) .J::.~ 0> OJ cn <1) ~ -'- c .-., "0 (\3 >. (\3 (\3 E ~ .--""~'- u'-~ '-0 c .-<1)_O cn O <1) .D c.in .,'- .J:: ., ~.J:: -:2 U .~ :5 -.n <1) ~.J::E-"O'-> O-.J:: o <1)$ (\3 UCcn.J::-cn.J::-<1) .-t ~ (\3 o c <1) C 0 .-CD

-<1)-<1) -()<1).J::CO.J::~ cn .s ~ = E -0> <1)C"O 00> "O<1)Oc<1).D~ "O.J:: ~uo~ <1)-w"Oc-t"3cn xo>u<1)<1) cn .-c C "0 ~ ~ E.-=<1).~c<1)O -~.2E<1).J::~ O"O-c o a.-"O a. <1) .-0.. <1) _ 0

=

~ '- "0 'u o ~ !if: -(\3 .S >'"0 ' ""c O>~'-O"O.s(\3 cn ., <1) C cn -._~"O.J::(\3-~' .J::a.~U .J::C., -(\3'-,- O~ -U~(\3~<1)_U °0 >-<1) 0:5 (\3 C ~--cn- <1) '- cn.- -., = ~ .-<1) C C ~ ~ c;:: ~ .~~~-<1)(\3cn'd5 o .J:: E § -.S cn a. <1) t E .-C E (\3 <1) .J::oog>~o~"O f- Z U '- o "0 .~ .S (/)c:c:(/)c:-"O(/)(/)(/).-0.- co.- (/) Q) Q) :5",,2~,-Q)u:5:5u c:coc._coSC:- '-,- ,= co.- S ' Q) 0 ,~ "5 Q)g-U-,"O:5E-"O(/) uco"Ouo.:::J E C:Q)Q) c: c:cooo

Q),-,-Q)(/)

-(/)

°

E Q) -.-CO c: S U > Q) .!!! .c = -c: c. 0 .c

xl-U

-c:o

-"' C:' (/) CO 0 -U = ~ L() '-E ,- Q) c: CO '- --" ::J ~ ;-;- (/) > ::J .-~ 0 ~ ~ '- c: Q) .c ~ 0 U ~ Q),~ Q)"O Q).~

--c:

.c'-"

E .c~ -.-'- -Q) o~~~"O~'E;:5.9E ~:::'=E*~~"O~m",,-Q)Q)-c: c:o'-(/) ,~ .c "Q. c:.- c: CO -;n "0 '-= .Q -Q) 0 CO -Q)Q) >-Q) co- (/)Q)CO u(!).c(/)u"O~c.cQ)CO c: -'-= Q) 0 Q) -,!!! ,-.c 0 o--,~ > Q)-co-",,>-~(/)~Q)'-co .c°u- Q)Q) COQ) U .c ,- co:5 ::J -Q) -'-c:o~Q)::Jo-Q)(/)(/)O ,- .c ,-1-'- 0 Q).c Q) Q) -coQ)'- (/),-_.c"OQ) E a: .~ c: c: (/) "6 I- ~"OJ Q) Q) .= 0 Q) CO Q) OJ .c.c~i:;.c ~-;n-."O 2 ---Q)~"OQ)(/)---c:-- ::J'--(/) >-.- 0 0 >- c: 0- Q) co Q) ~2 ,-~coc:-;n.c.c OQ)~c..c.C:

8

coco-.c '- .-"0 0.(5 C!) "0 ~.9 ~ ~S'"E ~:5-g ~ c:Xc. C!)uococ: c: 0 Q) ,- Q) -'-=.c 0 co c E co -0 ~ ,Q

E

roc:(/)coQ)~.c~ro '- Q) "0 " '- "' '- .-"0 c: ~ CD .c ~ >- c: Q)c.C:Q)ro -Sa:o.:co. CD ~ Q) .-= .c "6 0 Q) !.1! -Q) '- c.LL- (/).c~Ou Q) ,= Q) (/) Q) -c: c: '-"oQ)"OQ)C:"OQ)-,- 0 c: .c c: .c 0 ,-.c 0 Q).Q-::J-' (/)- >(/)C: ~ Q) Q) 0 ro Q).c ~ 0 'S Q) ~ '- .c -,= .c.~ 0 c: "' > ~Q)-OJc.->- ~Q) CD ~ "0 c: (/) c: >.!!! Q.c -.-Q) .-co .c (/) -"0 Q)"O"O"E 0 c:Qjc: u.Q ::J 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ Q) U co c: '- U U Q)'- '-= -E.-.c (/).-Q) c: U .c (j) ~ c: ,- ~ -c. ,- co "0 co co -rn 'oQ)rn-:5N:52.a5

