Herstelde deelnemers met een of meerdere voorgaande depressieve stoornissen in het verleden laten een aandachtsbias zien voor negatieve stimuli (zoals “waardeloos”); zie hoofdstuk 4. Als vervolg stap hebben we onderzocht of deze AB ook voorspellend is voor toekomstige depressieve episoden en/of het hebben van depressieve symptomen
tijdens de follow up metingen 2 en 4 jaar later (hoofdstuk 5). In een longitudinale studie met behulp van data van de NESDA zijn deelnemers geselecteerd die waren hersteld van een depressieve stoornis (n=918). Aandachtsbias is gemeten met een verbale ECT; met 2 presentatietijden (500 en 1250 ms) en 3 stimulus typen (negatief, positief en neutraal). Na een tijdsperiode van 2 en van 4 jaar nadat de deelnemers de ECT hadden gedaan, zijn terugkerende depressieve stoornis en depressieve symptomen gemeten. De diagnose depressieve stoornis is gemeten met behulp van klinische beoordelingsschalen (CIDI) en depressieve symptomen met zelfrapportage vragenlijsten (IDS-SR). Een verhoogde kans op terugkeer was noch geassocieerd met (verhoogde) AB voor negatieve stimuli noch met (verlaagde) AB voor positieve stimuli. Kortom, de bevindingen bieden geen ondersteuning voor de hypothese dat een aandachtsbias richting negatieve stimuli of weg van positieve stimuli een kritische rol speelt in de terugkeer van depressie.
Op dit moment is echter een debat gaande over de betrouwbaarheid van prestatietaken; ook over de ECT. Om tot een meer finale conclusie te komen, is het van belang de huidige studie te repliceren met taken die gebruik maken van AB indices met geverifieerde psychometrische kwaliteiten. Voor deze studie zijn deelnemers geselecteerd waarbij het natuurlijk verloop van depressie kon worden gemeten. Het kan zijn dat juist AB gemeten na stemmingsinductie in het laboratorium voorspellende waarde heeft voor terugkeer van een depressieve episode. Ook kan een volgende stap in onderzoek zijn om het meemaken van belangrijke levensgebeurtenissen als moderator te onderzoeken op de relatie tussen AB en terugkeer van depressieve episoden.
Conclusie
Een depressieve stoornis is een veelvoorkomende psychische aandoening, die veel lijden met zich meebrengt. Vooral het terugkerende karakter van een depressie draagt bij aan het lijden van het individu en zijn/haar omgeving, en gaat gepaard met hoge gezondheidszorg- en maatschappelijke kosten. Geïnspireerd op het conceptuele kader om kwetsbaarheid voor terugkeer van depressieve episoden te voorspellen richtte dit proefschrift zich op drie kandidaat-factoren die mogelijk bijdragen aan het
177
Samenvatting
recidiverende karakter van depressie: negatieve zelf-associaties, cognitieve reactiviteit (in reactie op een sombere stemming) en aandachtsbias.
Al met al wijzen de cross-sectionele en prospectieve bevindingen in dit proefschrift naar negatieve zelf-associaties en (subjectieve) CR als belangrijke kandidaat factoren die kunnen bijdragen aan terugkeer van depressieve episoden. Een belangrijke volgende stap is om de veronderstelde causale rol van zelf-associaties en subjectieve CR te onderzoeken. Een manier op dit verder uit te zoeken is door vast te stellen of experimentele modificatie van zelf-associaties en/of subjectieve CR de kans op het terugkeren van depressie verlaagt. Vervolgens zou kunnen worden onderzocht of gerichte modificatie van zelf-associaties of CR een effectieve toegevoegde interventie kan zijn aan de huidige terugvalpreventie interventies, met als uiteindelijk doel het reduceren van het risico op terugval.
American Psychiatric Association (2001). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental
disorders (4th ed. Text revision). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. American Psychiatric Association (2010). Practice guideline for the treatment of
patients with major depressive disorder, third edition. Retrieved from: http:// psychiatryonline.org/guidelines.
