• No results found

6. Conclusie 1 Hoofdbevindingen

6.3 Verder onderzoek

In termen van verder onderzoek, hebben de inzichten van dit onderzoek diepere kennis gegeven en begrip gecreëerd over de context van genderongelijkheid op de middelbare school, wat de gevolgen van genderongelijkheid zijn en wat mogelijke oplossingen zijn. Hiernaast geeft het ook aanleiding tot het uitvoeren van vervolgonderzoek.

Dit onderzoek laat zien dat het zelfbeeld en de werkelijkheid niet altijd overeen- komen. Opvallend is dat veel leerlingen en docenten benoemen dat er (in hun stad) gendergelijkheid is, maar in werkelijkheid is er nog genderongelijkheid aanwezig. Een volgende onderzoeksvraag kan zijn hoe het zelfbewustzijn over gendergelijkheid verbe- terd kan worden.

Een andere bevinding is het belang van het verlegen gedrag van de meisjes - wat diep in de cultuur zit - en mogelijk effect heeft op de schoolprestaties van meisjes. Waar verder onderzoek naar gedaan kan worden is wat de beste methode is om meisjes minder verlegen te maken.

Een volgende bevinding is dat de meisjes van een privé middelbare school, universiteit en prepatory scholen wel tekenen van empowerment vertonen in vergelijking

met de meisjes van de publieke middelbare school. Er was een enorm contrast tussen het niveau van kennis, zelfvertrouwen, bewustzijn en assertiviteit. De verwachting is dat SES van de ouders invloed hier op heeft. Ook hier kan verder onderzoek naar gedaan worden.

Al deze verdere ideeën voor onderzoek moeten als doel het verminderen van genderongelijkheid hebben en hierdoor de mogelijkheid tot empowerment vergroten.

8. Bronnen:

Ahmar, F., & Anwar, E. (2013). Socio Economic Status and its Relation to Academic Achievement of Higher Secondary School Students. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-

JHSS), 13(6), 13-20.

Aikman, S., Unterhalter, E., Challender, C.(2005). The education MDGs: achieving gender equality throughcurriculum and pedagogy change',Gender & Development,13:1,44 — 55

Alesina, A., Giuliano, P., Nunn, N,.(2011) ON THE ORIGINS OF GENDER ROLES: WOMEN AND THE PLOUGH, NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH

Alsop, R.; Heinsohn, N. and Somma, A. (2005) ‘Measuring Empowerment: An Analytic Frame- work’, in R. Alsop (ed.), Power, Rights and Poverty: Concepts and Connections, Washington DC: World Bank

Altinyelken, H.K., 2009. Coping strategies among internal migrant students in Turkey. International

Journal of Educational Research, 48(3), pp.174-183. Available at:

http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0883035509000603

Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioural change. Psychological

Review, 84(2), 191-215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191

Bryman, A.(2008). Social research methods (3th edition). Oxford university press.

Burke, K., & Beegle, K. (2004). Why children aren’t attending school: The case of Northwestern Tanzania. Journal of African Economies, 13(2), 333-355.

Casale, C. F. (2010). Adapting active learning in Ethiopia. Dissertation submitted in partial fulfil- ment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Education in Teachers College, Columbia University.

Chattier, P. (2013). Does schooling and work empower women in Fiji? Or have gender inequalities persisted and why?. Global Change, Peace & Security, 25(1), 61-76.

CIA Factbook (2014) The World Factbook: Ethiopia. Accessed august 2015: https://www.cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/et.html

Connell, R. W. (2003). The role of men and boys in achieving gender equality (pp. 21-24). United Nations, Division for the Advancement of Women.

Cornwall, A., & Edwards, J. (2010). Introduction: negotiating empowerment. ids Bulletin, 41(2), 1-9. Cornwall, A., & Edwards, J (2014). “Introduction: Negotiating Empowerment.” In Feminisms, Em- powerment and Development. Changing Women’s Lives, edited by A. Cornwall and J. Edwards, 1– 31. London: Zed books.

Cresswell, J. W. (2012). Educational Research. Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. (4th edition) Pearson Education, Boston.

Driessen, G,. van Langen, A., (2011). Mogelijke verklaringen voor onderwijs- achterstanden van jongens, TS Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen

Dunne, M., Humphreys, S., & Leach, F. (2006). Gender violence in schools in the developing world, Gender and Education, 18:1, 75-98

Durkheim, E. (1897/1951). Suicide, A study in sociology. New York: Free Press. Education and Training Policy, 1994 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Education for all, global monitoring report, 2013.

Erinisho, S. Y. (1997). Female participation in sciences: An analysis of secondary school science curriculum materials in Nigeria. Academy Science Publishers.

Erulkar, A. S., & Muthengi, E. (2009). Evaluation of Berhane Hewan: A program to delay child mar- riage in rural Ethiopia. International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 6-14. Eshiwani GS (1986). Science teaching and Women in Kenya. A paper presented at the workshop on access of girls and women to technical and vocational Education, Nairobi; Kenyan Science Teachers College.

European Comm2ission Humantarian aid and civil protection.

http://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/aid/countries/factsheets/ethiopia_en.pdf

Federal Civil Servant Directive on Selection and Recruitment of Human Resource in the Federal Government Institutions, 2002.
Ethiopian Nationality Law, 1930.

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE), 2010, Education Sector Development Program

IV (ESDP IV) 2010/11-2014/15, Ministry of Education: Addis Ababa

Gelaye, B., Arnold, D., Williams, M.A., Goshu, M., and Berhane, Y. (2009). Depressive symptoms among female college students experiencing gender-based violence in Awassa, Ethiopia. Journal

of Interpersonal Violence, 24 (3), pp. 464-481. DOI: 10.1177/0886260508317173.