O

L!J -0) c'-Eoc .~ 0> Q) c ~ 0 '--0,-~ .c.- rn """Co-:$ ~0'-Q)Q)w'~ Co Co.~ 'c ~ Q) rn ro c '-E -.c_-0 -.-rn "C '- ~ 'c rn"E rn ..-co~Q;.E rnu,->~ E "C Q) ,u '-2:'"C~"C Q)rnrnoQ)<.!)~ .c"C .->- ~ Q)~"'Qj-oQ) :5 Q) .~ 2. X L!J.cucQ) .--0 o>O)rn~w.-c c'->-'~ "5 0 ~ "ScSCUQ) -, ..c O>N :2"'<i)-C-C"C:(5", OQ)_0-o .croa5(!Jro ~.£ E.c 0) ,QEc"5~ ~'-'-.c ~2.Q)orn ->->.c:c 0-0Q)-"Cro<.!)Q:c'- E Q) .-§O~:5~ "'-u_Q) rn.~ 0

-~

~

.§

~

Q)~:51§Q) 1l.~:J-.c

Q)

-o.~

-:5 ~ (/).£ E .c~Q)Ee

'~>.c"C-$:>_rn

-0000 Q)uj O~o g' J: §." Q) :aU C<:iC 50 =>.c:.o .c:- Q)~:J ~>. .c:o", Q)~ :::cn. >"' 0 m Q)'d; -Q)m 0» ro.c:~ -.-~-m"Coo Q)--N to=> 000-:J Q)",~ ~E ~Q)~ . roo ~> <0 ro 0 0.--~ oo.c:oo ~ "'- ~~o 0) Q)~ Q)«. ~ -Q) > IX) >. "C.c: O.N ro OOU ~1l)t-.1l) c ro- ~ ~ >~ Emuc; <0 "'. ~~o~ N-~o 0»..>. ro $ Q)-:;ro-:;.c: 00.c: "Qi-,§-,"'5

~

1--

~

$

~

Q)' "I" ~ "' -c" t-..,-a..,- ro "C"'Q).Q) E Q) 0) U; 'c ~ E 0 00';- Il)ou..i::.c: SIl) 0 00 I-.o~ UZQ) 00

!!!~

u_Q)~~

2

Q) 00.c: -1;)"- 0_~1r; $ ro~ -g~f:~ a. 00.1= o.QroO) -'« -JQ)Q)~ 0) £;, --~ >. 0) 0"C ~roQ)- ~ .05 0-.c::J 0) Ocn D:cn~-, «; .c:oo a.oQ)O) Il) Q) ~ U -Il) D:Q) Q)c:-~o ~ .ro U Oil) 0; '.~ ~j9u..1X) N 00- ""Q) Q) Q).I= O~Q)- ~ N«t-. uu:J ~ -'t-. "C Q) 00 00 " :J"" ~cnQ)- '-' .c:Q)N o_-~ 0 -> -uroQ) "'~- Q)u o -u.. °"C)( ~- N 0 -~~ -0 :J a.

U-«

roN Z -;cna. 0= 00'" « .00 -.o.c:o"l" cn 'Q)c;) :J~~~ ~",O) a.oro"l" "'0) cnZN ~ :J~ N

--Rehoboth 8asters' constitutional struggle 97

1. Introduction

The revolver shot that killed Archduke Frans Ferdinand, heir-apparent to the Austrian-Hungarian throne and his wife at the hands of a Serbian terrorist at Sarajevo, Bosnia, on 28 June 1914 not only had the great powers at each other's throats, resulting in the First World War. It also brought the territory today known as Namibia within the sphere of influence of the young British-oriented dominion, the Union of South Africa. For the next 75 years, until Namibia obtained its independence in 1990, the vicissitudes of the region and its people would be very closely tied to the politics of South Africa. Within this region, in the heart of the former German colony, the lives and ideals of a small homogeneous group of people were also directly affected by the war. These people were the Rehoboth Basters.

The origin of this group of mixed descent could be taken back to De Tuin in the remote Northwest-Cape where during the nineteenth century they had developed into a defined community under the influence of Rhenish missionaries. In 1868 the Basters left this region in search of "a promised land" north of the Orange River. The aspiration fortheir own territory and independence motivated this migration - ideals that still today dominate the history of the Rehoboth Basters. Once settled in Rehoboth and vicinity, it was still a long and arduous struggle to have their identity acknowledged and to gain independence.

Since 1884 under German authority, the main characteristics of their existence in this period were their aspiration to retain the Rehoboth Gebiet [territory]. This aspiration included the independent exercise of their jurisdiction by their own Council and Captain according to the Friendship and Protection Treaty of September 1885. In fact, it was these aspirations that came into play when South Africa entered the First World War in 1914 on the side of Great Britain and was requested to invade German South-West Africa. With the South African conquest of the territory a new dimension commenced in the history of the Rehoboth Basters.' These events, and the development of this dimension over nearly two and a half decades, are the story to be uncovered in this article: the vision of a nation and the struggle to realise a dream, with all the resources at hand, even force.