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental
disorders (DSM-5®). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
Back, M. D., Schmukle, S. C., & Egloff, B. (2009). Predicting actual behavior from the explicit and implicit self-concept of personality. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 97(3), 533-548. doi:10.1037/a0016229
Baert, S., De Raedt, R., Schacht, R., & Koster, E. H. W. (2010). Attentional bias training in depression: Therapeutic effects depend on depression severity. Journal of
Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 41(3), 265-274. doi:10.1016/j.
jbtep.2010.02.004
Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression. Harper and Row: New York.
Beck, A. T. (1979). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. Penguin.
Beck, A. T., & Clark, D. A. (1988). Anxiety and depression: An information processing perspective. Anxiety Research, 1(1), 23-36. doi:10.1080/10615808808248218 Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New
York: Guilford.
Beevers, C. G. (2005). Cognitive vulnerability to depression: A dual process model.
Clinical Psychology Review, 25(7), 975-1002. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.03.003
Beevers, C. G., Lee, H., Wells, T. T., Ellis, A. J., & Telch, M. J. (2011). Association of predeployment ze bias for emotion stimuli with later symptoms of PTSD and depression in soldiers deployed in iraq. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 168(7), 735-741. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10091309
Beevers, C. G., & Carver, C. S. (2003). Attentional bias and mood persistence as prospective predictors of dysphoria. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27(6), 619- 637. doi:1026347610928
181
References
Beevers, C. G., Clasen, P. C., Enock, P. M., & Schnyer, D. M. (2015). Attention bias modification for major depressive disorder: Effects on attention bias, resting state connectivity, and symptom change. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 124(3), 463-475. doi:10.1037/abn0000049
Beshai, S., Dobson, K. S., Bockting, C. L. H., & Quigley, L. (2011). Relapse and recurrence prevention in depression: Current research and future prospects. Clinical
Psychology Review, 31(8), 1349-1360. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.09.003
Biesheuvel-Leliefeld, K., Kok, G. D., Bockting, C. L. H., Cuijpers, P., Hollon, S. D., van Marwijk, Harm W. J., & Smit, F. (2015). Effectiveness of psychological interventions in preventing recurrence of depressive disorder: Meta-analysis and meta-regression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 174, 400-410. doi:10.1016/j. jad.2014.12.016
Bockting, C. L. H., Elgersma, H. J., van Rijsbergen, G. D., de Jonge, P., Ormel, J., Buskens, E., . . . Hollon, S. D. (2011). Disrupting the rhythm of depression: Design and protocol of a randomized controlled trial on preventing relapse using brief cognitive therapy with or without antidepressants. BMC Psychiatry, 11 doi:10.1186/1471- 244X-11-8
Bockting, C. L., Hollon, S. D., Jarrett, R. B., Kuyken, W., & Dobson, K. (2015). A lifetime approach to major depressive disorder: The contributions of psychological interventions in preventing relapse and recurrence. Clinical Psychology Review,
41, 16-26. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.02.003
Bockting, C. L. H., Kok, G. D., van, d. K., Smit, F., van Valen, E., Schoevers, R., . . . Beck, A. T. (2011). Disrupting the rhythm of depression using mobile cognitive therapy for recurrent depression: Randomized controlled trial design and protocol. BMC
Psychiatry, 11 doi:10.1186/1471-244X-11-12
Bockting, C. L. H., Klein, N. S., Elgersma, H. J., van Rijsbergen, G. D., Slofstra, C., Ormel, J., . . . Burger, H. (2018). Effectiveness of preventive cognitive therapy while tapering antidepressants versus maintenance antidepressant treatment versus their combination in prevention of depressive relapse or recurrence (DRD study): A three-group, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Psychiatry, 5(5), 401-410. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30100-7
Bockting, C. L. H., Mocking, R. J., Lok, A., Koeter, M. W. J., & Schene, A. H. (2013). Therapygenetics: The 5HTTLPR as a biomarker for response to psychological therapy? Molecular Psychiatry, 18(7), 744-745. doi:10.1038/mp.2012.92
Bockting, C. L. H., Spinhoven, P., Koeter, M. W. J., Wouters, L. F., & Schene, A. H. (2006). Prediction of recurrence in recurrent depression and the influence of consecutive episodes on vulnerability for depression: A 2-year prospective study. The Journal
of Clinical Psychiatry, 67(5), 747-755. doi:10.4088/JCP.v67n0508
Bodner, T. E. (2008). What improves with increased missing data imputations? Structural
Equation Modeling, 15(4), 651-675. doi:10.1080/10705510802339072
Bradley, B. P., Mogg, K., White, J., Groom, C., & de Bono, J. (1999). Attentional bias for emotional faces in generalized anxiety disorder. British Journal of Clinical
Psychology, 38(3), 267-278. doi:10.1348/014466599162845
Brosse, A. L., Craighead, L. W., & Craighead, W. E. (1999). Testing the mood-state hypothesis among previously depressed and never-depressed individuals.