Good, J. J., Woodzicka, J. A., & Wingfield, L. C. (2010). The effects of gender stereotypic and counter-stereotypic textbook images on science performance. The Journal of Social Psychology, 150(2), 132-147.

Guinée, N. (2014). Empowering women through education: Experiences from Dalit women in Ne- pal. International Journal of Educational Development, 39, 173-180.

Harper, C., K. Nowacka, H. Alder, and G. Ferrant.(2014). “Measuring Women’s Empowerment and Social Transformation in the Post-2015 Agenda.” Overseas Development Institute. Accessed 24, june, 2015. http://www.oecd.org/dev/poverty/ODI%20-%20post-2015%20social%

20norms_final.pdf

Higher Education Proclamation No.650 of 2009, 15th year, No.64, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Hutchby, I., & Moran-Ellis, J. (1998).Children and social competence: Arenas of action. Psychology Press.

Ibrahim, S., & Alkire, S. (2007). Agency and Empowerment: A Proposal for Internationally Compa- rable Indicators. Oxford development studies, 35(4), 379-403.

Jacobs, J. A.(1996). Gender inequality and higher education. Annual Review of Sociology, 153- 185.

Jayaweera, S. (1997/2010). Women, education and empowerment in Asia. Gender and Education, 9(4), 411-424.

Juma, L. S. A., Simatwa, E. M., & Ayodo, T. M. O. (2012). Impact of Family Socio-Economic Status on Girl Students' Academic Achievement in Secondary Schools in Kenya: A Case Study of Kisumu East District. Educational Research, 3(3), 297-310.

Leach, F. (2003). Learning to be violent: the role of the school in developing adolescent gendered behaviour. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 33 (3), pp. 385-400. Limoncelli, M. A. (2010). Barriers to girls' secondary schooling in sub-Saharan Africa, focusing on Nigeria and Uganda. American University.

Lloyd, C. B., & Mensch, B. S. (2008). Marriage and childbirth as factors in dropping out from school: an analysis of DHS data from sub-Saharan Africa. Population Studies, 62(1), 1-13.

Mensch, B., and Lloyd, C.(1998). Gender Differences in the Schooling Experiences of Adolescents in Low-Income Countries: The Case of Kenya. studies in Family Planning, Vol. 29, No. 2, Adoles- cent Reproductive Behavior in the Developing World, pp. 167-184

National Policy on Ethiopian Women. (1993). Office of the Prime Minister, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Njoh, A. J., & Akiwumi, F. A. (2012). The impact of religion on women empowerment as a millenni- um development goal in Africa. Social Indicators Research, 107(1), 1-18.

Ogunbanwo, I. O. (1998) Assessing Gender factors in Secondary School Physics textbooks in Ogun State. Unpublished M. Ed Thesis submitted to Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoy Roberts, L. C., & Hill, H. T. (2003). Come and Listen to a Story about a Girl Named Rex: Using Children's Literature To Debunk Gender Stereotypes. Young Children, 58(2), 39-42.

Robles, P. S. (2012). Gender disparities in Africa's labour markets: An analysis of survey data from Ethiopia and Tanzania (Doctoral dissertation, Université Paris-Est).

Sibanda, A., Woubalem, Z., Hogan, D. P., & Lindstrom, D. P. (2003). The Proximate Determinants of the Decline to Below‐replacement Fertility in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Studies in family planning, 34(1), 1-7.

Simmonds, S. (2014). Curriculum-making in South Africa: promoting gender equality and empow- ering women. Gender and Education, 26(6), 636-652.

Stromquist, N. P. (2015). Women's Empowerment and Education: linking knowledge to transforma- tive action. European Journal of Education.

Subrahmanian, R.(2005). Gender equality in education: Definitions and measurements. Interna- tional Journal of Educational Development 25, 395–407

Thompson, A. (2003). Caring in context: four feminist theories on gender and education. Curricu- lum Inquiry, 33, pp. 9-65.

UNESCO (2012).UNESCO Global Partnership for Girls’ and Women’s Education - One Year On. Ethiopia. Fact sheet.”http://www.unesco.org/eri/cp/factsheets_ed/ET_EDFactSheet.pdf” accessed, 20 juni 2015.

UNESCO (2014). Education for all global monitoring report 2013/14 – Teaching and learning: achieving quality for all. UNESCO Publishing, Paris.

United Nations Development Programme, UNDP (2011). Human Development Report 2011. Sus-

http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/271/hdr_2011_en_complete.pdf

United nations (2013) advancing gender equality: promising practices case studies, blz 97 t/m 108. http://www.unwomen.org/mdgf/B/Ethiopia_B.html

Unterhalter E, North A, Arnot M, Lloyd C, Moletsane L, Murphy-Graham E, Parkes J, Saito M (2014) Interventions to enhance girls’ education and gender equality. Education Rigorous Litera- ture Review. Department for International Development

Winter. (1989) The Process and Outcomes of Gender Bias in Elementary Schools: A Nigerian Ka- ren Biraimah. The Journal of Negro Education, Vol. 58, No. 1 pp. 50-67

Worku, Y. (2001). Ethiopia: from bottom to top in higher education-gender role problems. Interna-

tional journal of sociology and social policy, 21(1/2), 98-104.

Yasin, A. M. (2013). Affirmative action for women in higher education and the civil service: The case of Ethiopia.

9. Appendix