With the Peace Accord of Khorab on 9 July 1915 the German administration in South-West Africa was formally terminated.2 _{During the Military Control Period (1915-1920)}

the South African Government did not actively address the problem of the administration of the Rehoboth Gebiet. Confronted, however, with a petition of protest from the Basters in this regard,3 the first extended administrative arrangements

, G.J.J. Oosthuizen, "Rehoboth-Basters binne die konteks van die staatkundige verhoudinge tussen Suidwes-Afrika en Suid-Afrika, 1915-1939" (Ph. D, Potchefstroom University for CHE, 1993), pp. xi, 2-77.

2 Public Record Office (PRO), London, CO 551 :74, Telegram Governor General of the Union of

South Africa/Secretary of State for the Colonies, 10 July 1915; Archives of the South African National Defence Force (hereafter SANDF), Pretoria, DC 728:DB 1432/9199, sub-file DB 24/1432/Z, Minute 850, 9 July 1915; The Times, 12 July 1915.

3 SANDF DC 1129:1558/9199, Petition Thomas/Botha, 26 May 1916.

Rehoboth 8asters' constitutional struggle 97

1. Introduction

3 SANDF DC 1129:1558/9199, Petition Thomas/Botha, 26 May 1916.

Rehoboth 8asters' constitutional struggle 97

1. Introduction

(3)

Io ~ »~ -~ ., Q) -0 ~~ -»~ cg AJ G) ~- ~ C; G) (I) Q) z C» 0. CD z ~ -Q)~ ~'- CD 'f1 t-3 z -~ ~ -CD "'..- c --() -(I) mt- ~< -::IQ) <0 () <0 " -0 OJ < '< in-"" U10 g --J::T _0 0 m(l) ;;)=to U1~ A U10 <O~ '" -< -Q)::I -=--0. OJ -=--CD C»~ SO (1)< O)",.-~ "O::T "03 U1::T C CD» 0 -C 3 "OOJ -=--c --,,:I> ::I» C»~ -~ -N ~ O ~ 0-- ---"0 N CD CD» -" ---~c».~~_::I0;'" ~~ O~ to -",(I) "'- .-:<0 ~< -(1j -C to)' ~ 0) "CD 3 "" --'0 ~ --~'" < c»o. "'-- CD 0'" 0-~OJ ~ J).~ ~CD ::T ~O -:<~

<g:g

~

"Pi

g

~$'

~:;

""OJ ~ » '" SO"1)::T ,-0. ~- -=!' ~ ,~o ::T ~'" ':I' -"" ID 00" -0 OJ" --A C ~O-=--CD :)OJ Q)" OJ '" OJ CD=:: -A Q.::I -'" ,,- ' Q)Q.::I g g m 'OlD CD~ m~ ~ 0. ~ (i! OJOJ iffi ",(1j OJ CD CD .~'" ~~ to",::I ~ 0"0 _CDo; om ::IQ) ~ 2 ::1"0 ~a. .:g~ Q.:) -=' ". -,.., C CD (1) Q. (1j ~ ~ -, u, ~ ...CD' --~ ,~~ .,. -~ ~ A c» ~". '< z 3'2 () CD A' CDO" (I) (1)'" ~ 0" ~ ~"E.1D (1)~ r-m ~ CD :; -CD:- "< (1)(1) CD ~ co 3"1) ro::-' ,~!!!. -t C < 0" CD 0; ,~ -~ 0 C OJ (1)~ ,~' to -s- ~ -~ ::I ~ a; '< ~ (1)", -::I -(I) -0 0'» g,~ -~ 5 ~~ ~:I> ~- <0 U1 0. --J ::T Qj-CD --J ' ~ -'0 CD» -'" 0) -~ ~ ~'" o~ -=-- <0 (;; ::T ~o :)- "" CD 00) "'~ ~ g ~ G) ~~ ZC1 J). ~ ~ 0 ~AJ CDg ~ ~ OJ ~ °CD ~-2 » -~ OJ::T v --::I ~o -<Q) c <0 3 ~O" 0" ::I -~O ~w -<0 CD ~~ A 0" <, ::I~::T -'" (1) --~ "" -(1) (i! <0 r- OJID <0 '" --'" CD -:< OJ ?J2" ~ OJ ~ ~~ ~Q. 0 ~ CD OJ CD -'< -~ ~ co~ ~~ (I)> ~-G) J).-t 0 -~ ~CD c» ::T S"1) OJ "" OJ 0" CD ::T C -:< _m~

Q'ro-"m-.(CtOlI) 311)-"-' lI)-tO-<-II)-_-<

Q. ..~ -. < v..::3 II) -.° ~ -(/)C~ ~CD'-+II)u-.::T~-.(/) , ~ ~::T~-"CD II) CD to Q.Q.(/)-" .-+to 3' 3 ~- CDO-o-(/) c ~. CD CD -a- Q.II)O 8~~ro ::3.-+11)'-+ a::T(/)::TCD CD II) CD "9. e; ~ ~. (/)II)II)(C 0- ~ Co ~. '<3CD::3

-.