Behavior Therapy, 30(1), 97-115. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(99)80048-3
Browning, M., Holmes, E. A., & Harmer, C. J. (2010). The modification of attentional bias to emotional information: A review of the techniques, mechanisms, and relevance to emotional disorders. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience,
10(1), 8-20. doi:10.3758/CABN.10.1.8
Bryant, R. A., & Harvey, A. G. (1995). Processing threatening information in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104(3), 537-541. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.104.3.537
Burcusa, S. L., & Iacono, W. G. (2007). Risk for recurrence in depression. Clinical
Psychology Review, 27(8), 959-985. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.02.005
Clark, D. A., & Beck, A. T. (2010). Cognitive theory and therapy of anxiety and depression: Convergence with neurobiological findings. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14(9), 418-424. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2010.06.007
Clark, D. A., Beck, A. T., & Alford, B. A. (1999). Scientific foundations of cognitive theory
and therapy of depression. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Clasen, P. C., Wells, T. T., Ellis, A. J., & Beevers, C. G. (2013). Attentional biases and the persistence of sad mood in major depressive disorder. Journal of Abnormal
183
References
Clerkin, E. M., & Teachman, B. A. (2010). Training implicit social anxiety associations: An experimental intervention. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(3), 300-308. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.01.001
Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/
correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences, 3rd ed. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Cuijpers, P., Karyotaki, E., Weitz, E., Andersson, G., Hollon, S. D., & van Straten, A. (2014). The effects of psychotherapies for major depression in adults on remission, recovery and improvement: A meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 159, 118-126. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.02.026
Cuijpers, P., Smit, F., Bohlmeijer, E., Hollon, S. D., & Andersson, G. (2010). Efficacy of cognitive-behavioural therapy and other psychological treatments for adult depression: Meta-analytic study of publication bias. The British Journal of Psychiatry,
196(3), 173-178. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.066001
De Graaf, R., Tuithof, M., van Dorsselaer, S., & ten Have, M. (2012). Comparing the effects on work performance of mental and physical disorders. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric
Epidemiology: The International Journal for Research in Social and Genetic Epidemiology and Mental Health Services, 47(11), 1873-1883. doi:10.1007/s00127-012-0496-7
De Jonge, M., Bockting, C.L.H., van Dijk, M., van Schaik, D.J., Peen, J., Kikkert, M.,& Dekker, J.J. (2019). Preventive Cognitive Therapy versus Care as Usual in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Responders: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology. doi: 10.1037/ccp0000395
De Raedt, R., & Koster, E. H. W. (2010). Understanding vulnerability for depression from a cognitive neuroscience perspective: A reappraisal of attentional factors and a new conceptual framework. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 10(1), 50-70. doi:10.3758/CABN.10.1.50
De Schryver, M., Hughes, S., De Houwer, J., & Rosseel, Y. (2018). On the reliability of implicit measures: Current practices and novel perspectives. A Psychometric
Analysis of Choice Reaction Time Measures, 101.doi: 10.31234/osf.io/w7j86
Disner, S. G., Shumake, J. D., & Beevers, C. G. (2017). Self-referential schemas and attentional bias predict severity and naturalistic course of depression symptoms. Cognition and
Eaton, W. W., Shao, H., Nestadt, G., Lee, B. H., Bienvenu, O. J., & Zandi, P. (2008). Population-based study of first onset and chronicity in major depressive disorder.