311)Q.(C Q. ::3 II) ° Q. (/)-, II) "' .-+ O.-+-::T CDCDaCD£ :;' Qj" "tJ 3 o(/) CD .-+(/)11) o ,a CD CD "CD

-.2!.~-i -"'<11)-' tOQ'::3CDN-.Q.II) ~311)';<:-.-+ 011)

CD o

-.-+

.-+

-.-+°< '5"::TcnCD CD o

-.

.-+r- (/) ::TCDCII) CD .-+ -. II)::T= 3(C~CD CDc-(/)II) CD ~. o ::3 o a ::3 <,-II)< Z'",N ~II) <:xl

ro~""-

-0"" C -.::3 ~::3 ::3 (/) -.CD "0 ~ 5' -.~ c. -Q) -c. Q) () -N Q)Q)n~<1><1>ffi:Jffi<1>30:J. ~:JC:-0-'< :J mo:J'-oc.c.co<1>~~<1>o-':J-Q)-f -Q) <1> :J -, 0 <: ~ 9' 3 co <1> :J :J" -<1> -c. iji' :J"O 0 -<1> -, CD ~ (fJ :J" (/) 3 -, :J ---<1> (/) -m -n 0 -.Q) :J" ~ -" -. c:J"c.~<1>o:J:J"_<1>n~:J 3 < <1> III s. :J :J "~III 0' n ~ -" !!!. 1II~-(/)<1>::~ :J:JO <0-. :J <1> <1> -" c. <1> n » c. -:J -f -" 'C c. 0 ~:J' <!:!",-- (/)_:J"<O... Q) ~ c. <1>:J -C <1> <1> (/) -. -:J 0 m

»

-co III ~ 3 -.<1> -.<1> <D 0 0 III ~,"O 0 !!!. Q) < ~ -< (/) <1> <1> -5,- :J 3 ffi ~ <1> 0 -" !:!", (/) :J ~ 9' <1> III n III, Q):J -:J=_,c.III <1> c-<1>~, O (/).!::"' <-:J<1>:J <-- -~~ 0 0 :J c. -,"0 :J" (/) '< :J (/) -.III -~()-1II:J0<1> -.:J"<1>~ < <1> <1> (/) -:J" S" -, 0 <1> ~ Q)"o c. m <1> Q) -:J C -, ~ c.-.anr C"(/)~-<1><1>"O<1>DI , c. , Qi' :J" n 0 c. (/) ... ~<1>III<1>(fJnrC"-»m -"<1>(fJ ~ ~ (/) 3,:J '< <' =I' c. ~ ~ a ;0 0 =I' ~, '0 (ij 3' <1> 0' 9' :J" co ~ 5-"0 0" 9' 15' Q)"O Q.. p> <1> III CD <' (fJ 3 Q) 5" (/) :J CD" G) c.:J <1> ffi <1> -, .c. 3 <1> » -, c. 3 _:Jill... c-'« 1> ° ~ :J" -.S' m <1> :J (/) <1> < :J -CD"Q)<1>:J"~:J~,,"!?.0-9'< ~Dilll ~!:!"'III ~III 00<1> <1> --C" 0 :J --':J c.:J -<1> <' -, ~,co '- Q) :J -.-» 1IIc.<1>m<1> ,",Q)<1>°:J":; :J C"-<c.(/) III ~':J X ~ <1> <1> c. '< -, 3 c. III -c. (/)~:J (/) -<Q) n -:J" ~ < III 3 -, < -"U 0<1>0'<0- 20=<1>0 C(/) -~C<1>:J(/)oc -(/)~c.<c.-c o o_< c. c. "O <1> <1> III_(/) <

_

:J -<1> <c.- .:J"-' C"<1><1><1>- <1>~Nn <1>(/) <1><~,-- c<1>o~ Q) 3<1>00:J"(/)<1II:J~0'~ lIIoc.~CD~~Di.c:J"-'<1>:J"O 0 c.<1> _<1> c. :J c:J"3:J n,<1>- c.<1>-'<1>c. -c. -.!::" 3 <1> -.(/) <1> co -'"0 ~ n c <1> -. <1> :J 3 <1>"0" -, < c. c. G) Co c.~~offi""~~-3 <1>~9' Q) -, "0 ...c. <1> <1> 3 <1> (/) 9; ro CD" 0

-Q)(/) --, ~ III ~ III~' 0:J~:JQ)ri5' :J-(/)~n3~-.-0c.:J -, cillO Q) <1> Q) ~, -n iji' :J<:Jc:Jon«1>OO m:J"c.-c.:JOO(/)-'o"U =1IIc.1II :JC' (/) <1> <Q<1>- --n-' <1>~,Q) Q),..,<1>C"<1>:J"=oO-<1>n-" (/) <1> (/) <1> <1> _:J ";" (/) <1>

9'~!II5"~~ CDCD~(I)~:J" ("):J"!II-o:J"CD -.0

~ =;' .-+.D CDg<gCD:J"C ~'-3 c.CDCD 0_' :J" CO < (I) CD -, .-+ ~ G) ~ '< ~,-0(1).-,..,.-+0 -0-0

"'"

-.

--.0 -, !II (1)' -CD -~ (I)""9'~Oc. CD CD-,CD 3 ~ -, .-+ <:"0 :J"-':J"<:CD " CD (") CD' ~ S' cn g [p 0 c. c.o (I) !11m CD CDC'-'A<~ -O'-+~::;'«") CD:J"CCD~CD ~ »~,-. cnco c.~o-o,<CD -, ~ CD C

~(")!II!II.-+9' .-+!II-c.:J"CD (I)~-oCD

'-,-..0-""""

!II

u, (I) cn .-+ 0 -, :J, CD CD < ~ S' (") :J" -, CD 0 !II 0 ~-.~<~co .-+~ !II 0 :J" 3 co -, ~ .-+ CD '<~CD:J" :J" ~ S' !II 3 [p CD.-+cn~CO!ll!II ~ in' CD CD cn ~!11~3-'m wcn~-oo-'

~-(Q-_cn

~:J" CD

c.ooc.-u° o~~.-!11~ -"CD-oo~'< cniBo-!IIm0

.-!II 3 A' C --.CD ~ ~ -~(")CDCD= :J" .-~~ , 0 0 .--,~

<:--.:J"~~

<: -0 !II CD -,!II CD -.-~-' cn CD CD -' ~ -~ ~ CD ~ cn -' c. »!II-~C --.!II !II(Q 3 :J, CD c. C ~ C 0 (") < cn

!II-cnCD-3 , 0-m 0 -, -" CD !II-.~<D~= "'-+ o:J":J"-..Jc ~CDCD'",3 (")(1 0 0 c :;) :;) (1 (1 (1) -:;) CD S' (1 co

0-

< :J" (1) (1) CD ;u c.(1) cn:J" 0 0 38" (1)-:J" 9.,G) -(1) :J"o-(1) -. cn~ -~ ~(1) c -. cn (1) ~ S' :J"cnw :--c.'C (1)-:;) (1) ~- c. 0 --'< :;) (1)C- c.c cO:<::;) -" c.co(1) -" -.0) G)",. ~ -f 3 :J" W a :;) c -.CO C :J"

ro-

-:J" in-

s:

(1) CD w cn 1jf c.o CX) G)

~

Q) a. 0

~

SO c: N°

~

98 Gerhard Oosthuizen

concerning the Rehoboth Gebietwere instituted in July 1916.4 _{Through this the Baster} Council recovered some of the status it had enjoyed under German rule.

The quest for independence by the Rehoboth Basters only really gained momentum with the visit of D.W. Drew (South African Member of Parliament) in August 1917.5

Inspired by Drew, the Baster leaders in vain attempted to take the initiative in the arrangement of their constitutional position by insisting on protectorate status for the Rehoboth Gebiet. The South African Government was, however, not prepared to allow the creation of a semi-independent state in the heartland of South-West Africa.6

2. The institution of Mandate Rule

In January 1919 seventy representatives ofthe Allied Powers attended the Paris Peace Conference. There was sharp disagreement on the fate of the former German colonies among the conferees. On the one hand Woodrow Wilson, with his demand for self-determination, summarily rejected the direct annexation of conquered territories. On the other hand, France, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand were in favour of annexation7 _{At last, at the initiative of General J.C. Smuts, it was decided to reconcile} the two conflicting viewpoints by implementing a mandate system. Based on the development level of the inhabitants and territories involved, three types of mandates were instituted. A Mandate territories, inhabited by developed people, could be recognised as independent states within a relatively short period of time. B Mandates included the territories in Central Africa inhabited by less developed nations, while C Mandates were on a still lower development level and could be managed as an integral part of the mandatory involved.8

Early in May 1919, before the signing of the Peace Treaty of Versailles on 28 June 1919, South-West Africa was awarded as a class C Mandate to South Africa.9 _After legal advisers had moulded the draft mandate into treaty format, the League of Nations formally approved these concepts by mid-December 1920.10 _{In the meanwhile, in}

, National Archives, Windhoek (hereafter NAW), SWAA A206/4 Rehoboth Baster Gebie!. Administration of territory (vol. 1), Letter Deputy Secretary for the Protectorate/Military Magistrate, 18 July 1916.

5 NAW SWAA A206/20 RehOboth Bastard Gebie!. Petitions to the Government, Letter Military Magistrate/Secretary for the Protectorate, 11 September 1917.

6 See Oosthuizen, "Rehoboth-Basters", pp. 78-101.

7 G.J.J. Oosthuizen, "Die konstitusionele ontwikkeling van Suidwes-Afrika, 1919-1926" (MA, PU for CHE, 1985), pp.23-25.

8 S.J. Schoeman, "Suidwes-Afrika onder militere bestuur, 1915-1920" (MA, University of South Africa, 1975), pp.182, 184.

9 G-M Cockram, South West African Mandate (Cape Town, 1976), p. 49.

10 R.N. Cowdhuri, International mandates and trusteeship systems: A comparative study (The Hague, 1955), p.80; Q. Wright, Mandates under the League of Nations (New York, 1968), p. 48.