Archives of General Psychiatry, 65(5), 513-520. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.65.5.513
Ekman, M., Granström, O., Omérov, S., Jacob, J., & Landén, M. (2013). The societal cost of depression: Evidence from 10,000 swedish patients in psychiatric care. Journal
of Affective Disorders, 150(3), 790-797. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.03.003
Elgersma, H. J., de Jong, P. J., van Rijsbergen, G. D., Kok, G. D., Burger, H., van, der Does, A.J.M., Penninx, B.W.J.H., Bockting, C. L. H. (2015). Cognitive reactivity, self-depressed associations, and the recurrence of depression. Journal of Affective
Disorders, 183, 300-309. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.05.018
Elgersma, H. J., Glashouwer, K. A., Bockting, C. L. H., Penninx, Brenda W. J. H., & de Jong, P. J. (2013). Hidden scars in depression? Implicit and explicit self-associations following recurrent depressive episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122(4), 951-960. doi:10.1037/a0034933
Elgersma, H. J., Koster, E. H. W., van Tuijl, L. A., Hoekzema, A., Penninx, Brenda W. J. H., Bockting, C. L. H., & de Jong, P. J. (2018). Attentional bias for negative, positive, and threat words in current and remitted depression. PLoS ONE, 13(10)
Farb, N. A. S., Irving, J. A., Anderson, A. K., & Segal, Z. V. (2015). A two-factor model of relapse/recurrence vulnerability in unipolar depression. Journal of Abnormal
Psychology, 124(1), 38-53. doi:10.1037/abn0000031
Ferrari, G. R. A., Becker, E. S., Smit, F., Rinck, M., & Spijker, J. (2016). Investigating the (cost-) effectiveness of attention bias modification (ABM) for outpatients with major depressive disorder (MDD): A randomized controlled trial protocol. BMC
Psychiatry, 16
Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS for windows. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Figueroa, C. A., Mocking, R. J. T., Mahmoud, G. A., Koeter, M. W., Bockting, C. L., Van der Does, A.W.J.. . . Schene, A. H. (2018). The measurement of cognitive reactivity to sad mood in patients remitted from major depressive disorder. British Journal of
185
References
Figueroa, C. A., Ruhé, H. G., Koeter, M. W., Spinhoven, P., Van der Does, A.W.J., Bockting, C. L., & Schene, A. H. (2015). Cognitive reactivity versus dysfunctional cognitions and the prediction of relapse in recurrent major depressive disorder. The Journal
of Clinical Psychiatry, 76(10), e1312. doi:10.4088/JCP.14m09268
Fox, E., Russo, R., & Dutton, K. (2002). Attentional bias for threat: Evidence for delayed disengagement from emotional faces. Cognition and Emotion, 16(3), 355-379. doi:10.1080/02699930143000527
Frank, E., Prien, R. F., Jarrett, R. B., Keller, M. B., Kupfer, D. J., Lavori, P. W., . . . Weissman, M. M. (1991). Conceptualization and rationale for consensus definitions of terms in major depressive disorder: Remission, recovery, relapse, and recurrence. Archives
of General Psychiatry, 48(9), 851-855. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810330075011
Fu, C. H. Y., Williams, S. C. R., Cleare, A. J., Brammer, M. J., Walsh, N. D., Kim, J., . . . Bullmore, E. T. (2004). Attenuation of the neural response to sad faces in major depression by antidepressant treatment: A prospective, event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61(9), 877-889. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.9.877
Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2006). Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: An integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change.
Psychological Bulletin, 132(5), 692-731. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.5.692
Glashouwer, K. A., & de Jong, P. J. (2010). Disorder-specific automatic self-associations in depression and anxiety: Results of the netherlands study of depression and anxiety.
Psychological Medicine, 40(7), 1101-1111. doi:10.1017/S0033291709991371
Glashouwer, K. A., de Jong, P. J., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2012). Prognostic value of implicit and explicit self-associations for the course of depressive and anxiety disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50(7-8), 479-486. doi:10.1016/j. brat.2012.05.002
Glashouwer, K. A., de Jong, P. J., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Kerkhof, A. J. F. M., van Dyck, R., & Ormel, J. (2010). Do automatic self-associations relate to suicidal ideation?
Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 32(3), 428-437. doi:10.1007/
Glashouwer, K. A., Smulders, F. T. Y., de Jong, P. J., Roefs, A., & Wiers, R. W. H. J. (2013). Measuring automatic associations: Validation of algorithms for the implicit association test (IAT) in a laboratory setting. Journal of Behavior Therapy and
Experimental Psychiatry, 44(1), 105-113. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.07.015
Gotlib, I. H., & Joormann, J. (2010). Cognition and depression: Current status and future directions. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 285-312. doi:10.1146/annurev. clinpsy.121208.131305
Gotlib, I. H., Kasch, K. L., Traill, S., Joormann, J., Arnow, B. A., & Johnson, S. L. (2004). Coherence and specificity of information-processing biases in depression and social phobia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113(3), 386-398. doi:10.1037/0021- 843X.113.3.386
Grafton, B., & MacLeod, C. (2014). Enhanced probing of attentional bias: The independence of anxiety-linked selectivity in attentional engagement with and disengagement from negative information. Cognition and Emotion, 28(7), 1287- 1302. doi:10.1080/02699931.2014.881326
Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal
of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1464-1480. doi:10.1037/0022-
3514.74.6.1464
Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003). Understanding and using the implicit association test: I an improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, 85(2), 197-216. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.197
Haeffel, G. J., Abramson, L. Y., Brazy, P. C., Shah, J. Y., Teachman, B. A., & Nosek, B. A. (2007). Explicit and implicit cognition: A preliminary test of a dual-process theory of cognitive vulnerability to depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy,
45(6), 1155-1167. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.09.003
Hardeveld, F., Spijker, J., De Graaf, R., Nolen, W. A., & Beekman, A. T. F. (2010). Prevalence and predictors of recurrence of major depressive disorder in the adult population. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 122(3), 184-191. doi:10.1111/j.1600- 0447.2009.01519.x
187
References
of major depressive disorder and its predictors in the general population: Results from the netherlands mental health survey and incidence study (NEMESIS).
Psychological Medicine, 43(1), 39-48. doi:10.1017/S0033291712002395
Hardeveld, F., Spijker, J., De Graaf, R., Hendriks, S. M., Licht, C. M. M., Nolen, W. A., . . . Beekman, A. T. F. (2013). Recurrence of major depressive disorder across different treatment settings: Results from the NESDA study. Journal of Affective Disorders,
147(1-3), 225-231. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.11.008
Harmer, C. J., O’Sullivan, U., Favaron, E., Massey-Chase, R., Ayres, R., Reinecke, A., . . . Cowen, P. J. (2009). Effect of acute antidepressant administration on negative affective bias in depressed patients. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 166(10), 1178-1184. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09020149
Harrell, F. E. (2017). Rms: Regression modeling strategies. 2017. (R Package Version, 5.1- 0.ed.) https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=rms.
Hedlund, S., & Rude, S. S. (1995). Evidence of latent depressive schemas in formerly depressed individuals. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104(3), 517-525. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.104.3.517
Heitmann, J., Bennik, E. C., van Hemel-Ruiter, M. E., & de Jong, P. J. (2018). The effectiveness of attentional bias modification for substance use disorder symptoms in adults: A systematic review. Systematic Reviews, 7(1), 160. doi. org/10.1186/s13643-018-0822-6
Hermans, D., & De Houwer, J. (1994). Affective and subjective familiarity ratings of 740 dutch words. Psychologica Belgica, 34(2-3), 115-139.
Hollon, S. D., DeRubeis, R. J., & Evans, M. D. (1987). Causal mediation of change in treatment for depression: Discriminating between nonspecificity and noncausality.