(4)

0"> 0"> Q) -0, OJ 2 1;; -co c:: .2

~

1;; c::

8 ~

~

CI) (!! CX) :S 0 .Q 0 .c: Q) 0:: "0 m ~Q) Q) '-Q) m 0"0 Q) U C ro 0 -:;: .c: -~ -Q).c: 'c ro _'U""mOc'--.2:' ,- "0 "0 ,- C 0 U " .c: ~ ,- ~ c ro,~ Q) ,- ro z. "Qj ro:E2 ro.c: E C)ro=m c) Q) 'w Q) E m"O '0 ,21 Q),~ c

a.

c .c: Q) crocn.c:"OiI> -0 ,- ~ -'- -'0 8.ro-.c::;=.s Q) 0 m 8:m >- m U I- ro"O.c: m ro u ,-Q) ,- Z ro -,- <{ "0 m'-~ai'O.c:'O~.s Q) l-'-m""ro Q)

~-

"0",:5

~ m rom ,Q)~ Q) Q)m~_Q)m~...;'O .c:"O> C)ro,-cQ)Q) , Q»C)ro"OQ)O-~-Q) , cQ)c-:;=Q)roc>-0 Co:5 '5. -l ro ,~ ro '- .c: Q) Q) Q)~~.QQ)EQ)Z!!iUEro -E U 0 Q):5 Q).c:- c-mro U ,- ro cn > ~ .c: -0 ro c Q) :;= > OQ) ~

I---

~ c c Q) ,- 0 '- '->-0) -"0 ro ,- ~.D:;= U .D.- ~ ro E '- C)ro ro Q) ro >-0)- c ~ro.c:Z.c: "0..- ro m Q) 'm.D Q),~ :5 ro W ro E O>." -l -0"0 '50 Q)- ,,-' ro Q)" '- 0 Q) Q) c -: Q) U Q) ," -'- '- 'u --u, 'u ro ~ ro ro Q) E °.c:.Q ~ ' c-U ~, ~ > Q) -C) ,-"0 -~ U ,-Q) -:;= '-ro ~ c ' 0 '- '- -'u ~-.c: ro Q)'- '" Co Q) 0 .c: Q) '- <{ U '-Im.c: --lU 'E<{~wcro_c- m:5 Q)~U-Eromm.,g2.~c~ E ,~Q) c U ,- -0 0 ro U 0 c.:: "(i ,2 '0 "<i) -,- cn =<{C)ro<{o~mc°:Z>-'co Q) ,~ ,g .c: Q) O'~ Q) N ' E -.D [L "0 Co Co,~.D N ro ro'-<{~m- Q) Eu c "0 ro 0 ~ ro Q) .c:.9J. 0 '~ ,2 c :=:5 cn 0 0>:5 ,~ U ~ croro~Q)cQ),-Ot " :J~Q)o.c:Q)-Q) -"'m"" .c: cn -C)c m"Q)m Q) c ,- '-"0 Q) Q) -Q) .c:ro.c:'-Q)"Omc""

E

ro> ,~ -Q) Q),~ ro ~ ro "0 :0;-0) .:: :>"0 ~ Q) :"0 "O c II! c .c: "-"'>c~.c:-' c ~ro 0)" ~Q)-- roQ)~~ ;: .D-mroE.D 0 ,-m"O_oQ)= ,--In Q)Q)~Q)cC)rocQjQ)c-.D > 0 U Q) C ~ ,2 --:;: Q) 0 E > -ro E ,- ~ -m 'u c ro -Q) C ro ,- -ro m Q).c:~ CoQ).D ro- c_" Co ~ ,~ ,- -E Co~cm~=ECoEw,-~ Q)ororoC)Q) o"O~Q)e cncnE:=ro:=UCoro.=a.C) 'rn C aJ:! .cUaJ.c .

-.-aJ -rn ~ '- U

0 -«

.c u .-(/) C';: -Urn « -cnrn 0 aJ.c rn.c !!!.:S: >,.g "S ~l:.C~O U-rn (/) .-~ E 00-cno'-aJ° ~~c3s§ aJ cn ,.-:5~:5:5t) >, rn .-~::c .cU~Ocn cn ~ aJ (/) .-= C)~uC2, C ~ c.-=c.rncnaJ aJc.=c.c

aJrn-rn- -.crnu'-U c '- .-aJ aJ ._.;: U x~aJ«c .-aJ.c ~ E

'--.c

aJu-= :5~c~~ .5 cn rn (/) 0 > C -urn§2,uaJ E .--aJ .~ '- c -5 >, aJaJ=»O U In .~ aJ'--'aJaJQj '-aJ.c:5> aJ.c- -0