Psychological Bulletin, 102(1), 139-149. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.102.1.139
Hollon, S. D., Stewart, M. O., & Strunk, D. (2006). Enduring effects for cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of depression and anxiety. Annual Review of Psychology,
57, 285-315. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190044
Ingram, R. E., Miranda, J., & Segal, Z. V. (1998). Cognitive vulnerability to depression. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
parental bonding in high-risk individuals. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109(4), 588-596. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.109.4.588
Jonker, N. C., Glashouwer, K. A., Ostafin, B. D., van Hemel-Ruiter, M. E., Smink, F. R. E., Hoek, H. W., & de Jong, P. J. (2016). Attentional bias for reward and punishment in overweight and obesity: The TRAILS study. PLoS ONE, 11(7), e0157573 doi. org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157573
Jonker, N. C., Glashouwer, K. A., Hoekzema, A., Ostafin, B. D., & de Jong, P. J. (2019). Attentional engagement with and disengagement from food cues in anorexia nervosa. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 114, 15-24. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.01.003 Joormann, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2007). Selective attention to emotional faces following
recovery from depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116(1), 80-85. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.116.1.80
Judd, L. L., Akiskal, H. S., Maser, J. D., Zeller, P. J., Endicott, J., Coryell, W., . . . Keller, M. B. (1998a). Major depressive disorder: A prospective study of residual subthreshold depressive symptoms as predictor of rapid relapse. Journal of Affective Disorders,
50(2-3), 97-108. doi:10.1016/S0165-0327(98)00138-4
Judd, L. L., Akiskal, H. S., Maser, J. D., Zeller, P. J., Endicott, J., Coryell, W., . . . Keller, M. B. (1998b). A prospective 12-year study of subsyndromal and syndromal depressive symptoms in unipolar major depressive disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry,
55(8), 694-700. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.55.8.694
Just, N., Abramson, L. Y., & Alloy, L. B. (2001). Remitted depression studies as tests of the cognitive vulnerability hypotheses of depression onset: A critique and conceptual analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 21(1), 63-83. doi:10.1016/S0272- 7358(99)00035-5
Karyotaki, E., Smit, Y., Henningsen, K. H., Huibers, M. J. H., Robays, J., de Beurs, D., & Cuijpers, P. (2016). Combining pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy or monotherapy for major depression? A meta-analysis on the long-term effects. Journal of Affective
Disorders, 194, 144-152. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.01.036
Kellough, J. L., Beevers, C. G., Ellis, A. J., & Wells, T. T. (2008). Time course of selective attention in clinically depressed young adults: An eye tracking study. Behaviour
Research and Therapy, 46(11), 1238-1243. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.07.004
189
References
and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 617-627. doi:10.1001/ archpsyc.62.6.617
Kessler, R. C., Petukhova, M., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Wittchen, H. (2012). Twelve-month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the united states. International Journal of Methods in
Psychiatric Research, 21(3), 169-184. doi:10.1002/mpr.1359
Kirsch, I., Deacon, B. J., Huedo-Medina, T. B., Scoboria, A., Moore, T. J., & Johnson, B. T. (2008). Initial severity and antidepressant benefits: A meta-analysis of data submitted to the food and drug administration. PLoS Medicine, 5(2), e45. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050045
Klein, N. S., Holtman, G. A., Bockting, C. L., Heymans, M. W., & Burger, H. (2018). Development and validation of a clinical prediction tool to estimate the individual risk of depressive relapse or recurrence in individuals with recurrent depression. Journal of psychiatric research, 104, 1-7. doi: 10.1016/j. jpsycres.2018.06.006
Kleine-Budde, K., Müller, R., Kawohl, W., Bramesfeld, A., Moock, J. ö, & Rössler, W. (2013). The cost of depression—A cost analysis from a large database. Journal
of Affective Disorders, 147(1-3), 137-143. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.10.024