'---u

aJUOC~ ~Ct:rnaJ cnrnrn.c~ .-.c '-roaJc.aJcn a.ccn.cg. cornOO .-aJ U aJ '-!!!..caJ.cC) C-C)-C aJCrnCO EO CO'"" c. .rn rn rn E

-..Qu

~~

~~~-g8.

uoo:2QjQj aJaJ~>.c

.c>oaJ-o I->ucn UIJ).c:C:UOIJ).c:QI"-C: c: .:.: -.-QI -.c: I/).c: + 0 ro.. -.- I-ro CI ro S.c a. QI CI_.~ ~ c: >. 0 0 ro 00 .S 0 aJ '" I- ~ .c -.c: " .-.:.: c: -U U QI '-" .S .c: QI ro ci> c: .c: ~ ~ ~ U E .~.:.: o.S :8 -2 .-::I U c: U .~ .9 1/)':': U": 11;oQlroroIDQI~.c:QlaJ c:

>->

-1/)-ro 'w QI QI.c .'- 0 QI -IJ) '> QI.c .c: 'w "'Q; .~ ~ :5 ""ci! -g ~ ~.9:; '> :Q aJ U '0 .~ IJ) QI 0 -QI ro Q) QI c: -..QI Q) -"'.c: -QI Q)~o""-I/)I/)'-"-'v> (90 '-".QQI«.c:-a.~ c: .CI Q)::I -0.- ro :5 I/) ~.S (9 0" c: E QI ~ "E o~~~.c:~OoEuQI.c ~ 'v -~.c: ro c: I/) 2: 1iJ ~ ~ E ~ ~ QI "E .~ ~ lJ)aJroQlO~o~Qlu.~ ~ c:~.c: ..QlI/) ~ Qlo.,oQlC:a..c:QlQI" QI .c: .-QI '" ro c: I/) . .c: -5 .c ~ > .~ Qj a. -ro "E -o--.~ "- QI cn.c: > ~ QI -"' C:0--+.-.c:.. uc:~ .-~ cn ro -.~ QI 0 cn ro QI E ""205Q1u"O)uQlro"Ci.E::I .~ .U .b J!:. E § 10 ""2 ~ E 'is "0 ~ ~ ~.~ 0 c: ~ "E U QI U c: ,.., ::I ..~ () 0 U .--> I/) c: U ~ .--0 ::I 0 ..c:

-c: ::I cn ~ -::I a. 0 '" ::I -ro..c:rooa.o-'-"-o~c: QlQIC:~ro;>c:c: CI" ~ ""2 00 .~ U CI QI"E ro .Q -~ 0 := ro .c: c: ro .c QI.g u g cn .: a. aJ -ro I;:: 0 E -c: IJ)QlE °C:-.c:-::I«ro :"Q.:.:.c: O QlI--I/)UU.c:UI U 0 -.c: c: .-ro 0

-a. CI U I- '::I'~.c: ::I :!2 °cnc:U 20 uo::l .!!2..~c:~ rou"'QI~rno ro QI ro ro ~ '-0 ~ QI c: :c ", 0---.I/).c: o -~;> .~ cn ::I 0> ~ ~ ~ c: ro '- ro CI.,-'- ~ -I/) ro -U ro aJ IJ) ~ > QI ~>. c: I/) .c: -.-" '- v, > -0 .-ro"

~-c:"-

e

~E-.c:~

c: 0 .-'- c: a. c: U E

cn

-.-a. QI QI ro ro QI ro U

-2"O».c>.c:>oo~c:~

c: .c: ~ E I/) .~ ~ '- U c: ro > QI QI.~ QI ~ 'E .~ a."E 0 LO ~ > .c: .~ > QI aJ .c: .c: QI";:; 00 .c: QI-c:oc: I/)UC:OO-QI .c: .-Z '- ro QI ~ .-QI.,- ::I .c: :!: QI 0 cn ~ ": ~ "E -0 I- ~ :5 .S () ro -aJ '-.- 0 rn ~ '" ,--c;; Q) Q) =0 Q) :S.c Q)N ~ c: B E~ .0 u 0 :S 0 1:: 0 0'5 :, N 0 0) c~ 0 0) Q. N -'" CI) ~ Q) , 2~ '0 Q; 0:: -c;; 0.", Q) .c ",' ~ '" N ~ E u ~ ~-Q) Q);S :0 c~ ~ Co ~ :5 ~2 ~ c1J:S ~ Q)

~

-:,

'"

-~ ~ 0 Q) e'~ u -CI) s 0 C ~ ~ ~ ,-~ Q) "- :0 Q)E 0 ~ 0 ':' ~ '0 .1:: c: CI) ~-I: 0 Q) 0 Q)-N t,~,,;, ~ 1n'g 0) ~ ::)C: ci. Q)", ~&i ~ ~~ R: ~~ E ~ ,g ~ ,O;? 0) Q) Q) '"' :0 0)", ~ "'c Q),-O ~ -""-u '" c: ~ 'CO ~ Q) Q)", S ooQ 0. ai"", 0) o~ ~ --I: co. -.c Q) _c: ~ '" ~ I"-Q) OQ) CO -~ ci. ~u. '" NE -N --~ 0)- '" C Q) ""v, ~ '"

-Q):.-~

U

--.,

'"

-CO "" '" 0 ~ '" E '" 'Qi '0 ~Q) N .c Q)- CI) "'a-c: "- E 0) '\: --0 CO -j;:: ~ BQ) ~ ",-N ~ ~ c:- U:S ~ ~B~ c: ~~ '" 0:0 0 'EO)~ '" of-" ~ NC: ~ Q)"'

",

Q) U:5 '" '-'co Q) >_.c oS '" ",,- -, Q) CO, =' Q) -~B -0- ",to o.~u , CI)" I"- '-" -' Q)~O -c;; N N 1::"'= -"'.c Q) C , Q)~ '" C-O) S ",0. 0, ,,- <0 CON ~ E -c: :0 "' Q) N ~.c-~~ :, -'" 0-.c: Q)N -'~' -.c'" ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~~ CI) ~ Q) 0- N 0 Q).c::, ~ "'--C c: :00 ~,C,~ E' 2~ Q; SCl) 9 ~ ~~

'"

E ~"- "- ~ . ~ '01'- Q) ~o 0> ~~-c;; t ffi~ 0, Q)", 0> :?:Q) 0 ~co' :::: ~Q) -1:0 9>5: 0 ,.=u ~ ,0: ZN "-c:O -oS "iU 0) '" ':' :: ~ ~ :! ~ c: ~ ~ ~ >(1)

Rehoboth Basters' constitutional struggle 99