Koster, E. H. W., Crombez, G., Verschuere, B., Van Damme, S., & Wiersema, J. R. (2006). Components of attentional bias to threat in high trait anxiety: Facilitated engagement, impaired disengagement, and attentional avoidance. Behaviour
Research and Therapy, 44(12), 1757-1771. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.12.011
Koster, E. H. W., De Lissnyder, E., Derakshan, N., & De Raedt, R. (2011). Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(1), 138-145. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.08.005
Koster, E. H. W., De Raedt, R., Goeleven, E., Franck, E., & Crombez, G. (2005). Mood-congruent attentional bias in dysphoria: Maintained attention to and impaired disengagement from negative information. Emotion, 5(4), 446-455. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.5.4.446
attention by emotional facial expressions: The influence of individual differences in anxiety and depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 41(2), 329-339. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.12.022
Kruijshaar, M. E., Hoeymans, N., Bijl, R. V., Spijker, J., & Essink-Bot, M. (2003). Levels of disability in major depression: Findings from the netherlands mental health survey and incidence study (NEMESIS). Journal of Affective Disorders, 77(1), 53-64. doi:10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00099-X
Kruijt, A., Field, A. P., & Fox, E. (2016). Capturing dynamics of biased attention: Are new attention variability measures the way forward? PLoS ONE, 11(11), 2016- 60420-001
Kruijt, A., Putman, P., & Van, der Does. (2013). The effects of a visual search attentional bias modification paradigm on attentional bias in dysphoric individuals. Journal
of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 44(2), 248-254. doi:10.1016/j.
jbtep.2012.11.003
Kruijt, A., Antypa, N., Booij, L., de Jong, P. J., Glashouwer, K., Penninx, B. W., & Van der Does, W. (2013). Cognitive reactivity, implicit associations, and the incidence of depression: A two-year prospective study. PLoS One, 8(7), e70245.
Kuyken, W., Byford, S., Taylor, R. S., Watkins, E., Holden, E., White, K., ... & Teasdale, J. D. (2008). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy to prevent relapse in recurrent depression. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 76(6), 966.
Kuyken, W., Watkins, E., Holden, E., White, K., Taylor, R. S., Byford, S., . . . Dalgleish, T. (2010). How does mindfulness-based cognitive therapy work? Behaviour Research
and Therapy, 48(11), 1105-1112. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.08.003
Lamers, F., Hoogendoorn, A. W., Smit, J. H., van Dyck, R., Zitman, F. G., Nolen, W. A., & Penninx, B. W. (2012). Sociodemographic and psychiatric determinants of attrition in the netherlands study of depression and anxiety (NESDA). Comprehensive
Psychiatry, 53(1), 63-70. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.01.011
Lazarov, A., Abend, R., & Bar-Haim, Y. (2016). Social anxiety is related to increased dwell time on socially threatening faces. Journal of Affective Disorders, 193, 282- 288. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.01.007
191
References
life stress, and the prediction of depressive relapse. Behaviour Research and
Therapy, 46(10), 1142-1150. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.06.011
Lewinsohn, P. M., Steinmetz, J. L., Larson, D. W., & Franklin, J. (1981). Depression- related cognitions: Antecedent or consequence? Journal of Abnormal Psychology,
90(3), 213-219. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.90.3.213
Leyman, L., De Raedt, R., Schacht, R., & Koster, E. H. W. (2007). Attentional biases for angry faces in unipolar depression. Psychological Medicine, 37(3), 393-402. doi:10.1017/S003329170600910X
Lieb, R., Isensee, B., Höfler, M., Pfister, H., & Wittchen, H. (2002). Parental major depression and the risk of depression and other mental disorders in offspring: A prospective-longitudinal community study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59(4), 365-374. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.4.365
Lok, A., Mocking, R. J. T., Ruhé, H. G., Visser, I., Koeter, M. W. J., Assies, J., . . . Schene, A. H. (2012). Longitudinal hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis trait and state effects in recurrent depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37(7), 892-902. doi:10.1016/j. psyneuen.2011.10.005
Lommen, M. J. J., Engelhard, Hout, van den, M.A., & Arntz, A. (2013). Reducing