September 1919 the Union Parliament had already by virtue ofthe Treaty of Peace and South West Africa Mandate Act (Act 49 of 1919) accepted its responsibility as mandatory." With the awarding of C Mandate status to South-West Africa, the territory was placed under South African foster-care as a developing state. The mandate agreement between the South African Government and the League of Nations had the well-being ofthe indigenous peoples as primary aim. The mandatary had to administer C mandates " ... as integral portions thereof..., but in the interest of the indigenous population" and under the jurisdiction of the League of Nations. This obligation to administer mandates to the benefit of the local inhabitants, referred to as the "sacred trust", later became Article 22 of the League of Nations' charter.'2 _{Accordingly, the} Permanent Mandates Commission scrutinised the treatment of the different ethnic groups of South-West Africa by South Africa with a critical eye.

The developments in Paris were received with mixed feelings by the residents of South-West Africa. On the one hand the Germans were unhappy because South-South-West Africa could be managed as part of the Union and their alliance with Germany had been severed'3 _{On the other hand, the white South Africans in South-West Africa and the}

other population groups were overjoyed to fall under the jurisdiction of South Africa. " The events in Paris also did not go unnoticed in the Rehoboth Gebiet. Inspired by and with the help of Baster spokesperson D.W. Drew, the Basters now endeavoured to take the initiative in regulating their own future constitutional status. Drew visited Rehoboth in November 1919 and compiled a draft treaty between King George V and Captain Cornelius van Wijk.'5 The Basters wished the Rehoboth Gebiet to be administered as a British protectorate. To this end Cornelius van Wyk requested the British king to take his (Van Wyk's) country and nation under his protection. As a visible token of the British protection, the British flag would wave over the Rehoboth Gebiet. Also, a British resident commissioner had to be appointed as representative of the British king.'s The intention was that this document would replace the Friendship and Protection Treaty of 1885 and that the South African Government as representative of the British king in South-West Africa would sanction this document.

11 Cockram, South West African Mandate, p. 49.

12 "Mandate for German South-West Africa, 17 December 1920", Official Gazette of South-West

Africa, 17 June 1921, p. 232; The Times, 9 February 1921.

13 Allgemeine Zeitung, 27 January 1920; The Windhoek Advertiser, 4 September 1920.

14 The Windhoek Advertiser, 2 October 1920; CD 9146, Union of South Africa, Report on the

natives of South-West Africa and their treatment by Germany.

15 NAW ADM 104:3263, Letter DreW/Smuts, 8 April 1920, p. 1; Sudwest-Zuid West, 29 October 1920.

16 ADM 104:3263, Konsept Verdrag tussen Zijn Britse Majesteit George V en Kapitein Cornel is van Wyk van Rehoboth (Bylaag tot Petitie Kapitein en Raad/Administrateur, 25 March 1920;

Sudwest-Zuid West, 29 October 1920.

The league of nations: South Africa and the Rehoboth Basters' constitutional struggle, 1919 - 1939.

o

;:CI>::!-~

~

~1.

:J

.

~

'"

-O~

~

~.

~

~.

~

~

!it

~

oom

~G)

-1-

~

..

m-

~-I

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

...

~

96